KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI NHANH BÀI TẬP HÓA VÔ CƠ - QUÁCH VĂN LONG - HOÀNG THỊ THÚY HƯƠNG

8/10/2019 KIN THC TRNG TM V PHNG PHP GII NHANH BI TP HA V C - QUCH VN LONG - HONG TH TH

1/439

J TH VIN TNH 8lNH |NH - 2011

WM 16.474QUCH VN LONG

NG TH THY HNG

1

I TP

CiOViN, H8GSIHR10,11,12CiUYNABuse

NHITSSB IPTB PT^ ^ NS8IP TBPT, g

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M s:02.02.1280/1503.PT2011

WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/DAYKEM.QU

WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BOIDUONGHOAHOCQU

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W.DAYKEMQUYNHON.UCOZ.COM

ng gp PDF bi GV. Nguyn Thanh T


3/439

Nhm gip cho cc em hc sinh nm vni kin thc v t kt qua caotrong cc k thi, c bit l k thi tt nghip Trun


4/439

CHNG 7 :

NHM HfiLOGEN

K I N T H C T R N G T M

CU HNH ELECTRON V CU TO PHN T CAC NGUYN T TRONG NHM HALOGEN"Nhm VIIA trong bng tun hon gm 5 nguyn t: flo ( s 9, chu k 2),

o ( s 17, chu k 3). brom ( s 35. chu k 4), iot ( s 53, chu k 5) v atatins 85. chu k 6 ).

Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t cc halogen l ns2np5(ns th t ca lp ngoi cng).

np

T flo n iot, s lp electron tng dn v electron lp ngoi cng cng xat nhn hn.

trng thi c bn, cc nguyn t halogen u c mt electron c thn.

Lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t flo lp th hai nn khng c phnp d. Nguyn t cio. brom v iot c phn lp d cn trng, khi c kch thch2 hoc 3 electron c th chuyn n nhng obian cn trng:

ELcctrim lp ngoi cng trng Ilii c hn ECUOingoi cngortrangthi kchthch

N t ' nil>

np

H

O

m

N t tmi1

up4

\

h td2

t t 1

1 i t tnd3

5



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5/439

Nh vy, trng thi kch thch, nguyn t clo, brom hoc iot c th c hoc 7 electron c thn. iu ny gii thch kh nng tn ti cc trng thiha ca co, brom, iot.

n cht halogen khng phi l nhng nguyn t ring r m nhng pt. Hai nguyn t haogen X kt hp vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha trthnh phn tX-

: X . + . X : :X : X: . XX

Cng thc electron Cng thc cu toNng lurng lin kt X-X caphn t X2khng ln (t 151 n 243 ki/m

nn cc phn t halogen tng oi dl tch thnh hai nguyn t.

II. KHI QUT V TNH CHT CA CC HALOGEN1. Tnh cht vt l iu kin thng: fo cht kh, mu lc nht; cio i cht kh, mu v

c; brom l cht lng, mu nu ; iot l cht rn, mu en tm.Flo khng tan trong nc v 1phn hu nc rt mnh. Cc halogen k

tan tng i t trong nc v tan nhiu trong mt s dung mi hu c.2. Tnh cht ha hcDo nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm halogen c 7 electron lp ng

cng v m in ln nn nguyn t halogen X dng ly mt electronra X' c cu hnh kh tr bn vng.

x + le X

ns2np5 >ns2np6Halogen l nhng phi kim in hnh, chng l nhng cht oxi ha m

Kh nng oxi ha gim dn t flo n iot.Trong cc hp cht, flo lun c s oxi ha - 1, cc halogen khc ngoi s

ha - cn c cc s oxi ha + 1. +3. +5, +7.0 dng n cht, cc halogen tn ti di dng phn t X2, c s oxi h

bc oxi ha trung gian. Nn n va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh

T

1. Tnh oxi ha 2.Tnh kh1------------------------------

3. Tnh t oxi ha kh2.1. Tnh oxi ha mnh

x 2 + 2 . 1e 2X'

a) Tc dng vi kim loi> mui halogenua

2 M + nX.2 2 MXn(n: l ha tr cao ca kim loi M)



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6/439

- F2: Oxi ha c tt c cc kim loi.Ca + F2>CaF: (Caxi florua)

- C2'. Oxi ha c hu ht cc kim loi, phn na; cn un nna.

2 Fe + 3CI2 ^ 2FeCb (St(III) clorua)

Cu + CI2 CuCI2(ng(II) clorua)

- Br2: Oxi ha c nhiu kim loi, phn ng cn un nng.

2Fe + 3 B2 > 2FeBr 3(St(II) bromua)- I2: Oxi ha c nhiu kim loi, phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng hoc

khi c mt ca cht xc tc.

2A1 + 3 I2 2A13 (Nhm otua)

Fe + b > Fe2(St (II) iotua)b) Tc dng vi phi kmCc halogen tc dng c vi hu ht cc phi kim trN 2, O2. c (kim cng).

2P + 3 CI2 > 2 PC3(Photpho triclorua)2P + 5 CI2 2 PCI5(Photpho pentaclorua)

2 S + C2 ^ S2CI2s + 3F2 SF6

c) Tc dng v hiro kh hiro halogenua.

x 2+ H2 -> 2 HXKh nng phn ng gim dn t F2> I2- F2: Phn ng ngay trong bng ti, t = - 252c, gy n mnh.

F2+ H2 ~250- > 2HF- Ch: Phn ng cn chiu sng, n mnh.

Cl2+ H2 2HC1- Br2: Cn nhit cao.

Br2+ H2 -QQ > 2 HBr-2 '.Cn nhit cao (>400C), phn ng.khng hon ton.

I2+ H2 2HICh : Kh HX tan trong nc to ra dung dch axit HX, u l cc dung

dch axit mnh (tr HF).() Tc dng vi hp chi c tnh khFe + H2S > 2HF + s

2F2+ 2 H20 4HF + 0 2Ch + H2S 2 HCI+*s

2 FeC2+ CI2- 2FeCI3Cl2+ 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2

7



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7/439

Cb + 2Nal ->2NaCl + I2

Br2+ H2-> 2HBr

B2 2Nal 2"NBr -f" I?

I2+ H2S -> 2 HI + s2+ Na2S03+ H20 -+ Na2S04+ 2H

Ch : - Halogen c tnh oxi ha mnh hn y c haogen c tnh oxiha yu hn ra khi dung dch mui (tr F2).

Th d: C [2+ 2NaBr -> 2NaC + Br2Nu NaBr ht, C2cn d:

5C2+ Br2+ 6 H2O -+ 2 HBr3+ 10HC1

F2 + 2NaCl -?$* 2NaF + Cl2

M xy ra phn ng: F2+ HaO -> 2HF + O2T- "Nc clo, brom c tnh oxi ha rt mnh oxi ha cht kh ln bc oxi

ha cao nht.CI2+ S02+ 2H20 -> 2HC1 + H2SO4

Br2+ SO2+ 2 H2O -> 2HBr + H2SO4(phn ng nhn bit kh SO2).2 .2 . Tnh kh

Theo dy: F2- C2- Br2- 12tnh kh tng n.* C2: Kh c F2.

Cl2+ F2-* 2C1F- Br2: Kh c C2.

' 5C1? + 6 H2O + Br2-> ] 0HC1 + 2H Br03- 12: Kh c C2, Br2.

5C12+ 6 H2O Hr l2-> 10HC1 + 2 HIO3

5Br2+ 6 H2O + h lOHCi + 2 HIO32.3. Tnh t oxi ha - kh

a) VH2O-Cb: Phn ng khng hon ton nhit thng

CI2+ H?0 ^ HC1+ HC10 (axit hipoclor)- Br2: 0 ng nhit thng, chm hn cio.

Br2+ H20 ^ HBr + HBrO (axit hipobrom)- 12: Hu nh khng phn ng.b) Vi ung ch baz

Cl2+ 2NaOH -vNaC! + NaCO + H20 ,V :

nc Gia-ven

3C12+ 6NaOH - -> 5NaCI + NaC03+ 3H20

8



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8/439

Cl2+ Ca(OH)2 A; > CaOClz + H20(ciorua vi)

3Br2 + 6"NaOH 5MaBr + NaBr0 3 + 3H2O

3I2+ 6NaOH - SNal + Mal03+ 3H20Ch :Nc Gia-ven, clorua vi u l cht oxi ha mnh, tc nhn oxi ha

C+1. Chng c tnh ty mu v st trng.I. IU CH

1. iu ch F2V F2 c tnh oxi ha mnh nht, nn mun chuyn F' thnh F2 phi in

hn hn hp K.F + HF (khng c mt H2O).

2 HF ^ H2+ F2

2. iu ch C2a) Tron phng th nghim:Cho axit HCI c (hay hn hp NaCl + H2SO4

c), tc dng vi cc cht ox ha mnh nh-Mn2, KMn4, K.2Cr207, Pb2,CIO3., CaOC2. NaClO, ....

Mn02+ 4HCt MnC 2+ Cl2t + 2H20

Mn2+ 4NaCI + 4 H2SC>4 > MnC2+ 4NaHS04+ C21 + 2H20

2KMn04+ 16HC1 2 MnCl2+ 5Ci2f + 2 KCI + 8H2O

K2Cr20 7+ 14HCI 2KC1 + 2CrCl3+ 3Cl2t +7 H 20

CaOCb + 2 HC CaCl 2+ H20 + C2t

2NaCO + 2HCI 2NaCl + Cl2T + H20b) Trong cng nghip:in phn dung dch NaC, c mng ngn.

2NaCl + 2H20 a * mn > 2NaOH + H2f + Cl2t

Nu khng c mng ngn th kh clo thot ra s phn ng vi NaOH to rac Gia-ven.

Cl2+ 2NaOH -> NaCl + NaClO + H20

3. iu ch Br2,1 2

a) Trong phng thi nghim: Dng cht oxi ha mnh nh Mn2 oxi ha

n I" J Br trong mi trng axit H2SO4.

2NaI + Mn02+ 2 H2SO4 ^ MnS04+ h + Na2S04+ 2H20.

2NaBr + Mn2+ 2 H2SO4 -> MnS0 4 + Bf2+ Na2S4+ 2 H2O

Hoc: C th iu ch Bro, I2bng cch dng C12(va ) oxi ha ion I ~, Br~.

CI2+ 2N aBr->2N aCl + Br2

Cl? + 2Nal >2NaCI + I2

9



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9/439

b) Trong cng nghip:- Ngun chnh e sn xut Br2 trong cng nghip l nc bin v n

mui, c axit ha bng H2SO4, sau cho kh C2(va ) sc qua.

Cl2+ 2NaBr -> 2NaCl + Br2- Ngun chnh sn xut I2trong cng nghip l rong bin v nc c

khoan du m.

IV. HP CHT HIROHALOGENUA V AXrr HALOGETheo dy:

HF - HC1 - HBr- HI

Tnh axit tng, tnh kh tng1. Tnh axit0 iu kin thng cc HX u cht kh. d tan trong nc cho

dch axit HX.V bn ca lin kt H - X gim dn t H - F n H - I, mnh c

HX tng dn t HF (axit yu) n HI. Cc ax.it HC1, HBr, H u l ccmnh, trong nc phn l hon ton.

H O - H + + c r

HBr H+ + Br"H I -* H ++ r

>Cc axit HC1, HBr, H th hin y tnh cht ca mt axit mnh.-Lm qu tm ha

- Tc dng vi baz>mui+ nc

2HC1 + Cu(OH)2 CuC2+ 2H20

HBr + NaOH - NaBr + H20Ch : Neu c hn hp nhiu axit (chng hn HCi + H2SO4) tc dn

h.n hp nhiu baz (chng hn NaOH + Ba(OH)2) th n gin ta nn

hn hp axit bng H+ v hn hp baz bng OH .H++ 0 H - _> H 20

n t r nHC1 + 2 n H,SOj > n 0H' ~ n NaOH + BatOHJs

- Tc dng vi oxit baz mui+ nc2HC1 + CuO -> CuCI2+ H20

2HI + Na20 -> 2NaI + H20Ch :Vi oxit baz Fe34khi tc dng vi axit HX (X: Cl, Br) to ra hai mu

8 HCI + Fe50 4 2FeCI3+ FeCl2+ 4H208HBr + Fe34 2FeBrs + FeB2+ 4 H2O8 H + Fe30 4-3FeI2+ h +4H20

- Tc ng vi km loi>Mui c ha tr thp + H2

2M + 2nHX->2M X0+ nH2f



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10/439

M ng trc H2(K>Pb); n: ha tr thp ca M.

