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8/13/2019 Kuzmina Rus Engl
1/149
..
(-
)
2008
8/13/2019 Kuzmina Rus Engl
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,
, ..
..
..
( -
): .
. .: , 2008. 149 .
, .
200250 . 9 ,
.: ,
, , , . ,
I .
,
:
-; -; ; .
.
,
, -
, , .
.., 2008
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3
6
1. . 8
-. . I II . . , . ? ? ? ? . : .
: ? ...-. .
2. ... 13
. , , , .: ?? ?
: ? ?2, 3,4 2,3,4 5, 6... 2, 3,4 5,6... 2,3,4 5, 6... 5, 6... ,, , , , ? .
3. ... 20
: . , , ,; , , , ; , , , . .
4. ... 27
. (, , ) + , . : , ,.
5. ... 32
. . . ? ? .. . ?
. . . . ? .
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4
? . . : ? ? .: ? ?? ?? .?
, . .? ) , , 2,3,4.
) ,, 5, 6 ..,, , . , . : , , ,.
6. ... 40
. . . ? ? ?? , .. . . . 1 5.: , , , ; , , , . . . : ? ? .
, .. . : ?? ? ? . : ? ? . . .: () ? ()? .
7. ... 56
. , . ? ? (, ). . . ? ? ? ?
. ? . . . , ,
, .. ,, . . . .
8. ... 71
, .-, -, -: , .: , ..
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5
: , , , .. , , . : ,... , . . : , ,
, .. . . . . . . : .
- :
:
? ?
9. 95
1 100. . , .
... 122
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6
, , , : , 501 , .
( ) , , 200 250 1 2 . : .
. . , . , , . , - .
9 , : , , . , . 800 , 160 , .
, , .
,
, I -.
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7
THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET
Letters Name of letters Sound values
ah ah be b
ve v
ge g de d ye after a soft consonant e as in let;
at the beginning of a word or syllable ve as inyet
yo yo zhe zh ze z ee ee ee - kratkaya Y kah k el l em m en n o o pe p er r es s te t oo oo ef f khah kh
tse ts che ch
shah shch shchah shch tvyordy znak (disjunctive) i i myahkhkeey znak (soft sing) e e (as in well) yoo yoo, oo
yah yah, ah
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8
1 []
-
1
1.? 1. .2.? 2. .3.? 3. , ,
,.
2
1.-? 1.-.
-.
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9
2.--.
.
-.
3
1.? 1. .2.-? 2.-.3.? 3. .4.? 4. , , ,
, , , ,
, , .
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10
lesson
student
dialogue
I, you, he, shewe, you, they
? What is your name?... My name is...
who
what
? Who is he (she)?
?What is this?
teacher
textbook
exercise-book, notebook
to read
and
write
room
window
tablemagazine
street
key
car
shop
word
grammar
dictionary exercise
pen one
to say, to speak, to talk two-(in) Russian threeverb
verbsnot, do + notvery much
to wantwell
-a little, just a bit
to know
Russian language
Grammar1.The Russian verb has the forms of three tenses:
the Present, the Past and the Future.
2. The conjugation of some Russian verbs in the Present
Tense is given in this lesson.
3. Russian verbs are divided into two principal conjugations:
the 1-st conjugation (such as "to read") or the 2 conjugation (such as
"to speak").
4. Learn the following pronouns:
(I), (you), (he), (she), (we), (you), (they).
5. In the Russian language nouns are of three genders:
masculine m, feminine fand neuter n.
Russian nouns ending in a consonant or in the soft sign -are masculine, for instance:
, , .Most nouns ending in -, -, -are feminine, for instance:
, , .
Almost all nouns ending in -and -eare neuter, for example: , .
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12
1
!
, , , , , , ;
, , , , , , ,
.
2!
; ; ;
; ; ; .
3!
, . .
, . .
, . .
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13
2 []
1
1.? 1.. ?
2.. 2.?3. . 3.
? .
2
1.? 1..
2.? 2..
3.? 3..
4.? 4..
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15
, , , new to cost
to do rouble
yesterday dollar
to understand to be called / named
to mean Moscow
to ask (a question) inMoscow
to answer whereto learn hotelalready university
to live text
thank you number
excuse me! (I am) sorry four
Hello! five
good-bye six
question seven
answer eight
how much? how many? nine
time ten? What time is it? eleven
now twelve
hour, o'clock thirteen
minute fourteen
fifteen
1. The Past Tense of most Russian verbs is formed with the Infinitive stem and the
suffix - :
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
,,
2. . 3. .? ?
. , , .
. ( )
( )
( )
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16
, -, - , -, -? .
. .
? ?
? ..
15.
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1!
, , ; , , ;
, , ;
, , ;
, , .
2
!
?
.
?
.
3!
?
(, , 3, 4 , 5, )
(, , 3, 4 , 5, ).
4!
?
(, , 3, 4 , 5, )
.
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18
5
!
?
10 ( , , 3, 4 , 5,
).
6
!
1. ?
..
10.
2. ?
.
7
!
1.?
, , .
2.?
, , .
8!
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
.
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19
9
!
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ;
, , ,, , , ;
, , , , .
10
!
1., . .
2., . .3., . .
4., . .
5., . .
6., . .
7., . .
8. , . .
9., . 8 25 .
10., . 10 .
11., . 15.
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20
3 []
. .
. .
1
. . .
.
.,
.
. , , .
. .
2
. . .
.
. ,
.
. , , . . .
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21
1
1. , . 1. , .
?
.2. 2.,
, .
.
3.. 3.,
.. .
2
1. ! , 1. .
?
2. , 2. .
?
3. ? 3.,
.
3
1. ? 1. .
2. ? 2.
.
3. ? 3. ,
.
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22
4. - 4. , -
? .
5. - 5. -
? 5 .
6. ? 6. 11 20 .
4
1. ? 1.
.
?
2. . 2..
? ?
3.. 3.
? .
?
4. 4.
. .
?
5. 5.
? .
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to come, to arrive to hear, to listen (to)
I have come, he has come music
she has come America
they have come , -, -, - good
where from sixteenfrom seventeen
Lebanon eighteen
Lebanese nineteen
from Lebanon twenty
Canada thirty
Canadian forty
from Canada fiftylearn, study sixty
faculty seventy
preparatory faculty eighty
medical faculty ninety
why hundred
because
, my
, your
family
mummy
dad, daddy
brother
sister
school
... I have ..., I have got...
