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GEOLOGI MINYAK DAN

GASBUMI

Hadi Nugroho

PS TEKNIK GEOLOGI

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO

2 1


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Petroleum Geology

Geologi Minyak dan Gasbumi

● Geologi yang berhubungan dengan

Industri Minyak dan Gasbumi

• Proses -proses geologi• Origin dan akumulasi minyak dan

gasbumi

• Konsep yang berhubungan denganeksplorasi minyak dan gasbumi


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Petroleum

● Is a mixture of naturally occuring

“hydrocarbons” which may exist in the

“solid”, “liquid” or “gaseous” states,

depending upon the condition ofpressure and temperature to which

it is subjected.

● Petroleum consists of “crude oil” and“gas”


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• “Petroleum” ~ Minyak Mentah ~

Minyak Lantung ~ Minyakbumi

- Merupakan bentuk minyak yang belumdiolah dan masih terdapat dalam

kerakbumi.


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Petroleum and Hydrocarbon

• Petroleum : a natural yellow- to -blackflammable liquid hydrocarbon

found beneath the earth’s

surface.

• Hydrocarbon : an organic compound made up

of carbon and hydrogen atoms.


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Petroleum Composition

• Hydrocarbon compounds of carbon and

hydrogen only make up over 90 of most

“crude oil”.

• As “crude oil”, basically composed of

“carbon” (± 85 ) and “hydrogen” (± 12 )with minor amounts of sulfur (± 8 ),

oxygen (± 2 ), and nitrogen (± 1.5 )

• The hydrocarbons in crude oil vary in

molecular size and molecular type.


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Molecular Size Weight (%)Gasoline (C4 – C10)

Kerosene (C11 – C12)

Gas Oil (C13 – C20)

Lubricating Oil (C20 - C40)

Residuum (> C40)

31

10

15

20

24

100

Molecular Type Weight (%)

Paraffins

Naphthenes

Aromathics

Asphaltics

30

49

15

6

100

Composition of a Typical

“Crude Oil”


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Components Oil Asphalt Kerogen

Carbon

Hydrogen

SulfurNitrogen

Oxygen

84.0

13.0

2.00.5

0.5

100.0

83

10

41

2

100.0

79

6

52

8

100.0

Chemical Composition of Oil,

Asphalt and Kerogen


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“Dry” Gas consists

predominately of:

Methane


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“Wet” Gas Contains:

Methane, Ethane, Propane,

Butane (C

1

- C

4

), Isobutane

and minor amounts of

Higher Hydrocarbons.


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• Distilation separates crude oil

into molecular group of different

sizes such as:

Gasoline, Kerosene, Gas-Oil,

Lubricating Oil, and Residuum.


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• API gravities are used for classifying oils

by reference to their densities as defined

by the American Petroleum Institute

• It may range from – 1 to + 101

• The larger the number, the lighter the oil. - Light crude may be 40

0 API.

- A medium crude oil = 280 API and

heavy crude oil = 20

0

API

API =

141.5

S.G. At 16

0

C (60

0

F) - 131.5


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TYPES OF “CRUDE OIL”

“Light” Texas CrudePalo Pinto Field

North Texas

“Heavy” Texas CrudeHumble Oil FieldSouthwest Texas


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Gas

Oil

Global Oil and Gas Fields


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History of Petroleum

First Use: • Egyptians: oil to preserve mummies

• Chinese: natural gas for fuel• Babylonians: oil to seal walls and pave streets

• Americans: tar to seal canoes

First Drilling: • Chinese using bamboo: to 800’ in 347 AD

• Americans using cable tool: to 70’ in 1859 AD

First Product : • Kerosene for lamps

• Gasoline was unwanted by-product

Demand Increase : Industrial Revolution

- Internal Combustion Engine (1885)

- Global Economic Growth (1900 – present)


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Sumberdaya Alam MIGAS

• Unrenewable resou rces.

• Proses pembentukan dan pemerangkapannya berhubungan

erat dengan sejarah pembentukan bumi.

• Tidak ada alat / teknologi yang dapat memastikan keberadaan

jebakan migas (gambl ing bu s iness ).

• Alat / teknologi hanya mengurangi resiko kegagalan bukan

mengeliminir resiko (Risk Taker Engineer).

• Eksplorasi dan eksploitasi SDA Migas memerlukan biaya danteknologi tinggi.


