Loksewa Patrika6

7/25/2019 Loksewa Patrika6

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EmaliM [email protected], Website: www.psc.gov.np


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15= Public Service Delivery Shyam Prasad

Mainali @@@

16= Overview on Con!ict Management Dr. Niranjan Prasad

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lng nufOG5 . d]l8sn 8S6/x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 lxkf]qm]l6s cf]y lng nufOG5,of];j{dfGo k|rng xf].

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] kl/efiff lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df l68 c8{j]n] k|zf;g / k|zf;snfO{ oxLcfrf/gLlt leq ;+nUg u/L cyf{Psf 5g\. pgs} zAbdf n]Vbf"Administration is a moral act andadministrator is a moral agent." cyf{t k|zf;g Pp6f g}lts sfo{xf]eg]k|zf;s ;f]sfo{lgjf{x

;f/f+zk|zf;gdfq geO{ b}lgs hLjg ;+rfngdf ;d]t cfrf/gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /xG5 . sfg"gn] ;d]tsfo{ ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg cfrf/gLltn] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5 . o; kIfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ;a}jf6cfrf/gLltsf] kfngf x'g' h?/L 5 . o; n]vdf cfrf/gLltsf] ;}4flGts ljj]rgf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf

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badness of actions and motives and consequences of these actions. As applied to business

firms, ethics is the study of good and evel, right and wrong, and just and unjust actions of

businessmen"cyf{t cfrf/gLltn]g}lts l;4fGtnfO{klxrfg ub{5 . tL l;4fGtdf 7Ls a]7Ls,enf]kg / s'enf]kg lqmofsnfk / ltgsf] kl/0ffd cGt/lglxt x'G5g\ . Jofkf/L If]qsf] pbfx/0fk|:t't ubf{cfrf/gLlt Jofkf/Lx?n]cjnDag ug]{ c;n / xfgLsf/s, 7Ls a]7Ls, Goflos /

u}/Goflos lqmofsnfksf];dli6ut cWoog xf].

Websters New World Dictionary of the American Languagedf cfrf/gLltnfO{o;/L cYof{OPsf]5 M

1. The study of standards of conduct and moral judgement, morale philosophy.

2 A treatise of this study.

3. The system or code of morales of a particular person, religion, group, profession etc"

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o;n];sf/fTds lg0f{o lng an k'ofp5M s'zn Joj:yfks hf]cfrf/gLltn]8f]ofOPsf]x'G5 p;n] cfdsd{rf/L / pkef]Stfsf] kIfdf ;sf/fTds lg0f{o lnG5 . ;sf/fTdslg0f{ojf6 xhf/f}+nfvf}+u|fxsx? nfeflGjt x'g k'Ub5g\.

cfrf/gLlt / d'gfkmf Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt 5g\M cfrf/gLltjf6 8f]ofOPsf Joj:yfksx?bL3{sfnLg ?kdf d'gfkmfdf /xG5g\. ;xL lg0f{o / nufgLn] unt k|ltkmn lbg ;Sb}g .o; cy{df oL b'O{ljifo Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt 5g\.

sfg"gn];dfhsf];+/If0f gug{;Sb5 t/ cfrf/gLltn]ub{5M k|ljlwsf]rdTsfl/t ljsf;n]ubf{;dfhdf l56f]l56f]kl/jt{g b]vfk/]sf 5g\. oL kl/jt{gsf] ;+/If0f cfrf/gLltn] dfqug{;Sb5 . sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ ;do nfUg] ePsfn] s'zn Joj:yfksn] cfkm\gf] ljj]sk|of]u u/L ljr}df b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{;xof]u k'ofp5 .

%= cfrf/gLltsf >f]tx?

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s= wd{M

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wd{n]cfbz{;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu lbzfjf]w ub{5 . o;n] ;fdflhs bfloTj lgjf{xdf ;d]tpTk|]l/t u/fpF5 . oxL wd{sf] ;+:sf/n] ;dfhnfO{ cu|ult k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u ul//x]5 . o;sf]u}/pkl:yltdf ;dfh ;+rfngdf cg]sg cj/f]w cfpg]lglZrt 5 .

v= ;f+:s[lts

;dfhdf k|rlnt d"No dfGotfsf];+:sf/n];d]t cfrf/gLltnfO{8f]ofpF5 . jt{dfg ;Eotfkf}/fl0fs ;+:s[ltsf]lg/Gt/tf xf]. s;} s;}n] ;+:s[ltsf] dxTj ga'em]/ o;sf] cfnf]rgf u/]tfklg o;}sf];xfotfn]b]zdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx? cufl8 a9\b} uPsf]kfOG5 .

;+:s[lt rnfodfg /xG5 . ljutsf] ;+:s[lt jt{dfg ;dodf kl/dfh{g ePsf pbfx/0f klgk|;:t}kfOG5g\. k"j{ ;Eotfdf kfzljs zlSt Jofkf/sf nflu u|fXo lyof] t/ jt{dfg o'udfTo:tf]5}g .

s[lif o'u, cf}Bf]lus o'usf d"No dfGotfx? km/s 5g\. lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/n] gofFd"No dfGotf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf]kfOG5 . cf}Bf]lus o'usf d"No dfGotfn] s[lif o'udf d'NodfGotf qmdzM lj:yflkt ub}{nu]sf]pbfx/0f y'k|}b]lvG5 . ef]lnsf lbgdf gf}nf] ;+:s[ltn];d]t 7fpFcf]u6\b}hfg]lglZrt 5 .

lxGb"wd{df 5}6L, Gjf/fg, j|taGw, ljjfx cflb ;+:sf/ ljBdfg 5g\. ;+:sf/sf] dxTj ga'emLo;sf]lj/f]w eP tfklg oL ;+:sf/ k|rngdf kfOG5g\. tf]lsPsf] o'udf k|rlnt ;+:sf/ k"/}nf]k x'g w]/}ztfAbL nfUg ;Sb5 . t/ gofF o'udf k'/fgf] ;+:s[ltn] klg kl/jlt{t dfGotfkfO/x]sf]x'G5 . oxL ;+:s[ltn]dflg; / ;dfhnfO{cfrf/gLltdf cg'alGwt ub{5 .

u= sfg'gL k4tL

;/sf/n];+;bjf6 kfl/t u/]sf P]g lgodx? sfg'g x'g\. o:tf sfg'gsf] cgle1tf IfDox'Fb}g . ctM ;/sf/4f/f kfl/t d'n'sL P]g ;j{;fwf/0fn]kfngf ug}{kb{5 .