? Have you?
also
but
, , , all, the whole of
still, so far
how, how well
or
to be tired
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1. Russian verbs possess not only the three tenses but also two aspects: the Imperfective and the
Perfective aspects.
Imperfective aspect Perfective aspect
Imperfective verbs are used to express the process and the recurring actions or
just to name the action. For instance: : , , ?
.Perfective verbs are used to express the completion of an action and to show its
result.They denote an action which no longer takes place or takes place suddenly.
, ., .
, .
, , .
2. Memorize the following pronouns , , , :
.
.
.
3. Take note of the complex sentences with subordinate causal clauses:
, .
() (?)
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25
1
: ?
.
1. ? ()
2. ? (, , )
3. ? (, 148, )
4. ? (,
)
2
: ?
.
1.? (, )
2.? (, )
3.? (, , , ,)
4.? (, , )
3
: ?
.?
(, ).
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26
4
: ?
, .
1. ?2. ?
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27
4 []
1
, !
? ?
, .
. 6
4 . , , ,
, , ! !
! ! , ,
, , .
, ,
.
, .
. . ,
. ,
!
2
, ! , . .
, .
,
.
, .
: , ,
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1: ?
.1.? (, )
2.? (, , , , )
3.? ()
4.? (, , )
5.? (, , , , )
2
: ?
.
1. ? ()
2. ? ( ,
)
3
: ?
.
1. ? (, , )
2. ? (, , )3. ? (, , )
4. ? (, )
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31
4
: ?
.
1. ? (, )
2. ? (, , )
5
1. , .
2. , .
6
1., ?
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5 []
!
? ?
?
. ,
.
-, , .
,
.
. ,
, .
, , , ,
, .
., .
, ,
, . : ",
, , !" , ,
-. , . . "".
. .
.
. ""
.
.-. . .
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in the street
firm, company
at the firm
to be (Past Tense was, were) , ,
to sell to have sold
yesterday
to buy to have bought.V. setrefrigerator
motor-car
Russian textbook
today
tomorrow
fast, quickly
every, each
to forget to have forgotten
to say to have said
souvenirmonth
week
airport
to meet to have met
?where to?
my
friend
together
him
,to go
to come, to arriveto have left, to have gone
1. The Imperative Mood:
. .
-
.
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34
2. Take note of the complex sentences with a subordinate clause of time:
, , .
3. There are 6 cases in the Russian language:
Nominative case : , Genetive case : , Dative case Accusative case : , Instrumental case Prepositional case : ,
4. ( ?)The Nominative Case (who what?), , ,, , .
. ?
5. . The Accusative Case.( ?)The Accusative Case of Object (whom what?)
?
. ?. ?
(). ?. ?
The Accusative case of masculine and neuter nouns denoting things usually coincides withthe Nominative case, for example:
.Most feminine nouns (denoting both things and persons) ending in ,
take , in the Accusative singular, for instance:
.
.The Accusative singular of feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant (consonant with " ")
coincides with the Nominative case:
.
6. The Prepositional Case.
The Prepositional Case of Place (?)
? .
? .
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7. The Genetive Case.
. ?? . .
()
()
()
()
.?.
.
. 2 (, ), 3, 4:
5, ,
Memorize: Singular PluralMasculine
Neuter - Feminine -
Note:
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36
1 ! ?. . ?
.
?
.
?
"".
2
!
! , , ?
.
?
.
.
1
: ?
.
.
1. ? (,,,,, )
2.? (,)3.? (, ,)
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2
: ?
.
1. ? (, )2.? (, , )3.? (, , , )
? (, , , )
3
: ?
.
1. ? ()2. ? (, )3. ? (, ,)4. ? (,)
4
: ?
.
1. ? ()2.? (, )3.? (,)4.? (,)
5
: ?
.
(,,, )
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38
6
: ?
.
(,,, , )
7
: ) ?
.
.
) ?
.
.
) (, ,, ,)
) (,, )
8
: ?.
.
(, ..)
9
: ?
.
.
(,,, ,,,)
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10
: ?
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?7.?8.?9.?
11
: ?
, .?
12
: ?
.
1.? ()2.? (, )3.? (, , )
13
: , ?
, .
1., ?2., ?
39
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6 []
! .
. . .
, .
. .
. ,
. , ,
: , , . , 2
. ,
2 . ,
.
. ?
. , , .
.
morning
fifth
weather
bad
good, fine
It is cold
to go
rain
it is raining, it rainssnow
it is snowing, it snows
to be ill to fell ill
to catch cold
high
temperature
headthroat
arm
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.
.
. : "
".
,
.
. "?"
. " ", . " ?"
.
" , , ", . ,
. .
"?" .
. ? ? : " ?".
: "! !" "?!" .
, : "?"
: "! !"
. ,
.
: ". .
. . -
".
to invite
guest guests knock at the door
he invited me round to go
to me to come
to wait (for) to go away, to leave
to confuse, to mix up at last
to think when
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twelve to laugh to
flat start laughing
to ask (a question) to explain
to answer parrot
to open year
to repeat 2,3,4 2,3,4 years but 5, etc. to ask (for), to beg, to request ago
(for) a long time beautiful
door clever
nobody busy
to knock , , , whose?
, , , m, , , your
1 . .
! ? !?
? .
.., .?
: , ,, . ?, . ?
, .? , . ? , .
.
?
, , , . , . , !
. . .
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1. Parts of speech in Russian are:
(the Noun): , , , ,
(the Verb): , , (..)(the Pronoun): , , ; , , ; , , ; , ,
; , , ..(Numerals): , , , ..(the Adjective): , , , , ,
,
(the Adverb): ,
(the Preposition): , , , ..(the Conjunction): , , ..
2. Adjectives answer the question "what?", "what kind of?"
? ? ? ?
3. Adverbs answering the questions:
how? ? , , , (how well, how long)
when? ? , , , ,
where to? ? ..! ?
4. Be careful to distinguish adverbs from adjectives:
? .
? -.
Russian adjectives are qualifiers of nouns: ?
.
Adverbs usually qualify verbs:
?.
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45
5. There are full and short forms of the adjective:
a. the full forms of adjectives , , ,
, , ,
b. the short forms of adject ives , ,
,,
,,
, ,
In a sentence, the short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate. They have gender
and number.
,, ,.
,, ,.
,, ,.
The short forms of adjectives used as predicates have three tenses: the Present, the Past and
the Future.