Fe + 2H Cl-FeCl2+ H2f

Fe + 2HBr FeBr2+ H2tCh : Nu c hn hp nhiu axit (chng hn HC1 + H2SO4) tc dng vi

hn hp nhiu kim oi (chng hn Na. Mg, Zn, Fe, Al) thi n gin ta nnthay hn hp axit bng H+.

Na + H+-N a++ 1/2H2Mg + 2H+ -> Mg2+ + H2

Zn + 2H+ ->Zn2+ + H2

Fe + 2H+-> Fe2+ + H2

2A1 + 6H+ 2A13+ + 3H2- Tc dng vi dung dch muiC hai kiu phn ng: Do quan h y:axit mnh y axit yu hn ra khi mui.

BaC03+ 2HC1 BaCb + C021 + H20Na2S + 2HC1>2NaCl + H2S T (mi trng thi)

Phn ng to kt ta.Mui tham gia phi tan, sn phm to thnh phi c cht kt ta khng tan

trong axit sinh ra.

HC1 + AgN03-> AgCI + HNO3(trng)

HBr + AgN3* AgBri + HNO3

(vna nht)HI + AgN03-+ Agl + HNO3

(vng m)Ring HF khng phn ng vi AgNOs do mui AgF tan trong nc.2. Tnh khTrong phn t HX, s oxi ha ca X l - 1, thp nht - th hin tnh kh.

Theo dy: HF - HC1 - HBr - HI -> tnh kh ca cc HX tng dn do bnlin kt H-X gim dn ( v d-H-x tng) > bn phn t gim dn.

- HF: Khns th hin tnh kh iu kin thng, ch c th ox ha bngdng in. V phn t HF rt bn.- HCI: Khi c. th hin tnh kh yu, ch tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha

rrinh nh: Mn2. CMn4, K2C27f PbC>2, KCI3, CaOCk, NaCIO... v phnt HC1 tng i bn.

Mn02+ 4HCI ^ MnCl2+ Cl2f + 2 H2O

Mn02 + 4NaCl + 4 H2SO4 ^ MnC2 + 4NaHS04+ Cl21 + 2H20

11



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11/439

2KMn04+ 16HC1 2MnCi 2+ 5CI21 + 2KC + 8H20

K2Cr20 7+ 14HC1 2KCI + 2CrCI3+ 3CI2t +7H20

CaOCl2+ 2 HC CaCl2+ H20 + Cl2t

2NaC10 + 2HC1 2NaCI + Cl2t + H20

Pb0 2+ 4HC1 ^ PbCl2+ C b t +2H 20- HBr, HI: u l nhnt cht kh mnh, v phn t tng i km bn.

2 HBr(k) + >Br? + SO2T + 2 H2O

8 HI(k) + H2S04(d) 4b + H2S T + 4H20

4HBr + 0 2-> 2Br2+ 2H20

4H + 0 2-> 2I2+ 2H20

Mn2+ 4HBr MnB2+ B2+ 2 H20

Mn2+ 4HI>Mn2+ 2+ 2 H2OCh :HF c tnh cht c bit l n mn thy tinh (S1O2).

4HF + Si02 ->SiF,T + 2 H2OPhn ns trn c dng khc thy tinh.

3. iu ch HX

HF- Ca?2 (rn) + H2SO4() CaS04+ 2HF t

HCi: NaCl (r) + M2SO4 () > N aH S04+ HClT

2NaCi () + H

2S04(J) - - > Na

2S0

4+

2H C l t HBr, Hl: V hai ax.it ny c tnh kh mnh, phn ng vi H 2SO4c nn

khng th dng phng php sunfat iu ch nh iu che HF v HC1.

2NaBr (k) + 2 H2$0 4 Br2 't + SO2T + 2 H2 0 + Na2S0 4

8NaI (k) + 5H2S04() >4I2T + H2S T + 4H20 + 4Na2S04C th iu ch HBr, H bng cc phn ng:

PBr3+ 3H20 - 3HBr + H3PO3

Pl3+ 3 H2O ~3H1 + H3PO3

H2s + I2^ s i +2H(kh) (d) (dd)

4. Mui halogenua

Cc halogenua kim loi u tan nhiu trong nc tr halogenua ca Ag+,Pb+, Hg().

. tan ny gim dn t corua n ioua.

AgCI > As:Br> Asl

tan gim dn



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12/439

Nhn bit ion Cl , B r", I : Dng dung dch mui Ag+ (thng l AgNOs)m thuc th.

NaCI + AgN03 AgC l +NaN0 3

(trng)

NaBr + AgNCb A gB r + NaN0 3

(vng nht)

Nai + AgNOs >Agl + NaN3

(vng m)

. PHNG PHP GII NHANH

n ra khi dung dch mui ca n (tr F'2). V d:

Ch + 2TMaBr -> 2NaCl + Br2

Sau khi c cn ung dch sau phn ng s thu c mui NaCl v c the caBr d, Do khi lng ca nguyn t C1 nh hn khi lng ca.nguyn t Brn khi lng mui khan thu uc bao gi cng b hon khi lng mui ban u.

A m = 2nci, p.(80 - 35,5)

* S dns phng php xt khong khi gp trng hp mt halogen'tcng dung dch 2 mui halogen khc. V d:C2 tc dng vi dung dch gmaBrvN a.

Do tnh kh Br~ < I nn phn ng xy ra theo th t:

C2+ 2Na 2NaCI + I2 (1)

"Nu Nai ht, m vn tip tc sc kh CI2vo th:

Cl2+ 2NBr 2NaCI + Br2 (2)

bit bi ton ang xt nm giai on no (ch c () xy ra hay c 2n ng u xy ra) ta lm nh sau:

* Nu Nal ht. NaBr cha phn ng ((1) va kt thc, (2) cha xy ra).

tTlmui m1lTlNaCl ( 1) mNaBr

* Nu Nai. NaBr ht ((2) va kt thc).

rnmu. m2= mNaci ( 1,2 )

Lp bans so snh gi tr ca m so vi mi, m2 rt ra nhng kt lun cn thit.

13



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13/439

NaBr v Nai ht Nai ht Nald

Nai ht NaBr NaBr cha NaBr cha

m = m2 m2< m < mi1

m = mi mi > m

m: l khi urng mui thc t thu c (bi ton cho).

S dng phng php trung bnh xc nh tn ca hi halogen thuchu k lin tip.

_ x,M , + x 2M ,

Xj + X2

Trons : M], M2ln lt l khi lng ml phn t ca hai halogen XX[, X2ln lt l s mol ca Xi, X2

Tnh cht: Gi s Ml < M2->Ml < M < M2Ngoi ra, cn s dng phng php bo ton nguyn t. phng php t

gim khi lng, phng php bo ton electron,.... gi nhanh nhiu bi

HF khng c tnh kh, HCI c tnh kh yu. HBr, HI c tnh kh mn

Dung dch HX c tnh axit mnh hay yu l ph thuc vo bn ckt H-X. Nhn chung licn kt H-X cns km bn th tnh axit cng mn(axit yu), HCI, HBr, HI u l nhng axit mnh). Khi tc dng vi kimng trc H2 trong dy in ha to ra mui halogenua c s oxi ha thgii phng H?.

Fe + 2 HCI-VFeCl2+ H2t

Cu + HC1 ->Khng xy ra Nc clo, nc gi-ven, clorua vi u l nhng cht oxi rt mn

nhn oxi ha l c r l).

Thuc th nhn bit ion X " l dung dch AgNOs v c kt ta AgXAgF tan) c mu c trng, khng tan trong HNO3.

Ag+ + c r ->AgC li (mu trng)

Ag+ + Br AgBr-i- (mu vng nht)

Ag+ + r ->A gli (mu vng)

Thuc th nhn ra s c mt ca kh clo l dung dch KI + h tinh CI2+ 2CI >2KC1 + I2

2+ h tinh bt -> Dung ch mu xanh

Nung hn'hp KCIO3 v KMn4 xy ra hai phn ng:

2KMn04-> K2Mn04+ Mn02+ 0 2t .

2 KCIO3- 2 KC1+ 302t.



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14/439

V d : Chia 4,3 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Zn, Mg v AI thnh hai phn bng nhau:Phcm :Ha tan ht trong dung dch HC1 (d) thu c 1,176 lt H2(ktc).Phn 2:Cho tc dng vi kh C2(d) t nng, thu c 6,2325 gam mui.Tnh phn trm khi lng ca st trong hn hp X.

GiiPhn 1:

X

1 1

Y (FcC2, ZnCi2, MgCI2, AICI3) + H2 = 0,0525 (moi))22,4

=>nC! = 2nH2 = 0,105 (mol)

=> my= l/2mx + ma = 2, 5 + 35,5.0.105 = 5,8775 (gam)Phn 2:

X +CT1 > z (FeCI3 ZnCI2 MgCI2? AlCb): 6,2325 (gam).

t nFe = X npeci 2 = np'cci - = nFe = X(moi)

=> Am = mFeci, - Hired 2 = 35,5x = 6,2325 - 5,8775 = 0,355 => X = 0,01 (mol)

0,01.56

2,15.100% = 26,05%

V d 2:t 40.6 gam mt hp kim gm AI v Zn trong bnh ng kh clo thuc 65,45 gam hn hp rn. Chq hn hp rn ny tan ht vo dung dchHC1 th thu c V lt 2 (ktc). Dn V lt kh ny i qua ng n 80 gamCuO nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thy trong ng cn li 72,32 gam chtran v ch c 80% kh H2 tham gia phn ng. Tnh phn trm khi lng cami kim loi trong hn hp ban u.

Gii80-72,32J -- >II i TImr


15/439

Gii

net, = 5 . ----- ---------- = 0,1 (mol);nBr, 2 , - = 0,0 4 (moi)2 5.71 + 2.10 2 5.71 + 2.160

36nNai = . = 0,24 mol

150

Cl2+ 2NaI -> 2NaCl + h0 , 0.2 0,2

Br2 + 2NaI >2NaBr -rh

0,02 0,04

=> mran = mNaci + mNaBr = 0,2.58,5 + 103.0,04 = 15,82 (gam).V d 4:Hn hp A gm 3 mui NaCl, NaBr v NaL

Th nghim 1: Ly 5,76 gam A tc dng vi lung d dung dch brom, ccn thu c 5.29 gam mui khan.

Th nghim 2: Ha tan 5.76 gam A vo nc ri cho mt lng kh co scqua duns dch. Sau mt thi san, c cn th thu c 3,955 gam muikhan, trong c 0,05 mo Cl .

Tnh khi lng ca NaBr trons 5,76 gam hn hp ban u.

Gii

Th nghim 1: 2NaI + Br2-> 2NaBr + I2X X

=> Am = (127 - 80)x = 5,76 - 5,29 >X= 0,01 mol

Th nghim 2:'2Nal H- C2- 2NaCl + I2

X| Xi

2NaBr + C22NaCl + Br2

yi yi

=> Am = ( 127 - 35.5)xi + (80 - 35.5)y, = 5,76 ~ 3,955

=>91,5X|+44,5yi = 1,805

Do X| < 0,0 => 91 *5xi yi > 0 tc l Nai ht, NaBr ht

hoc cn d ==>Xi = X= 0,0 mol => V] = 0,02 moiGi z l s moi NaCI trong hn hp ban u

=5> no" = Xi + yi + 2= 0,05 Z - 0,05 - 0,03 = 0,02 mol

=> niNaBr= 5,76 - (58,5.0,02 + 150.0,01) = 3,09 (gam)

V d 5:Ha tan 20 sam hn hp X gm AI, Fe trong dung dch HC thu c6.72 l H2 (ktc). duns dch Y v cht rn z. Cho z vo dung dch NaOHd, thy khi lng cht rn z gim 2.7 gam so vi ban u. Tnh phn trmkhi lng ca cc kim oi trong hn hp X.

