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,sms fhduqj msgqjISSN 1391-3697

msgm;l ñ, ( re' 10 ' 00jd¾Isl odhl;ajh ( re' 240 ' 00 ^;eme,a .dia;= o we;=<;aj&

ikaksfõok wOHCI" Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j kug ,shk ,o uqo,a weKjqï$fplam;a my; i|yka ,smskhg tùfuka —igyk˜ ;emEf,ka f.kajd .; yels h'

wOHCIikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=jY%S ,xld uy nexl=j;e' fm' 590" fld<U

2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a

—igyk˜ iÕrdfjys m<jk woyia ta ta f,aLlhka f.a woyia ñi Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ woyia fkdúh yels h'

ldka;dj iy ixjr®Okh 3

hym;a CIqø uQQ,H m˙phka 9

fiajl wr®:idOl wruqo, tod" wo iy fyg 12

iaffj¯;aj Ok wruqo,a ms<sn| ye\skaùula 19

f,dj mqrd iEu jirlu ud¾;= 08 jk Èk cd;Hka;r ldka;d Èkh f,i iurkq ,nhs' fï i|yd moku jegqfka 19 jk ishjfia wjika Nd.fha h' ldka;djkag uqyqK mEug isÿjQ fkdfhl=;a m%Yak iy .eg¨j,g tfrysj mek ke.=kq le<öï iy wjq,a úhjq,a ldka;d Èkfha ìysùug fya;= úh' fï le<öï j, m%;sM, f,i tf;la ldka;djkag wysñj ;snQ /lshd wjia:d iy jegqma ysñlï iy Pkao whs;sh jeks whs;sjdislï /ila Èkd.ekSug ldka;dfjda iu;a jQy'

wo jkúg f,dal ck.ykfhka wvla jk ldka;djka f,dal Y%u yuqodfjka ishhg 40la muK ksfhdackh lrhs' wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,d Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh flf;la mq¿,aù mj;S o h;a" /lshd kshqla;sfha ldka;d odhl;ajh by< hEu /lshd jks;dlrKhla f,i y÷kajhs' we;eï rgj, iudc" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k fya;= u; ldka;d Y%ufhka ksis M, fk,d fkd.;a; o fndfyda rgj, ldka;d Y%uh wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd fnfyúka bjy,a fldg f.k ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs' úêu;a yd wúêu;a hk fo wxYfhys u ldka;d Y%ufhys odhl;ajh jißka jir mq¿,a fjñka ;sfí' f,dal fi!LH lafIa;%fhys iy wOHdmk wxYfhys ldka;djka ,nd we;s m%.;sh fuys,d fnfyúka bjy,a ù we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ o wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,d ldka;d odhl;ajh lemS fmfka' fuhg jir .Kkdjlg fmr wm rfÜ úêu;a wxYfha /lshd iy jD;a;Sh wjia:d ysñj mej;sfha msßñ md¾Yajhg mu‚' ia;%sh ¥ orejka yodjvd .ksñka l=gqïNfha wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka lghq;= l< hq;= hehs kS;suh jYfhka mejÍ fkd;snqK;a lghq;= isÿflrefka tfia h' tu lghq;=j, fhfok w;r u fndfyda ia;%Syq f¾kao" îr¨ f.;Su" frÈ úùu" jÜá" fmÜá" meÿre" u¨ úùu

wd§ fkdfhl=;a l¾udka;j, kshef,ñka" f.dú;eka lghq;=j,g iïnkaO fjñka wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg rel=,a ÿkay' tfy;a fuu idudkH rgdfjka neyerj wm rfÜ ldka;djka úiska f,dj iqúfYaIS wjia:d iksgqyka l< wjia:d o ke;af;a fkdfõ' f,dj m%:u w.%dud;Hjßh wm ráka ìysùu u Bg lÈu ksoiqkls'

fï jk úg Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha fndfyda lafIa;%j, ldka;d ksfhdackh lemS fmfkk uÜgulg msúi we;' .=re jD;a;sh" fyo fiajh jeks fndfyda jD;a;Sh lafIa;%j, nyq,j fh§ isákafka ldka;djka h' tfukau jHdmdßl iy l<ukdlrK lafIa;%j, o ldka;d Y%ufhys odhl;ajh o by< hñka mj;S' tfuka u" Y%S ,xldjg úfoaY úksuh Wmojd,Sfuys,d ldka;djkaf.a lemlsÍu iqúYd, h' úfYaIfhkau wmkhk wdodhu ;=< ishhg 40l muK m%;sY;hla ksfhdackh lrk weÕ¨ï lafIa;%fha fiajfha kshqla; jQjkaf.ka ishhg 90la muK u ldka;djka h' tmuKla fkdj .Dy fiaúldjka f,i úfoia .; jk ldka;djkaf.a ixl%du wdodhï o furg wd¾Ólh kxjd,Sfuys,d fnfyúka bjy,a fjhs' tfuka u f;a iy rn¾ wd§ j;= jeú,s wxYfha fiajfha kshq;= lïlre ldka;dfjda o iajhx /lshdj, kshq;=jQ ldka;dfjda o furg wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,d odhl fj;s'

ixj¾Okfhys,d ldka;d Y%ufhys iyNd.s;ajh by< hEu fmdÿfõ f,dj fndfyda rgj, olakg ,efnk m%jK;djls' j¾;udkfha fï ms<sn|j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq fjñka mj;S' ta ms<sn|j úúO wOHhk isÿflfrhs' ixj¾Okh i|yd ldka;d odhl;ajh by< kxjkq jia ldka;djka iún, .ekaùug fkdfhl=;a wdldrfhka mshjr .kS' fufia f,dal wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,d ldka;djkaf.a Y%u odhl;ajh by< hEu ms<sn|j fujr igyk flá úuiqul fhfohs'❂

/lshd jks;dlrKh iy f,dal wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh

2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk 3

ye¢kaùu

f,dal ck.ykfhka ishhg 50la muK u ldka;djka h' tfuka

u f,dal Y%u yuqodfjka ishhg 40 la ksfhdackh lrkafka o

ldka;djka h' wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,d fudjqkaf.ka bgqjk

ld¾hNdrh iqúYd, h' WodyrK jYfhka f,dj lDIsld¾ñl

Y%u yuqodfjka ishhg 43 la ldka;djkaf.ka iukaú; fõ' úúO

rgj, wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,d ldka;djkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh

fkdfhl=;a iudc" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k n,mEï u;

iSud ù mj;S' tfy;a fmdÿfõ .;a úg iuia; f,dalfhys u

ixj¾Okfhys,d ldka;dfjda úYd, odhl;ajhla olajñka isá;s'

tu;= fkdj th ;jÿrg;a fmr fkdjQ úrE mßÈ j¾Okh fjñka"

mq¿,a fjñka mj;S' we;efula mjikafka ke.S tk wd¾Ól w;r

Ök wd¾Ólfha msì§ug;a" kj ;dlaIKfha msì§ug;a jvd

fõ.fhka wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,d ldka;djkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh

jeä fjñka mj;sk njhs' 1997-2007 w;r ldka;djka ñ,shk

200la w¨;ska Y%u fjf<|fmd<g tlajQ w;r fuu j¾Okh

/lshd jks;dlrKh ^Feminisation of Employment&1 hk

ixl,amh m%p,s;ùug fya;= úh' tfuka u fufia iudcuh

yd wd¾Óluh jYfhka ldka;dj Yla;su;aùu" jHdmdßl yd

fjk;a úúO lafIa;%j, m%.ukh Wfoid ldka;djkaf.ka

bgqflfrk ld¾hNdrh ms<sn|j we.hSu" wOHhkh lsÍu yd

úYaf,aIKh lsÍug jks;d¾Ól úoHdj ^Womenomics& hk

fhÿu j¾;udkfha Ndú;hg .efkhs' flfia fj;;a f,dj

fndfyda rgj, ldka;dj w;ska bgqflfrk lghq;= iïNdrh

uq¨ukska u uekSula flfrkafka ke;' úêu;a yd wúêu;a

wxYj, ksYaÑ; rduqjla ;=< flfrk l%shdldrlïj, .Kkhla

isÿ flreK o fndfyda úg ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd iy wvq

ixj¾ê; rgj, ldka;djka úiska fulS rduqfjka msg; bgqlrkq

,nk ld¾hNdrh fndfyda úg fuu ñKqï ;=<g wiqjkafka ke;'

tfy;a j¾;udkfha ta ms<sn|j fndfyda fofkl=f.a wjOdkh

fhduqù we;s njla olakg ,efnhs' wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,d

ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu uÕska M,odhS;dj by<

kexúh yels wdldrh ms<sn|j wOHhkh lrkq olakg ,efnhs'

1. Women working in the shadows( The informal economy and export

processing zones'

fmdÿfõ .;aúg f,dj ldka;djka úIfhys,d oelsh yels lemS

fmkk ,laIK jkqfha Tjqkaf.a wdhq wfmalaIdfjys by< hEu;a

wOHdmk lafIa;%h ;=< Tjqka ysñlrf.k we;s iy ysñlr.ksñka

isák m%.;sh;a jD;a;Sh iy l<uKdlrK uÜgfï /lshdjkays

Tjqkaf.a ksfhdackh by< hñka mej;Su;a h' tfuka u wvq

ixj¾ê; iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, lDIsl¾uh"

wmkhk ieliqï l¾udka; lghq;= yd Y%u ú.ukh iïnkaOj

o ldka;djkaf.a odhl;ajh lemS fmfka' fufia j¾;udkfha

úúO lafIa;% Tiafia ldka;dj f,dj wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh yd

iïnkaO jk wdldrh ms<sn|j flá úuiqul fh§u fuu

,smsfha wruqK fõ'