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
6. Numerals are divided into two groups:
Cardinal Numerals Ordinal Numerals
How many? ? Which? , , , (, , , )?
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7. Memorize the following pronouns:
, , , , , , ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ?
?
?
?
?
? ?
8. The Accusative Case.
a. The Accusative Denoting Objects:
?
.
.
.
.
?, , , , , , .
, , ,
( f), ( f), ( f)
, .
( f), ( f)
(Genetive Case)
( ).
, , , (Genetive Case)
( ), ( ), ( m)
, , , (Genetive Case)
( ), ( ), ( )
b. The Accusative of Direction:?
? .
? .
? .
? .c. The Accusative Denoting Time Periods: ? ?
.
5 .12 .
?
, .
.
9. The Prepositional of Place.
?
.
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47
10. The Genetive Case.
a.??
?
?
?
?b.?
? .
.
c.?
??
(; ; ).
d. ? ? ? ?
? .
? .? .
? .? .
11. The Dative Case: ?
, ?
?
, ?
12. The Instrumental Case: ? ?
?.
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1: ?
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.? (, , , , )
2
: ?
.
?
.
1. ? ()2. ? ()3. ? ()4. -? ()
3
: .
.
.
1..2..3., .
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: ?
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?5.? 12.?6.? 13.?7.?(,,; , , , )
5
:
?
.
1.? ()2.? ()3.? (, )4.? ()5.? ()
6
: ?
.
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?
8.?
9.?10.?11.?
49
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9
: ?
.
?.
1.? ()
2.? (, )
10
: ?.
1.? (, )2.? (, , , )3.? (, )4.? (, , )
5.? (, , , )6.? (,)7.? ()
11
: ?
.
1. ?2. ?3. ?4. ?5. ?
, ,
,,,
,, ,
,,,, , ,
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6. ?7. ?
12: ?
.
1. ? (,)
2. ? (, )
3. ? (, )
4.? (, , , )13
: ?
.
1.? 3. ?2.? 4. ?( , , ,
, , ,
)
14
: ?.
?
.
1.? (, )2.? (, )
52
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15
: ?
.
?.
?
.
1. ? (, )
2. ? ?
? (,, )
16
: ?
.
?
.?
.
?
.
1....? (, )2....? (, , )3....? (, , )4....? (, )
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17
: ?
.
1., 2 ? (, , )
2.? (, , )3.? (, , )
18
: ?
.
? (, )
19
: ?
.
1.? (2, 3, 4 )2.? (5... )
20
: ?
.
? (18, 22, 26, 33, 39, 55)
21
: .
?
1..2..3..4..
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22
: , .
1.,.................................................................2.
,..................................................................
3., ............................................................4., ..5., ..........................
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7 []
!
.
, .
.
. , ? ,
- . , .
.
.
, .
. .
. .
, , , , , .
?!
?
.
.
. .
, ,
.
: ,
, .
, ? .
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, ,
. .
. -. .
., . ,
-. ?
-, -, -.
!
sixth
date
to speak, to talk,to converse
almost, practically
, It is necessary for smb. + to inf. One must/should/need + inf.
to he, to stay in bed to lie down for a while
to bring, to carry
to take smb. to
one is (was, will be) able + inf. It is (was, will be) possible for smb. + to inf.
to go for a walk, to walk to take/have a walk
usually, as a rule
to go home
familymummy
dad, daddy
brother
sister
why, what for
here
to like
to bore + Dative case
, , , difficult
, , , English
, , , French
, , , German
, , , most, the very
, to cough, to begin to cough
therefore, and so, that's why
one cannot + inf., one should not + inf.
, to smoke to have a smoke, to begin to smokethe most difficult
pronunciation
many, plenty of, a lot of
formso, like that, that wab how (at the beginning of a sentence)
in the morning
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to decide, to make up one's mind
man, person
, ... the man who/that..
, -, lazy
, -, industrious
to love, to like, to be fond of
to look at, to look through, , , new
tale, story
also
fluently
after all; later (on)
-(in) English
-(in) French
-(in) German
! Good bye! All the best!
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.
, . , , , ,
.
.
. : "
".
. : "
. ".
.
: "
. ". .
.
, , : "".
, ,
.
: "!"
: " .
, ".
, , , good, tasty
dinner
, , , big, large
, , , not big
, , , small, little
, , , old
village
housemother
son
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field
at home
to sit, to sit (for a while). stayed at home and did nothing. to sleep to have a sleep
late
home to cook
meat
rice
piece
kitchen
(Phrases with the preposition correspond to English non prepositional phrases, e.g.
the next day)
, , , other, another, different
to get up, to rise
early
workagain
in order that (The conjunction that expresses purpose)
is used to express desire.
appetite
1
, ! ? ?
. . ,
. , .
, .
. .
. , .
2
?
, .
?
, ..
. ?
. ,
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. , . ,
.
, .
3
! ! ? . , .
, ?
.
, ,
.
3. .
, ,
.
film
certainly, of course
to book (tickets
for the pi one/concert/theatre)ticket
to receive, to get
visa
the day after tomorrow
, , , ready
? When will it be ready?
circus
Tsvetnoy bulvar (avenue)or
there
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1. The Prepositional Case.
a. The Prepositional of Place: ?(Where?)
.
.
.
.
Adjectives in the Prepositional case have the ending (in the masculine and in the
neuter) and (in the feminine) and answer the question "?"(in the masculine
and in the neuter) and "?"(in the feminine).
??
b. The Prepositional Case of Object: ? ?(about whom? about what?), , , , , .
Russian nouns in the Prepositional case denoting objects answer the question
? ?and have the ending e(in the masculine, the neuter and the femininegender), as well as the nouns in the Prepositional case denoting place (, ).Adjectives in the Prepositional case denoting objects answer the question "?"(in the
masculine and in the neuter), "?"(in the feminine).
?
.
?
.
Adjectives in the Prepositional case denoting an object and those denoting a place have the
same endings:
(in the masculine and in the
neuter) (in the feminine).
?
.
?.? .
?.
2. The Accusative Case.
a. The Accusative Case of Object ? ?(whom? what?)
..
, .
Nouns in the Accusative denoting an object answer the question ? ?The Accusative case of masculine and neuter nouns denoting things usually coincides with
the Nominative case.
.
.
Most feminine nouns (denoting both things and persons) ending in the Nominative in
drop them and take in the Accusative singular.
.
.