;dfhdf sfg'gsf]pNn+3g oqtq b]lvG5 . ;j{;fwf/0fn] s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . t/ s/ gltg]{;d'bfo klg y'k|} e]l6G5g\. vfBfGgdf ld;fj6 u/]/ Jofkf/Lx?n] d'gfkmf sdfO{/x]sf x'G5g\ .o:tf ultljlw b08gLo x'G5g\ .


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cfr/0f gLltsf pk/f]Qm tLgj6}>f]tx? Ps cfk;df cfj4 5g\. ctM ltgLx?sf] JofVofljZn]if0f leGg lzif{sdf k|:t't u/]tfklg Ps ljifon]csf]{ ljifonfO{ k|efljt kfl//x]sf]x'G5g\. wd{ ;+:s[lt / sfg" g ;a} ljifon] Ps csf{nfO{ 8f]ofO/x]sf] kfOG5 . wd{ ;+:s[ltl;t;DalGwt 5 eg]sfg'g wd{/ ;+:s[ltsf]pkh xf]eGbf cTo'lSt x'Fb}g .

oxfFjf]w ug'{kg]{s'/f s]5 eg] cfrf/gLltsf >f]tx?df obfsbf Ps >f]tn] csf]{ >f]tdflyk|e'Tj hdfO/x]sf]x'G5 . o; cy{df sfg'gsf] cy{ cx+ b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} hf]8Ln]lxGb"wd{cg'?k ljjfx ;DkGg u/]tfklg To;sf]k|dfl0fs/0f geP;Dd To;n]sfg'gL?kdfdfGotf gkfpg ;Sb5 . o; cy{df ljjfx btf{clgjfo{ul/Psf]kfOG5 .

%= cfrf/gLltn]>[hgf ug]{ G

sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;do ;dodf cfrf/gLltsf Gbjf6 k|efljt x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof o;sf >f]tx?tLg a'Fbfdf klxrfg ul/Psf]kfOG5 M

s= cfdg];fdg]cfrf/ gLltM

;+u7g Pj+Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk JolStx?jf6 ;+rflnt Joj;fo xf]. pTkfbs, demf}lnof,ljqm]tf, pkef]Stf Ps csf{l;t ;DalGwt x'G5g\. Ps lgsfosf] sfo{ / ultljlwn] csf]{lgsfosf] sfo{df k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu yf]s ljqm]tfn] ;dodf ;fdfggkfPdf p;n]cGo Jofkf/LnfO{;fdfg pknAw u/fpg ;Sb}g . o; ;Gbe{df pTkfbgstf{

/ yf]s ljqm]tfsf] ;d]t /fd|f] ;DaGw x'g' kb{5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljleGgJolSt Ps csf{sf] ;Dks{df kb{5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljleGg JolQm;Dks{df cfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ klg b'O{ JolQm jf b'O{ ;d'xjLr /fd|f] / ;'dw'/ ;DaGw /x]tfklg ;do ;dodf ;+s6 >[hgf x'g ;Sb5 .

:t/Lo j:t'pTkfbgsf]sfo{pTkfbg stf{sf]xf]. tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/ ;fdfg pTkfbggeP, ld;fj6 kfOP klxnf]dtleGgtf pTkfbg stf{ / yf]s ljqm]tfdf kg{ hfG5 . of];DaGw lj:tf/ u|fxs ;dIf k'Ug]ePsfn]jLrdf cg]sg ;d:of cfpg ;Sb5g\. t;y{b'O{JolQmlar ljBdfg ;DjGwdf s'g}s6'tf gcfcf]; eGgsf nflu ;a}JolSt / lgsfon]cfkm"nfO{;'lDkP cg'?ksf]sfo{ug'{ kb{5 .

v= ;+u7gsf]gLlt ;DaGwL cfrf/ gLltM obf sbf ;+:yfg Pj+sDkgLx? cfkm\gf]sfo{sfl;nl;nfdf ;+s6df cNemG5g\. b]xfosf a'Fbfjf6 o;sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{;lsG5 .


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sDkgLn]tf]lsPsf]pTkfbgdf kl/jt{g g}gNofoL gofF?k lbg vf]h]df, cyjfo;jf/]sf] hfgsf/L Kofls / kl/jt{gdf dfq u/L lj1fkg u/]df ljqmL a9\b5eGg]cfPdf s:tf]lg0f{o lng pko'St xf]nf < o;n] s] s:tf] ;+rf/ k|jfx unf{ L xl/jxfb'/ yfkf / ls/0f e08f/Ln] cfkm\gf] k':ts /fhgLlt bfpk]rleq sd{rf/L tGq df n]v]sf5g\g]kfnsf]sd{rf/L tGqdf P]glgodcg';f/ geO{/fhgLlts bjfj / ?rL cg';f/ k|zf;g;~rfng ug]{ k4lt a;]sf]5 . lgikIf / t6:y sd{rf/L tGq cf]7] k|lta4tf dfq ag]sf] 5 .kf6L{x?sf Jojxf/df :KjfOn l;:6d df hfg]rfxgf b]lvG5 .

ljfg\k|f1 k|f= ob'gfy vgfnn]n]Vg'ePsf]5 ;To s] xf] eg] xfdL ;d" rf ?kdf h:tf 5f} To:t}k|zf;g xfdL kfpF5f}+ . oyfy{df s'g} klg b]zsf]lghfdtL ;]jf To; b]zsf];dfh eGbf k[ysx'g ;Sb}g . jt{dfg ;dodf lghfdtL ;]jf leq klxrfg ul/Psf lj;+utL ljs[lt xfd|} ;dfh //fhgLltsf]k|ltljDj xf]eGbf cTo'lSt gxf]nf .

lj=;+= @)^@^# sf]hgcfGb]fng kZrft xfdL gofFzf;g k|0ffnLsf]e"ldsf vf]Hb}5f}+ . o;;+qmd0fsfndf h;/L ljleGg If]qdf c:t Jo:ttf 5fPsf]5 To;sf] s]xL c+z k|zf;gdf klg b]vf

k/]sf]5 . k" j{ 3f]lift sfo{qmd cg';f/ h]7 !$, @)^( df b]zdf gf}nf] ;+ljwfg pknAw u/fpgxfd|f g]tfx? c;kmn ePsfn]ljBdfg ;+qmd0fsfn nlDag]k|foM lglZrt 5 .

b]zsf] k|zf;g sd{rf/Lf/f cg';/0f ul/g] cfrf/gLlts} k|lta4tfdf cufl8 a9\b5 . sfg" gkm]n ePdf To;sf];+zf]wg jf gofFlgdf{0f ug{;lsG5 t/ cfrf/gLlt km]n ePdf ;Dk"0f{k4lt;+rfngd}k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePsfn] k|zf;gnfO{/fhgLlts x:tIf]kjf6 ;j{yf 6f9f /fVg}kb{5 .