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl;ajh

wd¾:sl ixj¾Okh i|yd ldka;dfjda úúO wdldrfhka ish Y%uh

lem lr;a' iDcqj u ksIamdok l%shdj,shg iïnkaOùfuka fuka

u" ish l=gqïNh ;=< ukd wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKhla msysgqùug

yd mj;ajdf.k hEug mshjr .ksñka wkd.; wdfhdackfha

iqúfYaIS uQ,dY%hla jk ksfrda.S" fi!LH iïmkak iy oekqñka

fmdfydi;a ore mrmqrla i|yd ish Y%uh lem lrñka ixj¾Ok

l%shdj,shg iïnkaO fj;s'

wd¾Òl j¾Okh iy ldka;d Y%u iyNd.s;ajfhys by< hEu

w;r iDcq iïnkaO;djla mj;S' f,dal o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

i|yd ldka;djkaf.a odhl;ajh ishhg 40 lehs .Kka n,d we;'

tfy;a fuu .Kka ne,Sïj,g yiq fkdjk iqúY,a ld¾hNdrhla

ldka;dj w;ska bgq flfrhs' úfYaIfhka u wvq ixj¾ê; iy

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, ldka;djka kshef,k wúêu;a

wxYfha l%shdldrlï /ila .Kka .ekSïj,g wiqjkafka ke;'

i|g we;s ÿr ls'ó' 394"400 la kï ol=Kq wm%sldfõ ldka;djka

iuQyh tlaj ksjig wjYH j;=r f.k taug Èklg .uka

lrk ÿr 16 j;djla y|g f.dia wdmiq taug .uka lrk ÿrg

iudk h'2 tfy;a fuu wd¾Ól lghq;= ixj¾Okh uekSfï §

2. http( $$www 'unifem 'org$gender_issues$women_poverty_

economics$facts_�gures'html

ldka;dj iy ixj¾OkhúkS;d fyar;a

ikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j

4 2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk

wjOdkhg fyda .Kka ne,Sug fyda ,lajk tajd fkdfõ' Tjqka Y%un,ldh ;=< ys¢ñka Bg hï jákdlula tl;= fkdfldg" Y%u iyNd.s;ajhla fkdolajk msßila f,i .Kka ne,Sï rduqj ;=< isáh o wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh ;=< oejeka; ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrñka isáhs' f,dj we;eï m%foaYj, lDIsld¾ñl Y%ufhka ishhg 70la iemfhkafka ldka;djka f.ks' wdydr ksIamdokfhka ishhg 90 la ksmojkafka ldka;djka h' Y%S ,xldfõ o foaYSh lDIsl¾uh ;=< fuka u f;a iy rn¾ j.dj wd§ j;= j.dj wdY%s;j o ldka;d Y%uh nyq,j fhdod .efkhs' Tjqyq lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, kshef,k w;r u l=gqïNh ;=< l=ÿ uy;a ish¨ fufyjr bgqlr;s' mßfNdackh Wfoid f.j;= j.dfõ fhfo;s' fjf<|fmd< yd .kqfokq lr;s' tfy;a f,dj lsisÿ ;efkl fuu iuia; l%shdj,sh u cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h uekSfï § ie,ls,a,g .kq ,nkafka ke;' fulaisfldafjys jegqma ,nk ldka;djka ish /lshdfjys kshe,Sug wu;rj i;shlg meh 33 la ksjfia lghq;= i|yd fhdojhs' msßñka ta i|yd lem lrkafka i;shlg meh 6 la mu‚' wdckaákdj" kslr.=jdj" bkaÿkSishdj" ol=Kq fldßhdj" ol=Kq wm%sldj iy gekaidkshdj hk rgj,a 6 ys ldka;djka msßñkag jvd fo.=Khlg;a jvd jeä ld,hla f.ùï fkd,nk .Dyia; lghq;= i|yd fhdojhs' bkaÈhdfjys fuu wkqmd;h 10(1 ls' Y%S ,xldfõ o rcfha fyda fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fyda /lshdj, kshq;= fndfyda ldka;djka ksjfia lghq;= i|yd lemlrk ld,h ms<sn| ksYaÑ; .Kka ne,Sula isÿlrkafka ke; o wdikak jYfhka fulS ld,fha iudkHh i;shlg meh 35 - 40 la muK jkq we;' f,dj rgj,a /il ia;%S" mqreI fomd¾Yajh tlu /lshdj, kshq;=jkafka jqj o we;eï wjia:dj, Tjqkg f.jk kdñl jegqma w;r fjkialï mj;skq olakg ,efnhs' Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOfhka .;a úg ffoksl jegqma f.ùfï § fujeks úIu;d olakg ,efnhs' ^01 jk ixLHd igyk& we;eï wjia:dj, uyd ud¾." ksjdi yd f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍï wxYfha o ldka;d Y%uh fhdod.kq ,nk wjia:dj, Tjqkg ,efnkafka idfmalaIj wvq jegqmls' jegqma l%uj, mj;akd fuu mr;rh by< M,odhS;djla ,nd.ekSug ndOdjls' f.d,aâuka ielaia ^Goldman Sachs& wdh;kh mjik mßÈ úúO rgj, ia;%S mqreI fomd¾Yajhg iudk jegqma f.ùfuka tu rgj, o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h j¾Okh l< yel' ta wkqj hqfrda l,dmfha o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h ishhg 13 lska o cmdkfha ishhg 16 lska o tlai;a ckmofha ishhg 9 lska o by< kexúh yels neõ f.d,aâuka ielaia wdh;kh i|yka lrhs' 2012 f,dal ixj¾Ok jd¾;dj ^World Development Report 2012& o ldka;djkaf.a ksmqK;d iy l=i,;d Wmßu Odß;djfhka Ndú;hg .ekSu M,odhS;dj by< kexùu i|yd fnfyúka bjy,a jk nj i|yka lrhs' tu jd¾;dj fuhg WodyrK f,i u,dú iy >dkdfõ f.ú,shkag" f.dúhkag yd iudkj fmdfydr iy fjk;a lDIsld¾ñl fhojqï o Kh myiqlï hkdÈh o ,nd fokafka kï u,dúfha bßÕ= wiajekak ishhg 17lska o >dkdfõ ishhg 16lska o by< kexúh yels neõ mjihs' tfuka u we;eï rgj, úúO lafIa;%j, ldka;djkag we;s ndOl yd wjysr bj;a lrkafka kï M,odhS;dj ishhg 25 lska by< kexùug yelsjk nj jd¾;dj ;jÿrg;a i|yka

lrhs'

wmkhk wdodhï bmhSug ldka;d odhl;ajh

1997 § f,dj rgj,a 93 l wmkhk ieliqï l,dm 845la

mej;sks' 2006 jk úg wmkhk ieliqï iys; rgj,a .Kk

130la úh' tfuka u wmkhk ieliqï l,dm .Kk 3500 la

olajd by< ke. ;sì‚' 1996 - 2006 oYlh ;=< f,dj wmkhk

ieliqï l,dmj, fiajfha ksr; jQjkaf.a ixLHdj ñ,shk 22'5

isg ñ,shk 66 la olajd ;=ka .=Khlska by< f.dia we;' ñka 2$3

la muK u tkï ñ,shk 40 la ksfhdackh lrkafka Ök wmkhk

ieliqï l,dmj, Y%ñlhka h' 2006 § Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk

ieliqï l,dmj, /lshdj, kshq;= jQjkaf.a ixLHdj 410"851

la úh' 2002 jifrys tu ixLHdj 111"033 ls' wmkhk ieliqï

l,dmj, fiajfha ksr; nyq;rhla ldka;djka h' ixj¾Okh

fjñka mj;akd rgj, wmkhk ieliqï l¾udka; wxYfha Y%u

yuqodfjka ishhg 60 - 80la muK ldka;djka f.ka iukaú;

fjhs' iuyr l,dmj, fuu m%;sY;h ishhg 90l muK by<

w.hla .kS'

Y%S ,xldfjys o wdfhdack m%j¾Ok uKav,h hgf;a msysgqjk

,o wmkhk ieliqï l,dm lsysmhls' frÈms<s iy weÕ¨ï

ksIamdokh fuu wmkhk ieliqï l,dmj, nyq,j isÿ

flf¾' Y%S ,xldfõ o frÈms<s iy weÕ¨ï ksIamdok wxYfha

/lshdj, kshq;=jkakkaf.ka nyq;rhla jkafka ldka;d mlaIhhs'

fudjqkaf.ka ishhg 75 la muK jhi wjqreÿ 25 fyda Bg;a

jvd ,dnd, jhfiys miqjk ldka;djka h' wdishd" wm%sld" ,;ska

01 jk ixLHd igyk

Y%S ,xldfõ wúêu;a fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ffoksl jegqma

uQ,dY%h ( Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól yd iudc ixLHdk 2012 Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

2008 2009 2010

f;a j.dj

msßñ 440 448 543

.eyeKq 305 356 391

rn¾ j.dj

msßñ 500 532 588

.eyeKq 377 416 463

ù f.dú;ek

msßñ 562 613 658

.eyeKq 395 423 453

^jd¾Isl idudkH remsh,a&

2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk 5

wefußld yd leßìhka rgj, wmkhk ieliqïj,ska flfrk

wmkhk" tu rgj, iuia; wmkhk ;=< úYd, m%;sY;hla

ksfhdackh lrhs' ^02 jk ixLHd igyk&

02 jk ixLHd igyk

f;dard.;a wd¾Ól lsysmhl wmkhk ieliqï l,dmj, wmkhk - tu rgj, iuia; wmkhkj, m%;sY;hla f,i

2002 - 2006

uQ,dY%h( Women Working in the Shadows( The Informal Economy and Export Processing Zones

wmkhk ieliqï l,dmj, /lshdj, ksr;jk ldka;djkaf.a

m%;sY;h ms<sn|j úuid ne,Sfï § Tjqka tu wd¾Ólj,g úfoaY

úksuh bmhSfuys,d flf;la odhl jkafkao hkak meyeÈ,s

fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk wdodhu ;=< frÈms<s iy weÕ¨ïj,

odhl;ajh ie,lsh hq;= fldgila ksfhdackh lrhs' 2002 iy

2003 jirj, Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk wdodhñka ishhg 50lg;a

jvd Wmhd fok ,oafoa frÈms<s iy weÕ¨ï wmkhkh u.sks'

fuu m%;sY;h l%udKql+,j my< nei 2010 iy 2011 jir jk

úg ms<sfj,ska ishhg 38'91la iy 39'69la njg m;aj we;'

ta wkqj jd¾Islj frÈms<s iy weÕ¨ï wmkhkfhka Wmhk

remsh,a ñ,shk 463"509 la muK jk wdodhu Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg

tl;= lsÍug ldka;djka /ila ish Y%uh lem lrhs' wmkhk

ieliqï l,dmj, fiajfha ksr; jk ldka;djka úiska Wmhk

wdodhu fndfyda úg Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, m%Odk wdodhu W;amdok

ud¾.hla fõ' Tjqkaf.a wdodhñka ie,lsh hq;= fldgila jeh

lrkq ,nkafka mjqf,a wdydr" fi!LH yd wOHdmk wd§ lghq;=

fjkqfjks'

úfoaY ixl%du

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha § ú.uk Y%ñlhkaf.a odhl;ajh o b;d

jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrhs' 2008 jifrys ixj¾Okh

fjñka mj;akd rgj, úfoaYj,g ixl%uKh jQ Y%ñlhka úiska

Wmhk ,o uqo, fvd,¾ ì,shk 305ls' th tlS rgj,a ,o

wdOdrj,g jvd ;=ka .=Khla úYd, h' 2010 jifrys ol=Kq

wdishdkq l,dmfha iDcq úfoaY wdfhdackj, jákdlu fvd,¾

ì,shk 28la jQ w;r ixl%du ,eîï tfuka ;=ka .=Khlg

wdikak w.hla f.k we;' tkï 2000 jif¾ § fvd,¾ ì,shk

17 la jQ ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha ixl%du ,eîï 2010 jif¾