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The Accusative singular of feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant (consonant with "")
coincides with the Nominative..
.The Accusative case of adjectives in combination with masculine and neuter nouns denoting
things coincides with the Nominative case.
, , .b. The Accusative of Direction: ?(Where to?)
? .
? .
? .
? .
c. The Accusative of Time: ? ?(When? (for) How long?)
.
.
..
..
3. The Genetive Case:??
.
?
.
4. The Dative Case: ? ?((to) whom? (to) what?)a. The Dative is used after the verbs: , ,
, . ...
.
, ., ., ., , ..
The masculine and neuter nouns in the Dative case have the ending,.The feminine nouns in the Dative take the ending e.
Take the notice of the verb
It is used exclusively with the dative, while the noun or pronoun in the dative usually
proceeds the verb, and the subject of the sentence follows the verb at the end of a sentence.
(Pattern: Dative of noun or pronoun + verb + subject).
.
Pronouns in the Dative Case:
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b. The Dative Case is used with the words (), one must, one may(permission or ability), one may not. Pattern: noun or pronoun in the Dative + +Infinitive phrase.
.
.
?
.
.
.
.
5. Complex sentences with the word "". , .
, ""., .
, .
6. Complex sentences with the word "".
, .
(Compare:, ).
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1
: ?
.?
.
1.? (, )2.? ()3.? (, )4.? (,)5.? ()6.? (, )7.? ()
2
: ?
.
?
.
1.? (, , , , , )2. " "? (, ,, )
3.""? ()4.? (, )
3
: ?.
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1.? (, )2.? (, ,, , , )
3.? ()
4.? ()5.? ()6.? ()7.? (, )8.? ()
4
: ?
.
1. ? ()2. ? (, , )3. ? ()4. ? ()5. ? ()
5
: ) ?
.
) ?
.
) (, )
) (, )
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6
: ?
.
?.
?
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?
7
: ?
.
?
.
1.? (, , , )2.? ()3.? ()4.? (, )5.? ()6.? ()
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8
: ?
.
?.
1.? (, )2.? (, , , )3.? (, )4.? (, )5.? (, )6.? (, , , , )7.? (, )8.? (, )9.? ()10.? (, )11.? (, )
9
: ?
.
?
.
?
.
?
.
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1.?2.?3.?4.
?
5.?6.?7.?8.?9.?10.?
10
: ?
.
?
.
?
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?
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11
: , .
, .
1., .
2., .3., .4., .
12
: , .
1., ... (, )2., ... (-)3., ... ()4., ... ()5., ... ()6., ... ()
13
: . . .
. . .
. . .
1. . . .
2. . . .
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, -, -, -seventh to talk, to have a talk
evening , -, -, - next
, -, -, -interesting writer, author
letter easily
to bring page
short story
to agree, to arrange stone to treat smb., to smth. for
them children
biscuit , -, -, -easy
! very well!, wonderful!, fine!
literature . It's easy to read it.
. .
.
.
,
. : "!
".
, .
, - . : "!
?" , .
, . : " ,
. , . .
, ".
: "". .
.
plum during
plate - somebody
table to take
boy to die
never to throw
to taste windowroom to cry, to
to grasp, to seize begin to cry
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1. .
. ,
.
,
.
.
:
, ,
, ,
...?
,
, , .
2. , .
. ,
. ,
.
.
,
. ,
, , .
stomach
clinic
, -, -, -young
recipe
eye-eyes
, -, -, - eye
to fall
to break
to climb
tree trees
to
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1
- . , . , .! . , . .
, . .
? ! ,
. .
, . ,
.
. ! .?
, . .
. , , .
- .
.
. .
. ,
.
-: , , .
. , , .
, , .
.
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. .
, 7 , 5
.
,
10 . .
7, ?, , .
. ,
, , ., , ,
.
.
,
.
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8
. ?
. ,
: "! ....".
?
.
-: "
?" : ", " ", ".
9
?
"".
?
, ,
.
?
,
, , .
. , .
""?
.
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probably more
! come in! less
, to come into (a room) . Sorry, wrong number/
to go out, to come out . Sorry, wrong number.
to cross, to get across You must have the wrong number.
entrance to phone smb., to ring smb. up,
exit to callcrossing to call back
! won't you take off your one can hear
coat/things? . Sorry, cant hear a thing.
to take off (one's to go to bed
hat/shoes/clothes), to remove to have time (+ to inf.)
let me (help you) earlier
to let, to permit, to allow to meet
, to help quicker
to hang provisions,
to hang smth. on foodstuffs
coat chickenhat fish
to take off egg(s)
shoes sour cream
slippers cottage cheese
! won't you sit down!; take a seat! sausage
to sit down sausages/frankfurters
to meet bread
smb., to introduce smb. to ..., , -,-,-white
to get acquainted with ... white (wheat) bread
it is cosy , -, -, -black
, -, -,-cosy black (rye) bread
, -, -, -good, fine, sugar
excellent potato
, - , -, the cabbage
short-formed adjective of "good", carrots
"fine", "excellent", "beautiful" onions
toy (s) to pay
a long time (how long) , -, -, -expensive, dear
tocollect it's expensive
people more expensive
, -, -, -folk , -, -, -cheap
to hold (in one's hand) cheaply, cheap (it does not cost mutch)
to examine, cheaper
to have a good look at much more
, some, it is time
some kind of Numerals
the festive occasion (event), holiday to be
character, disposition, temper ...? Where is...?
it is interesting prospect, avenue
country centre
something theatre
stamp balletmoney , -, -, -favourite
it is difficult
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better to hurry,
worse to be in a hurry
to start, to begin to close, to shut
to finish to be closed,
postcard to be shut
to back
congratulate (on, upon) , to go back,New Year to return
! Happy bus
New Year! trolleybus
to wish to get off
health
success (es), luck ? Are you getting off at
happiness the next stop?
to send stop
New -Year tree supermarket
, -, -oe, -beautiful , -, -, -winter
to switch on , -, -, -(predic.) too big (for) to switch off , -, -, -(predic.) too little (for),
exhibition (public display) too small (for)
announcer light
station
be careful!, take care!
1. The Accusative Case.a. The Accusative Denoting Objects: ?
.
.
The Accusative case of adjectives in combination with masculine and neuter nounsdenoting things coincides with the Nominative case.
..
.The feminine adjectives in combination with nouns in the Accusative case denoting both persons
and things have the ending -or -.
? .? .
? .
? .