-gf]6M o; n]vdf k|:t't ;}4flGts ljj]rgf s]= c:jyKkfsf]lstfaaf6 lnOPsf]xf]. _


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;Gbe{;"rL

!= C.B. Mamoria, (1985) Personnel Management, Himalya Publishing House, India.

@= Dr. Govind Ram Agrawal, (2003) Principles of Management in Nepal, M.K. Publishersand Distributors, Kathmandu.

#= George A. Steiner & John F. Steiner, (1997)Business, Government & Society, McGrawHill.

$= K. Aswathappa,(2002) Human Resource & Personnel Management, Tata McGraw HillPublishing Company, New Delhi, India.

%= Ricky W. Griffin, (1984), Management, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, USA.

^= R. Calhoon (1964), Managing Personnel, Harper & Row, New York.

&= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%), g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g lstfaJoj:yf ;ldlt, @)^$ .

*= k'?iff]Qd 9sfn, lghfdtL lstfjvfgf sd{rf/L clen]v / pknlAw, n]vs :jo+, sf7df8f}+,@)$$ .

(= k|f=8f= eLdb]j e, sd{rf/L k|zf;g, >LdtL zlz e, gy{Sof/f]nfOgf, cd]l/sf, @)^% .

!)= 8f= eLdb]j e, lghfdtL ;]jf ljrf/ / ljZn]if0f, n]vs :jo+, sf7df8f}+@)$% .

!!= xl/jxfb'/ yfkf, ls/0f e08f/L, /fhgLlts bfpk]r leq sd{rf/L t+Gq, ldl8of / ;'zf;gcWoog tyf k/fdz{s]Gb|, sf7df8f}+, @)^% .


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g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf]cj:yf / /f]huf/k|Tofe"lt sfo{qmd th'{dfsf]k|of;

o'j/fh kf08]*

;f/f+z

s'g} sfdwGbf Joj;fo jf k]zfnfO{ /f]huf/ elgG5 . dflg;n] hLljsf jf pBf]u Joj;fosflglDt /f]huf/ ub{5 . OndwGbf s]xL gePsf] dflg;nfO{ a]/f]huf/ elgG5 . To;}u/L /f]huf/L/ a]/f]huf/LnfO{ ljkl/tfy{s cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . /f]huf/LnfO{ ul/jL lgjf/0fsf]cr"s cZqsf] ?kdf lnOg yfn]sf]kfOG5 . xfd|f] cfjlws of]hgfx? klg ;f]xL lbzftkm{

pGd'v b]lvG5g\. k|:t't n]vdf /f]huf/Lsf] ;}4flGts kIf / g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yfaf/]rrf{ ul/Psf]5 .

* k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

!= kl/ro

g]kfnL zAb /f]huf/L / c+u|]hL zAb Employmentn]Pp6}cy{lbG5g\. Employment n] klg k};fsdfpgsf lglDt ul/g]sfo{nfO{hgfp5 (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary). sf]lnG;\l8S:g/L ckm Osf]gf]ldS;n]s'g} j:t' jf ;]jfsf]pTkfbg ug{sf lglDt pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf]?kdf

>dsf]k|of]u (The use of labour as a factor input in the production of a good or service) sf]?kdf Employmentcyf{t\/f]huf/LnfO{kl/eflift u/]sf]5 .

>dzlQm ;j]{If0f Pj+hgu0fgfsf]dfWodaf6 b]zdf slt k|ltzt >dzlQm /f]huf/ 5 / sltk|ltzt hg;+Vof a]/f]huf/ 5 eGg] h:tf tYox?sf] klxrfg ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnn]cf=j= @)^$.^% df bf];|f]>dzlQm ;j]{If0f u/]sf]5 . >dzlQm ;j]{If0fdf u0fgfk"j{sf] xKtfel/dfsDtLdf ! 306f s'g} k|sf/sf] cfly{s sfd u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ cGt/f{li6o >d ;+u7gsf] kl/efiffcg';f/ xfn /f]huf/ JolQmsf]?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf]s'/f s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun]pNn]v u/]sf]5 -g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f bf];|f];+lIfKt glthf, @)^^, k[= !! .

>dzlQm ;j]{If0fsf]qmddf ;j]{If0fsf]Ps xKtfk"j{sf]cfly{s lqmofsnfksf]cfwf/df x/]s kfFrjif{jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf JolQmnfO{xfn /f]huf/, xfn a]/f]huf/ /xfn lgl:qmo sf];d"xdf juL{s/0f ug]{sfd ePsf]kfOG5 . xfn /f]huf/ / xfn a]/f]huf/ b'a} hg;+Vofsf] of]uxfncfly{s?kn];lqmo hg;+Vof sf] ;d"x aGb5 / To;}nfO{ g} >dzlQm (Labour force)elgG5 . >d


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17

;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn];lqmo JolQmx?dWo]ut xKtf $) 306f jf ;f]eGbf a9L sfd ug]{x?nfO{k"0f{/f]huf/ sf]?kdf / $) 306feGbf sd sfd ug]{x?nfO{ cw{a]/f]huf/sf] ?kdf klxrfg ug]{sfd ;d]t ePsf]kfOG5 . To;}u/L cl3Nnf] xKtfdf k6Ss} sfd gkfPsfx?nfO{ a]/f]huf/sf] ?kdfklxrfg ul/Psf]5 . o;k|sf/ /f]huf/LnfO{ k"0f{ /f]huf/ (Full Employment)cw{a]/f]huf/ (Under

Employment)/ a]/f]huf/ (Unemployment)u/L # efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . /f]huf/Lsf]cj:yfnfO{/f]huf/ jf a]/f]huf/ eg]/ hDdf b'O{efudf ljefhg u/L /f]huf/nfO{k"0f{/f]huf/ /cw{ a]/f]huf/ eg]/ b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/]/ klg cWoog ug{;lsG5 . P8\jf8{;\n] >dsf] Go"g jfcNk pkof]u (Under utilization of labour)sf lgDg kfFr ?ksf]klxrfg u/]sf 5g\

!= k|ToIf a]/f]huf/L :j]lR5s / jfWofTds b'a}k|sf/sf]x'G5 .