§ fvd,¾ ì,shk 80la olajd j¾Okh ù ;sfí' wdishdfõ yd

,;ska wefußldfõ úfoaY fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.ka ishhg

50la fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla fyda ldka;djka h' 2010 jk úg

ms,smSk ldka;djka 975"000la úfoaY /lshdj, kshq;=j isá w;r

Tjqkaf.a ixl%du wd¾Ólhg tl;= l< jákdlu fmafida ì,shk

35'5la úh' tfuka u fmr jirg idfmalaIj 2010 jifrys

ldka;djkaf.a ixl%duj, j¾Okh ishhg 9'1la úh'

Y%S ,xldfõ /lshd i|yd úfoaYj,g ixl%uKhùu ms<sn|j

úuid n,k úg Èklg ia;%S mqreI fomd¾Yajfha u 700lg wêl

msßila úfoaY /lshd i|yd msg;aù hk neõ olakg ,efnhs'

2003 - 2007 jirj, /lshd i|yd úfoaYj,g ixl%uKh

jQjkaf.ka wvlg;a jvd ldka;dfjda jQy' 2005 jirg fmr fuu

m%;sY;h ishhg 60lg;a jvd by< w.hla .;a neõ olakg

,efnhs' ^03 jk ixLHd igyk&

2009 jif¾ úfoaY /lshd i|yd ixl%uKh jQjkaf.ka wvlg;a

jvd tkï ishhg 51'7la ldka;dfjda jQy' 2010 iy 2011 jirj,

fuu m%;sY;h ms<sfj,ska ishhg 48'8la iy 48'3la f,i my<

nei ;sfí' fuys,d lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla jkafka .Dy fiajh

i|yd hk ldka;djkaf.a ixLHdfjys my< jeàuhs' ̂ 04 jk ixLHd

igyk& ta fjkqjg jD;a;Sh" uOHu yd ,smslre fuka u mqyqKq iy

kqmqyqKq wxY hgf;a úfoaY .;jQ ldka;djka ixLHdfjys by<

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/lshd i|yd úfoaYj,g ixl%uKhùu úuid ne,Sfï §

oelsh yels lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla kï .Dy fiaúldjka

f,i úfoia.; jQ ldka;djkaf.a m%;sY;h fiiq ish¨ u wxY

wNsNjd isák njhs' tkï" /lshd i|yd úfoaY rgj,g hk

ldka;djkaf.ka ishhg 85 la muK u .Dy fiaúldjka f,i

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úfoia.; jk ldka;djkaf.a m%;sY;fhys wvqùula olakg

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/lshd i|yd ixl%uKh jk rgj,a ms<sn|j úuid ne,Sfï §

ishhg 90 lg;a jvd jeä msßila hkafka ueo fmrÈ. rgj,g

nj olakg ,efí' fï ksid 2003 -2011 olajd iEu jirl u

úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sfhka bmhQ fma%IKj,ska ishhg 60lg

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ixLHd igyk& 2011 jifrys ueo fmrÈ. fiajd kshqla;sfhka

,o fma%IK remsh,a ñ,shk 335"201 la úh' .Dy fiaúldjka

f,i úfoaY.; jk ldka;djka úYd, m%udKhla ueo fmrÈ.

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6 2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk

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i|yd ixl%uKh jQ ldka;djkaf.a fma%IK o tl;= l< úg

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tfuka u fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a fma%IK uq¨ wmkhkj,

m%;sY;hla f,i l%udKql+,j by< hEula olakg ,efí' 2003

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j¾Ih

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úfoaY /lshd i|yd ixl%uKh jQ

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ixLHdj

.Dy fiaúldjka f,i ixl%uKh jQ

ldka;djkaf.a m%;sY;h

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2004 134"010 62'4 110"512 82'47

2005 137"394 59'4 125"154 91'09

2006 111"778 55'3 99"711 89'20

2007 114"983 52'6 102"176 88'86

2008 122"267 48'8 107"923 88'27

2009 127"745 51'7 113"678 88'99

2010 130"657 48'8 112"752 86'30

2011 127"090 48'3 107"816 84'83

uQ,dY%h ( Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól yd iudc ixLHdk 2008 - 2012Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

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ldka;djka ixLHdj

ldka;djka ixLHdj

m%;sY;h m%;sY;h m%;sY;h

jD;a;Sh" uOHu yd ,smslre uÜgfï /lshd

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5"380 4'21 6"417 4'91 6"582 5'18

361 0'28 562 0'43 440 0'35

6"366 4'98 8"962 6'86 10"240 8'06

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03 jk ixLHd igyk

2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk 7

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oaù;shsl wOHdmkh w;ska .eyeKq <uqka msßñ <uqka wNsNjd

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wruqof,ys f;dr;=rej,g wkqj f,dj mqrd wjqreÿ 20 - 65 w;r

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^uq¨ WmdêOdÍkaf.a m%;sY;hla f,i&

uQ,dY%h( The Reversal of Gender Equalities in Higher Education ( An Ongoing Trend in Higher Education to 2030 -

Volume 1( Demography ^OECD 2008&

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fvkaud¾lh 59 66 68

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2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk 9

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• Kh i|yd jk fmd,S wkqmd; ySkjk fYaIhg .Kkh lsÍu'

• ld¾hlaIu;dj kxjd,Su ;=<ska Kh i|yd wh lrk fmd,S wkqmd; wvq lr,Sug mshjr .ekSu'

• .kqfokq msßjeh wju lr .ekSfï l%fudamdh ilid .ekSu'

laIqø uQ,H wdh;khla iq¿ mßudK Kh §ï úYd, m%udKhla lrk fyhska fï iïnkaO úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍfuka jvd iykYS,S fmd,S wkqmd; u; mdßfNda.slhka fj; Kh ksoyia lsÍug laIqø uQ,H fiajd iemhqïlreg yelshdjla ,efnkq we;' t fuka u" idfmalaI j wvq fmd,shlg Kh §u" kej; Kh f.ùug Khlrejka fmd<Ujk neúka t uÕska Kh wh lr .ekSï by< oud .; yel' ld¾h uKav, ld¾hlaIu;dj j¾Okh lsÍu • laIqø uq,H wdh;kj, ld¾hlaIu;dj kxjd,Su wruqKq

fldg .;a ld¾hM, m%ñ;s ieliSu" jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu yd Ndú;d lsÍu'

fuu ld¾hj, m%ñ;s uQ,H o¾Yl yd ñkqï ,l=Kq ^Benchmark& j,g muKla iSud fkdù Bg .kqfokqlrejka yd m%cdj fj; we;s n,mEu olajk o¾Yl o we;=<;a lsÍfuka jvd;a hym;a mßphka ilid .; yels jkq we;' • iqÿiq jevuq¿ ;=<ska ld¾h uKav, idudðlhskaf.a

YlH;d j¾Okhg lghq;= lsÍu'• laIqø uQ,H wdh;kj, uQ,H l<ukdlrKh iy

wNHka;r md,kh úêu;a lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH l%ufõo ilid .ekSï iy fiajl l=i,;dj jeä lr .ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a mshjr wkq.ukh lsÍu'

fndfyduhla laIqø uQ,H wdh;k ,dNh mrud¾: fldg fkd.;a iudc iqN idOk wdh;k f,i wdrïNj l%shd;aul jk tajd fyhska tu wdh;kj, uQ,H l<ukdlrKh yd wNHka;r md,kh iïnkaOfhka we;s yelshd ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;S' tfiau tajdfha ndysr wxYj,g yd uyck;djg f;dr;=re iemhSfï l%ufõo laIqø uQ,H fiajdj, ixlS¾K;d yeisrùug iqÿiq whqßka ks¾udKh lr ke;' tfia fyhska fuu mßphka we;s lr .ekSug úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' wjodkï l<ukdlrKh • ffoksl jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd wjYH wruqo,a

imhd .ekSu yd uyck úYajdih r|jd .ekSu i|yd

j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh l< yels laIqø uQ,H mßphka jvd .=Kd;aul yd ld¾hlaIu fiajdjla ,nd §u ;=<ska laIqø uQ,H fiajd mdßfNda.slhdf.a o Y=N isoaêh i,ihs' wfkla w;g mdßfNda.slhdf.a Y=N isoaêh uQ,sl fldg .;a uQ,H fiajdj, .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä lr,Su i|yd wkq.ukh l< yels laIqø uQ,H mßphka" .kqfokqlrejkaf.a úYajikSh;ajh Èkd .ekSug yelshdj we;s lsÍfuka laIqø uQ,H fiajd iemhqïlreg hym; i,ihs' tneúka" laIqø uQ,H mßphka wod< jk lafIa;%h Tiafia ta ta wxY jvd;a M,odhs lr .ekSu ms‚i wkq.ukh l< yels hym;a mßphka ljf¾o hkak úuid n,kq jà' tys§ my; lreKq hym;a laIqø uQ,H mßphka jYfhka y÷kd .; yelsh' fmd,S wkqmd; ;SrKh lsÍu" Kh ksoyia lsÍu yd wh lr .ekSu laIqø uQ,H wdh;kj, m%Odk;u jHdmdßl lghq;a;la jk Kh §u iïnkaOfhka tu wdh;kj,g wkq.ukh l< yels hym;a mßphka .Kkdjls' tkï( • wod< ish¨ idOl ie,ls,a,g .ksñka Kh iy

w;a;sldrï i|yd wh l< hq;= fmd,S wkqmd; ;SrKh lsÍfï l%ufõohla ieliSu'

fndfyda laIqø uQ,H wdh;k ;uka imhk Kh i|yd wêl fmd,shla wh lrhs' wruqo,a imhd .ekSug oeßh hq;= wêl msßjeh" by< fufyhqï msßjeh" wjodkï jdßl ^Margin & Risk Premium& wd§ idOl wê fmd,S wh lsÍug fya;= ù we;' ta ish¨ idOl ie,ls,a,g .ksñka fmd,S wkqmd; ;SrKh lsÍfï l%ufõohla ieliSu ;=<ska Kh .e;shkag mSvdjla fkdjk whqßka yd wdh;khg w,dNhla fkdjk whqßka ;=,kd;aulj i,ld n,d fmd,S wkqmd; ;SrKh lsÍug yelsjkq we;' tfiau tlS ;SrKd;aul idOl i|yd fhoúh hq;= msßjeh wju lr .ekSfï Wmdh ud¾. ilid .ekSug o tuÕska msgqn,hla ,efí' • Kh .e;shkag ;ud f.úh hq;= fmd,S wkqmd;h ksYaÑ;j

oek .ekSu ms‚i tu fmd,S wkqmd; jd¾Isl wkqmd; jYfhka oelaùu fuka u tla tla j¾.fha Kh i|yd wh lrk fmd,S wkqmd; uyck;djf.a oek.ekSu i|yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu'