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16/439

GiV tnh kh AI > Fe nn AI phn ng vi HC1 trc

2 AI + 6 HC 2A1C13+ 3H2T (00,3

Cht rn z tc dng vi NaOH => ( 1) kt thc th AI cn d, Fe cha phn ng

2A + 2NaOH + 2H20 => 2NaA102+ 3H2T=> mAi d = mz gim = 2,7 (gam) => mAi b = 27.0,2 + 2,7 =8,1 (gam)

mFe = 20 - 8 ,1 = 11,9 (sam) => %Fe = 11,9,100/o = 59,5%2 0

% Ai = 100% - 59,5% = 40,5%d 6:Ha tan ht 10,8 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi kim th thuc haichu k lin tip trong bng tun hon vo 153,3 gam dung dch HC 25% thuc dung dch Y c khi lng tng 10,1 gam so vi khi lng ca dungdch HC1 ban u.

a) Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim th v tnh %khi ng ca chng tronghn hp X.

b) Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong dung ch Y.

%Ca = 100% - 44,44% = 55,56%153 3 25%

b ) m < i Y = 153,3 + 10,1 = 163,4 (gam); IHCI = = 1,05 (mol)

36,5.100%>riHC d = ,05 - 0.7 = 0,35 (mol)

Gii

a) mn2 = 10,8 - 10,1 0,7 (gam) >>1h 2 = 0,35 (mol)

M + 2HCl-> MCI2+H2t0,35 0,7 - 03 5 0,35_ ]0 Q . __M = = 30,85 (gam/mol) => M, = 24 (Mg) < M < M2= 40 (Ca)

Gi X, y ln lt l s moi ca Mg v Ca ong hn hp X.

%Mg =24.0,2.100%

= 44,44%10,8

= 11,62%

= 10,19%

_ 36,5.0,35.100%C/OHCl-----------------------

163,4= 7,8$

- L ; VAXus'

M A . 17



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17/439

V d 7:Nung a gam bt Fe vi b gam bt s trong bnh kn khng cha kkh n phn ng hon ton thu c cht rn X. Cho X tc dng vi 8dung dch HC1 1M thu c ung dch Y v 5,6 lt (ktc) hn hp khkhi ca z so vi H2l 7,4.a) Tnh gi tr ca a, b.b) Tnh nng mol cc cht trong Y.c) Tnh th tch kh CI2(ktc) cn dng phn ng va ht vi Y.

Giia) Hn hp khzgm H2S v H2 ; nz = 0,25 (mol): mz = 0,252.7.4 = 3,7 (

1)

. Fe + s - FeS

FeS + 2HCl->FeCl2+ H2St-0,1 ^ 0,2


18/439


19/439

Vi d 11:Nhit phn 4,385 gam hn hp X gm KClOs v KMn0 4 , thu c O2v m gam cht rn gm K2M11O4, Mn2v KCl. Ton b lng O2tc dng htv cacbon nns . thu c 0,896 lt hn hp kh Y (ktc) c t khi so vi H2l 16. Thnh phn % theo khi ng ca KM11O4 trong X lA. 74.92%. B. 72.06%. c . 27,94%. D. 62,76%.

(Trch thi tuyn sinh i hc nm 201 -Khi A)Gii

c + O2> CO2a a

2C + 0 2 2COb 2b

a + 2b - 0.04 fa - 0,01Ta c h: < => K2Mn04+ Mn02+ 0 2y 0,5y

fl,5x + 0,5y = 0,025 fx = 0,01Suy ra : =>

l2 2,5x + 158y = 4,385 [y = 0,02

=> '100% = 7206% - P n 8400J

I. BI TP T LUN

1. Hon thnh cc phn ng sau theo s :

a) NaCl CI2KCIO >KCIO3 CI2*HC1

FeCl2 FeCU - CuC2 Cl2- CaOCl2- HCIO

b) K Mn04->C12-H- FeC3-FeCl2-> CI2-+ Br2 NaBr03 >B2>HIO3

c) F2Cap2HF >S1F4

d) K2Cr20 7 Cl2 NaCl -> NaClO HCIO -> HC1 -* CI2 CClOs

2. T nguyn liu ban u l mui n, nc, vi v cc iu kin cn thit khc.Hy vit cc phng trnh ha hc iu ch : nc Ga-ven, clorua vi.

3. Ch dng thm dung dch HC1 lm thuc th, hy phn bit cc dung dchring bit: Na2S, Na2C 03? NaHCOs, BaC2f AgNOa, Na2SO-

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20/439

Nung m gam hn hp X gm KCO3v K.M11O4thu c cht rn Y v O2.Bit KCIO3 phn hy hon ton., cn KMn4 ch b phn hu mt phn.Trong Y c 0,894 gam KC1 chim 8,132% theo khi lng. Trn lng O2trn vi khng kh theo t l th tch Vy : VKK= 1:3 trong mt bnh kn ta

thu c hn hp kh z. Cho vo bnh 0,528 gam cacbon ri t chy ht

cacbon, phn ng hon ton, thu c hn hp kh T gm 3 kh O2, N2, C2,trong CO2chim 22,92% th tch. Tnh gi tr ca m.Ch dng thm dung dch HCl, trnh by phng php nhn bit cc ungdch ring bit sau: Na2C03, NaNOs, NH4CI, B(OH)2, K2SO4, (NH^SO*!Vit cc phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng xy ra.Sc kh clo qua ung dch kali iotua mt thi gian di, sau ngi ta choh tinh bt vo th khng thy xut hin mu xanh. Hy gii thch v vitphng trnh ha hc mnh ha.

nhn bit ion suntt, ngi ta cho vo mt ng nghim 1n 2 git dung dch

iot, 3 n 4 git dung dch A c cha ion sunfit (1). Sau cho tip vo 2 n3 git dung dch HC1 v vi git dung dch BaC2thy xut hin kt ta B (2).a) Nu hin tng xy ra trong cc giai on ]? 2 ca th nghim v vit

phng trnh ha hc mnh ha.b) Cho bit ti sao th nghim nhn bit ion sunfit nu trn thng c tin

hnh trang mi trng axit hoc mi trng trung ha, khng c tinhnh trong mi trn baz?

Kali clorat c s duns trong cc ngnh sn xut dim, pho hoa v cht n.Trong cng nghip, kai clorat c iu ch bng cch cho kh clo i quanc vi un nn2 , ri y dung dch nng trn vi KC1 v ngui

cho kali clorat kt tinh (phng php ). Kai corat cn c iu ch bngcch in phn dung dch KC1 25% nhit 70 n 75c (phng php 2).a) Vit phng trinh ha hc xy ra ong mi phng php iu ch kali clorat.b) Tnh khi lng kali clorua v in lng (theo A.gi) cn to ra 100 gam

kali corat theo phng php 2 .Trong cng nghip, brom c iu ch t nc bin theo quy trnh nh sau:Cho mt ng dung dch H2SO4vo mt lng nc bin, tp theo sc khcio vo dung dch mi thu c ( 1), sau dng khng kh li cun hibrom vo dung ch Na2C0 3 ti bo ha brom (2). Cui cng cho H2SO4

vo ung dch bo ha brom (3), thu hi brom ri ha lng.a) Hy vit cc phng trnh ha hc chnh xy ra trong cc qu trnh (1).(2), (3).

b) Nhn xt v mi quan h gia phn ng xy ra (2) v (3).. Chia 94,4 gm hn hp X gm Fe23, Cu, Ag thnh hai phn bng nhau.Phn 1 cho tc dng vi 800 mi dung dch HC1 IM, thu c dung ch Yv cht rn z gm 2 kim loi. Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c27,8 gam kt ta. Ha tan phn 2 trong 100 gam dung dch H2SO498% unnng, thu c dung dch A c khi lng tng 312 gam so vi khi lngdung dch axit ban u v V lt SO2(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc).

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21/439

a) Tnh khi lirng ca cht rn z.b) Tnh gi tr ca V.c) Tnh nng phn trm cc cht trong dung dch A.

11. Hn hp X gm Fe. Cu, Ag. Chia 110,4 gam X thnh ba phn bng nCho phn 1phn ng vi C2d, thu c m gam cht rn. Phn 2 chodng vi dung dch H2SO4long, d thu c 2,24 lt H2(ktc). Ha tan

phn 3 trons 20 gam dung dch H2SO498% un nng;, thu c dung dY v 8,96 lt SO2(ktc).a) Tnh m.b) Tnh nng phn trm cc cht trong dung dch Y.

12. Hn hp A c khi lng 18,4 gam gm Cu v Fe. Tin hnh ba th nghnh sau:Th nghim :Cho A phn ng va vi V lt kh CI2thu c 43,25 g

mui. Tnh V (ktc).

Thi nghim 2: Cho A tc dng va vi m (gam) dung dch H2SO4

(long). Tnh m.Th nghim 3: Cho A tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (d), phn ng thu c kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht). Tnh khi lmui thu c sau phn ng v th tch kh SO2(ktc).

13. Cho 31,84 gam hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l hai haogen hai chu k tip) vo dung dch AgNOs d, thu c 57,34 gam kt ta.a) Tm cng thc ca NaX, NaY.b) Tm khi lng ca mi mui.

14. Mt mui c to bi kim loi M ha tri II v ph kim ha tri I. Ha tan m gmui ny vo nc v chia dung ung dch thu c thnh 2phn bng nhau:- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNOS d th c 5,74 gam kt ta tr- Phn 2: Nhng mt thanh st vo dung dch mui, sau mt thi gian p

ng kt thc khi lng thanh st tng ln 0,16 gam.a) Tm cng thc phn t ca mui.

b) Xc nh tr s ca m.15. X, Y l hai nguyn to halogen thuc hai chu k Hn tip trong bng t

hon. Hn hp A c cha hai mui ca X, Y vi Na.a) kt ta hon ton 2,2 gam hn hp A, phi dng 150 mi dung d

AgNOs 0,2M. Tnh lng kt ta thu c.

b) Xc nh cng thc hai mui NaX, NaY.16. Ha tan m gam hn hp gm 0,02 mol AICI3 v mt mui halogenua

kim loi M ha tr II vo nc, thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch Adng va vi 200 m dang dch AgN3 1M , thu c 28.7 gam kt Lc b kt ta, cho nc lc tc dng vi dung dch-NaOH d, thu cta B. Nung B n khi lng khng i c 5,6 gam cht rn. Xc cng thc phn t mui halogenua kim loi M v gi tr ca m.

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22/439

17. Cho 10,8 2 am kim [oi ha tr III tc dng vi kh clo to thnh 53,4 samkim loi clorua.a) Xc nh tn kim loi.b) Tnh Ins Mn2 v th tch dung dch HC1 37% (d = 1,19 g/ml) dng

cho phn ng trn, bit hiu sut phn ng iu ch kh clo l 80%.18. Ha tan 1,7 gam hn hp gm Zn v kim loi M trong dung dch HCI thu

c 0,672 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch A. Mt khc, ha tan 1,9 gam kim

loi M th dng khng ht 200 m! dung dch HC1 0,5M.a) Xc nh khi lng nguyn t ca kim loi M. Bit M thuc nhm HA.b) Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong ung dch A. bit rng dung dch HC1

c nng 0% v trung ha ung dch A phi dng ht 12,5 gamdung dch NaOH 29,2%.

19. Thm 300 ml duns dch cha 51 gam AgNOs vo 200 ml duns dch cha23,8 gam KBr, lc kt ta to thnh. Xc nh nng mol ca cc muitrong nuc lc.

20. Cho 250 gm duri dch Br2 trong nQ vo mt dung dch cha 49,8 gam KI.

Loi ht K tch ra ri lm bay hi dung dch, khi ng cht kh cn ii l 45.1gam. Xc nh nng % ca Br2trong nc v thnh phn cht kh cn li.

