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The brief introduction of copper ore1.The natural attribute of copper ore

The copper ore is one of the ancient metal that human beings have discovered. About 3000

years ago, Human beings began to use copper. We can divide the copper into 3 kinds: nativecopper, oxygen copper ore, and copper sulphide.

There are little storage of native copper and oxygen copper ore in the world. Nowadays 80%

of copper is refined from copper sulphide.

The copper content of this kind of ore is extremely low. It is about 2%to3%. The symbol of

element is CU. atomic weight is 63.54.specifice gravity is 8.92,and the melting point is

1083Co.

2. The types and distributing of copper ore

The types of copper ore are various and they are divided into the

following types according to the industrial types:

(1) porphyry (2)rammell (3)copper nickel slfuret (4)pyrite

(5) copper-uranium-gold (6)native copper (7)veins (8) carbonatite (9) scarn

Porphyry Type

porphyry type have large storage and low grade .however we can

mine the copper deposit ore with mechanization.

Distribution

Porphyry copper ore mostly distribute in circumpacific belt, including porphyry copper

belt along with continental margin of North America and tethys. Porphyry copper belt

include Hungry, Yugoslavia, Iran and so on. The belt also distribute in Middle Asia----

Mongolia2Rammell type Rammell type of copper ore accounts for 30% of world reserves .The

characteristic of rammell type is that large scale of mineral deposit and high state.

Distribution

This kind of copper deposite has a large distributing in the world

except the above-mentioned copper belt. It also covers original

Soviet Union, America. In recent years , we can also find this kind of

copper in Afghanistan and Brazil.

3 Pyrite typeThe pyrite type of copper ore refer to the mineral deposit with large

amount of pyrite and certain amount of copper, lead, and zinc which

affected by the volcano of seabed. This kind of mineral deposit is

also called massive sulphide mineral deposit in the west.

Now there are al least 420 types of this kind of mineral deposit.

Canada, America, original Soviet Union, Spain, Portugal, Cyprus,

South Africa, and Japan are important producing area of this kind of

mineral deposit.

4Massive sulphide oreThis kind of modern mineral deposit was discovered at the first time

around north latitude 21degree in east of pacific ocean in 1978.

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Although the state of copper and zinc is very good, we find a metal

massive sulphide mineral deposit with 25 million, which is 970 meter

long, 200 meters width, 35 meters high. This is the first time to meet

the requirement of industrial requirement. The most content of

copper in the ore is 11%, the zinc, silver molybdenum and zinc are0.8%,0.03%,0.03% respectively .it is also with a little of silver.

Distribution

This kind of mineral deposit distribute in Canada, America, original

Soviet Union, Australia, Finland and China

Other types

Except the above mentioned type, it also include the type of naives,

native copper , carbonatite, scarp and so on. They account for 3.6%

of world total reserves.

Some global and regional copper ore belt

(1) Cenozoic copper and gold belt along pacific, especially in Chile

in the east of pacific, southwest of Canada and southwest of pacific

(2) Porphyry copper belt in the Alps and Himalayas, including

original Yugoslavia, Iran, Pakistan and china.

(3) Paleozoic Porphyry copper belt in Middle Asia-(4) Middle Africa ---Zambia and Zaire sand shale copper ore belt

(5) America Canada five lakes area

(6) Canada pyrite copper ore concentrated area

(7) Middle Europe Poland ---German

2The brief introduction of chrome ore1Characteristic of the Raw Material of Chrome OreThere are about 50 types of chrome ore which can divide into the

type of oxygenation, chromic acid and silicate and also include a

little hydroxide, iodated, and sulphides.

Chrome ore with industrial value belong to chromspinellide. Their

chemical formula is or the content of is from to s%.2The types of Chromic Ore1chromiteThe element of chemic is people usually call FerroChromite ore and magnesiochromite as chromite ore.

2CromopicotiteThe chemical element isthe content of isabout to The physical aspect and usage and shape are the

same as the chromite ore.3The usage and technical economic indicator of Chrome Ore

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They can be divided into metallurgy, chemical, refractory, cast stone

Industrial requirement of metallurgy of chrome ore which is used in

all kinds of ferrochromium

The chrome ore used in metallurgy can be divided into two types

including concentrate(G) and Massive (K) according the method ofprocessing . metallurgy concentrate can be divided into 7 trademark

according to the content of the element of chemical stipulateas the table 1.

Table 1 The element of concentrate

Trademark The elelment of chemical

Cr2O3% Cr2O3/FeO SiO2% MgO% S% P%

Not less Not more

G50A 50.0 3.2 4.0 14.0 0.020 0.008G50B 3.0 6.0G50C 2.5 6.0

Trademark The element of chemical

Cr2O3% Cr2O3/FeO SiO2% MgO% S% P%

Not less Not more

G48 48.0 2.5 8.0 14.0 0.020 0.008G45 45.0 1.7 8.0 18.0 0.020 0.010

Massive ore can be divided into 3 trade mark according the content of Cr2O3 the elementof chemical stipulate as table 2

Table 2 the element of massive ore

Trade mark Element of chemic

Cr2O3% Cr2O3/FeO Al2O3% S% P%

Not less Not moreK45 45.0 3.0 10.0 0.020 0.008K42 42.0 2.8 12.0 0.020 0.008K38 38.0 2.5 15.0 0.020 0.010

3 The brief introduction of cobalt ore

1The nature of cobalt oreCobalt is hard metal with steel gray and metallic luster. The parameter of physical andchemical is the same as iron so cobalt belong to the element of iron group. Cobalt is

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magnetic hard metal with high melting point and excellent steady. It is also a good raw

material of producing heat resisting alloy metal horniness alloy metalantisepsis alloy metaland magnetic alloy metal .