• Kh whlr .ekSfï iqÿiq l%ufõo ieliSu yd ta ms<sn| úksúo Ndjhlska hq;=j l%shd lsÍu' fuu.ska .kqfokqlrejkaf.a hym; ;yjqre flfrk w;r" Kh wh lsÍu i|yd wdl%uKYS,S m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka laIqø uQ,H wdh;k fj; t,a, jk fpdaokd fujka m%;sm;a;shla ;=<ska wju lr.; yels jkq we;'

• wksjd¾h b;=reï fyda rlaIK jdßl Kh uqo,ska lmd fkd.ekSu'

2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk 11

m%udKj;a øjYS, j;alï mj;ajd .ekSu' • wl%Sh Kh j¾.SlrKh" fnd,a iy wvudk Kh i|yd

uqo,a m%;smdokh lsÍu' • tla Kh lrejl=g Èh yels Kh myiqlï ms<sn|

Wmßu iSudj,g wkql+, ùu' • laIqø uQ,H wdh;kfha wOHlaIjreka fj; imhk Kh

myiqlï ms<sn| iSud mekùu'• ld¾hlaIu iy ksjerÈ f,i f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï

yd jd¾;d lsÍfï l%fudamdh ilid .ekSu' fï i|yd j¾;udkfha § f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh myiqfjka u fhdod.; yelsh'

uQ,H fiajdj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeä lr,Su yd ld¾hlaIu iy úksúoNdjfhka hq;= fiajdjla ,nd §u • imhk fiajdj, m%Odk ,laIK ms<sn| ir, niska

,shk ,o úia;r m;%sld tu fiajdj ,nd .ekSug woyia lrk .kqfokq lrejkag ,nd §u'

• wjYH úg imhk fiajd ms<sn| m%udKj;a meyeÈ,s lsÍï isÿ lsÍu'

• fiajd ms<sn| ish¨u fj<| oekaùï i;H f;dr;=re wvx.= jk iy uyck;dj fkdu. hjk wdldrfha f;dr;=re we;=<;a fkdjk mßÈ ieliSug j. n,d .ekSu'

• fiajd ms<sn| m< l< oekaùï iïnkaOj jeäuk;a f;dr;=re$meyeÈ,s lsÍï ^.dia;= yd fmd,S wkqmd; wdÈh& b,a,d isá úg ,nd §u'

• laIqø uQ,H fiajdj, úia;r" kshuhka yd fldkafoais .kqfokqlrejkag ,nd §u" meyeÈ,s lr §u yd tu fiajd iïnkaOfhka tlÕ jQ kshuhka iy fldkafoaisj, fjkila isÿ lrkafka kï Bg m%:u fhda.H wdldrhlska .kqfokqlrejkag ta ms<sn|j oekqï §u'

wdpdr O¾u moaO;s mj;ajd f.k hdu

• wdh;ksl hymd,kh we;slr,Su i|yd iqÿiq wdpdr O¾u ix.%yhla ̂ Code of Ethics& ilid .ekSu' fuu.ska wld¾hlaIu wOHlaI uKav," iïnkaê; md¾Yajhkag Kh §ï wd§ .eg¨ u. yrjd .; yelsjkq we;'

• laIqø uQ,H wdh;kj, ksfhdað;hkaf.ka .kqfokqlrejkag jk ysßyer je<elaùu i|yd iqÿiq m%;sm;a;s ieliSu'

• fuys § ish ksfhdað;hkag ta iïnkaOfhka wdpdr O¾u ix.%yhla mekùu yd tu ksfhdað;hskaf.a úia;r yd wdpdr O¾u ix.%yfha wka;¾.;h .kqfokqlrejkag oek .ekSug bv ie,iSug l%shd l< yelsh'

• .kqfokqlrejka yd laIqø uQ,H wdh;kh w;r wdrjq,a blaukska yd M,odhs f,i ksrdlrKh lsÍfï l%ufõohla l%shd;aul lsÍu'

• fï i|yd laIqø uq,H wdh;kh fj; ,sÅ;j fukau

jdÑlj meñ‚,s lsÍug myiqlï iemhSu" flá ld,hla ;=< meñ‚,s ksrdlrKh lsÍu" w;a jer§ulska wh l< .dia;= fkdmudj wj,x.= lsÍu wdÈh we;=<;a ùu WÑ;h'

hym;a laIqø uQ,H mßphka iïnkaOfhka idlÉPd lsÍfï § .kqfokqlrejka fj; we;s j.lSuo wu;l fkdl< hq;= h' úfYaIfhka u" laIqø uQ,H Kh iïnkaOfhka mek k.sk .eg¨jla jkafka .kqfokqlrejka ;ukag oeßh yels Kh wdmiq f.ùfï iSudj blaujñka wdh;k lSmhlskau Kh ,nd .ekSuhs' fujka l%shdj,ska .kqfokqlrejka o je<lsh hq;= h' .kqfokqlrejka ish .dia;= yd Kh jdßl kshñ; ld,h ;=< f.ùu ;=<ska laIqø uQ,H wdh;kh iuÕ hym;a iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd .; hq;= h' tfiau .kqfokqlre ish ,smskh yd wfkl=;a iïnkaëlrK f;dr;=rej, fjkila isÿ jqjfyd;a ta ms<sn| laIqø uQ,H wdh;kh oekqïj;a l< hq;= h' hym;a laIqø uQ,H mßphka wkq.ukh lsÍu ;=<ska ukd wjodkï l<ukdlrKhla iys; M,odhs wdh;ksl jHqyhla we;slr .ekSug" ;ekam;=lrejkag yd wfkl=;a .kqfokqlrejkag we;s wjodku wju lsÍug" úksúo Ndjhlska hq;=j .kqfokqlrejka ms<sn| ksis ie,ls,af,ka lghq;= lsÍug yd .kqfokqlrejkaf.a úYajdih Èkd .ekSug yelsjkq we;s w;r tu.ska rfÜ wd¾Ólhg Wr fok ld¾hlaIu yd m%udKd;aul jHdma;shla we;s laIqø uQ,H wdh;k moaO;shla o ìysjkq we;'❂ wdY%s; uQ,dY%

1. Best Practices in Micro�nance - Facilitating the provision of �nancial services to low income families - www.endpovertfoundation.org

2. Micro�nance Best Practices - Tips for Lenders - www. cro�nancegateway.org

3. Micro�nance regulations for development: global experience - 2011 - Rahman Rushidan

4. The role of Central Banks in micro�nance in Asia and the Paci�c: country studies volume 2 - 2000 - Asian Development Bank

5. Toward an ADB Micro�nance Development Strategy - 2000 - Asian Development Bank

6. Understanding micro�nance - 2009 - Panda Debadutta Kumar

12 2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo, Y%S ,xldfõ we;s úYd,;u iudc wdrlaIK l%uh hs' th úY%du jegqma ysñlï fkd,nk fm!oa.,sl iy w¾O rdcH wxYfha fiajfha kshq;=jQjkaf.a úY%du Èúfhys iqrlaIs;;dj wruqKq lr.ksñka Bg w;aje,la jkakg msysgqjk ,oafoa h' th fiajH fiajl fomd¾Yajfha u wksjd¾h odhl;ajfhka hq;a úY%du jegqma m%;s,dN l%uhla f,i msysgqjd we;' ta" 1958 wxl 15 orK fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a mk; hgf;a h' tfy;a Bg oi jirlg;a fmr i¾ whsj¾ fcksxia f.a m%Odk;ajfhka m;a lrk ,o iudc fiajd fldñiu 1947 § w¾:idOl wruqo,la msysgqúh hq;= hhs ks¾foaY lr ;snqK;a th l%shdjg kexù fkd;sì‚' flfia fj;;a 1958 § w¾:idOl wruqo,la msysgqùu ms<sn| fhdackdj md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa tjlg ksjdi yd iudc fiajd wud;Hjrhdj isá à'î' b,x.r;ak uy;d úisks' fï iïnkaOfhka 1958 fkdjeïn¾ 21 Èk ksl=;a lrk ,o .eiÜ ksfõokfha m<uq ksfhda.h wkqj fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,g fiajH fiajl fomd¾Yajh úiska fiajlhdf.a udisl bmehSïj,ska ms<sfj,ska ishhg 6la iy 4la f,i udislj odhl uqo,a f.úh hq;= njg kshu flßks'

úY%du jegqma ysñlï fkd,nk w;s úYd, msßilg Ôú;fha ieoE iuh w.ysÕlñka f;drj .; lsÍu i|yd fiajdjidkfha m%;s,dN ,ndfok fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo," 1958 foieïn¾ 01 Èk isg wdh;k 54 la úIfhys n,d;aul lsÍfuka msysgqjk ,È' flfia fj;;a fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a msysgqùfï wruqKq miqld,Skj mk;g f.k tk ,o ixfYdaOk iy kshuhka uÕska ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a ù ;sfí' ta wkqj"

^i& 1978 wxl 8 ork mk;a ixfYdaOkfhka fiajHhd yd fiajlhd ms<sfj,ska fiajlhdf.a uq¿ bmehSïj,ska udislj ishhg 9la iy 6la f,i wruqo,g odhl úh hq;= njg kshu lr we;'

^ii& 1981 wxl 26 ork mk;a ixfYdaOkhg wkqj fiajHhd yd fiajlhd ms<sfj,ska udislj wruqo,g odhl úh hq;= wruqo, fiajlhdf.a uq¿ bmehSïj,ska ishhg 12la iy 8la f,i kshu lr ;sfí' j¾;udkfha wju odhl uqo, f,i mj;skafka fuu wkqmd;hhs'

^iii& 1988 wxl 42 ork mk;a ixfYdaOkfhka w¾:idOl wruqof,a idudðlhdf.a fYaIh wemhg ;nd wkqu; nexl=jlska ksjdi Khla ,nd.ekSug úêúOdk ie,isks'

^iv& 2012 wxl 2 ork mk;a ixfYdaOkfhka ksjdi lghq;a;la fjkqfjka fyda idudðlhdf.a ffjoH m%;sldr lghq;= i|yd fyda ;u flaj, .sKqfï mj;sk fYaIfhka ishhg 30 l m%udKhla ksoyia lsÍug myiqlï i,id ;sfí' fuu myiqlu l%shd;aul lrùfï l%ufõoh fï jk úg ielfiñka mj;S'

fï wkqj fuu wruqof,a ks¾ud;Djrekaf.a wruqK jvd mq¿,a yd Yla;su;a mokulska l%shd;aul lr,Su ms‚i miq.sh jir 54 ;=< idOkSh mshjr lsysmhla f.k we;s nj fmfka'

oaú;aj mßmd,kh

1958 wxl 15 ork fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a mk;g wkqj mk; l%shdfõ fhoùu lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=jg