21. Cho 23.2 gam hn hp Fe, Cu phn ng vi HCI d thu c 6,72 t F2-Xc nh khi lng v % vkhi ng ca Fe v Cu trong hn hp.

22. Nhit phn 12.25 aam KC13 thu c 0,672 lt kh (ktc) v hn hp rnA. Ha tan hon ton A trong nc ri cho tc dng t t vi dung dch

F AgNCb d thu c 4,305 gam ktt. Tnh phn trm khi ng ca cccht trong hn hp A, bit rng KCIs b nhit phn theo hai phn ng:

2 KCIO3 ^ 2 KC1+ 302f

4 KC13 3 KCIO4+ KC123. Ha tan 43,71 gam hn hp ba mui: Na2C3, NaHCO} v MCI (M [ kim loi

kim) vo mt the tch dung dch HC1 10,52% (d = 1,05 a/ml) (ly flu), thuc dung ch A v !7.6 gam kh B. Chia A fm hai phn bng nhau. Phn thnht cho tc dn vi dung dch AgN3 (lv d) thu c 68,88 gam kt tatrn. Phn th hai tc dng va vi 125 m dung dch KOH 0,8M. Sau phnng c cn ung dch thu c 29,68 gam hn hp mui khan.a) Xc nh,tn kim loi kim.b) Tnh phn trm khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.

c) Tnh th tch dung dch HC1 ly.24. Ly 28,8gam hn hp Y gm Fe v FexOy ha tan ht trong dung dch HC1

2M thu c 4,48 lt kh 273c v l atrrh Cho dung dch thu c tcdng vi dung dch NaOH d. Lc ly kt ta, lm kh v nung n khilng khn2i c 32 sam cht rn.a) Tm % khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp Y.b) Xc nh cng thc ca oxit st.c) Tnh th tch dung dch HCI ti thiu cn ly ha tan ht hn hp Y.

23



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23/439

II. CU HI TRC NGHIM1. Cho dung dch cha 6,03 gam hn hp hai mui NaX v NaY (X, Y hai

nauyn t c trong t nhin, hai chu k lin tip thuc nhm VIA, s hiunguyn t z x < Zy) vo dung dch AgN0 3 (d), thu c 8,61 gam kt ta.Phn trm khi lng ca NaX trong hn hp ban u l:

A. 58,2% B.47.2% c . 52,8% D.41,8%2. Ly 4,3 gam hn hp X gm Mg. AI, Zn em t trong oxi d, sau khi phn

ng xy ra hon ton thi nhn c 22,3 gm hn hp Y gm ba oxit Thtch dung ch HC1 2M ti thiu cn dng ha tan hn hp Y l: .

A. 400 ml B .500 ml c . 600 ml D. 750 tnl

3. Ha tan ht 7,74 gam hn hp bt Mg, AI bng 500 ml dung dch hn hpHC1 1M v H2S40.28M thu c ung dch X v 8,736 lt H2( ktc). Ccn dung dch X thu c lng mui khan l:

A. 38.93 gam B. ] 03,85 gam c . 25,95 gam D. 77,86 gam4. Ha tan (0,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, AI bng mt lng va ung dchHCi thu c 7.84 lt kh A (ktc) v ,54 gam cht rn B v dung dch c.C cn dung dch c ihu c m gam mui. Gi trcua m !:

>i A. 33.45 B. 33,25 c . 32,99 D, 35,58

5. Ha tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg v Fe trong ung dch HCI d thyto ra 2.24 t kh H2(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gammui khan. Khi lng mui khan thu c :

A. 1.71 gam ' B. 17.1. gam c . 3,42 gam D. 34,2 gam

6 . Ha tan hon ton 20 gam hn hp Mg v Fe vo ung dch axt HC1 d thyc 1,2 lt kh thot ra (ktc) v duns dch X. C cn ung dch X th khilng mui khan thu c l:

A. 35,5 am B. 45,5 gam - c . 55,5 gam D. 65,5 gam

7. Ha tan ht 38,60 am hn hp gm Fe v kim loi M trong dung dch HC1d thy thot ra 14.56 lit H2 (ktc). Khi lng hn hp mui clorua khanthu c lA. 48.75 gam i. 84.75 gam c . 74,85 gam D. 78,45 gam

8 . Ha tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha trI v mt mui cacbonat ca kim oi ha tr II bng dung dch HC1 thythot ra 4-48 lt kh co? (ktc). C cn dung ch sau phn ng thu clng mui khan :

^ A. 26 gam B. 28 gam c . 26,8 gam D. 28.6 gam9. Khi ly 16,65 gam mui clorua ca mt kim loi nhm IIA v mt mui

nitrat ca kim loi (cng s mol vi 16,65 gam mui ciorua) th thykhc nha 7.95 sam. Kim oi l:. Mg B. Ba c . Ca D. Be



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24/439

0. Cho dung dch AgNOs tc dng vi dung dch hn hp .c ha tan 6,25 gamhai mui KC1 v KBr tha c 10,39 gam hn hp kt ta. s mol ca hnhp ban u l:A.0,08 B. 0.06 C.Q,055 D. 0,03. Hn hp cht rn A gm 6 gam Fe203 v 23,2 gam Fe34, Ha tan honton A bng dung dch HCJ d thu c dung dch B. Cho NaOH d vo B,

thu c kt ta c. Lc ly kt ta, ra sch ri em nung trong khng khn khi lng khno i thu c m gam cht rn D. Gi tr m lA. 80 gam B. 32.8 gam c . 40 gam D. 16 gam

2. Sc kh co vo dung dch NBr v Na n phn ng hon ton thu c1,17 gam IMaCl. s moi hn hp NaBr v Nai c trong dung dch ban u lA. 0,01 mo B. 0,02 mol c . 0,04 mol D. 0,03 mol

3. Cho 7,68 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe34, Fe23 vo 260 ml ung dchHC1 IM va thu c dung dch Y. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dungdch Y thu c kt ta z. em nung z trong khng kh n khi lng

khng i th thu c m gam cht rn G. Gi tr m lA. 18 gam B. 8gam. c . 32 gam D. 24 gam4. Ha tan 11-2 gam hn hp X gm AI v Fe trong HCI d th thu c hn

hp dung dch mui Y 1 v kh Y2. Cho dung dch YI tc dng vi NaOH d,lc kt ta ri nuns trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th thu c8gam cht rn z. Phn trm khi lng ca Fe trong hn hp u l:A. 58,03 % B. 26,75 % C 75,25 % D. 50,00%.

5. Cho 4,04 gam hn hp X gm ba kim loi Fe, Cu, AI dng bt tc dnghon ton vi oxi thu c hn hp Y gm cc oxit c khi lng 5,96 gam.Th tch duns dch HC1 2M va phn ng ht vi hn hp Y l:

A. 60 ml B. 120 ml C. 224 ml D. 30 m!. Chia hn hp hai kim oi X v Y c ha tr khng i thnh hai phn bngnhau. Phn mt tan ht trorig dung dch HC1 to ra 1,792 lt H2 (ktc). Phnhai nung trong khng kh' n khi lng khng i thu c 2,84 gam chtrn. Khi lng gam hn hp hai kim loi ban u A. 3,12 gam B. 1,56 gam c . 0,56 gam D. 4.4 gam

7. Cho tan hon ton 15.6 gam hn hp AI v AI2O3 trong 500 ml ung dchNaOH IM thu c .72 lt H2(ktc) v dung ch X. Th tch HC 2 M cncho vo X thu c kt ta ln nht l

A. 0,25 lt. B. 0.35 lt. _ c 0,5 lit. D. 0,244 lt.. Cho tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg v Fe trong dung dch HC1 4M thuc 5,6 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch X. e kt ta hon ton cc ion trong Xcn 300 ml dung dch NaOH 2M. Th tch HC1 dng lA. 0,168 lt B. 0.224 lt c . 0 , 12 lt D. 0,15 lt.. Cho dung dch cha 16,225 gam mui clorua ca hai kim loi kim thuchai chu k lin tip vo ung dch AgNOs (d), thu c 35^875 gam kt ta.Phn trm khi lng ca mui c khi ng phn t nh lA. 92,719% B. 54,08% c . 7,281% D. 88,704%

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25/439

20. Ha tan hon ton 20,45 gam hn hp gm FeC3v NaF (c cng s momt lns: nc (d), thu c dung dch X. Cho dung dch AgN3 (dX, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton sinh ra m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m

A. 43,50 B. 14,35 c . 43,05 D. 55,752 1 . e oxi ha hon ton 0,01 moi CrCls thnh K.2Cr0 4 bng C2 kh c

KOH, s moi ti thiu CI2v KOH phn ng l:

A. 0,03 v 0,08 B. 0,015 v 0,08 c . 0,03 v 0,04 D. 0,015v 0,022. Chia 156,8 gam hn hp L gm FeO, Fe304; Fe23 thnh hai phn

nhau. Cho phn th nht tc dng ht v dung dch HC d c 155.4mui khan. Phn th hai tc dng va vi dung dch M l hn hp H2SO4 long thu c 167,9 gam mui khan, s mol ca HCI trong dch M l:A. 1,75 mol B. .50 mo! c . 1,80 moi D. 1,00 mol

23. Cho V lt hn hp kh A gm cio v oxi tc dng va ht vi hn hgm 0,2 mol AI v 0, moi Mg th thu c 25,2 gam hn hp mui cv ox.it ca 2 kim loi, s mol ca CI2c trong V lt hn hp kh A lA.0,15. ' B.0.3. C. 0,2. D.


26/439

30. Cho 50 gam hn hp gm Fe34, Cu v Mg tc dng vi dung dch HC1 d.sau phn ng thu c 2,24 lt H2 (ktc) v cn li 18 gam cht rn khngtan. Phn trm khi ing Fe34trong hn hp ban u l:A. 59.2 B. 52.9 C. 25,92 D, 46,4

31. Cho cc cp cht vi t l s ml tng ng nh sau:

'(a) Fe34v Cu (1:1); (b) Sn v Zn (2:1); (c) Zn v Cu ( 1:1);

(d) Fe2(S(>4)3v Cu (i :I); (e) FeCI?va C (2 :1); (g) FeCb v Cu ( 1:1).S cp cht tan hon ton trong mt lng d dung dch HC1 long nng lA 4. B. 2. C.3. D. 5.

32. Pht biu no sau y khng ng?A. Axit HCIO4 c tnh oxi ha mnh hon axit HCIO.B. Axit HF c tnh axit yu hn axit H1.

c. HF c nhit si cao hn HI.D. Axit H2CO3c tnh axit mnh hn axt HCO.

33. Hn hp kh no sau y khng tn ti nhit thng?

A. H2v F2. B. CI2v 0 2. c . H5S v N2. . c o v O2.34. Phng th nghim b nhim lng nh kh Cl2. Phong php tt nht dng

ioi b kh c ny l .A. h l na dung dch NH3c. B. Phun dung dch KBr.c . Phun dung dch NaOH. D. Phun dung dch Ca(OH)2-

35. Cho kim loi M tc dns vi CI2 c mui X, cho M tc dng vi ungdch HC1 c mui Y. N cho C2 tc dng vi dung dch mui Y s thuc mui X. Vy M i:

A. AI B.Zn _ C F e a Mg36. Ha tan ht 15,55 gam hn hp X gm Fe. Mg, AI v Zn vo dung dchHC d, sa phn ng thu c 0,4 mol H2. Mt khc, nu t ht hn hpX trn trong O2 d. thu c 23,15 gam cht rn Y. Phn trm khi ngca Fe trong X iA. 54,02%. B. 36.0J%. : c . 27,01%. D. 64,82%.

37. Ha tan ht 2,32 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe34. Fe23(trong FeO, Fe203c s mol bng nhau) trong 80 mi dung dch HCI IM thu c dung dch X.Cho X tc dng vi dung dch AgNOa d th thu c bao nhiu gam chtkhng tan?

A. 1,08. B. 11,48. . C A M - D. 12.56.38. Cho cc phn ng sau:

(a) 4HCI + Pb02-> PbCl2+ Cl2+ 2H20 . .(b) HC + NH4HCO3 NH4CI + C02+ H20 .(c) 2HC + 2 HNO3 2NO2+ Cj2+ 2H20 .(d) 2HC1 + Zn ZnC2+ H2:S phn ng trong HCI th hin tnh kh lA. 1- B.2. C.3 D.4.

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27/439

39. Nung KMnC>4mt thi gian thu c hn hp cht rn X. Trong X c thc nhiu nht bao nhiu hp cht tc dng c vi dung dch HC1 c, gii

phng C2?A. 3. B .2 . c . L D. 4.

40. t chy hon ton 7,2 gam kim oi M (c ha tr II khng i trong hpcht) trong hn hp kh Chv 2- Sau phn ng thu c 23,0 gam cht rnv th tch hn hp kh phn ng 5,6 lt ( ktc). Kim loi M lA. Mg. B. Cu. c . Be. D. Ca.