? .
? .
? .
? .
Adjectives in the plural in combination with masculine, neuter and feminine nouns
denoting things usually take the endings of the Nominative case.
.
().().
().
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b. The Accusative of Direction. ?
..
.
. The Accusative Denoting Time.(, , , , ,
).(, ,
, , , ).
.
2. The Prepositional Case.
a. The Prepositional Denoting Place:? ()? ()?
.
.
..
Besides the ending -e, nouns in -, -, -in the Prepositional case have the ending -uu.
..
b. The Prepositional Denoting Objects: ? ? ? ?
.
.
.
c. The Prepositional of the Adverbial Modifiers.
.d. The Prepositional of Time.
.
(, , , , , , ,
, , , ).
3. The Genetive Case.
a. The Genetive Denoting Quantity.?
(, ).? ().
(, , , , ).
b. The Genetive Expressing Possession: ? ? ? ? (Whose?)
? .
? .
? .
? .
? .
? .
c. The Genetive case is used after the prepositions: , , , , , .
.-.
.
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82
.
, ..
.d. The Genetive case is used after the words: , , .
.
..In the Past, only the form is used with the masculine, neuter and feminine nouns in thesingular and in the plural.
. (.. )
. (.. )
. (.. )
. (.. )
In the Future tense, only the form is used.
? .? .
? .? .
e. The Genetive case is used after some verbs, such as , ..
, , .f. The Genetive is used after transitive verbs preceded by the negative particle.
, .
g. Adjectives, pronouns and ordinal numerals in the Genetive singular have the endings -, -(masculine and neuter nouns) and -, -(feminine nouns)
4. The Instrumental Case.
a. The Instrumental Denoting Joint Action.
Masculine and neuter nouns have the endings -,- in the Instrumental singular. Femininenouns have the endings -, -in the Instrumental singular.
.
.
Adjectives with the masculine and neuter nouns have the endings -, -in the singular.
.
b. The Instrumental denoting joint action is used after many verbs, such as ,
, , , ...
.
..
.
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83
c. Use the Instrumental case after the verb .
, , .
5. The Dative Case.a. The Dative Case is used after the verbs: , , , ,
, , , , , ..
..
.
?
b. After the words: (), , , , , ..?
.
.c. The Dative Case is used with the preposition .
Noun with the preposition may denote an object or a person to (toward) which/whom the
other object or person is approaching and answer the questions: ?where? ? to
what? ?to whom?.
..
d. The Dative Case of Adjectives and Pronouns. Adjectives and pronouns have the endings:- (in the masculine and neuter genders)
- (in the feminine)
O.
.
6. The Comparison Degrees of Adjectives:
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
, -, -, -
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7. Pay attention to the verbs ending in -which are formed from transitive verbs.9 2 .
9 2 .Verbs with the particle -have the middle reflexive meaning.
8 5 .
8 5 .
8. Pay attention to the following verb groups:
? ?
.
, .
..
11 .12 .
..
9. Complex sentences containing the word""., .
10. Short-form adjectives are very often used in the Russian language. In a sentence, they may
be used as predicates.
, -, - , -, -, -
, -, - , -, -, -
, -, - , -, -, -
.
.
.
.
.
.().
11. In Russian, sentences containing predicative adverbs are often used, e.g. , ,
, , , ...
.
.
! !! ! !
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1
: ?
.
1." "? (, )2.? (, )3.? (, )4.""? (, )
2
: ?
.
1.? ()2.? ()3.? (, )4. ? ()
3
: ?
.
1.? ()
2.? ()3.? ()4.? ()
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87
4
: ?
.
1.? (, , ,)
2. ? ()
3. ? ()
4. ? ()
5
: ?
.
1. ? ()
2. ? ()
3. ? ()
4. ? (, )
6
: ?
.
1.? ()2.? (, ,)3.? (, )4.? ()
7
: ?
.
1.?
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88
2.?3.?4.?5.
?
8
: ?
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?
9
: ?
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?
10
: ?
.
1., , , , ,, ?
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89
2., , ?3., , , ?
11: ?
.
.
1.,, ?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?7.?
12
: ?
.
.
?
.
.
?
.
.
1.? ? ?
2.?
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90
3.?4.?5.?6.
?
7.?13
: ?
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?
14
: ,, ?
,, .
?
.
1.?
2.?3.? ? ?
15
: ?
.
?
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91
.
1.?2. ?
16
: ?
.
1.?2.?3.?4.?
17
: )?
.
)?
.
) (,,)
) (,)
18
: ?
.
1.? ()2.? (, , )3.? (, ,)4.? (,)
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92
19
: ?
.
1.?
2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?7. ?
20
: ?
.
1.?2.?3.() ?4.() ? ?
21
: ?
?
?
.
.
.
1.? ? ?(, , )
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93
2.? ? ?(, ,)
3.? ? ?(, , , )
4.? ?(, , )
5.? (, )22
: ?9 10 30 .
1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?
23
: , , !
1., , ... (, ,, )2., , ... (, , )3., , ... (,, )4., , ... (, , )
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24
: , .
1., ...2., , , , ...3., ...4., , ...5., ...
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9 []
!
. .
. , ,
. ,
,
.
10
, ,
. ,
,
, , .
..
, .
, ,
. , .
, , . -.
"".
""
.
""
, " ",
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96
,"", "
",
, " ",
, .
.
.
.
to be late businessman
to fly, to take a flight to ... occupation, work, business
father be occupied with, to do smth.
to pass, to give, bookshop
to hand sale
, -, -, -New Year's , not only... but also
for the time being, so far
present, gift unfortunately
business several, some
without at (outside, near) the porch,
to translate at the entrance
cup, -, -, -one's own. With the ?downstairs (of position), where?first and second persons, may be used ?downstairs (of motion), where?instead of the relevant possessive which way?
pronouns. (my, your, her, his, our, their) one year
last year
experience next year
to study, to learn square
study, learning (act) , -, -, -different
further, men, next friendship
reader
porch (roofer, but open-sided), entrance
.
,
. , , , ,
.
,
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97
.
,
, ,
, , , . , , .
. . , .
. ,
- , ,
.
. ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
. .
. , ,
. ,
.
, , :
", ".
:
1. .2. .3. .4. .5. , .
. , .
.
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98
. .
, ,
.?, .