@= cNk/f]huf/L-sfd ug{rfxg]/ ;Sg] ;doeGbf sd ;dodfq} sfd ug{ kfPsf] cj:yfnfO{

cGo /f]huf/Ln]hgfp5 .#= k|ToIf ?kn];lqmo cNk pkof]u- b]Vbf ;lqmo b]lvP klg c? sfd gkfPsf]sf/0fn]lgDg

ljleGg lsl;dn];do ljtfpgsf lglDt s]xL g s]xL sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf] cj:yf

s_ cb[io jf n'Kt a]/f]huf/L- v]tLkftLdf jf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k"/f ;do latfpg] w]/}dflg;x?n]pgLx?n]h]sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\Tof]sfd ug{sf lglDt pgLx?n]hlt ;dolbPsf x'G5g\To;eGbf sd ;do lbP klg k'Ug]cj:yf /xG5 . ;fj{hlgs tyf gLlhpBf]udf kg]{;fdflhs bafan]klg o:tf]a]/f]huf/L hGdfp5 .

v_ uf]Ko jf cb[io a]/f]huf/L- sltko dflg;x?n]of]Uotf cg';f/sf]sfd gkfPsf]sf/0fn]jf c? sltko sf/0fn]cfgf]bf];|f]k|fyldstfsf]sfd u/]sf x'G5g\. w]/} dflg;n] c?sfd gkfPsf]v08df cfkm"nfO{lzIf0f ;+:yfdf jf 3/]n'sfdsfhdf nufp5g\.

u_ ckl/kSj lgj[lQ- w]/}d'n'sdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]cjsf;sf]pd]/ 36]sf] / dflg;sf]cf};t cfo'a9]sf]kfOG5 .

$= sdhf]/ zf/Ll/s cj:yf sltko dflg;x?n] k"/f ;do sfd u/]sf eP klg s'kf]if0f jfpkrf/sf]cefjn]ubf{ltgLx?n]/fd|f]/ kof{Kt ldlxg]t ug{;Sb}gg\.

%= cg'Tkfbs sltko dflg;x?n] pTkfbgzLn sfd ug{ ;Sg] eP klg pgLx?n] cfgf c?cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf lglDt ;do nufpF5g\.


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s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun]>d zlQm ;j]{If0fsf]lglDt lgDg rf/ k|sf/sf]cw{a]/f]huf/Lsf]klxrfgu/]sf]b]lvG5

-s_ a]/f]huf/L

-v_ ;do ;DaGwL cNk /f]huf/L

-u_ ckof{Kt sdfOo'Qm cw{a]/f]huf/L

-3_ ;Lk;+u cldNbf]/f]huf/L

cko{fKt sdfOo'Qm /f]huf/L / ;Lk;Fu cldNbf] /f]huf/LnfO{ n'Kt /f]huf/Lsf b'O{ ?ksf] lx;fan];d]t klxrfg ug{;lsG5 . P8\jf8{;\n] klxrfg u/]sf] n'Kt a]/f]huf/L / cb[io a]/f]huf/L b'a}nfO{

n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf]cEof;sf]?kdf klg x]g{;lsG5 . P8\jf8{;\n] klxrfg u/]sf cg'Tkfbs If]qdf>dsf]pkof]u x'g]cNk pkof]u / s'kf]if0f jf c? sf/0fn] k|lt >ldssf] pTkfbg kl/df0f sd x'g]lsl;dsf]>dsf]cNk pkof]unfO{klg n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf]k[ys cEof;sf]?kdf lng ;lsG5 eGg]s'/f ly/Njfn\n] u/]sf] n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf] juL{s/0faf6 :ki6 x'G5 . pgn] n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf lgDgkfFr k|sf/sf]klxrfg u/]sf 5g\

s_ s'kf]if0f jf sdhf]/ :jf:Yosf] sf/0fn] k|lt >lds ;+efJo pTkfbg xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf]cj:yf .

v_ pRrtd pknlAw xfl;n ug{sf lglDt nfUg rflxg] pTk|]/0ffsf] sdLn] ubf{ k|lt >ldspTkfbgsf]:t/ Go"g /x]sf]cj:yf .

u_ km';{bsf] t'ngfdf ef}lts cfok|ltsf] cfsif{0f sd /x]sf] sf/0fn] cf};t pTkfbg 36L x'g]cj:yf .

3_ k|ljlw ;DaGwL a]/f]huf/L cyjf ;xof]uL ;fwgx?sf]cefjn]ubf{l;lh{t a]/f]huf/L .

_ df};dL a]/f]huf/L .

o;/L ljleGg ljfg / ljZn]ifsx?n] a]/f]huf/L / >dsf] cNk pkof]unfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] juL{s/0fug]{k|of; u/]sf x'gfn]a]/f]huf/L / cNk a]/f]huf/Lsf] ljleGg lsl;dsf] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]s'/f :ki6 x'G5 tfklg >dsf]ljleGg k|sf/sf]cNk jf Go"g pkof]unfO{hgfpgsf]lglDt n'Kta]/f]huf/L zAbsf]k|of]u ug]{xf]eg]cWoogdf ;/ntf cfpg ;Sg]b]lvG5 .