41. Dy gm cc cht va tan trong dung dch HC1, va tan trong dung dch"NaOH l:

A. NaHCCh, ZnO, Mg(OH)2. B. Mg(OH)2? A2O3, Ca(HC03)2.

c . NaHC3, Ca(HC0 3)2, A2O3 . D. NaHCOs, MgCX Ca(HC0 3)2-42. Cho 17,5 gam hn hp Al, Zn, Fe tc dng hon ton v dung dch HC1d thu

c dung dch X v V lt H2 ( ktc). C cn dung dch X thu c53 gammui khan, vy gi tr ca V lA. 8.96. B. 11.2. c.5,60. D. 6,72.

43. Ha tan 20 gam hn hp X gm AI, Fe trong dung dch HC thu c 6,72it H2 (ktc). dung dch Y v cht rn z. Cho z vo dung dch NaOH d,thy khi ing cht rn z gim 2,7 gam so vi ban u. Phn trm khilng ca nhm kim loi trong hn hp X l:A. 59.5% B.40.5% c.45,5% D. 54,5%

44. Cho cc cht sau tc ng vi nhau trong dung dch

a) KI + FeCb -> b) HI + FeO -

c) KI + 0 3+ H20 ) KI + H2O2->e)Pb(N3)2+ K ^ C2+ KI -

) KI + K2Cr27+ I-2SO4ong -Nhng phn rii ha hc to ra sn phm 2 l:

A. a, c. d, f, g B. a, c, d?e, f *

c . a. \g D. a, bf c, d, e,g5f45. Pht biu no sau v ng ?

A. Duns dch NaF phn ng vi dung dch AgNOs sinh ra AgF kt ta.

B. Axit HBr c tnh axit yu hn axit HC1.c . Flo c tnh oxi ha yu hn clo.

D. iot c bn knh nguyn t ln hon brom.46. Hn hp ran X gm Al, Fe23v Cu c s moi bng nhau. Hn hp X tan

hon ton trong ung dch

A. NaOH (d) B. IC1 (d) c . AgN 03(d) D. NH3()47. Neu cho 1 mo! mi cht: CaOCb, K.M11O4, K2Cr27, Mn2 ln lt phn

ng vi lng d duns dch HCI c. Cht to ra lng kh C2nhiu nht l

A. KMn04 B. Mn02 c. CaOCl2 D. K2Cr20 7



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. Dy gm cc cht du tc ng c vi dung dch HC1 long

A. KNO3, CaC03, Fe(OH)3. B. FeS, BaS04, KOH.c AgN 03, (NH ^C Oj, CuS. D. Mg(HC0 3)2, HCOONa, CuO.

E S S E S

D 2B 3A 4A 5B 6 C 7B 8A 9C 10B 11C I2B

3B I4D 15B ISA 17A I8D 19B 20C 21B 22C 2JC 24B

5A 26A 27 A 28B 29B 30A 31C 32A 33A 34A 35C 36A

7D 38B 39A 40A 4IC 42B 43 B 44A 45 D 46B 47D 48D

. HNG DN GIIBI TP T LUN

a) 2NaC! + 2H20 - pckL- 2NaOH + 2H2T' + Cl2tCl2+ 2 KOH -> KCIO + KCI + H20

3KC10 - 2 ^ 1 > KClOs + 2KC

KCOs + 6 HC K.C + 3C12T + 3H20

Cl2+ H2 2HC1

Fe + 2HC1 -FcC12+ H2t

2FeCb + CI2>2 FeC3

Cu + 2 FeC3 CuCh + 2FeC2

CuCb ^ > Cu + C!2

Cl2+ Ca(OH)2 > CaOCl2+ H20

2 CaOC2+.CO2+ H20 -+ CaC03+ CaCl2+ 2HC10

b) 2KMn04+ 16HC1 2KC +2MnCl2+ 5 C2+ 8H20

2Fe + 3C12 2FeCh2FeCl3+ F e ^ 3 F e C l 2

FeCI2 ^ > Fe + Cl2

CI2+ 2NaBr Br2+ 2NaCi

3Br2+ 6NaOH -> NaBrOs + 5NaBr + 3H20

NaB r03+ 5NaBr + 3 H2SO4 3Na2S04+ 3Br2+ 3H20

5Br2+ I2+ 6 H2O 2 HIO3+ I OHBr

c) Ca + F2>Cap2

CaF2+ H2S04(d*c>25q > CaS04+ 2 HF4HF + S i02-> S1F4+ 4H20

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29/439

d) K2Cr20 7+ 14HC -* 2KCI + 2CrCl3+ 3CI2+ 7H20Ci2+ 2Na - 2NaCI

NaCI + H20 NaCIO + H2NaClO + C02+ H20 NaHCOs + HCIO

2HCIO 2-> 2HCI + 0 2

4HCI (c) + Mn02-> MnCl2+ Cl2+ 2 H20

3C2 + 6 KOH ^ KCIO3+ 5FCC1 + 3H202. iu ch nc Gia-ven:

2NaCl + 2H20 ....^ d-mn > 2"NaOH + Cl2t + H2tCl2+ 2NaOH NaCI + NaCIO + H20

iu ch clorua V:

CaCOs CaO + C 02CaO + H20 Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2+ CI2 - -> CaOCb + H20(sa vi)

3. Cho dung dch HCi ln lt vo cc ung djch mu th. Nhn ra:- Dung dch Na2S: C kh mi trng thi thot ra.

Nais + 2HC1 2NaCi + H2s t- Dung dch AgNOs: C kt ta mu trng xut hin

AgN03+ HC1 AgC l + HNO3- Dung dch Na2S3: C kh mi hc thot ra.

Nass + 2HC1 -> 2NaCI + S 02t + H20

- Dung dch BaCh: Khng hin tng gi.- Dung dch Na2C3, NaHCOs: C kh khng mu thot ra.

Na2C 0 3+ 2HCI 2NaCl + C 02t + H20

NaHCOs + HCI - > NaCI + C0 2t + H20Cho hai dung dch trn in lt tc dng vi ung dch BaCl2?nu c k

trng xut hin th l Na2CC>3.

Na2C 03+ BaCl2^ BaC034 + 2NaClCn li l NaHCOs (khng hin tng).

4. nCOi = nc = = 0,044 (mol); nT= = 0,192(mol);

nra = = 0,012(mol); mY= = 11 te2"*)

2 KCIO3 2KCI + 3 0 20,012 0.018

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30/439

2KMn04 - > K.2Mn04 + Mn02 + O2X 0?5x

=> v kk = 3(0.018 + 0,5x) = 0,054 + 1,5x

=> n N = - (0 ,0 5 4 + i.5x) = 0,0405 + 1,125x4

^ X nO;(Z)~ no: (kk-)+ n0j X = 0 , 0 6 ( m o l ) => m = m Y + m 0j (b) = 1 + 3 2 . (0 , 0 1 8 + 0 , 5 . 0 ,0 6 ) = I 2 ,5 3 6 ( g a m )

5. Cho cc dung dch tc dng ln lt V cc dung dch mu th, nhn radung dch Na2CC>3v c si kh, khng mi thot ra.

Na2C03+ 2H C 2N aC I + CO2 + H20Cc dung dch cn li khng c hin tng cho tc dng ln It vi dung

dch Na2CC>3, nu c kt ta trng xut hin l Ba(OH)2-

Ba(OH) 2+ Na2C03 BaC03i + 2NaOHCho Ba(OH)2phn ng vi cc dung dch cn li. Nhn ra :- Dung dch NHUCl: C si bt kh mi khai thot ra khi un nng.

Ba(OH) 2+ 2NH4CI BaCI2+ 2NH3t + 5H20- Dung dch K2SO4: C kt ta trng xut hin.

Ba(OH)2+ K2SO4 BaS04l + 2KOH- Dung dch (NH^SOa: C kt ta trng xut hin v c si bt kh mi

khai thot ra kh un nng.

(NH4)2S04+ Ba(OH) 2-* BaS04i + 2NH3T + 2H20

6.2KI + C2 2+ 2 KC1Sau mt thi gian c x ra phn ng:

2+ 5C12+ 6 H2O 2 HO3+ 10HC1Sau phn ng khng c I2tdo nn h tnh bt khng chuyn sang mu xanh.

7. a) giai on (1) mu nu ca dung dch iot s nht dndo xy ra s oxiha ion sunfit thnh ion sunfat theo phng trnh:

SO ? + h + H20 - SO l~ + 2 H+ +21'

giai oan (2)xut hin kt ta mu trngdo s hnh thnh kt ta BaS4khng tan trong axit:

SO4 + Ba2+>BaSO^

b) Khng thc hin trong mi trng kim v trong mi trng kim s xyra phn ng t oxi ha kh ca I2:

3I2+ 60H -> 51" +10 3 +3H20

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31/439

8 . a) Phng trnh ha hc:

Phng php :

6 CI2+ 6Ca(0H)z -> Ca(CI03)2+ 5CaCI2+ 6H20

Ca(CI0 3)2+ 2KC1 2 KCIO3+ CaCl2 I Phng php 2:

2H,0 + 2K.C1 - H2+ 2K0H + C1,3C1, + 6K0H - 5KC1 + KCIO3+ 3H,0KCI+3H:0 ->KCO; +3H2

.. l 0 x 7 4 '5 _ ^ o /b) m KCi = 12? 5 = 6 0 >82 (gam)

Q = It = H ix nF = - ^ _ x 6x26,8 = 131,26 (A.gi)M 122,5

9. a) Cc phng trnh phn ng;

Cl2+ 2NaBr - > 2NaCI + Br2 ()

3Br2 + 3Na2CC>3 5NaBr + NaBrO + 3CO2 (2)

5NaBr + NaBrOs + 3 H2SO4- 3Na2S04+ 3Br2+ 3H20 (3)b) (2) v (3) l cc phn ng thun v nghch ca cn bng:

3Br2+ 60 H ^ ^ 5Br" + B r03" + 3HzOH

10. a) Phn 1:

Fe20 3+ 6 HCI 2FeCis + 3H20X 6x 2x

Cu + 2FeCl3 CuCI2+ 2FeCI2X Fe(OH)24 + 2NaCl

2x 2x*mkt ta= 98x + 90.2x = 27,8 X= c (mol)-mz = 47,2 - (160 + 64).0,1 = 24,8 (gam)

b) mso = 47,2 - 31,2 = 16 (gam)* nso = = 0,25 (mol)3 2 64

V = 0.25.22,4 = 5,6 lt

c) Fe23+ 3 H2SO4*Fe2(S04)3+ 3H2O

0,1 0,3 0,1

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32/439

Cu + 2 H7SO4 CuS04+ S0 2t + 2H20y _> 2y -* y -* y

2Ag + 2 H2SO4 Ag2S0 4+ s t + 2 H20 z > 0,5z >0,5z

64y+I08z = 47,2-160.0,1 Jy = 0,15

y + 0,5z = 0,25 z = 0,2

z

Ta c h:

mddA= 100 + 31,2= 131,2 (gam)

Nng phn trm cc cht trong A l

C%Fc:(S M 4 ^ = 30,49%

c%C11SCU

c%

131,2160.0.15.100%

131,2

312.0.1.100%a s ,s o 4

= 18,29%

= 23,78%131,2a) Tnh m

Phn 2:

F + H2SO4 FeS04+ H2T0,1 0,3 0.05 0,15

Cu + 2 H2SO4-> C11SO4+ S0 2f + 2 H2OX >2x > X >X

2 Ag + 2H2S04 Ag2S04+ S02f + 2H20

y >y -> 0,5y *0?5y

r0,l 5 + X+ 0,5y = 0.4

110,4Ta c h:56.0J + 64x + 108y =

X= 0,15

y = 0,2

Phn 1:

2Fe + 3 C2*2FeCb

0,1 >0,iCu + Cl2-+ C11CI2

0,15 >0,15

2Ag + CI2 2AgCI

0,2 0,2

=>I1= 162,5.0,1 + 135.0,15+ 143,5.0,2 = 65,2 (gam).