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,

tod" wo iy fygWmd,s ;s,lr;ak

ksfhdacH wêldÍ" fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=j

2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk 13

mejÍ we;' ta wkqj wruqof,a mßmd,k lghq;= fufyhùu lïlre flduidßiajrhd f.a j.lSug hg;a fõ' tys,d fiajdfhdaclhka yd idudðlhka ,shdmÈxÑh" mkf;a úêúOdk m%ldr lghq;= isÿùu iy;sl lrkq jia úu¾Yk lghqj, fh§u yd odhl uqo,a f.ùï meyer yeÍï iïnkaOfhka ffk;sl mshjr .ekSu" m%udo f.ùï u; fiajdfhdaclhkaf.ka wêNdr whlsÍu" m%;s,dN f.ùu i|yd whÿïm;a Ndr.ekSu yd m%;s,dN ksoyia lsÍfï ;SrK ,sms Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j fj; fhduq lsÍu" ksjdi Kh i|yd flfrk Kh whÿïm;a wkqu; lsÍu hkd§ ld¾h /ila lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska bgqlrkq ,nhs'

mkf;a úêúOdk wkqj wruqof,a uQ,H Ndrlre Y%s ,xld uy nexl=j hs' fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo, yd iïnkaO lghq;= rch fjkqfjka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska bgqlrkq ,nk ksfhdað; lghq;=j,ska tlls' fï i|yd uy nexl=fjys fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=j kñka fomd¾;fïka;=jla msysgqjd we;' wruqof,a uQ,H Ndrlre jYfhka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j lghq;= /il kshef,hs' idudðlhkaf.a yd fiajHhkaf.a .sKqï mj;ajdf.k hEu" odhl uqo,a iy ov uqo,a /ialsÍu" iqrlaIs; yd jvd;a M,odhs wxYj, wdfhdackh" wdfhdackfhka ,efnk wdodhu Ndrf.k wruqo,g ner lsÍu" lïlre flduidßia iy;sl lrk ;eke;a;kag m%;s,dN f.ùu" jd¾Isl mokñka wruqof,a ish¿u ,eîï yd f.ùï" wdodhï iy úhoï" j;alï yd nerlï yd ish¿ wdfhdackj, uQK;a jákdlu" .ekqï ñ, fyda fjf<|fmd< jákdlu fyda we;=<;a .sKqï jd¾;d ilia lsÍu iy .sKqï j¾Ih wjidk ù udi ;=kla .;ùug fmr tu jd¾;d úIh Ndr wud;Hjrhdg Ndr§u hkdÈh fï w;r fjhs' wruqof,a .sKqï rcfha ú.Kldêm;s úiska ú.Kkh lrkq ,nhs'

wruqo,a /ialsÍu iy flaj, .sKqï.; lsÍu

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo, i|yd odhl uqo,a f.úh hq;= uq,au wdh;k ,ehsia;=jg wdh;k 54 la we;=<;a úh' fuu wdh;k 54 i|yd mk; l%shd;aul jk Èk 1958 foieïn¾ 1 f,i kshu flÍ we;' 1958 fkdjeïn¾ 21 Èke;s .eiÜ ksfõokfha m<uq ksfhda.fhys fï nj oelafõ' tu .eiÜ ksfõokfha u 1959 ckjdß 01 Èk isg ;j;a wdh;k 14 la i|yd mk; n,d;aul lr we;' fuf,i jßkajr mk;ska wdjrKh úh hq;= wdh;k ixLHdj kshu lrñka meñK 1970 j¾Ifha § meje;ajQ 13 jeks ksfhda.fhka tla fiajlhl= fyda fiajfha fhdojd we;s wdh;khla jqjo fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,g odhl uqo,a f.úh hq;= njg kshu úh' fuu ;;a;ajh miqj úúO fr.=,dis yd kshuhka wkqj ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a flßks' miq.sh jir 10 ;=< fiajl w¾:idOl wruqof,a odhl uqo,a /ialsÍu ms<sn| f;dr;=re mÍlaId lsÍfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka jirl § ,efnk odhl

uqo,a ì,shkhl uÜgug m;aùug jir 24 la .; ù ;sfnk njhs' 1981 j¾Ifha ,enQ odhl uqo, remsh,a ñ,shk 1"089 la f,i jd¾;d fjhs' fuh 2012 j¾Ifha § remsh,a ì,shk 70'2 la njg m;a fjñka jir 20 la ;=< 60 .=Khlska by< .sfha h' fuys idudkH j¾Okh ie,l=jfyd;a th jir 5 lg jrla fo.=Khlg wdikak m%udKhlska jeäjk nj fmfka' fuh jegqma ;,hkays by< hEu" idudðl ixLHdj by< hEu" kj fiajHhka ,shdmÈxÑ ùu iy wju odhl uqo,a m%;sY;h by< hEu hk lreKq u; isÿ jQjls'

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo, tla/ia l< odhl uqo,a

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2010

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

2011 j¾Ih wjika jk úg odhl uqo,a" fmd,S iy wdfhdack wdodhï iys;j wruqof,a iuia; jákdlu remsh,a ì,shk 1020 la úh' fuu jákdlu Y%S ,xldfõ úYd,;u iudc wdrlaIK l%uh f,i tys ;;a;ajh ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lrhs' fiajl w¾:idOl wruqof,a j;alu iuia; jd‚c nexl= l%ufha j;alï yd nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;k j;alu hk foflys tl;=fjka 1$3 l m%udKhlg iudk h' udisl odhl uqo,a f.jk idudðlhka ñ,shk 2'3 la fjkqfjka remsh,a ì,shk 4'5 l uqo,la udislj fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo, fj; ner fõ'

1959 jif¾ § fiajHhka 6"400 la úiska fiajlhka 85"000 la fjkqfjka fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,g odhl uqo,a tjd we;' 2012 wjika jk úg fuu ixLHdj fiajHhka 68"000 la yd fiajlhka ñ,shk 2'3 la olajd by< f.dia ;sfí' ta wkqj 1959 § remsh,a ñ,shk 12 la jQ jd¾Isl odhl uqo, 2012 jif¾ § re' ì,shk 70'1 la olajd j¾Okh ù we;' fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,g odhl uqo,a tjkq ,nk fuka u fkd tjkq ,nk .sKqï ksis mßÈ mj;ajdf.k hEu;a" jd¾Islj

jir odhl uqo,a ,eîu^re'ñ'&

1975 216

1980 747

1985 1"930

1990 3"937

1995 8"154

2000 16"853

2005 27"315

2010 54"796

2011 61"879

2012^w& 70"171

^w& ;djld,sl

14 2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk

m%:u fiajfhka bj;a ù we;akï'

3. ffjoH fya;+ka u; ^iodld,slj kej; fiajh l< fkdyels njg ffjoH uKav,hla iy;sl l< hq;=h&'

4. iaÓr mÈxÑh i|yd úfoaY .;ùu'

5. úY%du jegqma iys; iaÓr m;aùula ,eîu'

6. rdcH ixia:d yd jHjia:dms; uKav," rdcH jHdmdr wEjr lsÍfï § fyda jid oeófï § iy m%isoaO iud.ï njg m;alsÍfï § fyda rdcH ixia:d úiqrejd yeÍfï § fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a ksoyia lrk f,ig wud;H uKav,fha wkque;sh ,eî ;sîu' fuh 1992 jif¾ § mk;g f.k tk ,o kj ixfYdaOkhla uÕska l%shd;aul úh'

m%;s,dN f.ùu ms<sn| ixLHd f;dr;=re

uQ,dY%h( fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,

uE; j¾Ij, § m%;s,dN f.ùïj, ie,lsh hq;= j¾Okhla fmkajhs' th Y%S ,xldfõ jhia.; ck.ykh jeäùfï ;;a;ajh iuÕ iumd; fõ' fuu ;;a;ajh bÈßfha § ;jÿrg;a by< hd yels hehs wfmalaId l< yels h'

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqof,ys ksjdi Kh jevigyk

mk; wdrïNfha" úY%dñl Èúh iekis,sodhl uÜgug

f.k tafï mrud¾:h uQ,sl jqj;a miqld,Skj úY%du

m%;s,dN uqo,a f.ùu i|yd lïlre flduidßiajrhdf.a ks¾foaYh ,nk idudðlhka fjkqfjka m%;s,dN f.ùu;a uE;ld,Skj lemS fmfkk f,i j¾Okh ù ;sfí'

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a m%;s,dN f.ùï

uQ,dY%h ( Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;d

wruqo,a wdfhdackfha § wjodkï l<ukdlrKh i|yd m%udKj;a úplaIKYS,S mshjr .ekSu uÕska wruqof,a iqrlaIs;;dj wdrlaId lrkq jia fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=j úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrhs' ;u idudðlhska fjkqfjka odhl uqo,a /ialr" tajd ksis mßÈ .sKqï.; lr" úplaIKYS,Sj wdfhdackh lr" wdfhdack wdodhï .sKqïj,g ner lr iqrlaIs; f,i kej; m%;s,dNSka fj; ,nd§fï lghq;= miq.sh ld,h mqrd Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=j lsisÿ m%udohlska f;drj isÿlr we;' 1999 jif¾ isg idudðlhkaf.a .sKqïj,g ner lrk odhl uqo,a ms<sn| úia;r" fjk;a úia;r o iuÕ w¾O jd¾Isl .sKqï jd¾;djla f,iska idudðlhskag ,nd§ug o mshjr f.k ;sfí'

l,g fõ,djg m%;s,dN f.ùu

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqof,a m%;s,dN wjia:d 6 la hgf;a ksoyia lsÍug mk;ska yd miqld,Skj mk;g f.k tk ,o ixfYdaOk uÕska bvlv i,id we;'

1. jhi iïmQ¾K ùu u; ^msßñ jhi wjqreÿ 55" .eyeKq wjqreÿ 50&'

2. idudðldjka fiajfhka bj;a ù udi 03 la .;ùug fmr újdy ù we;akï fyda újdy ù wjqreÿ 05 la .;ùug

jir m%;s,dN f.ùïremsh,a ñ,shk

1970 33

1975 89

1980 205

1985 524

1990 1"209

1995 2"700

2000 10"802

2005 16"990

2010 34"896

2011 47"311

2012^w& 48"712

^w& ;djld,sl

jir wdmiq f.ùfï jákdlu^remsh,a ñ,shk&

1980 205

1990 1"209

1995 2"886

2000 10"802

2005 17"024

2006 17"308

2007 21"830

2008 25"931

2009 31"901

2010 34"896

2011 47"311

2012 48"712

2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk 15

Èúhg fmr idudðlhkaf.a ksjdi wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu

i|yd úêúOdk ie,iSu ms‚i 1988 wxl 52 ork fiajl

w¾:idOl wruqo,a ixfYdaOk mk; bÈßm;a lrkq ,eîh'

fuu ixfYdaOkh uÕska idudðlhkag ;u flaj, .sKqfï

we;s fYaIh wemhg ;nd ,xld nexl=j" uyck nexl=j"

cd;sl b;sßlsÍfï nexl=j" rdcH Wlia yd wdfhdack nexl=j"

iuqmldr .%dóh nexl=j" cd;sl ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßh"

ksjdi ixj¾Ok uQ,H ixia:d nexl=j hk nexl=jlska ksjdi

lghq;a;la i|yd Khla ,nd.ekSug ysñlï ,eì‚' fuys §

oekgu;a odhl uqo,a tjkq ,nk idudðlhka fjkqfjka ;u

.sKqfï fYaIfhka 75] l m%udKhla iy oekg odhl uqo,a

fkdtjk idudðlhska i|yd ;u .sKqfï fYaIfhka 50] l

m%udKhlg iudk Kh uqo,la ,nd.ekSug ysñlula ,efí'

fuu jevigyk hgf;a 1998 - 2011 ld,h ;=< idudðlhka

180"998 fofkl=f.a ksjdi wjYH;d i|yd remsh,a ì,shk

36 l uqo,la ,nd§ug yels ù ;sfí'

fuu Kh wdmiq f.ùï iïmQ¾K l< miq wod< nexl= fj;ska

f.ùï ;yjqre ,ndf.k .sKqï hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu o fiajl

w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

ksjdi Kh jevigyk ms<sn| ixLHd f;dr;=re

uQ,dY%h( Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;d jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,