. , ,
, . , ,
. , , ,
. " , ,
, ?" ,
, ,
: "
,
. ,
".
forest, woods to stopsuddenly earth, ground (surface of the earth)bear to come up, to approach smb. to run , , he, she, to get (into), to climb up (a tree), where? they approached to (of direction), towards to get down, (from) to move awaytree ,, he, she, they to hide (for a period), moved awayto conceal oneself to smell to remain, to stay to breatheroad danger, -,-, -dead ,-, -, -dangerousman, person, human it is dangerous, dangerously
people, humans more dangerous to thank to look for, search for to find to put
to study
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100
-. . ,
- , .
: "!" . -
.: "".""
"please", , ,
, . ,
: -.
"" "please".
"" "please", ""
"".
""
. -, ,
.
, , .
..
, ,
. "".
-..
: "".
:
"".
:
"".
. -
: "". .
. : ",".:
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101
"". , .
.
: " ? ,
?" "", -, , , "".
for the first time; first railway station
conversation, talk train
short even
long at night
office worker sleep
passport in one's sleep
document, papers to show
like smb./smth; resembling smb./smth. fingers
to learn -
to pronounce to point one's finger at smth.
letter accidentally
to return, to push
to come back to apologize
(to)
firmly phrase
ending (s) , -, -() dear
, -, -, -verbal (of people)
prefix occasion, chance
for example telegraph, -, -, -such, a kind of telegraphist
on foot telegram, cable
to walk, to go on foot queue
bridge form; a telegraph form
monument to give back
near to hold out
then floor
park to call; to call a
doctor
real meaning
.
. .
.
.
.
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103
.
.
, : !
.: ! .
!
,
, : ,
, , , !
, .
:
,
.
.
: .
.
: ,
, ,, .
, ,
!
to be a guest (at, of), it is trembling
to visit smb. to go on (+ ger.), to keep on(+ger.)acquaintance, friend tread(s) (of feet), step
acquaintances, friends place
to sing at somewhere else(elsewhere)
singer (masculine) this particle is rendered by the verb to let
singer (feminine) (+ noun or pronoun +inf.), e.g. let him come
host
verse to kill, to commit murder
verses, poetry to steal; to steal smth. from smb.
to be out of one's mind; pocket
(coll.) to become crazy to be angry,
night to get angryto stay (for) the night militiaman
to take out (-.)
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104
(female) friend to ask smb. a question
stairs, staircase devil;
to go/come down ! go to the devil!
downstairs at last, finally
, -, -, -closed tip
, -, -, -open note-book
to wake () if I knewyard caretaker comrade
soul at once; right away
to lose; to waste to let smb.pass
, -, -,-whole , -, -, -tired
especially proverb
heart enemy
it is beating; the heart is dangerous
beating more dangerous
joy coming
for joy tradition
fool seldomstupid, idiotic (coll.) more seldom
nose
1
-?
, , .
?
.
?
5 .
. !
. !
2
?
, ,
.
.?
.
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105
3
, , !
, .?
. , .
. .
4
, , 7 . .
, .
!.
watch, clock dont worry!
to worry by all means
5
?
.
! . .
. ? ?
.
. .
glasses, spectacles (pi.)
6
.
. .
.
, .
, .
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106
7
?
.
. ?
.
?
.
.
.
?
.
to be born birth
, , he, she birthdaywas born; they were born
:, , , , -, -, -, , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, -
, -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, -
, -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - ..
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107
, -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -,
, -, -, , -, -, -
8
?
?
?
? ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
9
, ,
?
, ,
?
, . I
,
. 1700 ().
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108
.
, 7208 .
, , .
tsar to appear
to change , -, -, - merry
calendar
1
: , .
(, , , , ,
)
2
: , .
1. , ()2. , (, )3. , ()4. , ()
3
: ( ).
.
1. , ( ) , ).
2. , ( ) .
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110
This lesson deals with new meaning and endings of all cases, all the case
material being summarized the new material is underlined
The Prepositional Case1. The Prepositional Denoting Place. (Where?) (?)Nouns in the Prepositional Case denoting
place have the endings: -e(most masculine, feminine and neuter nouns), -u(feminine nouns
ending in ), -uu (words ending in -, -, -ue) and -y (words: , , ,
, , , ..)..
..
. (, f). (, f)
..
.Adjectives in the Prepositional case have the endings -, -(masculine and neuter words)
and -, -(feminine words) and answer the questions: ?/?(masculine
and neuter words) and ?/?(feminine words).
? .
?
.
The Pronouns , , have the endings: - , - .
.
.
The Pronouns: , ,
, , , ,
, ,
have the endings: - (), -.
.
Memorize the verbs requiring the Prepositional case denoting place. Memorize the questionword ?used after these verbs.
. .
2. The Prepositional Denoting Object.
Nouns in the Prepositional case denoting object have the endings -e(most masculine, neuter
and feminine nouns), -u(feminine nouns ending in the soft sign -), -uu(nouns ending in -,
-,
-ue) and answer the question: ??
.
* "".
: "".
* Before words beginning with a vowel the preposition has the form . Compare the Englishin definite articles a and an.
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111
Nouns in the Adjectives and the pronouns , , , , in the Prepositional
case denoting object have the same endings as those in the Prepositional case denoting place(- -and o - e) and answer the questions: ? ?
.
.
Personal pronouns in the Prepositional have the following forms:
.
.Memorize the verbs requiring the Prepositional denoting object. Remember the use of the
question? ?after these verbs:
..
3. The Prepositional Denoting Time.
. , , , , , , , , ,, , .
. , , () , , , , , ,
.. .
4. The Prepositional of Manner to Denote the Means of Transport.
.
.
5. Plural nouns of all three genders in the Prepositional case have endings: - ax, - ..
..
Plural adjectives in the Prepositional have the endings: - , - for all three genders., , .
.
.
The Genetive Case1. The Genetive Denoting Direction of Motion:
a. answers the question ?(where from?); ?(Take note of the useof the Genetive after the prepositions pairs: , ).
. .. .
. .. .
? .
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. denotes a starting point of motion and is used with the preposition ""and a verb of motionwith the prefix "":.
. .
. denotes a person from whom an action is directed, is used with the preposition "":
?.
: .
+ noun denoting things
+ noun denoting living beings
2.The Genetive with the Preposition "y ".
a indicates possession or belonging to someone or something and answers the question?*
.
.
.
. indicates the place, where someone or something is (was) ("at one's place"):
? . .? . .
. denotes a person from whom something is borrowed or taken..
.