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33/439

b) n H2$0 (phn ng) = 0,3 + 2.0,15 + 0,2 = 0,.8 (mol)

=> n H250 (cn) = 1,2 - 0.8 = 0,4 (mol)

m


34/439

N aX +AgN0 3 -Ag,Y +NaN3

31,84 31,84 23 +X 23 + X

=>2 ^ 1 = - ^ = > * = * 3,331 23 + X m + x

=> X = 80 (Br) Cng thc ca hai rnuo l NaBr v Nai. Trng hp 2:C 1 mui khng tc dng vi AgNOs mui l NaF, gi s l mui NaX. V X, Y thuc hai chu k lin tip nn mui cn li-l NaCI.

Vy, c 2 cp nghim ph hp:NaF v NaCi (cp I); NaBr v Nai (cp 2).

143,5y = 57,34 fx = 0,2b) *Cp 1: i

[ [42* + 5S.5y = 31,84 {y = 04

mNaF = 8,4 gam; mNaci = 31 y84 - 8,4 = 23.44 (gam)103X + 15 07 -31 .84 * = 0,28 Cp 2: < => < _

[18.8X + 235^ = 57,34 >> = 0,02

=> rriNaBr= 28,84 gam; mNai - 31,84 - 28,84 = 3 (gam)

[ 14. a) Phi km c mui to kt ta trng vi AgNOs ch c th l clo - Cngi thc ca mui c dng MC2.

Phn : nAgc! = = 0.04 (mol)g 143.5

M C 12 + AgNO s M (N 0 3)2 + 2A g C l i

0,02 FeCl2 M'i

I 0,02->0.02=> (M - 56)02 = 0J 6=5-M = 64 (Cu)

Cng thc ca mui l C11CI2b) m = 2.(64 + 71).0,02 = 5,4 (gam). ;

15. a) t cng thc chung ca hai mui l NaX

Na X + AgNOs ->NaNOs + Ag X i

0,03 0,03

=> (23 + X ).0,03 = 2 2 => X = 50,33

=> mkt ta = ( 108 + 50,33).0,03 = 4,75 (gam). .

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b) Theo tnh cht trung bnh:

X < X =50,33 < Y => X = 35,5 (Cl) v Y - 80 (Br)

=> Cng thc ca hai mui l NaC vNaBr.

16. A1C3 + 3AgNOs 3AgC! + A1(N03)3

0 ,02 0,06 ->-0 ,06 - 0,02

MX2+ 2AgN03-* 2 AgX + M(N03) 20,07 0.14 0,07

=> mkua = 43,5.0.06 + ( 08 + X).0,i4 - 28,7 -> X =35,5 (G)

A1(N0 3)3+ 4NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] + NaNOs

M(N0 3)2+ 2"NaOH M(OH>2 + 2NaN03

0,07 -> 0,07

2M(OH) 2 ^ MO + 2H20

0,07 -> 0,07=> (M + 16) 0,07 = 5,6 => M = 64 (Cu)

=> Cng thc ca mui halogenua CuC2

=> in = 133,5-0.02 + 135.0.07 =12,12 (gam).

17. a) 2 M + 3C12 2 MC3

X 1.5x X

Am = 3.35,5x = 53,4 - 10,8 X= 0,4 (mol).

=> M = = 27 M l nhm (AI).

b) Lng clo thc t thot ra l nci 2 = = 0,75 (mol)0,8

Mn02+ 4HC -> MnCb + Cl2t + 2H20

0,4

0,75 2x > X X

M + 2H Cl>M Ch + H2f

y > 2 y y > y

=> na , - X+ y = 0,03 X= (0,03 - y)

Mt khc: 65x + My = 1,7

(1)

(2)

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(*)

:i

Thay Xt (1) vo (2)

0.25=> 65(0.03 - y ) + My - 1,7 => y = > 0 =>M< 65 (

65-MTheo ra ha tan ht 1,9 gam kim loi M khng ng ht 0,1 mol HC1

:=> M.0,05 > 1.9 => M > 38 (*

T (*) v (**) => 38 < M < 65 => M = 40 (Ca).

b) y = = 0.01 (mo)6 5 - 4 0

V 5 29 2%=> X- 0,02 mol; nNa0H= = 0,09125 (mol)

40.100%

=> nHcidir = nNaoH = 0,0925(moi)=> nHCi ban u = 2.0,03 + 0.09125 = 0,15125 (mol)Dung dch A cha: 0,02 mol ZnCh; 0,01 mol CaC2v 0,09125 mo HC

=> rn


37/439

=> mKC1= 74,5.0,03 = 2,235 (gam); m*xio. = 122,5.0,04 = 4,9 (gam);

hikcic^ = 138,5.0,03 = 4,155 (gam).

23. t MCI l cng thc ca mui clorua ca kim loi kim.Gi 2x, 2y. 2z ln lt l s moi ca Na 2C0 3 , NaHCC>3v MCI cha tr

hn hp.

Tac:212x + I6 8y + 2(M + 35,5)z = 43,71 Na2C 03+ 2H Q -> 2NaCl + C 02t + H20

2x 4x > 4x > 2x

NaHCOs + H C 1 N a C ! + C 02t + H202 y :2 y 2y 2y

X+ y = = 0,244

Dung dch A cha MCI, NaCl, HC1 d

A + AgNs:

MCI + AgNOs AgC l + MN03z z

NaCl + AgNOs AgCl + NaNOs

(2 x + y) >(2 x + y)

H C i + A g N 0 3 > A g C l + H N0 3

a > a

H>2x + y + a + z = = 0,48 143,5

A + KOH: riK.0 K= 0,125.0,8 = 0,] moi

HC + KOH KC1 + H20a >a a

- a = c moi. Thay a vo (3): 2x + y+ z = 0,38 > nimui = m ^c t + m Nact + niMCi

= 74,5.0,1+ 58,5(2x + y) + (M + 35,5)z = 29,68

58,5(2x + y) + (M + 35,5)z = 22,23 Gii h () (2) (4) (5) ta c:

X= 0,15 moi; y = 0,05 mol; z = 0,03 mol; M = 23 (Na)b) Phn trm khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp u:

%Na2C 03- 0?3-106' 1QQO/o = 72,75% .43,71 .

38



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38/439

%NaHCO- = Q,i'84' 10QO/o = 9,22 %43,71

%NaC = 100% - (72,75% + [ 9,22%) = 8,03%c ) riHC! d n g = 2x + y = 0 , 7 (m ol )

=* V * HC, = m' ' ^ 100% = ; ? * 1,00* -2 3 1 ,3 (m.)c % .d 10,52%.!,05

PV 4 4824. a) n Hi = = --------------- = 0,1 (mol)

J RT 0,082(273 + 273) . .

FexOy + 2yHCi>xFeCby/x + yHaOa >2 ya >ax

Fe + 2HC1>FeC2+ H2T

0,1 0,2 4 0.1 o/oFe = (M-56. 100% = 19 % ^ o/oFe 0 = 100% - 19,44% = 80,56%

28.8b)'2 FeCl2y* - - - > 2 Fe(OH)2y/x; ^ Fe20 3

ax > ax0,5ax

2FeCI2 - PS- > 2Fe(OH)2 Fe20 3

0,1 0.1 0,05

=> 80(ax + 0, ) = 32 => ax + 0,1 - 0,4 ax = 0,3 (mol)

Mt khc: mY= 56.0,1 + (56x + I6y)a = 28,8 => ay = 0,4(mol)

X 0. 3 3 _ .

= - ~ = - (Fe30 4)y 0,4 4

c) nHd = 2ay + 0,2 = 2(0,4 + 0,1) - 1 (mol) => V* HCI = = 0,5 (lt) = 500

II. BI TP TRC NGHIM. Chn D

* Trng hp : Chai mui u tc dng vi AgN3

NaX + AgNOs -NaNOs + AgX - '

X * X

Amt = (108 - 23)x = 8,61 6,03 X= 0,03 (mol) .

=> X = - 2 3 = 178 =>XI vY l At (loi)0,03

Trng hp 2:C mt mui khng tc dng vi AgNOs

=> Ch c th NaX NaF => NaY l NaCl

39



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39/439

NaC! + AgNOs -AgC \i +NaNOs0,06 *- 0,06

2. Chn B

nHCi= 2no2" ~ 2. = 1,0 (mo!) >VddHCi= 500 (ml)16

3. Chn A

= > rttmi= 7 , 7 4 + 3 5 , 5 . 0 . 5 + 9 6 . 0 , 14 = 3 8 , 9 3 ( g a m )

4. Chn A

Theo nh lut bo ton khi ng:

m = m(Ai+Mg)+ mcr =(10,14- 1,54) + 0.7.35,5 = 6,6+ 24,85 = 33.45 (gam)

5. Chn B

ncr = 2 nH =0,2 (mol)=> mmui = 10 + 35,5.0,2 =17,1 (gam)

6 . Chn c

n cr - 2nHj =J (mol) =i> mmu0i = 20 + 35,5.1 =55,5 (gam)

7. Chon B

n cr = 2n H = 1,3 ( m o l) ^ mmUi 38,60 + 35,5.1,3 = 84,75 (gam)8 . Chn A

ncr = 2 nCOj =0,4 (mol) => mmUj = 23,8 + (71 - 60).0,2 = 26 (gam)

9. Chn c

Gi Xl s moi MC2

Am = (124 ~ 71)x = 7,95 =>x = 0,15 (mol)=> M = =40 (Ca)

10. Chn BKC1 + AgNOs -* AgCl + KNOs

a a '

KBr + AgNOs - AgBr + KN03

b b

74,5a + l 19b 6 ,25

143,5a + 188b = 10,39

a = 0,04 (mol)

b = 0,02 (mol)

40



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40/439

11. Chn c

nF 0 , = 2 n FcA + 3nFc,04 = 2 . ^ + 3 . ^ = 0,5(mol)

=> n D = npUj0j(D) = ~ n Fe = 0,25(mol) => m = 160.0,25 =*40 (gam)12. Chn B

C2+ 2Na 2NaCl + I2C2+ 2NaBr -> 2NaCl + Br2

117=> Hhh = Hisaci - = 0 ,02 (mol)

5 o 53

13. Chn BKhi cho hn hp gm FeO, Fe?0 3 , Fe34tc dng vi HC1 th bn cht

2H+ + 1- - l-200,26 >0,13 -0,13

=5- mo = 0.13.1 = 2,08 (gam); mFe(trongoxit)= 7,68 - 16. 0,13 = 5,6 (gam)

=> nre= 0,1 (mol)

=> n Fe2CMG) = n Fc - 0,05 (mol) m = 0,05.160 = 8(gam)

14. Chn D

Ch|t rn z l Fe23=> nFe = 2z =0,1 mol => %Fe = -^ -.1 0 0 % = 50%11,2

15. Chn B

IHCI = 2nQi_ = 2. 04 = 0,24(mol)=> VddHC! = 20 (m)16

16. Chn A

nO(0Mt) = ~ n cr = n H = 0,08 (mol)

=> mkj = 2(m0Xlt - m0) = 2(2,84 - 0,08.16) = 3,12 gam17. Chn A

3

A + NaOH + 3H20 Na[Al(OH)4j + - H2t

0,2 0,2 *0,2

=> nNaGH cn = 0,5 - 0,4 = 0,1 (mol)

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41/439

NaOH + HCI NaCI + H200,1 ^ 0,1

Na[AI(OH)4] + HCI AI(OH)3i + NaCi + H200,4 >0.4

e lng kt ta ln nht th Al(OH)s cha b ha tan

=> riHci = 0,5 (mol) *v dd HCI= 0,25 (lt)18. Chn D

Dung dch X cha Mg2+. Fe2+, H+ (nu c). Khi cho 0,6 moi Ndung dch X th:

H+ + 0 H ^ H 20

Mg2* + 20H - Mg(OH)2

Fe2+ + 20H -*Fe(OH)2i

=> Dung dch to thnh cha 01'phi trung ha vi 0,6 mol Na+

=> ncr = n N3+ = 0.6 (mol) => VddHCi = ~ - = 0,\S (lt)

19. Chn B

MCI + AgNC>3* AgCl-i + MNO-

0,25 M 4- 35,5 =M = 29,40,25

=> Mi = 23 (Na) < 29,4 < M2= 39 (K)t nNaci = X (mol); nice! = y (moi).