) ksjdi Khla ,nd.ekSu i|yd uQ,sl f,iu ;u .sKqfï

fYaIh wem iq/l=ula f,i igyka l< miqj fuu iy;slh

ksl=;a lrkq ,efí'

by; o;a; uÕska fmkajkafka wruqof,a idudðlhkaf.a

ksjdi wjYH;d i|yd fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a ie,lsh

hq;= ;rfï wkq.%yhla olajd we;s njhs' miq.sh jir 5

;=< ksjdi Kh ,nd§u fo.=Khlska j¾Okh ùu fuys,d

lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' ksjdi Kh uqo,la b,a¨ï lsÍfï

isg Kh uqo,a ,eîu olajd .;jk ld,h ;jÿrg;a wvqlr

.ekSfï wNsfhda.h id¾:lj ch .ekSu i|yd lïlre

fomd¾;fïka;=j yd Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ fiajl w¾:idOl

wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska úúO jevgiyka l%shd;aul

lr ;sfí'

ksjdi Kh fnodyeÍfï lghq;= id¾:l m%.;shla fmkakqj

o Kh wdmiq wh lsÍfï m%;sY;h ms<sn|j i;=gq úh yels

uÜgula fkdue;' fï ms<sn| o;a; fmkajkafka jd¾Islj

ksoyia lrkq ,nk Kh uqo,a m%udKfhka ishhg 33 lg

wdikak jákdlula .;a Kh wdmiq fkdf.jk idudðlhka

fjkqfjka Tjqkaf.a .sKqïj,ska wvqlr wod< nexl= fj;

fhduq lsÍug fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=jg

isÿ ù we;s njhs' 2012 jif¾ § fuf,i nexl= fj;

m%;smQrKh lrk ,o uq¿ uqo, remsh,a ì,shk 2 ls'

ksjdi Kh jevigykg iyNd.S jk nexl=j, by<

l<ukdldß;ajh iuÕ idlÉPd jg lsysmhla mj;ajd

Kh wdmiq wh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh Yla;su;a lsÍug wjYH

mshjr rdYshla miq.sh jir ;=< l%shdjg kxjd ;sfí' tfia

u .%dóh m%foaYj, fuu ksjdi Kh jevigyk mq¿,a lsÍu

i|yd iuqmldr nexl= l<ukdldß;ajh oekqïj;a lsÍfï

jevigyka meje;aùu o ksjdi Kh jevigyk mq¿,a

lsÍug .kq ,en we;s l%shdud¾.hls'

ksjdi Kh jevigyfka wjYH;dj ms<s.ekSu;a" by<

Kh meyer yeÍfï m%;sY;hla jd¾;dùu;a ie,ls,a,g

.ksñka 2012 j¾Ifha § mk;g f.k tkq ,enQ 2012 wxl

2 ork fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a ixfYdaOk mk;g wkqj

ksjdi lghq;a;la fyda idudðlhkaf.a f;dard.;a ffjoH

lghq;= i|yd fyda Tjqkaf.a .sKqfï fYaIfhka ishhg 30 l

m%udKhla ksoyia lsÍug bvlv újD; ù ;sfí'

wdfhdack yd fmd,S f.ùï

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo, l%ufhka úYd,j;au

idudðl;ajh i|yd m%udKj;a m%;s,dN ,efnk mßÈ

wruqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍug iqÿiq mshjr f.k we;' ta

wkqj" fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=fõ

wruqo,a wdfhdackh ms<sn| wkqu; m%;sm;a;Ska wkq.ukh

lrñka 2012 jir wjidkh jk úg remsh,a ì,shk

1"106 la wdfhdackh lr we;' wruqof,a iqrlaIs;;dj

;yjqrelr .ksñka iy m%;s,dN f.ùï isÿlsÍug m%udKj;a

øjYS,;djla mj;ajd .ksñka idudðlhka fj; È.=ld,Sk

Ok uQ¾; m%;s,dNhla ,nd§u b,lal fldg.;a wruqof,a

wdfhdack m%;sm;a;sh iM,odhSj l%shd;aul lr ;sfí' ta

wkqj 2012 jifrys wdfhdackj,ska ishhg 91'5 la rcfha

jir ksl=;a l< wem

iy;slm;a ixLHdj)

wkqu; l< Kh m%udKh

^remsh,a ñ,shk&

2000 12"938 1"648

2005 14"600 2"766

2010 13"848 4"512

2011 20"041 6"355

16 2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk

iq/l=ï m;aj, o ishhg 5'4 la jHdmdr fldgiaj, o ishhg

0'7 l m%udKhla idx.ñl Khlrj, o wdfhdackh lr

;snq‚' ishhg 0'3 l m%udKhla øjYS, j;alïj, lrk

,o wdfhdack úh' tfiau 2011 jir wjika jk úg tu

j¾Ifhys iuia; wdfhdack wdodhu remsh,a ì,shk 121

la f,i jd¾;d jk w;r" mk;g wkqj l< hq;= fufyhqï

úhoï o< wdodhfï m%;sY;hla f,i ishhg 1 lg jvd

^0'78& wvq uÜgul mj;ajd .ksñka idudðlhkag Wmßu

m%;s,dNhla ,nd§ug l%shdlr ;sfí' iuia;hla f,i 2012

jir ;=< idudðl;ajh w;r fnod yer we;s Y=oaO wdodhu

remsh,a ì,shk 111'8 jQ w;r th iuia; wdfhdack wdodhñka

ishhg 92'1l w.hls'

wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd jk fmd,S wkqmd;hla jd¾Isl mokñka f.úh hq;= h' miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< úfYaIfhka u 2009" 2010" 2011 yd 2012 hk j¾Ij, WoaOuk wkqmd;h blaujk by< fmd,S wkqmd;hla ,nd§ug iu;a ùu ;=< Ok uQ¾; fmd,shla fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a m%;s,dNSka fj; f.ùug wruqo,a l<ukdlrejka iu;a jqj o th È.g u mj;ajd .ekSu úi|d .; hq;= wNsfhda.hls'

• idudðl m%;s,dN uqo, ^uQ,H jákdlu& by< kexùu

wruqof,a uQ¾; jákdlu mj;ajdf.k hdfï wNsfhda.h fuka u tljr ,efnk uqof, ys m%udKh idudðlhdf.a bÈß Ôú; ld,h f.jd oeóu i|yd iEfyao hkak

wdfhdack l<U

wNsfhda.

• wruqof,a uQ¾; jákdlu wdrlaId lsÍu

jhia.; ùu fya;=fjka ;jÿrg;a jev l< fkdyelsj úY%du ,enQ miq w.ysÕhlska f;drj Ôj;aùu i|yd tljr m%;s,dN uqo,la ,nd§u uQ,sl wruqK lr.;a fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a ;=<ska ,nd fokq ,nk m%;s,dNh Tyqf.a$wehf.a bÈß Èúh wfmalaIs; whqßka f.ùug m%udKj;a fõ o hk .eg¨j wm yuqfõ ;sfí' úfYaIfhka u fuys tla me;slvla jkafka ,efnk uqof,ys uQ¾; jákdlu bÈß ld,h fjkqfjka wdrlaId lr .kafka flfiao hkak h' ta i|yd wd¾Ólfha jd¾Isl idudkH WoaOuk fõ.h iuÕ fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a m%;s,dN uqo,a uQ¾; jákdlu

.eg¨fõ wfkla me;slvhs' 2012 jir jk úg wmf.a wdhq wfmalaIdj jir 75'1 la úh' fï wkqj wjqreÿ 55 § tljr uqo,la ,nd.kakd idudðlhd jir 20 la o jir 50 § tljr m%;s,dN ,nd.kakd idudðldj jir 25 la o fuu m%;s,dNfhka Ôj;a úh hq;=h' fuh ienúka u wNsfhda.ldÍ h' wruqof,a Ndrlrejka úiska tlaflda fuu wruqo, fldgia jYfhka bÈß jir lsysmh ;=< idudðlhka fj; ksoyia lsÍfï l%ufõohla fyda ke;fyd;a úl,am l%uhlska m%;s,dN m%udKh jeä lsÍu fyda l< hq;=j mj;S' fï i|yd idudðl;ajfha jd¾Islj by< hk fmd,S wdodhu tl;= ùu iy ta i|yd je,a fmd,S ,eîu;a ;=<ska wruqof,a isÿjk iajdNdúl j¾Okh m%udKj;a o hkak .eg¨ iy.; h'

;uka f.a fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a m%;s,dN uqo,a m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| ksYaÑ; f;dr;=re

wdfhdack j¾.h 2011 2012

jákdlu odhl;ajh ] jákdlu odhl;ajh ]

NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr yd ì,am;a 874'6 88'7 1012'1 91'5

rcfha remsh,a Kh 23'1 2'3 23'1 2'1

idx.ñl Khlr 9'2 1'0 8'0 0'7

iud.ï fldgia 75'9 7'7 59'2 5'4

m%;sñ,§ .ekSfï .súiqï 2'8 0'3 3'1 0'3

tl;=j 985'6 100'0 1105'5 100'0

uQ,dY%%h ( Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 2012

wdfhdack l<U

2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk 17

jd¾;d fkdjQj;a i;H f,i u idudðlhka ;uka ,nd

.kakd wruqof,a m%;s,dN bÈß Ôú;h iemj;a lr .ekSu

i|yd wrmßiaiñka mßyrKh lrkafka o hk .eg¨j wm

yuqfõ ;sfí' fï iïnkaOfhka fiajl w¾:idOl wruqof,a

óg fmr isá lïlre flduidßia ví'ã'tia' je,sj;a;

uy;d —fufyjr mshi iure l,dmh˜ g m%ldY lr

we;af;a my; wdldrhg h' —fï ;;a;ajh iudc ixrlaIK

oDIaáfldaKfhka neÆ úg hym;a fkdjk nj fmkS hhs'