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@= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf]cj:yf

>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.)^% n]g]kfndf !% jif{jf ;f]eGbf dflysf /f]huf/ JolQmx?sf];+Vof! s/f]8 !& nfv &( xhf/ /x]sf]b]vfPsf]5 .

of];+Vof ;f]pd]/ ;d" xsf]s'n hg;+Vofsf]*!=& k|ltzt /x]sf]b]lvG5 . To;}u/L !% jif{eGbfdflysf JolQmx?n]cfly{s sfddf Joltt u/]sf]hDdf ;do %@ s/f]8 306f /x]sf]lyof]eg]%!$jif{sf jfnaflnsfx?n]cfly{s sfddf vr{u/]sf]s'n ;do $ s/f]8 306f /x]sf]kfOof].

cfly{s ?kn];lqmo JolQmx?dWo]ut xKtf $) 306f jf ;f]eGbf a9L sfd ug]{s/La ^=* k|ltzt/x]sf lyP eg]k"0f{?kn]a]/f]huf/ jf k6Ss}sfd gkfPsf JolQmx?sf];+Vof @=! k|ltzt /x]sf]lyof]. k"0f{?kn] a]/f]huf/ k'?ifsf] ;+Vof @=@ k|ltzt / dlxnfsf] ;+Vof !=( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof]] .@) b]lv #( 306f;Dd sfd u/]sf dflg;x?sf];+Vof !(=% k|ltzt / !( 306f jf ;f] eGbf sdcjlw sfd u/]sf dflg;x?sf];+Vof !!=^ k|ltzt /x]sf]lyof]. xKtfdf $) 306feGbf sd sfdug]{JolQmx? dWo]c:j}lR5s sf/0fn]cem a9L sfd ug{g;s]sfx?sf]k|ltzt @! k'u]sf]b]lvG5 .To;}u/L :j]lR5s sf/0fn] xKtfdf $) 306feGbf sd sfd u/]sf JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof cf=j=@)%%.%^ df *# k|ltzt /x]sf]df cf=j= @)^$.^% df &( k|ltzt k'u]sf]b]lvG5 .

>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.^% cg';f/ !% jif{jf ;f]eGbf dflysf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf]>d cNk pkof]u b/ #) k|ltzt /x]sf]5 . >dsf] cNk pkof]u ePsf ;d" x cGtu{t ljefhg

ubf{>d zlQmsf]@=! k|ltzt a]/f]huf/ ^=& k|ltzt rfx]/ klg k" 0f{/f]huf/L gkfPsf *=! k|ltztckof{Kt sdfO{ePsf / !#=@ k|ltzt lzIff ;'xfpbf] k]zf gePsf pk;d"xdf k/]sf 5g\ -g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, bf];|f];+lIfKt glthf k[= !$_ . >dzlQmsf] cNk pkof]usf] b/ zx/L If]qdf $(=(k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf @^=( k|ltzt /x]sf]s'/f ;j]{If0fn]b]vfPsf]5 .

>d zlQm ;j]{If0f bf];|f]n]xfn em08}! s/f]8 !* nfv /f]huf/ JolQmx? dWo] em08} @) nfv cyf{t\sl/a !^=( k|ltztn]tnj Hofnfdf sfd u/]sf]s'/f ;d]t b]vfPsf]5 . To;}n] tnj Hofnfdfsfd ug]{ @) nfv afx]ssf afsL (* nfv /f]huf/ JolQmx?sf]:jAoj;fosf]/f]huf/ 5 .

!% jif{jf ;f]eGbf dflysf]xfn /f]huf/ JolQmx?dWo]s[lif If]qdf =( k|ltzt / u}/s[lif If]qdf@^=! k|ltzt /x]sf]s'/f ;d]t ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf]5 ->d zlQm ;j]{If0f bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf k[=!!_ .

ljsf; If]qsf]cfwf/df dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf a]/f]huf/Lsf]b/ ;aeGbf prf]cyf{t\ #=# k|ltzt /x]sf]b]lvG5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ !=*


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k|ltzt / klZrdf~rn If]qdf !=% k|ltzt /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;f] cjlwdfdWoklZrdf~rn If]qsf]a]/f]huf/Lsf]b/ )=( k|ltzt /x]sf]5 .

>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.)^% cg';f/ s/La @! nfv $@ xhf/ !% jif{jf ;f]eGbf dflysf]hg;+Vofu}/s[lif cgf}krfl/s If]qdf /f]huf/df /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . of] u}/s[lif If]qsf] hDdf /f]huf/Lsf]s/La &) k|ltzt x'G5 . s[lif If]qdf x'g] cgf}krfl/s lqmofsnfkfsf] dfkg sl7g ePsf]n] u}/s[lifIf]qdf dfq cgf}krfl/s If]qsf];+nUgtf x]g]{ k|rng /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t >d zlQm ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bgn]pNn]v u/]sf]5 -g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf, @)^^, k[= !&_ . csf{lt/ cf}krfl/sIf]q -;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, lghL ;+ul7t ;+:yf cflb_ df sfd ug]{/ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ;'ljwfx?tyf tnaL labf cflb gkfpg]JolQmx?sf]sfd klg cgf}krfl/s /f]huf/L cGtu{t k5{ .

>dzlQm ;j]{If0fn]% jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf hg;+Vofsf] s/La ^!=! k|ltzt Ps jf PseGbf

a9L u}/cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ePsf]cg'dfg ;d]t u/]sf]5 . >dzlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.^%n]cfg}pkof]usf]nflu ul/g];]jf sfo{x? -h:t} 3/wGbf, afnaflnsf tyf a[4x?sf]x]/rfx,vfgf ksfpg], n'uf w'g], cflb_ nfO{u}/cfly{slqmofsnfksf]?kdf lnPsf]5 . !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbfdfly pd]/ ePsf k'?ifn]cf};t %=& 306f / dlxnfn] cf};t @#=@ 306f u}/cfly{s3/fo;L sfddfnufPsf]cg'dfg ;j]{If0fn]u/]sf]5 .

!% jif{jf ;f]eGbf dflysf]pd]/sf]>dzlQmsf];xeflutf b/ cf=j= @)^$.^% df *#=$ k|ltzt/x]sf]s'/f ;d]t >d zlQm ;j]{If0f, @))* n]b]vfPsf]5 .

