Literature Review Payam Kabiri, MD.. Epidemiologist Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Literature Review

Payam Kabiri, MD..Epidemiologist

Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics

School of Public Health

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

What is Literature? What is Literature Review? What kind of Literature do we have? When the Literature review should be down? When to use Literature in proposals? How to refer to the used Literature?

Literature Review

مرور متون

من�ابع نظام من�د تحلي�ل و جس�تجو )اعم از مقال�ه، کت�اب، پاي�ان نام�ه و موض�وعی زمين�ه ي�ک در ک�ه )...

خاص منتشر شده است.

اهميت مرور متون

مرور متون بر اساس موضوع پژوهش صورت می گيرد و در موارد زير به کار می رود:

در تهيه پروپوزال

بيان مساله و مقدمه در تنظيم گزارش نهايی

بحثو مقدمه ... ساير موارد مانند

Steps of Literature Review

Problem formulation which topic or field is being examined and what

are its component issues? Literature search finding materials relevant to the subject being

explored Data evaluation determining which literature makes a significant

contribution to the understanding of the topic Analysis and interpretation discussing the findings and conclusions of

pertinent literature

ه ياطالعات پا(Basic Knowledge) (Text book)های مرجع کتاب

اطالعات روزآمد(Updated Knowledge) (Periodicals)و نشريات ادواری مجالت

Information Resources


Print MaterialsElectronic Materials

Print Materials

Journals & Papers Indexes Dissertations & ThesisAbstracts of SeminarsBooks & Booklets

• Local Data www.iranmedex.com

www.magiran.com

www.irandoc.ac.ir

www.srlst.com

www.sid.ir

•International Data www.pubmed.com


What is a Bibliographic Database?

A bibliographic database or library database is a database of bibliographic information.

May contain information about papers, books and other materials held in a library.

Databases

General Databases(Comprehensive OR Core Databases)

Specialized Databases(Subjects Specified Databases)

General Databases(Comprehensive OR Core Databases)

Medical Sciences Medline Embase Scopus

All Sciences Web of Sciences

Biological Abstracts International Pharmaceutical Abstract PsychInfo CINAHL Agricola Econlite Chemical Abstracts

Specialized Databases(Subjects Specified Databases)

Citation Databases

Web of Science Scopus Google Scholar

Electronic Journals & Collection

Elsevier Science Ovid Blackwell Science Oxford university Press Proquest Springer Ebsco

Databases

Biological Abstracts Medline CINAHL Psychinfo Embase Chemical Abstracts

Electronic Journals & Collection

Elsevier Science Ovid Blackwell Science Oxford university Press Proquest Springer Ebsco

Also Note Biases

Publication Bias Fulltext Bias Language Bias Database Bias … …

Publication Bias

Sterling study: 97% of papers published in 4 psychology journals showed statistically significant results at alpha level 5% !

Dickersin study: compared published RCTs with unpublished ones .results:55%pub,15% unpub, favoring new therapy!

Mahoney stuD:75 reviewers asked to review different versions of a fictitious manuscript. ”introduction” & ”methods” : identical, ”results” & “discussion” : different (+/ambiguous /-). results of reviewers evaluation : manuscripts with “positive” results received higher average scores!

Publication Bias

1)…if they had reached sig. 2) positive result 3) interesting results for both reviewers &

authors! 4) language bias (ENG) in being included in

a meta-analysis.

Searching Libraries for Thesis & Research Reports

Searching Registries Searching Gray Literature Searching especial Journals like:

“Journal of Negative results in Biomedicine”

Publication Bias

آشنايی با بانك اطالعاتي مدالين

Index MedicusNational Library of Medicine

(NLM)

Dr. John Shaw Billings

John Shaw Billings

(US Army general Surgeon)

Director of the NLM

established Index Medicus.

Index Medicus

Making: Author Index Subject Index

They call it: Index Medicus

Medical Literature Analysis And Retrieval

System


MEDLARS

MEDLARS ONLINE

MEDLINE


بانك اطالعاتي مدالين در واقع همان نسخه الکترونيک ايندكس

مديكوس چاپي است که به صورت نسخه سي دي و يا وب

منتشر مي شود.


Medline

3200 Journal First & Now +4900 Journal

More 250,000 Paper per Year75% of the Whole Printed English

Papers throughout the worldOver 13,000,000 Records Till Now

Medline

1966 up to now National Library of Medicine (NLM)

ProductMore than 13,000,000 Record till

nowThe most used database by Medical

Researchers throughout the world

Medline

Publish more than 800 papers per day Covers Medical, Dental & Nursing

papers In 2006, 4,928 journals are currently

indexed for MEDLINE Available online through web since

1971.


Records Fields

Titles (Ti) Authors (Au) Source (So) Journal Name (Jn) Main Abstract (MA) Medical Subjects Headings (MESH) ………………………………………………


Search Methods1. Find (Search)

2. Index

3. Thesarus (MeSH)

Output Options1. View

2. Download

3. Print

4. Email


Operators1. AND

2. OR

3. NOT

4. ADJ

Boolean Logics

Shaded areas indicate retrieval

Search StatementTypes of records

retrieved

stress AND anxietyDocuments that have

either stress AND anxiety

stress OR anxietyDocuments that have

both stress OR anxiety

stress NOT anxietyDocuments that have

stress but NOT anxiety

Truncation For singular, plural or word-roots findings. Examples:

child* will retrieve children, childhood, childlike adolescen* will retrieve adolescent, adolescence, adolescently derm* will retrieve dermal, dermatitis, dermatology, dermoid,

dermatologist, dermatopathologist, …

Be very careful of small word roots when looking for plurals… cat* rat* catastrophe rational cataract ratify category ratio

Rather use: (cat OR cats) (rat OR rats)

Some comparisons between the MEDLINE of 1971 & the MEDLINE of

today

Items 1971 2006

Indexed Journals

239 4,928

Users 2577,000,000 unique visits &

about 800,000,000 searches

Serveran IBM 360/50

mainframe computer

on 20 Dell PowerEdge, 2 CPU 8Gb RAM, with the Linux operating system

PubMed

PubMed is available via the NCBI

Entrez retrieval system. It was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM), located at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

MEDLINE Facts

Producer National Library of Medicine, Washington, DC.

Subjects medicine, dentistry, nursing, preclinical sciences, health care systems, veterinary medicine

Size 4500+ journals indexed; 14 million references

Scope Journals from 70 countries (>50% US)

Languages 30+

Abstracts included for >75% of references; author-written

Coverage 1966 – present

http://www.pubmed.comhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

http://www.tums.ac.ir/http://diglib.tums.ac.ir/

Academic Search Engines

Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com

Scirus http://www.scirus.com

42

http://scholar.google.com

Epi Resources on the Web

http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/ http://www.cdc.gov/ http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/epidem/

epidem.html http://www.who.int/ http://www.irea.ir

Epi Resources on the Web

http://www.martindalecenter.com/ http://www.hutchon.net/Calcmenu.htm http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/

VassarStats.html http://www.dmoz.org/Health/

Public_Health_and_Safety/Epidemiology/

اگر میل داشتید Email ! بزنید

[email protected]