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a m%;s,dNfhka ;u m%;s,dN i;H

jYfhka u jeh flfrkqfha ;u iudc ixrlaIKh fjkqfjka

oehs hkak úu¾Ykh l< hq;= h' m%dfhda.slj oelsh yelafla

iïmQ¾K fkdjQ ksjdi wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug" ;u mjqf,a

ffjoH wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug fyda orejkaf.a wOHdmkh

yd újdy lghq;= fjkqfjka fuu uqo, jeh lrk njhs˜'

tkhska n,k l< jeäysá ck.ykfha ÿ.SNdjh ms<sn|j

w¨;a oDIaáhlska ne,Sug wmyg isÿjkq we;' fuu .eg¨j

i|yd m%dfhda.sl úi÷ul wNsfhda.h fiajl w¾:idOl

wruqo,a úiska ch.; hq;=j ;sfí'

isx.mamQrej 1955 § ‘uOHu w¾:idOl wruqo,’ wdrïN l<

w;r" úúO iudc wd¾Ól fjkialïj,g wkqj id¾:lj yd

kuHYS,Sj wruqof,a fjkialï we;slrñka wo jk úg by;

i|yka l< wdldrfha wNsfhda. id¾:lj ch .ksñka l%shd

lrk wdldrh olakg ,efnhs' thska hï wdo¾Yhla wm

rgg o ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj mj;sk nj fuys,d i|yka

l< hq;=h' isx.mamQre jeishkaf.a idudkH wdhq wfmalaIdj

wjqreÿ 81 uÜgug <Õd ù ;sfí' Tjqkaf.a ‘uOHu w¾:idOl

wruqof,ys’ mrud¾: imqrd.kq jia fjk;a nyqúO fhdackd

o iuÕ idudðlhdf.a .sKqfuys jákdlñka fldgila

fiajlhdf.a leue;a; mßÈ wjqreÿ 55 isg bÈß wjqreÿ 30

ld,hla i|yd udisl §ukdjla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug

2009 jif¾ isg bvlv i,id ;sfí' iaj leue;af;ka fï

i|yd odhl jk idudðlhka Èß.ekaùug tu l%uhg

udrejkakkaf.a .sKqïj,g rch m%ido §ukdjla f,i

isx.mamQre fvd,¾ 4000 la fma%IKh lrhs'

tfuka u isx.mamQre ‘uOHu w¾:idOl wruqo,’ i|yd odhl

uqo,a /ialsÍu o jhia ldKav wkqj fjkia wkqmd;j,ska isÿ

flf¾' ta wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 18 - 50 w;r idudðlhskaf.a

udisl bmhSïj,ska ishhg 36 la o 50 -55 jhia ldKavhg

ishhg 30 la o 55 -60 jhia ldKavhg ishhg 21'5la o

60 - 65 jhia ldKavhg ishhg 14la o 65 g by< jhia

ldKavhg ishhg 11'5 la f,i o wruqo,g odhl úh hq;=h'

udisl odhl uqo, o .sKqï ;=klg ner lrk w;r" idudkH

.sKqu" úfYaI .sKqu iy ffjoH iq/l=ï .sKqu f,i uq¿

.sKqu fldgia ;=kls' idudðlhd Ôj;aj isák f;la ffjoH

m%;s,dN .sKqfuys m%;s,dN ysñ jk w;r" fuu ish,a,gu

ndysrj f;dard.;a ffjoH rlaIK l%u i|yd idudðlhdf.a

jdßl f.ùu wod< wruqof,a uqo,ska isÿlrhs' fuu

jevigyk tu wdldrfhka u fkdjqk;a wm rgg .e,fmk

wdldrhg m%dfhda.sl ;,hlg f.k taug we;s yelshdj

fidhd ne,Sug fï iqÿiq u wjia:djla fia ie,lsh yels h'

• wvq úhoï iy läkï idudðl fiajd

idudðlhkag iy fiajHhkag ;u .eg¨ bÈßm;a lsÍu

i|yd lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=fjys ld¾hd, iy Y%S ,xld

uy nexl=fõ fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=j

iuÕ ks;r iïnkaO ùug isÿfõ' tys§ lïlre

fomd¾;fïka;=fõ Èia;%sla uÜgfï ld¾hd, 38 la muKla

msysgd ;sîu iy Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ fiajl w¾:idOl

wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%Odk ld¾hd,h fld<U msysgqjd

;sîu;a ksid idudðlhka iy fiajHhkaf.a úúO wjYH;d

bgqlr .ekSu úhoïldÍ iy wêl ld,hla .;jk

ld¾hhla njg m;aù ;sfí' fuhg ms<shï f,i Y%S ,xld

uQ,dY%h ( Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 2012fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 2010

1980 8'5

1985 12'5

1990 11'5

1995 12'75

2000 11'50

2005 9'00

2006 10'10

2007 11'20

2008 13'20

2009 13'75

2010 12'50

2011 11'50

2012^w& 11'50

jirf.jk ,o fmd,S

wkqmd;h ^]&

idudðl .sKqï fYaI u; f.jk ,o fmd,S wkqmd;

^w& ;djld,sl

18 2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk

uy nexl=fõ fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=j

M,odhS mshjr rdYshla f.k we;'

mj;sk fufyhqï l%shdj,sh ,sms" jd¾;d" wdlD;s m;% iys; ,shlshú,s u; mokï jQ ^Paper Base& l%shdj,shla jk w;r" kùk ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ bf,lafg%dkslj o;a; yqjudrejk iajhxl%Sh l%uhlg udreùu isÿúh hq;= yÈis lghq;a;la fia ie,lsh yels h' uE;ld,Skj fuu úIfhys ,d Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j fuka u lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j bÈß mshjr rdYshla f.k ;sîu o ie,lsh hq;= lreKls' 1999 j¾Ih wjika jkúg uy nexl=fõ fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wNHka;r fufyhqï l%shdj,sh mß.Kl.; lsÍu;a Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j iy Èia;%sla lïlre ld¾hd, fuu mß.Kl cd,hg iïnkaO lsÍu;a tf;la mej;s idudðl fiajdj, ld¾hlaIu;dj ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulska by< kexùug fya;= ù ;sfí'

2011 jir ;=< jvd myiqlï iys; zuyck ljq¿jlaZ fld<U fldgqfõ i¾ ndfrdka ch;s,l udjf;a újD; lsÍu;a iuÕ idudðl fiajd iemehSu hï uÜgulska mq¿,a jqj;a tlu jy,la háka ish¨ fiajd ,nd.ekSg ;ju;a fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a idudðlhkag yelshdjla ,eî fkdue;' kdrdfyakamsg lïlre uy f,alï ld¾hd,hg hdno j wNskjfhka bÈlrkq ,nk uy,a 35 lska hq;a zfufyjr mshiZ bÈ jQ miq fiajl w¾:idOl wruqof,a ish¿ fiajd tlu ;eklska ,nd.; yels jk mßÈ ish¿ wdh;k tu f.dvke.s,a,g f.k taug kshñ;j ;sfí'

úoHq;a l%uhg mß.Kl ;eá uÕska odhl uqo,a tùfï l%uhla y÷kajd§u 1999 j¾Ifha § wdrïN lr we;s w;r" miqj fuu l%uh úoHq;a ;emE, uÕska f;dr;=re f.kajd .ekSu olajd o 2011 jif¾ § úoHq;a udOH uÕska odhl uqo,a /ialsÍfï ksfhdað;hka f,i jd‚c nexl= m;alsÍug o mshjr f.k ;sfí' fuys§ uq,ska u 2011 Tlaf;dan¾ ui isg fldu¾I,a nexl=fõ —paymaster˜ l%uh o fojkqj 2012 § ,xld nexl=fõ —i-net˜ l%uh o y÷kajd §u uÕska Tjqkaf.a YdLd cd,h ;=<ska odhl uqo,a /ialsÍfï l%ufõohla l%shd;aul lsÍu odhl uqo,a f.ùu ms<sn| fiajH mlaIh ,enQ myiqjls'

2012 wxl 2 ork fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a ixfYdaOk mk; uÕska fiajlhka 50 lg jvd fiajfhys fhfok wdh;k ;u odhl uqo,a f;dr;=re úoHq;a ;emEf,ka tùu wksjd¾h lr we;s w;r" fï l%uh l%shd;aul fjkjd;a iuÕ idudðl .sKqï hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu wvq úhoï lghq;a;la jkjd fuka u ld¾hlaIu;djh o by< hkq we;'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ 2011 jd¾Isl jd¾;dfõ i|yka jk mßÈ idudðl .eg¨ úi£u i|yd cx.u fiajd meje;aùu

Wmdh ud¾.sl wruqKla njg m;alr ;sfí' fuh idudðl fiajd iemhSfï M,odhS mshjrla ùug kï mq¿,a mrdihl idudðl fiajd" iudðlhdf.a yd fiajHhdf.a wi,g f.k f.dia ,nd §fï jevigyka f,i th ÈhqKq úh hq;=h' idudðl fiajd w.kqjßka neyer m%foaYj,g f.k hEfï wNsfhda.h id¾:lj ch.%yKh lsÍu ms‚i ,shlshú,s yd jd¾;d u; mokï jQ fufyhqï l%ufõoh wod< f,aLk Pdhdia: .; fldg cx.u fiajd ys § mßyrKh lsÍug yels uÜgulg f.k wd hq;=j ;sfí' jd¾;d Pdhd ms<sônq .; lsÍfï jHdmD;shla w¨;ska wdrïN lr ;sîu fuu ld¾hfha§ Wmldr jk i;=gqodhl mshjrls'

hï ;eke;af;l=" wdh;k lsysmhl fiajh lr we;s úg Tyqg fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a idudðl wxl lsysmhla ysñ fõ' ta wkqj tla mqoa.,hl= úIfhys nyq wxl l%uhla mej;Su iy tu wxlj, wod< f;dr;=re iEu úgu ksjerÈ fkdùu ^úfYaIfhka tlu ku úúO fiajd ia:dkj, bx.S%is NdIdfjka fjkiaj ,shdmÈxÑ lr ;sîu jeks& fndfyda .eg¨ we;s lrhs' fuu ;;a;ajh wju lsÍu i|yd iEu idudðlfhla u talSh wxlhlska iïnkaO lsÍu wruqKq lrf.k 2007 j¾Ifha § kej; ,shdmÈxÑlsÍfï jevigykla wdrïN lrk ,È' fuys § cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a wxlh" fiajl w¾:idOl wruqof,a talSh y÷kd .ekSfï wxlh f,i kej; ,shdmÈxÑ lrk w;r" tuÕska idudðlhd uq,a lr.;a o;a; moaO;shla we;s lr .ekSug wfmalaId flf¾' fuu jHdmD;sfha uq,a wÈhr id¾:lj ksud ù we;s w;r" bÈßfha § Y%u fjf<|fmd<g meñfKk kjlhska fuka u oekg isák fiajlhka w¨;a /lshdjlg udre ùfï § cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a wxlhg wkqj ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug wjYH mshjr f.k ;sfí'

j¾;udkfha fndfyda ckm%sh cx.u ÿrl:k flá m‚jqv fiajdj Ndú; lrñka ;u .sKqfï fYaIh oek.ekSu" m%;s,dN whÿï lsÍfï § tys ;;a;ajh oek.ekSu jeks f;dr;=re i|yd wod< myiqlu Ndú;hg idudðlhka fj; wjia:dj ,nd § ;sfí' fuu fiajdj ,nd.ekSug uq,ska u wruqo, iuÕ ,shdmÈxÑ úh hq;= w;r" wod< idudðlhdg ,efnk ryiH wxlh Ndú;fhka flá m‚jqv fiajdfjka .sKqfï f;dr;=re ,nd .;yels h' tfiau" m%;s,dN ,nd.ekSfï whÿïm;a Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j fj; heùu ms<sn| f;dr;=re o idudðlhd fj; flá m‚jqvhla uÕska oekqïj;a lsÍug lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska mshjr f.k ;sfí'

fufia Y%S ,xldfõ úYd,;u yd mq¿,a;u iudc wdrlaIK jevigyk jk fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo, wLKavj j¾Okh fjñka ;u idudðl;ajhg iy wfkl=;a yjq,alrejka fj; ld¾hlaIu fiajdjla ,nd§ug iu;a ù ;sfí' th fjkiajk