>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.^% n]!% jif{jf ;f]eGbf dflysf]xfn /f]huf/ hg;+Vofdf lgDg ljleGgIf]qsf]Aoj;fodf /x]sf]>d zlQm lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf]b]lvG5

Aoj;fo hDdfk|ltzt

k'?if dlxnf

!= ljwfosx? pRrtxsf clwsf/Lx? 0.6 1.1 0.2@= Aoj;foljb\x? 1.7 2.8 0.8

#= k|fljlwsx? / P;f]l;P6 k|f]km];gN;\ 2.0 2.7 1.3$= Sns{x? jf sfof{no ;xfosx? 1.0 1.8 0.3%= ;]jf If]qsf sfdbf/x? 7.3 9.3 5.5^= jhf/d'vL s[lif 3.1 2.7 3.5&= lgjf{xd"vL s[lif 64.0 52.9 73.7 *= x:tsnf (;DjGwLt Aoj;fodf ;+nUg sfdbf/x? 8.4 11.6 5.5

(= sf/vfgf / pks/0f ;~rfnsx? 1.4 2.7 0.2


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!)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12.2 9.1

!!= ;z:q an 0.1 0.1 0.0

Source: Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey, 2008, P-74

;j]{If0fn] !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo JolQmx? lgDg ljleGg pBf]uAoj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf]b]vfPsf]5 .

pBf]u hDdf k'?if dlxnf!= s[lif / jg 73.9 62.1 84.3@= dT:o 0.0 0.0 0.0#= vlgh / Sjfl/ 0.2 0.4 0.1

$= Dofg' ofSrl/ 6.6 8.5 4.9%= pBf]u, UofF; / kfgL 0.9 0.7 1.1^= lgdf{0f 3.1 5.9 0.7&= xf]n;]n, l/6]n / Aofkf/ 5.9 8.1 3.9*= xf]6]n / /]:6'/]G6 1.7 1.7 1.7( 9'jfgL :6f]/]h / ;~rf/ 1.7 3.5 0.1!)= ljQLo dWo:ytf 0.3 0.4 0.2!!= l/on :6]6, /]lG6 tyf Aoj;fo 0.6 1.0 0.2

!@= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / k|lt/Iff 0.9 1.7 0.2!#= lzIff 2.4 3.4 1.5!$= :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs sfo{ 0.7 0.8 0.5!%= cGo ;fd'bflos / ;fdflhs sfo{ 0.8 1.4 0.4!^= lghL 3/]n'sfdbf/ 0.3 0.3 0.3!&= PS:6f 6]l/6f]l/on cu{gfOh];g 0.0 0.1 0.0

Source: Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey, 2008, P-76

o;/L cf}krfl/s tYofn]g]kfndf a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ lgs}sd @=! k|ltzt dfq}/x]sf]b]vfPsf]eP klg lgjf{xd'vL s[lifdf cfwfl/t /f]huf/ >dzlQm ^$ k|ltzt /x]sf]/ tna Hofnf lnP/sfd ug]{>dzlQmsf];+Vof !^=( k|ltzt dfq}/x]sf]b]vfPsf]s'/fn]g}g]kfndf a]/f]huf/L cToGthl6n ;d:ofsf]?kdf /x]sf]5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kf5{ . >dzlQmsf] 7"nf] lx:;f j}b]lzs /f]huf/dflge{/ /x]sf]s'/fn]klg xfd|f] b]zdf a]/f]huf/Lsf];d:of slt hl6n 5 eGg] b]vfp5 . cf}krfl/s


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tYofn]g}>dsf]cNk pkof]u b/ #) k|ltzt b]vfPsf]s'/fn]klg xfd|f]d'n'sdf a]/f]huf/Lsf];d:of cToGt uDeL/ 5 eGg]b]vfpF5 .

g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] em08} @%=$ k|ltzt hg;+Vof lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] cg'dfgul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnLx?nfO{ hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu ;/b/ @!@$ lsnf] Sofnf]/L cfjZos kg]{ /;f]Sofnf]/Lsf]k|fKtL / c? cfjf;, nQfsk8f, :jf:Yo, lzIff tyf cGo vr{ ;d]tsf] u}/ vfBcfjZostf k"/f ug{sf lglDt ?= %)*( cfjZos kg]{cg'dfg u/L ;f]cfDbfgLnfO{;g\!((%.(^sf];j]{If0fn]u/LaLsf]/]vfsf]?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfnhLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @))#.)$ / g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)!) df klg u/LaLsf] /]vfsf] cfDbfgLsf]cg'dfg u/L u/LaLsf]/]vfd'gL /x]sf]hg;+Vof PsLg ug]{k|of; ePsf]5 -/fli6o of]hgf cfof]u,g]kfndf ul/aL dfkg cEof; / u/Lasf] ;+Vof @)^&, k[= @$_ . t/ :jtGq cWo]tf / ljZn]ifsx?n]u/LaLsf]/]vfsf]cfDbfgLsf]?kdf PsLg ul/Psf]cfDbfgL dfgjf]lrt hLjgofkgsf]nflu ckof{Kt

/x]sf]s'/f ;d]t atfpb}cfPsf]kfOG5 . To;}n] cf}krfl/s tj/n] cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 u/LaLsf]/]vfsf]cfDbfgLsf]?kdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]cfDbfgLn]ul/aLsf]/]vfnfO{j:t'ut ?kn]kl/efliftu/]sf]5}g eGg]dt klg alnof] /x]sf]kfOG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df o" =Pg\=l8=kL= sf] nflu cS;kmf]8{ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksx?sf]Pp6f ;d"xn]xfn;fn}u/]sf]Pp6f cWoogn]cl3 ;f/]sf]ul/aLsf]ax'cfoflds ;"rs (Multidimentional Poverty Index- MPI) sf cfwf/df g]kfndf ul/aLsf]/]vfd'gL /x]sf]hg;+Vof em08} ^% k|ltzt /x]sf]s'/f ;d]t ;f]cWoog k|ltj]bgn];fj{hlgsagfPsf]xf]. g]kfndf ul/aLsf] dfkgsf] lglDt ckgfOPsf] tl/sf / dfkb08df k'g/fjnf]sg ug{cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f klg p7\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L ul/aLsf] dfkb08sf] kl/jt{g ePdf u/LaLsf]/]vfd'gLsf]hg;+Vof a9L b]vfkg]{;+efjgf ;d]t /x]sf]/ clxn]sf]] dfkb08 cg';f/ g} dfkg ubf{klg d'n'ssf]Ps rf}yfO{hg;+Vof u/LaLsf]/]vfd'gL /x]sf]s'/fn]klg ul/aL g]kfnsf]7"nf];d:ofxf]eGg]b]vfp5 . ul/aLsf] dfkgdf dflg;sf] cfDbfgLsf] :t/sf] lg0f{o k|efj k5{ eg] /f]huf/Ln]dflg;sf]cfDbfgLdf k|ToIf / lg0ff{os k|efj kf5{ . To;}n] klg a]/f]huf/LnfO{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf]Pp6f uDeL/ ;d:ofsf]?kdf lng'k5{eGg]s'/fnfO{l:jsf/ ug'{kg]{x'g cfp5 .