(1)Cobalt is magnetic hard metal with high melting point and excellent steadily. The melting

point is 1495,the boiling point is 2900. It is an important material of producing healresisting alloy, hardness alloy. It has been widely used in the aviation, aerospace, electric

apparatus, ceramics, and chemistry. Therefore it is an important strategy Materials.

1there are more than one hundred cobalt ore and the other ore with cobalt. They belong to

the following 14 types : elementary substance, Carbide, nitride,phosphide, silicic

phosphorus,arsenide,sulfur-arsenide, antimonide,sulfur-antimonide,telluride,

selenium-telluride,selenide, oxide, hydrate,and so on. But the sulfur, arsenide and

sulfur-arsenide account for the most .

(2)Cobalt exist in the three forms in the nature: Independent cobalt ore, exist in one ore exist in the surface of some ores with absorbing. But the second form is wide spreading .

2 The use and technical and economic indicatorThe physical and chemical nature of cobalt decide that it is important raw material of

producing heat resisting alloy metal horniness alloy metal antisepsis alloy metal andmagnetic alloy metal .

Cobalt-base alloy or alloy steel with cobalt can be used in the lamina, rotor, pipe,jet engine,

rocket engine, parts of missile and the important materials in the atomic energy industry.

Cobalt is used as binder in the powder metallurgy to ensure the tenacity of cemented

carbide.

4 the brief introduction of iron ore

1 The definition of iron oreThe ore with the element of iron and iron compound is called iron ore.

2The types of iron oreThe iron exist in the nature in the form of compound especially in the form of ferric oxide

.The main types as following (1) Magnetite

The main component is Fe3O4, which is compound of Fe2O3 and FeO. The color is dark

gray .The specific gravity is about 5.15 with content of Fe72.4 and O 27.6.2HematiteThe main element is Fe2O3 and the color is wine .The specific gravity is about 5.26.with

content of Fe70 and O 30 .it also can be divided into many types according to thestructure, such as Red hematiteSpecula hematiteMicaceous hematiteRed Ocher 3 Limonite is general designation of Goethite HFeO2 andLepidocrociteFeOOHsomebody also call the main chemical element as mFe2O3 andnH2O.The color is desert tan or brown . the content of Fe, Oand H2O is 62 27 11respectively . The specific gravity is about3.6 to 4.0.more than half of them exist in ironore.

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(4) Siderite

The main element isFeCO3.the color is steel gray . The specific gravity is about 3.8.more

than half of the ore are with many calcium salt and magnesium salts. Calcium and

magnesium will release a lot of heat and carbon dioxide when the temperature reach 800 to

9005Silicate Iron is a kind of compound salt. It has no fixed chemical formula. The elementchange a lot. The color is dark green. The specific gravity is about 3.8.the content of iron is

very low.

6Sulphide ironIt is with FeS2the content of the F is only 46.6 .However the content of S reach 53.4 .Thecolor is lark ,The specific gravity is about 4.95 to 5.10Because this kind of ore is with manymore valuable metal ,such as CopperNickelZincGoldSilver and so on .3The distributin of iron oreThe resource of iron ore concentrated in Australia brazilRussiaAmericaIndiaSouthAfricaKazakhstan.

5 the brief introduction of manganese

In modern industry, manganese and other its compound have been used in all fields .

However the steel industry is the most important field. The manganese accounts for 95%,

which mainly used as dioxides and desulfurizer and also are used to produce alloy metal.

Other 10% to 5% of manganese are used in the industrial field, such as chemical industry,

light industry, construction industry, national defense industry , electronically industry and

so on . In one word, manganese play an important strategy role in the national economy.1 The types of manganeseThere are various types of manganese in the world mainly as following :

(1) Pyrolusite

A soft, black to dark gray mineral, MnO2, the commonest and most important secondary

ore of manganese. It is also an important mineral raw material .

(2) Psilomelance

Psilomelance is a mixture of black manganese oxide minerals. The color and striation are

both black .the degree of hardness is 4 to 6.the specific gravity is 4 to 4.7. The Psilomelance is

also the common kind of manganese and the important raw material of refining manganese.

(3) manganite

The color of ore is black, however the striation is brown. The degree of hardness is 3 to 4.and

the specific gravity is 4.2 to 4.3.

(4)Hausmannite

The color is black, the striation is brown-orange or red-brown .the degree of hardness is

5.5 .and the specific gravity is 4.84.it is also one of important of mineral raw material .

