Kuliah 12 FILSAFAT Dan Komputer_mod

8/3/2019 Kuliah 12 FILSAFAT Dan Komputer_mod

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Filsafat dan Komputer

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Computer Engineering

Computer Engineering encompasses much of what we do today, be it inthe industry or our private lives.It is a discipline that combines elements of both Electrical Engineering andComputer Science.Computer engineers have a balanced education in electrical engineering,software design and hardware/software integration.They are involved in many aspects of computing, from the low level circuitdesigns using computing components to large scale integration involvingintelligent systems, energy management, monitoring and supervision,information processing systems and communications.A computer engineer should have fundamental knowledge in

mathematics, physics, circuit, signals and systems, electronics includingdigital logic, programming fundamentals, software engineering, computerarchitecture, networks, operating systems, and embedded systems.

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Computer Engineering Graph

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Registermasukan

Adder

akumulatorPerintah

yang masuk

Data keluaran (ke memori)

sum

SISTEM KOMPUTER

UNIT- UNITMASUKAN

UNITMEMORI

UNITKONTROL

UNITARITMATIKA

UNIT- UNITKELUARAN

CPU (Unit Pemroses Pusat

Kontrol

data

Printer

Pita maknetikPiringan maknetikMesin tikPita yang dilubangiVisual Display dll.

Pita maknetikPiringan maknetikMesin tikPita yang dilubangidll.

Data masukan(dari memori)


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PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM

A CONTAINER

POWER SUPPLY

SOUND CARD

CPU

HARD DRIVE

FLOOPY DRIVE

CD-ROM/DVD

MODEM

VIDEO CAPTURE

SPEAKER PRINTER DISPLAY CHASSIS

OUTPUT DEVICES

INPUT DEVICES

CAMCORDER SCANNER

KEYBOARD/MOUSE


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P eningkatan kepadatan IC

Pada sekitar tahun 1970-anpeningkatan kecepatankomputasi direalisasikan denganpeningkatan kecepatan prosesor

dalam mengolah data, denganmenambah jumlah transistorpada keping rangkaian terpaduatau integrated circuit (IC) sepertiyang ditunjukkan pada gambar disamping .

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M eningkatkan kecepatan pemrosesan data

M enerapkan teknik pi pelining , suatu teknik yangmemungkinkan eksekusi bagian-bagain instruksi dari programsecara tumpang-tindih;M enggunakan beberapa unit fungsional yang dikendalikanoleh satu aliran instruksi;M erancang prosesor yang memiliki lebih dari satu inti(m ulticore processor )M emanfaatkan sejumlah prosesor yang bekerja bersama

untuk memyelesaikan suatu masalah komputasi komputasiparalelSalah satu contoh aplikasi: prakiraan cuaca

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P rakiraan cuaca

Atmosfir dibagi ke dalam kisitiga dimensi berdasarkan garisbujur, garis lintang danketinggian seperti tampak padagambar. Waktu merupakan

dimensi yang keempat, dan jugadibagi-bagi atas pecahan-pecahan waktu.Parameter2 yg diukur antaralain adalah suhu, tekanan udara

dan kelembaban relatif.

M odel atmosfir

Prakiraan cuaca ini dilakukan denganmenempatkan stasiun-stasiun me-teorologi di tempat-tempat tertentu diseluruh permukaan bumi.

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P erkembangan Komputasi

Personal computing cluster computing grid computingcloud computingThomas Friedman: The World is Flat globalisasi, kolaborasi

rid menggabungkan berbagai sumber daya (misalnyakomputer dengan CPU dan media penyimpanannya ),

peralatan-peralatan yang dikendalikan dari jarak jauh(misalnya mikroskop elektron, teleskop radio ), dan lingkupvisual menggunakan antarmuka yang seragam. .Teknologi grid sudah banyak digunakan untuk memecahkanberbagai masalah yang membutuhkan waktu komputasi yangbesar, seperti peramalan cuaca, penemuan obat-obatan, dananalisis yang berkaitan dengan gempa bumi. Teknologi inimerupakan suatu terobosan besar dalam pemanfaatan TIK.