#= /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf pkfox?

cy{zf:qLx?n] /f]huf/L lgwf{/0fsf ljleGg 9frfx? cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut k|lt:kwf{Tdsv'nf ahf/ 9frfn]/f]huf/Lsf]:t/ / Hofnfb/sf] lgwf{/0fdf dfu / cfk"lt{sf zlQmx?sf] lg0ff{ose"ldsf x'G5 eGg]dfGotf /fV5 .

pTkfbg /f]huf/L ;di6L 9frfn]k"hL lgdf{0f Pj+cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf]a[l4n]/f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf]l;h{gf / lj:tf/ u5{eGg]dfGotf /fv]sf]kfOG5 .


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gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn]k"hL / >dsf] ;fk]lIfs d"Non] k"FhL / >dsf] cTo'Qd -Go"gtdnfut_ ld>0fsf]lgdf{0f u5{/ bIftfk"0f{ jf pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] rog u5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . o;9fFrfn]>dsf]d"No 36\bf pTkfbsx?n]k"hLsf]k|of]u 36fP/ >dsf]k|of]u j9fp5g\eGg]lg:sif{lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . >dk|wfg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ pTkfbg g36fO{ s'g /f]huf/sf cj;/x?

a9fpg];+efjgf /x]sf]s'/fdf >d k"hL k|lt:yfkg ;DaGwL o; 9frfn]hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .

o;/L /f]huf/L ;DaGwL pNn]lvt l;4fGt / 9fFrfx?n] >dsf] ;fk]lIfs d"No, pTkfbg / nufgLsf]a[l4 / >d k|wfg k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] gLltsf] th'{df h:tf pkfosf] cjnDag u/]//f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf]l;h{gf / lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . :jb]zLpBf]unfO{k|f]T;fxg lbg]/ pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df nufgL cfslif{t x'g] vfnsf] jftfj/0fn] l;h{gfug]{sfdaf6 klg /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf]l;h{gf / lj:tf/ ug]{ sfddf d2t k'U5 . ;Lkd"ns tfnLdsfo{qmdsf];~rfng u/]/ ;Lko'Qm bIf hgzlQmsf]lgdf{0f ug]{/ pTkfbgd"ns sfo{ jf pBf]u

Joj;fodf nufgL ug{sf]lglDt nufgLstf{nfO{ k"hLsf]cefj gx'g]cj:yfsf] l;h{gf u/]/ klg/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf]l;h{gf / lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . a}b]lzs nufgL ;DaGwL gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sgu/]/ ljb]zL k"hL nufgL cfslif{t x'g] / ljb]zL nufgLaf6 ;~rflnt pBf]u Joj;fodf :yfgLohgzlQmn]/f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ jftfj/0fsf]lgdf{0f ug]{k|of; ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fk]lIft nfesfIf]qx?sf]klxrfg u/]/ tL If]qdf lgof{td"ns pBf]u Joj;fosf]ljsf; ug]{ / :jb]zL pkef]usf]lglDt cfjZos kg]{j:t'sf] pTkfbg :jb]zd}ug{sf]lglDt ;f]cg'?ksf pBf]u Joj;fosf]:yfkgfug]{h:tf pkfo klg /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf lglDt pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\. :jb]zL pTkfbgsf] pkef]ua9\g]lx;fan]pkef]usf]9fFrf / z}nLdf kl/jt{g x'g ;Sof] eg] klg /f]huf/Lsf gofF cj;/x?l;h{gf x'g ;S5g\. :jb]zL j:t' / ;]jfsf] k|of]uaf6 pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df d2t k'U5/ cfkm\gf] >d / Ifdtfsf] k|of]u cfkm\g} b]zdf ug{ ;lsof] eg] d'n's ;d[4 x'G5 eGg] vfnsf]gful/s r]tgfsf]ljsf; klg /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{sf]lglDt pkof]uL x'G5 . g]kfnn] klg g]kfndf/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf]l;h{gf ug{sf lglDt lgDg ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf];~rfng u/]sf]kfOG5

-!_ sfdsf]nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmd lgdf{0f sfo{df >dsf]pkof]u ug]{JolQmnfO{vfBfGg pknAwu/fpg]sfo{qmd .

-@_ s0ff{nL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f cfof]hgfdf sfd ug{rfxg] :yfgLo JolQmnfO{/f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] h:tf Joj:yf,

-#_ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f kl/of]hgfdf :yfgLo a]/f]huf/ JolQmnfO{/f]huf/L lbg]sfo{qmd .

-$_ :j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] lgdf{0fsf lglDt pTkfbgzLn Joj;fo ug{ rfxg] JolQmnfO{ C0fpknAw u/fpg];fgf ls;fg ljsf; cfof]hgf u|fdL0f ljsf; sf]if, u|fdL0f j}+s cflb h:tfsfo{qmdx?,


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-%_ Joj;fod"ns ;Lk ljsf; ;DaGwL tfnLd / k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf];~rfng

-^_ :yfgLo pTkfbgsf j:t'sf] v/Lb u/L ahf/df k'ofP/ ljqmL ug{ d2t k'ofpg] vfnsfsfo{qmdx?,

-&_ :yfgLo j:t'/ ;]jfsf]pkef]unfO{k|f]T;fxg lbg]vfnsf gLltut Joj:yfx?,-*_ pBf]u :yfkgf ug{sf lglDt C0f tyf s/ 5'6 h:tf ;'ljwf lbg]gLltut / sfg"gL Joj:yfx?

-(_ pTkfbgzLn sfo{df nufgL cfslif{t x'g]vfnsf cGo gLltut Joj:yf / sfo{qmdx?

-!)_ >d k|wfg k|ljlwsf]k|of]u ug]{pBf]u Joj;fonfO{5'6 ;'ljwf lbg]gLltut Joj:yfx?