58,5x + 74,5y -16,225 fx = 0,15Ta c h: ,X + y - 0,25 [ y = c

=> %NaCI = 58?5-Q?151Q0% = 54,08%16,225

20.Chn c20,45

nFeCl = nNaK------ _ = 0 ,(moi)RCI, 16 2,5 + 42

3AgN03+ FeCb 3AgCi + 3NaN030?1>0 3

= > m = 1 4 3 , 5 . 0 3 = 4 3 ,0 5 ( g a m )

21. Chn B

2CrCI3+ 3 C2 + 16KOH - 2K2Cr0 4+ 12KCI + 8H200,01 >0.015 >0,08

22. Chn cCoi L ch gm FeO v Fe23.

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42/439

Phn 1:FeO + 2HC1 -> FeC2+ H20

a aF.C2O3+ 6HC1 2 FeCI3+ 3H20

b -> 2b '

72a + 160b = 78,4 fa=0,2Ta c h:J

vo : \l2 7a +162,5.2b = 155,4 b = 0,4 Phn 2: Gi X, y ln lt l s mol ca HC1 v H2SO4* Dung dch thu

c c cha 0,2 mol Fe2+; 0,8 mol Fe3+; X moi C " v y mol s o 4 .

fX + 2y = 2.0,2 + 3.0,8 " fx = 1,8Ta c h: ^ ^ ^ 1 A :

[3 5 ,5x + 96y= 167 ,9-56.(0 ,2 + 0,8) [y = 0,5

23.Chn cmA= 25,2 - 27.0,2 - 24.0,1 = 17,4 (gam)

0 2 + 4e 20 2AI AI +3e

0.2 0,6Mg Mg2+ + 2e0 , 1> 0,2

X*4x

Cl2+ 2e 2C1y - > 2y '

32x + 71y = 17,4 fx = 0,1Ta c h: => 0,5 -> 0,25 0,25

_ 0,5.36,5.100% ,md(i HC1= ----- TTTT" = 100 (gam)

0,2 J

=> mjjA = 6+ 100 - 2.0,25 = 105,5 (gam)_ 0,25.95.100%

C^MgCi,

25. Chn A

105,5

44,6-28,616

= 22,51%

= l(mo) > n . = 2n 0j_ = 2(mol)

=> n w , = 28,6 + 35,5.2 = 99,6 (gam)26. Chn A

nHci = n 0H- = 2 n H; = 0,2 (mo) => VddHCi= ~ = 0 , 1 (lt )= 100 (mi)

27. Chn A

Cr + 2HGI -> CrCb + H2t

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43/439

Fe + 2 HCI-*FeC2+ H2

y y

Ta c h(

28. Chn B

n cr = 2 n Hj = 0,7 (mol)=> m = 9,14-2,54 + 35,5.0,7 = 31,45 (gam)

29.. Chn B

X + HC1 d: m mui = mt = 2 + 35,5.2.0,05 = 5,55 (gam)

X + Cl2d: rnmui = m2= 5,763 (gam)

31. Chn cBao am cc cp:

(a) Fes0 4 v Cu ( 1:!):

Fe30 4+ 8HC1 FeCl2+ 2FeCb + 4H20Cu + 2 FeC3>2FeC2+ CuC2

(d)Fe2(S0 4)3 vCu(l: l):

Cu + Fe2(S0 4)3>C11SO4+ 2 FeS4

Cp (b) Sn v Zn (2:1)

Sn + 2 HCI SnC2+ H2

Zn + 2HC ZnCl2+ H232. Chn A

Axit HCIO c tnh oxi ha mnh hn axit HCIO4 do HCIO km bn hHCO4 rt nhiu.

33. Chn A

= 0,006 (mol)

30. Chn A

nM;;= n H2 = 0,1(mol); mcu - 18 (gam)

.100%= 59,2%

H2+ F2 - - --s- I>c . > 2HF

34. Chn A

2NH3+ 3 C2N2+ 6 HC

6NH3+ 6 HCI NHCl

8NH3+ 3C2 >N2+ 6NH4CI

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44/439

35. Chn c. M phi l kim loi a ha tr, khi tc dng vi Cl2cho mui c ha tr cao v

khi tc dng vi HC! cho mui c ha tr thp -* M i Fe.

2 Fe + 3Cl2 > 2FeCl3

(X)Fe + 2H1 - FeCl2+ H2T

(Y)

2FeCb + C2- 2FeCb36. Chn A

n 0 p = 2j?I5~ 15?55 = 0,475 (moi); n H2 = 0,4 (mol)10

nFe = 2(n - nH, ) = 0J5 (moi) => %Fe = = 54,02%- 5 ,5 5

37- Chn D

~ 2 32Coi hn hp ch gm FC3O4= nFe0 = - = 0,01 (moi)

5 4 232

Fe30 4* SHCJ FeCh+ 2FeCl3+ 4H20

0,01 0 ,0 1 - * 0,02

Ag+ + Fe2+- Fe3+ + A g

0 ,0 < - c ) - > 0 ,0

Ag+ + C" -^AgC-i

0,08 -> 0.08=> mCR= 143,5.0,08 + 108.0,01 = 2,56 (gam)

38. Chn B.

V ch c hai phn ng (a) v (c) th s oxi ha ca Cl trong phn t HC1tng t - 1 n 0 .

39. Chn A

2 KMn4 K2Mn4+ MnC>2+ O2

2KMn04+ 6HC1 - 2KC1 + 2MnCl2+ 5CI2f + 8H20

K2Mn0 4+ 8HC1 - 2KC1 + MnCl2+ 2 C2t + 4H20Mn02+ 4HCI -> MnC2+ C12 + 2H20

40. Chn A

2M + O2 2MO

a 0,5a a

M + C12 ->MCI2

b b b

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45/439

Ta c hia = 0,1 72

=> M = -J=24(Mg)b = 0,2 0,3 6

41.Chn cHCO: + H+h> C0 2+ H20

HCO : + O -r CO~ +H20

AI2O3+ 6 H+ 2A13+ + 3H20A!20 5+ 2 0 H ^ 2A10; + H20

42. Chn B

43. Chn BV tnh kh Ai > Fe nn AI phn ng vi HC1 trc.

Cht rn z tc dng vi NaOH -> (1) kt thc th Al cn d, Fe cha phn 2A1 + 2NaOH + 2H20 -> 2NaA02+ 3H2T

> mAj d = mz gim = 2,7 (gam) -> mAi b = 27.0,2 + 2,7 = 8,1 (gam)

44. Chn A

a) 2KI + 2FeCl3 12+ 2FeCl2+ 2KC c) 2KI + O3+ H2O - 1 2 + 2K.OH + O2T

d) 2 K + H2O2-4 I2+ 2KOH f) CI2+ 2KI ->2KC1 + 12 '

g) 6KI + K2Cr20 7+ 7 H2SO4- 3h + Cr2(S0 4)3+ 4 K2SO4+ 7H20 .45. Chn D

- NaF khng tc dng vi AgNOj Axit HBr c tnh axit mnh hn axit HCi v lin kt H-Br km bn hn

- Fio c tnh oxi ha mnh hn clo v n c m in ln hn~lot c bn knh nguyn t ln hn brom v nguyn t iot c s ip elec

nhiu hcm nguyn t brom

2A1 + 6HC1 -> 2A1C3 + 3H2f

0,2 0,3

20

ktH-Cl

46. Chn BFe23+ 8 HC! -* 2FeCb + FeCI2+ 4H20

X 2xCu + 2FeCi3-* CuCI2+ 2FeCI2X


46/439

47. Chn D

2KMn04+ I6HC1 -> 2MnCi2+ 5Cl2t + 2KC! + 8H20

I - > 2 , 5

CaOCb + 2HC1 - CaCl2+ Cl2f + H20

I 1 '

M n02+ 4HC-> MnCI2+ Cl2t + 2H20

I -> 1K2Cr20 7+ I4HC -> 2KC1 + 2CrCI3+ 3Cl2t + 7H20 .

1 -> 348. Chn D

Mg(HC03)2+ 2 HC1 MgCh + 2C02 + 2H20HCOONa + HCI - HCOOH + NaCI

CuO + 2HC1 -* CuCl2+ H20Cc cht KNOa, CuS, BaSOii khng tc dng vi ung dch HC1 long.

o C H N G 8

NHM 0X1

. KIN THC TRNG TM

I. TNH CHT CA OXI V LU HUNH1. Cu hnh electron

Nguyn t o c cu hnh electron ls22s22p4, c 2 electron c thn.

Nguyn t s c cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p4, c 2electron c thn.Khc vi nguyn t o , trong nguyn t s cn phn lp 3d trng, khi b kch

thch cc electron cp i c th chuyn thnh electron c thn khi rihy tmc 3s, 3p in 3d.

n i T t 3p 3d

t t t f

3s 3p 3dT t T t

3 s l 3p 3d

Trong cc hp cht ca 0 (tr hp cht vi fio v hp cht peoxit); nguynt 0 c s oxi ha -2 .

Trong cc hp cht ca s vi nhng nguyn t c m in nh hn (kimloi, hiro....), nguyn t s c s oxi ha -2 . Cn trong cc hp cht cng hatr ca s vi nhng nguyn t c m in ln hn (oxi, clo,...), nguyn t s c s oxi ha +4 hoc +6 .

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47/439

2. Tnh ch ha hc2.1. Oxi

Nguyn t oxi c m in ln (3,44), ch ng sau lo (3,98). Khi thmgia phn ng, nguyn t 0 d dng nhn thm 2 electron. Do vy. oxi lnguyn t phi km hot ng, c tnh ox ha mnh. Trong cc hp cht (trhp cht vi flo v hp cht peoxit), nguyn t oxi c s oxi ha -2 .

Oxi ha trc tip vi nhiu kim loi (tr Pt, Au,..).

2Mg + 0 7 1 > 2MgO

3Fe + 20 2 Fe30 4

Khi un nng oxi ha c nhiu phi kim (tr halogen) to oxit axit hocoxit khng to mui.

c + 0 2 C02

H2+ 0 2 ^ H20

s + 02^ S02 Oxi ha vi c nhiu hp cht c tnh kh.

2 CO + 0 2 ^ 2CO?

2S02+ 0 2 2S03

4FeS2+ 1102 ^ 2Fe20 3+ 8S022H2S + 30 2 - 2SO? + 2H20

Oxi ha hon ton hoc khng hon ton nhiu hp cht hu c

C2H5OH +.202>CO2+ 3 H2O (honton)

CH5CH2OH + 0 2 ncsi > CH3COOH + H20 (khng hon ton)

2.2. Lu hunh

on cht lu hunh (s oxi ha = 0) c s oxi ha trung gian gia - 2v +6 .Khi tham gia phn ng ha hc, n th hin tnh oxi ha hoc tnh kh.

Lu hunh th hin tnh oxi ha yu hn oxi nhng tnh kh mnh hn oxi.

a) Tnh oxi ha:

s + 2e > s

Tc dng vi nhiu kim oi (tr Au, Pt) khi un nng to mui sunfua:

Fe + s FeS

Cu + s CuS

Tc dng vi hu ht cc phi kim (tr N2v I2) v hp cht c tnh kh:

s + H2 1 > H2S (mi trng thi)

c + 2S > c s2

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48/439

s + 3F2 SFfc

s + 2 KCIO3 -> 3 SO2T + 2 KC1

S + 2H2S4c -> 3SO2T + 2 H2O

s + 6 HNO3(lc -> H2SO4+ 6NO2T + 2 H203. iu ch3.1. iu ch ox '

a) Trong phng th nghimNhit phn cc hp cht cha oxi, km bn vi nhit nh KMnO, KCIO3,

22,...

2 K.MnC>4 > K2Mn4+ Mn2+ O2T

2 KCIO3 -> 2KC1 + 3 O2T.

2H20 2 - MLl0;-


49/439

c>3 ox ha hu ht cc kim loi (tr Pt. Au), phi kim v hp cht c tnh k

iu kin thng 2 khng phn ng vi Ag, PbS,.dung dch KI. phn ng (*) nhn bit O3 bng giy tm h t inh bt khng mu >

xanh (c I2).b)Hiro peoxi (nc oxi gi)S oxi ha ca nguyn t oxi trong H2O2 l - 1, l s ox ha trung gia

vy, H2O2va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh.