3. The Genetive with the Preposition ""denotes the whole a part of which is marked out.
-.
-.
4. The Genetive without a preposition denoting possession answers the question ?
(? ? ?) (whose?).? .
? .
? .
? .
5.The Genetive without a preposition is used to indicate the performer or the object of action.
. . .
6. The Genetive without a preposition denotes a feature of an object.. . .
7. The Genetive without a preposition is used to denote a part of the object.
.
Memorize the endings of the singular nouns in the Genetive case:
Masculine a
Neuter a
Feminine
()
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___________________________________________________________
* It should be born in mind that phrases consisting of the preposition followed
by pronouns, nouns or noun groups in the Genetive case denoting the possessorand the verb are used to express possession and correspond in meaning to theEnglish "I have", "I have got" phrases.
8. The Genetive denoting quantity is used after Numerals, the words , , ,
..), 5 .., ,
,
, 5 .. , ,
,
, 5 .., ,
,
Memorize the endings of the singular and plural nouns in the Genetive case.
Singular Plural. - - 5 5
N. - - - 5 5
F. - - - 5 5 Most masculine, feminine and neuter nouns have these endings in the plural, but there are
ther endings that are not frequently used and they should also be remembered.
Nominative case Genetive case
- () ()
()
- ()
()
- ()
()
9. The Genetive in negative sentences with the words: , , .Sentences with these words are impersonal.
. .. .
. .Note that in the Past tense the form ""is always used with nouns of all genders, both in
the singular and in the plural.
.
.
.
Note that in the Future tense the form ""is used with words of all genders both in the
singular and in the plural.
10. Adjectives, pronouns and ordinal numerals in the Genetive singular have the endings -,
-(masculine and neuter nouns) and -, -(feminine nouns).
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Adjectives, pronouns and ordinal numerals in the plural have the endings (for all genders)
-, -..
.
().
.
11. The Genetive Denoting Time.
. Nouns in the Genetive case with the preposition "c"denote the beginning of action..
.. Nouns in the Genetive with the preposition "" indicate the final moment after which an
action will be completed..
. Nouns in the Genetive with the prepositions " "specify a period of action..
.Cardinal Numerals in the Genetive to be remembered
, , 50, 60, 70, 80 (following the model) 5 20,30 (following the model) 90 100 ..
. The Genetive case is used to denote dates. Note that the preposition ""is not used inthis construction.
.
.
. The Genetive case with the preposition ""answers the question ?.
. The Genetive with the preposition ""answers the question
?.
12. The Genetive Case with Prepositions "", "", "".
. The preposition ""shows that the action is performed in favour of a person or an object..
. The preposition ""is used to express absence of an object (not having).
, .
.
.
. The preposition "" is followed by pronouns, nouns or noun groups in the Genetive
case and corresponds to the English preposition "besides" (in addition to)., , , .
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13. The Genetive Denoting Cause with the Preposition ""..
14. The Genetive Denoting Place is used with the prepositions "", "","", "" "", et cetera to indicate where there is an object or
where an action takes place.
..
.
Ha.
.
15. The Genetive Case after the Verbs:? ? ...
, , .
16. The Genetive after the Comparative Degree of Adjectives., , ., , .
17. The Genetive case is used in negative sentences after transitive verbs..
.
.
18. Personal Pronouns in the Genetive Case:
() ,
()
.
.
The Accusative CaseThe Accusative case of masculine and neuter nouns denoting things usually coincides with
the Nominative case (for example: , , , , . .
). The Accusative case of masculine nouns denoting persons usuallycoincides with the Genetive case (for instance: , . .
. ).
1.The Accusative case is used to denote the object of action and answers the questions: ?(whom?) for persons and ?(what?) for things.?
?
.
Here are verbs followed by nouns in the Accusative case answering the questions: ?
whom?; ? what?
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,
etc.2. The Accusative case is used to denote the direction of action and motion (especially with
verbs of motion) and answers the question ? (where?).
, ,
, ,
, , , etc.
?
.
?
.?
.Here are prepositions that are used to denote the direction: , , , , .
/.
3. The Accusative case is used to denote time.
?When? , , , , , ,
.
, .
.
.
? .
How long?
?How often?
.
For how long? .
.
How much did it take you 5 .
to do this work?
4. The Accusative case with the verbs and indicates price and weight..
.
Adjectives (pronouns) in the Accusative case have the endings of the nominative or the genitive
case (except the feminine gender).
?
?
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?
??
?
?
?
?
Here are the Personal Pronouns in the Accusative case:
(with prepositions)
(with prepositions)
.
.Here are Possessive Pronouns in the Accusative case:
with animate beings: with inanimate objects:
/ /
/ /
. .
The Dative Case1. The Dative case is used with the verbs , , , ,
,etc.
The Dative case denotes a person or a thing to which the action is directed (when used in
combination with verbs). Noun in the Dative case answers the questions: ?whom? ?
(to) what?
, .
, .
Masculine and Neuter nouns in the Dative have the endings:.
Feminine nouns in the Dative take the ending e.
2. The Dative case with verbs
..
.
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The subject of the phrase is usually used at the end of a sentence. Notice the past tense of this
verb in the singular and in the plural..
.
.
.
3. The Dative Denoting Age..
.
4. The Dative in Impersonal Sentences.
In impersonal sentences the Dative case is used to denote the person who acts or to denote
the recipient of action.
In impersonal sentences the Dative case is used:
1) In combination with the words , , , , followed
by an indefinite form of the verb.
..
2) In combination with the words: , , , etc., .
, .,
.
5. The Dative case is used with the preposition .
The main meaning of the preposition is to direct one's steps to or to approach to someone
or something in time or in space.
1) Noun with the preposition may denote an object or a person to (toward) which/whomthe other object or person is approaching and answers the questions: ? where?
? to what? ? to whom?
.
.
The verbs denoting the approaching are generally used with the prefixes - or
.
.2) Nouns with the preposition may denote an object to which some thing is added, and a
verb is always used with the prefix -..
3) Many of the verbs with the prefix - require the preposition :
, , , , etc.
.
.
.
Nouns corresponding to these verbs also require the preposition :
, ,
4)The preposition is used after the nouns denoting feeling or attitude: :
but:
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5)The preposition is used with the following adjectives:
6) The preposition is used to denote time.
.
(?)
.
(?)
6. The Dative case is used with the preposition no.
1)The preposition nois used to denote movement along a surface. .