^20 fjks msgqjg'''&

2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk 19

iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,la hkq l=ulao@

fldgia" ne÷ïlr" foam<" w.kd f,day j¾. fyda fjk;a

uQ,H WmlrK jeks úúO uQ,H j;alïj, wdfhdackh lrk

,o lsishï rchlg wh;a uQ,H ixÑ;hla iaffjÍ;aj Ok

wruqo,la jYfhka ye¢kafõ' idudkHfhka rchg fuu

wruqo,a ,efnkafka whjeh w;sßla;h ;=<sks' lsishï rgla

i;=j whjeh w;sßla;hla we;s wjia:djl§ th tu rfÜ

uy nexl=j i;=j ;nd .ekSu fyda trg wd¾Ólh ;=<g .,d

hdug fkd§ wdfhdack ud¾.hla f,i tu uqo,a iaffjÍ;aj

Ok wruqo,aj, wdfhdackh lsÍu fyda idudkH jHjydrhhs'

iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a f.da,Sh jYfhka wdfhdackh lrkq

,nk w;r" fndfyduhla iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a úfoaY

úksuh j;alïj,ska uQ,Hkh lrkq ,nhs'

iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a l%shd;aul lsÍfï wNsfma%rK

ráka rgg fjkia fõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka tlai;a

wrdì tñf¾Ü rdcHh Lksc f;,a wmkhkh ;=<ska Wmojd

.kakd úYd, wdodhï w;sßla; ixÑ;h" Lksc f;,a wdY%s;

wjodkfuka uqod .ekSu i|yd thska fldgila iaffjÍ;aj

Ok wruqo,aj, wfhdackh lsÍu oelaúh yelsh' fndfyda

rgj,a tu rgj, ,dN jYfhka bÈßhg f.fkk uqo,a

cd;sl wd¾Ólfha iy mqrjeishkaf.a Y=NidOkh i|yd

iaffjÍ;aj wruqo,aj, wdfhdackh lrhs' úúO wdfhdack

ud¾.j,g Okh fnodyeÍu iy u;= mrmqr fjkqfjka Okh

bmsoùu ;=<ska rfÜ wd¾Ólh ia:djr lsÍu iaffjÍ;aj Ok

wruqo,l uQ,sl ld¾hh fõ'

b;sydih

m%:u iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo, jQfha w;sßla; Lksc f;,a wruqo,a wdfhdackh i|yd 1953 j¾Ifha msysgqjk ,o l=fõÜ wdfhdack wêldßh ^Kuwait Investment Authority& úiska we;s lrk ,o iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,hs' bka j¾I follg miqj lsßn;s ^Kiribati& rdcHh tys wdodhï ixÑ; oeÍu i|yd wruqo,la msysgqjk ,§' my; i|yka m%Odk wruqo,a msysgqjk ;=re w¨;a l%shdldß;ajhka ^Activities& lsysmhla muKla isÿù we;'

• wnqvdì wdfhdack wêldßh ^1976& ^Abu Dhabi’s Investment Authority&

• isx.mamQre rdcH wdfhdack ixia:dj ^1981& ^Singapore Government Investment Corporation&

• fkda¾fõ rdcH úY%du wruqo, ^Norway’s Government Pension Fund&

miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,aj, úYd,;ajh yd ixLHdj úYauh ckl f,i by< .sfhah' 2012 j¾Ih jkúg f,dj mqrd msysgqjd ;snqKq iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a ixLHdj 50 la muK jQ w;r" tajdfhys uq¿ jákdlu wfußldkq fvd,¾ á%%,shk 5 blauúh'

NdKav iy NdKav fkdjk iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a

iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a NdKav ^Commodity& iy NdKav fkdjk ^Non Commodity& jYfhka foj¾.hlg fnfoa' fuu foj¾.fhys fjki jkafka wruqo, uQ,Hkh lrk l%uhhs'

iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a ^Sovereign Wealth Fund&

ms<sn| ye¢kaùula

ví't,a'.=Kfiak

ksfhdacH wOHlaI" ixLHdk fomd¾;fïka;=j

20 2013 ud¾;=$ wfm%%a,a - igyk

NdKav wmkhkh ;=<ska ,efnk uqo,a Wmfhda.S lrf.k

NdKav iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a uQ,Hkh lrkq ,nhs'

lsishï rgl wmkhk NdKavj, ñ, .Kka by< hk

wjia:dj, trg wmkhkj,g úYd, w;sßla; wdodhula

,efí' tfukau wmkhk NdKavj, ñ, .Kka my< hEu"

wmkhk u; hefmk wd¾Ólhl whjeh ysÕhlg u.

mdohs' fujeks wjia:d je,elaùug iaffjÍ;aj wruqo,a

fjk;a wxYj, wdfhdackh lrñka wd¾Ólh ia:djr lrkq

,nk idOlhla f,i l%shdlrhs'

2000 iy 2012 w;r ld,h ;=< § .Eia iy Lksc f;,a

ñ, by< hdu fya;= fldg f.k NdKav iaffjÍ;aj Ok

wruqo,aj, úYd, j¾Okhla we;s úh' 2012 jkúg NdKav

iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,aj, uq¿ tl;=j á%%,shk 2'5 blauúh'

cx.u .sKqfï w;sßla;h ;=<ska cks; jk wu;r úfoaY

úksuh ixÑ; Wmfhda.S lrf.k NdKav fkdjk iaffjÍ;aj

Ok wruqo,a uQ,Hkh lrkq ,efí' 2012 j¾Ih jkúg NdKav

fkdjk iaffjÍ;aj wruqo,aj, uq¿ tl;=j wfußldkq

fvd,¾ á%%,shk 2 la muK úh' fuh Bg j¾I 3 lg fmr uq¿

fYaIh fuka ;=ka .=Khls' j¾;udkfha fndfyda iaffjÍ;aj

Ok wruqo,a uQ,Hkh lrkq ,nkafka NdKav wmkhkh ;=<ska

,efnk w;sßla; uqo,aj,sks' tfia jqjo" 2015 jkúg NdKav

fkdjk iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,aj, w.h uq¿ wruqo,aj,ska

ishhg 50 blaujkq we;'

iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a wfhdackh lrkq ,nkafka l=uk

WmlrKj, o@

iaffjÍ;aj Ok wruqo,a iïm%odhslj wdrlaIdldÍ yd

È.=ld,Sk wfhdackhka h' tajd" my; i|yka j;alï we;=¿j

mq¿,a mrdihl j;alï .Kkdjl wdfhdackh lrkq ,nhs'

• rcfha ne÷ïlr ^Government Bonds&• idudkH fldgia ^Equities&• iDcq úfoaYSh wdfhdack ^Foreign Direct Investments&

flfia jqjo" wruqo,a ixLHdj jeäjk úg fyðka wruqo,a

^Hedge Funds&" fm!oa.,sl fldgia ^Private Equity& jeks idudkH wdfhdaclhskag <Õd úh fkdyels úl,am

wdfhdack ud¾. flfrys fhduq fõ' ks;r fjkiajk ke.S

tk fjf<|fmd<j, wdfhdackh lrkq ,nk iaffjÍ;aj

Ok wruqo,a iïm%odhsl wdfhdackj,g jvd jeä wjodkula

;sfnk nj cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, jd¾;d lr we;'❂

rdc.sßh" Y%S chj¾Okmqr udjf;a" wxl 58 ork ia:dkfha msysá Y%S ,xld uy nexl= uqøKd,fha uqøKh lrk ,ÿj"

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ksl=;a lrk ,§'

wd¾Ól" iudc yd foaYmd,k rgdjg .e<fmk wdldrhg yev .efiñka fifuka kuq;a ;sridr .ukl kshe,S isà' ta yuqfõ we;s wNsfhda. ch.; yelsfõ kï wruqof,ys ks¾ud;Djrekaf.a wfmalaId u,aM, .kajkakg yelsh' fï id úYd, wruqo,la f.dvke.=fka fiajHhka" fiajlhka" lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j yd Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=j wd§ ish,af,ys u tluq;=fjka iy wfkHdakH iyfhda.fhks' fyg Èk i|yd .e,fmk jvd Yla;su;a wruqo,la f.dvke.Su i|yd fuys idlÉPd l< wNsfhda. ch.ekSug o lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=jg yd Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a fomd¾;fïka;=jg fuka u idudðlhka yd fiajdfhdaclhska fj; o ie,lsh hq;= j.lSula fuka u ld¾hNdrhla o mejÍ we;af;a h'❂

uQ,dY%(-

1. Y%S ,xld md¾,sfïka;=fõ yekaidâ jd¾;dj - 1957 yd 1958

2. Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;d - 1960 isg 2012

3. fiajl w¾:idOl wruqof,a jd¾Isl jd¾;d - 2002 - 2010

4. fufyjr mshi iure l,dmh - lïlre in|;d yd ñksian,

wud;HdxYh

5. 1958 wxl 15 ork fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a mk; iy thg

wod< ixfYdaOk we;=<;a mk;a flgqïm;

6. uOHu w¾:idOl wruqo,a uKav,h" isx.mamQrej ^Central Provident Fund Board - Singapore& - jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 2011

7. uOHu w¾:idOl wruqo,a uKav,fha fjí wvúh

www'cpf'gov'sg

'''18 fjks msgqfjka