H2O2c tnh oxi ha mnh khi tc dng vi cht kh:

H2O2+ KNO: -> KNO3+ H20

H2O2+ 2 K -> 2+ 2 KOH4H2O2 + PbS (en) PbS4 (trng) + 4H2O

H2O2Ctnh yu, tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh:H2O2+ 0 3 -> H20 + 2 O25 H2O2+ 2KMn04 + 3 H2SO4 - 2MnS04+ K2SO4+ 502 + 8H20

2. Hiro sunfua v mui sunfua (S2 )a) Hiro sunfua H2S

Cht kh mi trng thi, c, t tan trong nc, th hin tnh axit yusunfuhidric H2S).

Th hin tnh kh mnh:

2H 2S(k) + O2 (thu) - 2S + 2H2O. 2H2S(!0+ 302(du)2SO2 + 2H20

2H2S 2S'l' + 2 H2O Tc dng vi hu ht cc cht oxi ha nh S2, H2SO4 c, HNO3,

dch KMn4, CuO ....2H2S + S O 2 3S + 2H20

H2S + 3H2S 4S02T +4H 20

H2S + HNOstiic) S 0 2 + 6NO2 + 4H205H2S + 2KMn04+ 3H2S04 -> 5 S +2MnS04+ K2SO4+ 8H2O

3 H 2S + k iC n & + 4 H 2S O 4 3 S + C r 2( S 0 4) 3 + K 2S O 4+ 7 H 2

H2S 4- 3CuO 3Cu + S02 + H20 H2S + Br2-> s i +2HBr H2S + 4C12+ 4H20 -> H2SO4+ 8HCI

3M g + O3 3M g O2Ag + O3 -> Ag2 + O2CI2+ 2O3 -> Cl20 63S2 + 0 3 -> 3S03PbS + 4 0 3 -> PbS04+ 40 2

KI + 0 3+ H20 - 2K.OH + 2+ O2



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50/439

iu ch:

FeS (r) + 2HCI (dd) FeCl2+ H2sT

Hay: FeS(r) + H2SO4(dd.) FeS4+ H2S Tb) Mui sunfua s 2'

Mui sunfaa ca cc kim loi nhm A, IIA (tr Be) tan trong nc cn likhng tan trong nc.

Mui sniia (S2') v hiro sunfua (HS) tan c trong nc u b thy phnNa2S + H20 ^ NaOH + NaHS

BaS + 2H20 ^ Ba(OH)2+ H2S ; ^

Mt s mui sunfua c mu c trng: ZnS (trng), MnS (hng), CdS(vng). CuS, FeS. Ag2S, ... mu en.

Mui sunfua l mui ca axit yu nn d tan trong dung dch axit mnhnh HC1, H2SO4 long sinh ra kh H2S (tr mui sunfua ca mt s kim loinng nh PbS, CuS, HgS, AgS,..

Na2S + 2HCI 2NaCl + H2S T

F e S + 2 H C l > F e C I2 + H2S t

ZnS + H2SO4-> ZnS04+ H2s tCh :FeS2 khng tan trong dung dch H2SO4 long hoc dung dch HCI.

Tt c cc mui sunfua u c tnh kh mnh. Khi nung ngoi khng khs cho oxit c s oxi ha cao nht v kh SO2:

4FeS + 70 2?>2Fe20 3+ 4S02

C112S + 2 O2 - > 2CuO + SO2 Thuc th ca H2S v mui sunfua tan l dung dch Pb2+ hay Cd2+ v d

nhn ra kt ta PbS (en) v CS (vng).

PbC N0 3)2 + H 2S P b S i +2 K N O 3

Pb(N03)2+ Na2S -> PbSi + 2NaN033. Lu hunh ioxit SO2v lu hunh trioxit SO3) Lim hunh ioxit hay ankirit sunfiir hay lim hunh(V) oxit s o 2

Cng thc cu to:

SO2 l cht kh khng mu, mi hc, nng hon khng kh 2 ln, d ha

lng (t = -10C) v d ha rn (tf = -75C), tan nhiu trong nc to thnh

dung dch axit sunfura (H2SO3).

s, s.

s o 2 + h 2o ^ H2SO3

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S2 l oxit axit tc dng c vi oxit baza, baza km to ra mui vnc. Khi tc dng vi baz kim sn phm c th l mui truns ha, mui axithoc c hai mui ty thuc vo t ! mol. Th d:

S0 2+ 2NaOH Na2S0 3+ H20SO2+ NaOH -> NaHSOs

Nguyn tc:+) D baz > mui trung ha+) D SO2 mui axit+) Sn phm hai mui > c SO2v baz u h t.

Do s oxi ha ca nguyn t lu hunh trong phn t SO2 l +4 (trunggian) nn SO2th hin:

- Tnh kh mnh (ch yu) ch km \2,H2S:V?Oc

2 S 0 2 + 0 2 2 SO3450c

S02+ Ci2+ 2H20 -> 2 H2SO4+ 2HCIS02+ Br2+ 2H20 -> 2 H2SO4+ 2 HBr5 SO2+ 2KMn04 + 2H20 - 2 H2SO4+ 2MnS04+ C2SO4

- Tnh oxi ha y: Ch th hin khi tc dng vi cht kh mnh nh H2S,CO, HI:

SO2+ 2 H2S -> 3S + 2H20 SO2+ 2 CO s + 2C02SO2 + 4 H I S + 2 l2+ 2H 20

SO2 + 2 Mg >s + 2MgO iu ch SO2:- Trong phng th nghim:

N a 2S3 + H2SO4 N a 2S4 + SO 2T + H2O

Thu kh S0 2vo bnh bng phng php y khng kh.- Trong C12nahip:+) t chy lu hunh:

+ O 2 > 2

+) t qung sunfua kim loi, nhu' pirit st (FeS2):

4FeS2+ 110 2 2Fe20 3+ 8S02fb) Lim hunh troxt hay l hunh (V) oxt hay anhhtsunrc s o

Cng hc cu to:

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52/439

iu kin thng SO3 l cht lng khng mu (nng chy 17c, si 5C). SO3tan v hn trong nc v trong axit sunfuric.

s o 3+ h 20 -> h 2s o 4nS3 + H2SO4 (lc H2SO4.11SO3 (olcum)

Phn t km bn, t phn hy trn 400c, cht oxiha mnh vguyn t s c s oxi ha cao nht +6:

S0 5 .J 400 > SO2+ 0 22

SO3l oxitaxt,tc dng mnh vi cc oxit baza v baz to thnh mui sunfat.

Na20 + S 03 -> Na2S 04

SOs + NaOH NaHSOsSO3 + 2NaOH > Na2S04+ H20

iu ch SO3:

Trong cng nghip, SO3 c iu ch bng cch oxi ha SO2 nhit ao (450c - 500C) c cht xc tc (V2O5).V2O5

2 S0 2 + 02 2SO3400-500C

4. Axit sunfuric

Cng thc cu to:

" \ s h H \ / hay s_ / X _ ,

H o o H o oTrona; hp cht H2SO4, nguyn t s c s oxi ha cc i l +6.

H2SO4 cht lng khng mu, snh nh du, khng bay hi. nng gnp hai ln nc (H2SO4 98% c D = 1,84 g/cm3). H2SO4 c rt d ht m,n h c h t n c d i m s l m k h k h m .

H2SO4 c tan t r o n g nc, to t h n h n h n g hirat H2S4nH20 v to mt n g n h i t l n . N u r t n c v o a x i t H 2 S O 4 c , n c s i t n g t k o t h e o

hng git axit sunfuric bn ra xung quanh gy nguy him. V v mun phaong axit sunfuric c, ni ta phi rt t t axit vo nc v khuy nh bnga thu tinh, tuyt i khng lm ngc li.

H2SO4ong th hin y tnh cht chung ca axt;

- i mu qu tm thnh .- Tc dng vi kim loi hot ng (ng trc H). gii phng H 2:

Fe + H2SO4 -> FeS04+ H21Cu + H2SO4 khng phn ng .

- Tc dng vi oxit baz v baz:

Na20+ H2SO4 Na2S0 4+ H2O

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53/439

Fe3C>4 + 4 H2SO4>FeSC>4 Pe2(S04)3+ 4 H2O2NaOH + H2SO4 -> Na2S04+ 2H20

(NaOH + H2SO4 NaHS04+ H20)- Tc dng vi mui ca nhng axit yu

Na2S03+ H2SO4 -> Na2S04+ S021 + H20

FeS + H2SO4 FeS04+ H2s t

H2SO4c c mt s tnh cht ha hc c trng sau:- Tnh axit mnh: Th hin khi gp cht khng c tnh kh

Fe20 3+ 3H2S04-> Fe2(S04)3+ 3H20

2Fe(OH)3+ 3H2S04-> Fe2(S 04)3+ 6H20

Na2C 03+ H2SO4-> Na2S04+ C 02+ H20

BaCb + H2SO4 -> BaS04i + 2HC1- Tnh oxi ha mnh(tc nhn oxi ha s**5), oxi ha hu ht cc kim .lo

Au, Pt), nhiu phi km nh c , s, p , ... v nhiu hp cht c tnh kh:

f SO2TM :K >2n ,M2(S04)m + y

M + H2SO4 ----

(c)

s + h20h 2s

M:Fe>Ag*

M g + 2 H 2S 0 4 M g S 0 4+ S 0 2 1 + 2 H 20

3Mg + 4H2S04 3MgS04 + s + 4H20

4M g + 5H2SO4 4M gS0 4+ H2S t + 4H202 Fe + 6H2SO4 Fe2(S0 4)3+ 3S021 + 6H2O

Ch ',m l ha tr cao nht ca M.

M t s kim loi nh AI , Fe, C r , .... b th ng ha trong H2SO4 c, n

S + 2 H2SO4 ^ 3S02t + 2 H2O

2P + 5H 2SO 4 ^ 2H3PO 4 + 5S O 2T + 2 H 20

C + 2 H2SO4 C0 2t + 2S 02t +2H20

2 HBr + H2S0 4 ^ Br 2+ S 02+ 2H208 H + H2SO4 ^ 4 2+ H2S + 4H20

2Fe30 4+ 10H2SO4 3Fe2(S 04)3+ S0 2t + 10H20

2FeC03 + 4 H2SO4-> Fe2(S04)3 + SO2T + 2 C0 2t + 4H20

2 FeO + 4 H2SO4 Fe2(S 04)3+ S 02f + 4H20

2FeS + 1OH2SO4 Fe2(S04)3+ 9S02t + 1OH2O

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M a = 3- - +48(1 = 19,2.2

Gii

= > X = 0,6

=> Trong A th O2chim 60% v th tch cn O3chim 40%.

Gi b so mol H2cha trong 1mol B. Ta c:- B= 2b + 2 8 ( , - b ) =7j2

Gi a s mol hn hp A

b = 0 ,8 (mol)

n0, = 0,6a v n0i = 04a

2 H20

3H20

2C02

2H? + 0 2 -

3H2+ 0 3 -

2 CO + O2

3CO + O3 3C02riB = 2.0,6a + 3.0,4a = 1 a = 0.467 (moi) =>. p n B

d 3:Hn hp bt 3 kim loi AI,Zn,Mg c khi lng 3,59 gam c chialm 2 phn u nhau. Phn em t chy hon ton trong oxi d thu c4,355 gam hn hp oxit. Phn 2 em ha tan hon ton trong H2SO4 longhu c V lt kh H2(ktc). V c gi tr l:

A. 3,584 t B. 5,6 lt c . 4,48 lt D. 3,136 lt

Gii

4,355-1,795

V - = n H = 16 = 0,16(mol) => v = 3,584 (lt) => p n Ad 4:Cho V lt hn hp kh A gm clo v oxi tc dng va ht vi hn hp Bgm 0.2 mo Ai v 0,1 moi Mg th thu c 25,2 gam hn hp mui clorua voxit ca 2 kim loi, s mol ca C2c trong V lt hn hp kh A i:

A. 0,15. B. 0.3. . 0,25.

A AI3+ + 3e

0.2 0,6

Mg Mg2+ + 2e0,1 0,2

[2x + 4y = 0,8

[71x +32y = 25,2 - 27.0,2 - 24.0,1

2. Bi ton v H2S v mui sunfua

Phn ng xy ra c th hon ton hoc khng hon ton.

M + S >MS

Ta e h: p n c

5 7



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