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P erkembangan Komputasi (lanj)

Konsep yang menggarisbawahi grid adalah sumber dayabersama yang terkoordinasi, dan pemecahan masalah dalamorganisasi maya atau virtual organization (VO) yang dinamisdan multi-institusi

Sumber daya pada grid sebagai suatu VO dapat berupaworkstation , su perco mp uter atau komputer pribadi yangterdistribusi lintas geografis dan dimiliki oleh berbagaiorganisasi, seperti instansi pendidikan, industri, ataupun

peroranganKerjasama harus ada protokol


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Cloud computing


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Cloud computing: How does it work?

When a user accesses the cloud for a popular website, many thingscan happen. The user's I P address, for example, can be used toestablish where the user is located (geo-location ). DNS services canthen direct the user to a cluster of servers that are close to the userso the site can be accessed rapidly and in the user's local language.Users do not log in to a server, but they log in to the service theyare using by obtaining a session id (e.g. a cookie ) which is stored intheir browser.What the user sees in their browser usually comes from a cluster of web servers. The web servers run user interface software whichcollects commands from the user (mouse clicks, key presses,uploads, etc. ) and interprets them. Information is then stored on orretrieved from the database servers or file servers and an updatedpage is displayed to the user. The data across the multiple servers issynchronised around the world for rapid global access.

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Cloud computing: commercial use

Companies can use cloud computing to effectively request anduse time-distributed computing resources on the fly. Forexample, if a company has unanticipated usage spikes abovethe usual workload, cloud computing can allow the companyto meet the overload requirements without needing to payfor hosting a traditional infrastructure for the rest of the year.The benefits of cloud computing include that it can minimizeinfrastructure costs, save energy, reduce the necessity and

frequency of upgrades, and lessen maintenance costs. Someheavy users of cloud computing have seen storage costs fall by20% and networking costs reduced by 50%.

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Cloud computing: architecture

C loud architecture , the systems architecture of the softwaresystems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typicallyinvolves multiple cloud co mp onents communicating with eachother over application programming interfaces, usually webservices and 3-tier architecture. This resembles the Unixphilosophy of having multiple programs each doing one thingwell and working together over universal interfaces.Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more

manageable than their monolithic counterparts.

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Cloud computing: architecture (cont.)

The two most significant components of cloud computingarchitecture are known as the front end and the backend. The front end is the part seen by the client, i.e. the

computer user. This includes the client s network (orcomputer ) and the applications used to access the cloudvia a user interface such as a web browser. The back endof the cloud computing architecture is the cloud itself,comprising various computers, servers and data storagedevices.

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Cloud computing: key characteristics

Agility: improves with users' ability to rapidly and inexpensivelyre-provision technological infrastructure resourcesCost: is claimed to be greatly reduced and in a public clouddelivery model capital expenditure is converted to operationalexpenditure.This ostensibly lowers barriers to entry, as

infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does notneed to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensivecomputing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are requiredfor implementationD evice : enable users to access systems using a web browserregardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC,mobile phone ). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by athird-party ) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect fromanywhere

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Cloud computing: key characteristics (cont)

M ulti-tenancy: enables sharing of resources and costs across alarge pool of usersR eliability: is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, whichmakes well designed cloud computing suitable for businesscontinuity and disaster recoveryS calability: via dynamic ("on-demand" ) provisioning of resources ona fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without usershaving to engineer for peak loads.P erformance: is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupledarchitectures are constructed using web services as the systeminterfaceM aintenance: of cloud computing applications is easier, becausethey do not need to be installed on each user's computer. They areeasier to support and to improve, as the changes reach the clientsinstantly

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Documents

Kuliah 12 FILSAFAT Dan Komputer_mod