2)The preposition noindicates the action which is repeated during certain periods of time..
3)The preposition nois used to denote reason..
4)The preposition noindicates the purpose or type of activity or profession, etc..
9 .5) The preposition nois used in the meaning of: "by", "according to", "in accordance with".
..
6)The preposition noindicates the sign of an object..
7)The preposition no indicates the relationship, closeness..
.
8) The preposition noplus the dative or cardinal numerals forms distributive numerals..
9) The preposition no is used to denote some means of communication:
.
.
.
7. The Dative Case of Adjectives and Pronouns..
..
Adjectives and pronouns have the endings:
(in the masculine and neuter genders)
(in the feminine)
Personal pronouns in the dative case:
() ()
()
.
??
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5. The Instrumental Case of Adjectives and Pronouns.
..
Adjectives and pronouns in the instrumental case have the endings:
- (masculine and neuter)
- e(feminine)
.Personal pronouns in the instrumental case.
()
()
() ()
(, )
. .
6. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the instrumental plural have the following endings:
nouns ()
adjectives and pronouns ()
..
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1. : (
-
)
:.
: (
).
: , .
: .
(
):
.
:
I ;
(, , ) ,
;
, ;
, (
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123
)
);
(
, )
I .
,
,
.
(I ),
. (I )
:
, ;
;
.
-
,
,
.
1. 2. 3.
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125
,
, ,
. , ,
, -
.
, , .
,
,
.
,
.
:
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
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126
. .. ,
, .. ,
,
, .
..
, ,
, , ..
..
, ,
, , ..
, .
,
, ,
..
.
,
:
, , ..
, ,
.
.
,
. 1000 , 300
150 .
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127
(50-100 .)
. ,
.
,
, (
: , , ..).
:
(); (); ; ; , ,
;
, ; ; ; ; .
200
, 40 .
,
, ,
: 450-500 .
750-900 .
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128
501
. ,
, .
.
2000
, 500 .
. 2-
:
1. ;2. , , 501
.
:
();
,
-, ,
, ,
;
.
. ,
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130
; ., ., .., ..,
., ..,
; .., ..,
..,
-.
,
,
,
.
.
,
I , 10
, , 5.
.
1. .. . . 2. . ., 1995.
... ., 1998.
.., ..
// . . . . 1997. . 56. 1.
.., .. (). ., 1997.
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.., .. .
: .
.: , 2000.
..
. //
. .: . , 1980.
.. //
. : . .,
2003.
.. . . ., .,
2005.
.. . .: -
. -, 2007.
.. . ., 2000.
..
. .,
1996.
..
(
) , .,
1962.
..
// , 1996, 2.
.
// , 1962, 4.
. . .
, . 2, ., 1962.
..
. ., 1962.
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..
(, , ). ., 1994.
2. .. // . , . . ., 1981,4.
.. // .
. . . ., 1973, .1.
. . .,
1980.
.. . , 1934.
.., ..
. .: , 2004.
.. . ., 1958.
.. //
. ., 1966.
.. . ., 1982.
.. .
. .: , , 2006.
.. 100% . .: , 2006.
. . . ., 1978.
. //
, .: , 1976.
.. . ., 1987.
.. // /
. .. . ., 1923. .1.
1. .., , 2
.
2. .., 2.
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3. .., 2 .
4. .., , .
5. .., , . .. .
,
,
,
, .
,
,
, I II ,
, ,
: ,
, , .
, , ,
- .
, , ,
?
..
1
1
: . . .
4 2
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3
: : ? ?
2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4 5, 6 2, 3, 4
5, 6 2, 3, 4 5, 6 5, 6
.
4
2
4
: , , , ,
, ? .
. 4
2
3
1
: . .
4
2
2
: : .
.
4
2
3
: . .
. ? ?
. . .
? .
4 2
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4
: , , , .
. .
4
2
4
1
: .
. .
4
2
2
: .
. . ?
.
4
2
3
:
. ? .
.
4
2
4
:
. : ?? .
: ? ?
? ?? .
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?, .
. ? )
, ,
2, 3, 4. )
,
, 5, 6 ..,
, , .
, .
: , ,
, . , (, , ) +
, .
. 1 100.
.
4
2
5
1
: . . .
? ? ? ?
, . .
6
3
2
: . .
. .
.
6 3
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3
: 1 5.
: , , , ; , , , .
.
6
3
4
:.
. .
6
3
5
:: ? ?
. , .. .
6
3
6
: . : ? ?
?? .
6
3
7
: . : ? ?
.
. . : () ? () ?
. .
6
3
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140
6
: . .
6
3
7
:. .
6
3
7
1
:
,
. .
6
3
2
: -, -, -:
, . :
, .. .
6
3
3
: : , , ,
.. , , .
: , .. .
6
3
4
: . , . . .
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6
3
5
:
: ,
, , ..
.
. .
6
3
6
: .
.
.
. .
6
3
7
: :
. -. .
6
3
8
1
: 1 100.
.
6
3
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2
: .
. .
6
3
3
: . .
6
3
4
: . .
6
3
5
: . .
6
3
6
: . .
6
3
7
: ,
. .
6
3
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:
, :
? :
?. ,
, , ,
, ,
.
,
,
, .. , : -,
, , -,
,
. , ,
, - ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
: ,
, ,
. , ,
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, .
: , , ,
-, .
, , ..
.
. ,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
,
;
, ,
, .
,
.
1
, . 38 .
.
: , , , , , .
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1, 2, .
19 . 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
,
. , .
2
-
, .
: ? ? ?
? ? ?? 47
. . : , , ,
, . 1, 2, 3, 4, ,
, . 1, 2,
3, 4, 6, 7 ,
.
3
,
. . 40 .
.
: , , , , , .
1, 2, , . 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
-.
4
, (, ,
-). 72 .
.
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, , , ,
, , ,
, , .
1, 2,
. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, -.
5
, ,
. 58 . , . 36
. 1,
.
. : , ,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, . 1-22
, -
.
6
- , .
49 . , -
. 30 . 1, 2, 3,
- . 13 . . :
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147
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, . 1-13
.
7
.. , .. , ..
, .. . .
22 . .. ,
-. 15 .
, .
10 .
1-9, , -
. 124 110
.
.
: , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
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148
, , , ,
, , , ,
.
1-24 ,
-.
8
. 35
. . ..
. 30 . - .
, -
, .
50 . .
-.
62 .
1-9 . 12
29 .
: , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
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