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Largest Hydrocarbon Basins by Ultimate Potential


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BATUAN INDUK


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ROCK

MINERAL MATTER (99%) ORGANIC MATTTER (1%)

KEROGEN (90%)BITUMEN (10%)

KEROGEN & BITUMEN IN AVERAGE SHALES


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MIGRASI DAN AKUMULASI MIGAS


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The Origin of Petroleum

Organic-richSource Rock

Thermally MaturedOrganic Matter Oil


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BATUAN WADUK

RESERVOIR)

ADALAH BATUAN POROUS (BERPORI) DAN

PERMEABEL (DAPAT MELULUSKAN FLUIDA) ,

SEBAGAI TEMPAT AKUMULASI DAN TERJEBAKNYA

MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI SECARA ALAMIAH DI

BAWAH PERMUKAAN BUMI

New Venture 2001

Butir Pasir

Pori-Pori


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American Petroleum Institute, 1986

Salt DomeFault

Unconformity

Pinchout

Anticline


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CEKUNGAN MIGAS INDONESIA


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mod. from Pertamina and Beicip (1982, 1985)

INDONESIA BASIN TYPES


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10°S

05°S

00°

05°N

100° E 110°E 120° E 130 ° E 140 ° E

N

0 300 600Km

INDONESIA PETROLEUM WORKING AREA (2006)

BADAN PELAKSANA KEGIATAN

USAHA HULU MINYAK DAN GAS BU MI

: BLOK PRODUKSI

: BLOK EKSPLORASI

Wilayah Kerja Migas Indonesia


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EKSPLORASI

GEOLOGI GEOFISIKA

•

STUDI CEKUNGAN

•GEOLOGI LAPANGAN

•ANALISA LABORATORIUM

• Batuan induk (source rock)

• Batuan waduk (reservoir)

• Batuan penyekat (seal/cap rock)

PROSPEK LEAD

•

SURVEI SEISMIK

• SURVEI GRAVITY / MAGNETIK

• Migrasi (migration )

• Perangkap (Trap)


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SURVEY PEMETAAN GEOLOGI :

MEMETAKAN BATUAN DAN STRUKTUR GEOLOGI

DIPERMUKAAN

UNTUK MENGINTERPRETASIKAN KONDISI BAWAHPERMUKAAN


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Petroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure

SEAL

GasOil

Water

RESERVOIR

HC MIGRATION

from MATURED SOURCE ROCKS / KITCHE

SKETSA PEREKAMAN DATA SEISMIK LAPISAN BATUA


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PEMBORAN SEISMIK

DINAMIT

UNIT ALAT PEREKAMAN

LAPISAN BATUAN

MINYAK BUMI

SKETSA PEREKAMAN DATA SEISMIK LAPISAN BATUA

Sketsa Yani, Modif

Pengetahuan tentang Geologi Migas Tahapan kegiatan Migas Pengusahaan Bisnis Migas PotensiMigas


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American Petroleum Institute, 1986

Vibrator Truck(Energy Source)

Recording Truck

Geophone(Receivers)

ReturningSound Waves

1 km

Gambaran kegiatan survai seismik


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SiliconGraphics

Gambaran kegiatansurvai seismik di laut


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New Venture 2001

PETA HASIL INTERPRETASI SEISMIK

INTERPRETASI HASIL PENGOLAHAN DATA SEISMIK


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24803

Traveling BlockTraveling Block

HookHook

SwivelSwivel

Draw WorksDraw Works

Mud PumpMud Pump

Rotary TableRotary TableKellyKelly

Mud HoseMud Hose

Crown BlockCrown Block

ngg

CasingDrill Pipe

Bit

Drilling Rig


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Pemboran di Laut (semi-submersible rig )


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WIRE LINE LOGGING TOOL


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DST - 3

DST – 4

DST - 5


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Volumetric Method

Cadangan Migas :

Constant x Luas x Vertical Closures x Por x (1-Sw) x Cf


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Material Balanced Method

Cadangan Migas :

Cadangan sisa + Cadangan Terambil


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ANALISIS KEEKONOMIAN

• Cost (Exploration, Production)

• Revenue

• Tax

• Split

• Stock (?)

• NPV

• ROR

• POT


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Jakarta, Maret 2006Eksplorasi PT PERTAMINA EP

TERIMA KASIH


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