(5) Brown manganese ore

The color of the brown manganese ore is black, the striation is brown-black .the degree of

hardness is 6,and the specific gravity is 4.7 to 5.0. The other characteristic feature is the

same as Hausmannite

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(6)dialogite the crystal is usually rhombl, shape usually is granulatemassive or concretionform. The degree of hardness 3.5 to 4.5 and the specific gravity is 3.6 to 3.7.

(7)alabandite the shape are usually is cube, octahedron dodecahedron, and so on .

Aggregationis granulate or massive. The degree of hardness 3.5 to 4 and the specific gravity

is 3.9 to 4.1. It is also an important raw material of refining manganese .2 The use of manganese oreManganese is an important raw material in the field of steel. When adding a little of

manganese, the steel will become harder, malleable, tough. Manganese steel is necessary

material of producing machine, ship, bus, railroad track, bridge and large scale factory

building. It is used as reducer or oxygenate and desulfurize , so that it can improve quality

and quantity.

Manganese can be made into all kinds of alloy with copper, nickel, molybdenum and

cobalt.

The alloy is used to produce mechanical parts, the equipment of plane and ship and the

standard resistance wire.

Pyrolusite is used to reduce polar of battery. It also used as oxidants and glaze colors when

producing ceramics and enamel.

The compound of manganese are the important material in the chemical reagent,

medication and synthetically industry such as manganese sulfate, manganese carbonate and

potassium permanganate

3The use of manganese ore and technical and economicindicatorThe product of manganese ore include metallurgy, carbonate manganese ore power ,

manganese dioxide power used in chemical and battery .there are different requirement of

quality when using the products of manganese ore in the metallurgy industry, light industryand chemical industry according to the use of the products of manganese ore .

(1) Requirement of quality of the manganese ore in the metallurgy light industry. There is

no limitation of the content of iron when refining pig iron, manganese iron and

spiegeleisen. The total amount of manganese and iron had better to reach 40% to

50%.

In the manganese alloy metal, it has a certain requirement of the ratio of the

content of manganese and iron. Smelting middle and low carbon manganese

iron, the content of manganese is 36%to 40%. The ratio of manganese and iron

is 6 to 8.5.the ration of phosphorus and manganese is 0.002 to 0.0036. When

smelting carbon manganese iron, the amount of the manganese is 33% to

40%.the ratio of manganese and iron is 3.8 to 7.8.the ration of phosphorus and

manganese is 0.002 to 0.005when smelting the manganese-silicon alloy ,theamount of manganese in the ore is 29 to 35the ration of manganese and ironis 3.3 to 7.5ration of phosphorus and manganese is 0.0016 to 0.0048blastfurnace blast furnace manganese and iron making, the amount of manganese is

30%,the ration of manganese and iron is 2 to 7the ration of phosphorus andmanganese 0.005.

2the quality requirement of manganese ore in the chemical and light industryManganese ore are used to produce manganous sulfate , manganese carbonate

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and potassium permanganate in the chemical industry. However we also use

manganese to produce manganese carbide, manganous nitrate, manganese

chloride and so on .the amount of manganese in the manganese carbonate is

more than 50%,when making manganous sulfate, the Fe is less than 3%,the

Al203 is less than 3%,Ca0 is less than 0.5%.when producing potassiumpermanganate.the amount of Fe is less than 5%,the Si02 is less than 5%,the

A1203 is lee than 4% .

Natural manganese dioxide is the raw material of producing dry battery. The

more the amount of manganese have, the better the battery is.

The manganese ore in the metallurgy industry General requirement is that

amount of manganese is high; there is little ofmpurity. But the amount of

phosphorous should be controlled .the amount of iron should be according to the

kinds of smelting .if smelting pig iron with much manganese ,the amount of iron

in the ore should be little .

The ratio of manganese and iron can be divided into three class in the metallurgy

A. manganese ore the ratio of manganese and iron is more than 1,Mn is morethan 30%, the manganese should be used in the smelting high quality of steel and

iron alloy.

B. Iron manganese ore the ratio of manganese and iron is less than 1(Mn+Fe)>30%. But Mn is more than 10%it is used in the general steel ,lowgrade manganese iron, spiegeleisenand blending.

C. Iron ore with manganese: Mn is 5 to 10%it used in the pig iron withmanganese and blending.

The quality requirement of manganese ore in the metallurgy

The type of

manganese

ore

Boundary

state %

average

state,%

Fe+Mn,% Mn:Fe SiO2,% Every

1%Mn

with P%

Oxidation

manganese

ore

>25 >30 >30 >2-4 25 >2-4

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Low

Carbolic

manganese

or e

>8-10 >15

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mangane

se iron

Mn9 65-70 2.0 0.60 30 3.7 0.00666

Mn10 60-65 2.0 0.60 30 3.0 0.00725

Mn11 55-60 2.5 0.70 30 2.3 0.00930

Mn12 50-55 2.5 0.70 30 2.0 0.01110

Silico

manganese

Alloy

MnSi20 65 20 0.2 35 8.8 0.00244

MnSi17 65 17 0.2 35 7.3 0.00244

MnSi14 60 14 0.3 35 4.6 0.00435

MnSi12 50 12 0.3 35 3.0 0.00520