-!!_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf]lgdf{0f ug]{kl/of]hgfx?sf]sfof{Gjog

-!@_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]lgdf{0f ug]{k|oTg

$= g]kfndf /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt sfg"gsf]lgdf{0f ug]{k|of;

/fli6o of]hgf cfof]un];j{k|yd @)^^ ;fndf cfof]usf ;b:o;lrj o'j/fh kf08]sf];+of]hsTjdful/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfo{bnsf]u7g u/]sf]lyof]. k|wfgdGqL tyfdGqLkl/ifb\sf]sfof{no, cy{dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno / o'jftyf v]ns"b dGqfno ;d]tsf ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglw /x]sf];f]sfo{bnn]@)^& sflt{s ( ut]/f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gsf]lgdf{0f ug{sf lglDt pQm sfg"gsf]d:of}bf ;d]t tof/ ul/

/fli6o of]hgf cfof]udf cfkm\gf]k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf]lyof]. sfo{bnn] tof/ u/]sf] ul/aL lgjf/0fsfnflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt P]g d:of}bfdf lgDg ljleGg kl/R5]b /x]sf 5g\

!_ ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De tyf kl/efiff

@_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL Joj:yf / a]/f]huf/ eQf

#_ :yfgLo, lhNnf :t/Lo / s]Gb|Lo /f]huf/ ;dGjo ;ldlt ;DaGwL Joj:yf

$_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt sf]if tyf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf

%_ lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf

^_ lgodfjnL agfpg]/ afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg];d]tsf ljljw Joj:yf .

ef/t nufotsf l5d]sL d'n's / ;f] ;DaGwL sfg" gL Joj:yf ePsf cGo d'n'sdf /x]sf] /f]huf/k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]cWoog / ljZn]if0f ;d]t u/]/ sfo{bnn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgtof/ u/]sf] s'/f sfo{bnn] cfgf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . sfo{bnn] lg/k]If ul/aLsf]/]vfd'gLsf]kl/jf/sf sDtLdf Pshgf ;Ifd Pj+OR5's ;b:onfO{;f]cfly{s jif{{leq ;~rfng


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x'g]lgdf{0f tyf >dd" ns sfo{df jif{df a9Ldf !)) lbgsf]Go"gtd Hofnf kfpg]u/L /f]huf/LpknAw u/fpg]sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{;'emfj lbPsf]5 . ;f] adf]lhd sfd ug{ OR5's /f]huf/pknAw u/fpg g;s]df To:tf]a]/f]huf/ JolQmnfO{!)) lbgsf]Go"gtd kfl/>lds lx;fan]x'gcfpg]/sdsf]Go"gtd %) k|ltzt /sd a]/f]huf/ eQfsf]?kdf pknAw u/fpg]gLltsf]lgdf{0f

ug]{;'emfj ;d]t sfo{bnn] lbPsf] 5 . sfo{bnn] /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]sfof{Gjog ug{sf lglDt lg/k]If ul/aLsf]/]vfd'gLsf kl/jf/nfO{;f]adf]lhdsf]/f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt;DaGwL kl/rokq pknAw u/fpg]gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ ;'emfj ;d]t lbPsf] 5 . sfo{bnn] tof/u/]sf]sfg"gsf]d:of}bfdf /f]huf/ k|fKt ug{sf lglDt lgj]bg lbg] k|lqmof, lgj]bgsf]5fgjLg ug]{k|lqmof / /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmof ;d]tsf k|lqmofx? klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ul/anfO{nlIft u/]/ o:tf]sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ b]ze/L Ps}k6s nfu' gu/]/ r/0fa4 ?kdf klxn]lglZrt If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{/f]huf/ gkfPsf ul/a kl/jf/af6 sDtLdf PshgfnfO{o:tf]/f]huf/pknAw u/fpg]gLlt lng pko'Qm x'G5 eGg];'emfj ;d]t ;f]sfo{bnn]lbPsf]5 .

lzlIft a]/f]huf/x?nfO{ nlIft u/]/ lzlIft a]/f]huf/x?nfO{ /f]huf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] csf]{sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ug]{ sfd ;d]t cfjZos / pkof]uL x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf sfo{bnsf clwsf+z;b:ox? ;xdt /x]sf];d]t sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf]5 . o; qmddf P;=Pn=;L=pQL0f{u/]sf o'jfx?nfO{lzIf0f cflb lglZrt ;]jfd"ns sfo{ug]{ u/L dfl;s ?kn]#.$ xhf/ ?k}+of/ :gfts pQL0f{ u/]sf o'jfx?nfO{ klg To:t} ;]jfd"ns sfo{ ug]{ u/L dfl;s ?kdf $.% xhf/?k}+of -df]6fdf]6L ?kdf Go"gtd dfl;s Hofnfb/sf]lx;fan]x'g cfpg]a/fa/sf]/sd hlt ?k}of_lbg]Joj:yf ug{;Sg]xf]eg]a]/f]huf/ o'jfsf];Lk / Ifdtfsf] pkof]u x'G5 / /fi6nfO{ kmfObfk'U5 eGg];'emfj ;d]t sfo{bnn]cfgf]k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf]5 .

kf08] sfo{bnn] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ;lxtsf]k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf]em08}8]9 jif{kl5 ;/sf/n] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf lglDt /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwLP]gsf]lgdf{0f ug{sf lglDt Joj:yflksfdf ljw]os btf{u/]sf]s'/f ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ePsf]5 .

%= lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&^*@)^(&)_ / /f]huf/s]lGb|t ljsf; k|of;

lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&^*@)^(&)_ n];g\@)!% ;Dddf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|fKt ug{;Ddfghgs / nfehGo /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{, cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg], If]qLo ;Gt'ng xfl;nug]{, ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fnfO{x6fpb}cfd g]kfnLsf]hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg]/ bLuf] cfly{sa[l4 dfkm{t\o; of]hgfsf]cGTodf ul/aLnfO{@! k|ltztdf k'ofpg]nIo /x]sf]5 . /f]huf/Ls]lGb|t ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s a[l4 u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfdf ;3fpk'ofpb}cfd hgtfsf]hLjgdf kl/jt{gsf]k|ToIf cg'e"lt lbnfpg]p2]Zo of]hgfn]/fv]sf]5 .-lqjifL{o of]hgf, c;f/ @)^*, k[= !&_


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^= of]hgfsf]p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf lglDt ckgfpg'kg]{pkfo

of]hgfn]/f]huf/ s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL / ;dGoflos cfly{s a[l4sf] p2]Zo /fv]sf] eP klg o; of]hgfn]cfgf]d"ne"t p2]Zo / of]hgfsf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] aLrdf ;d'lrt ;dGjosf]

:yfkgf ug{;s]sf]5}g . rfn' of]hgfn] of]hgf cjlwsf !! nfv ^$ xhf/ /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf x'g] /k|ltjif{s/La $ nfvsf b/n] of]hgf cjlwsf !@ nfv JolQm >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ cg'dfg u/]sf]x'gfn]klg of]hgfn]of]hgfsf]k|d'v p2]Zo cg';f/sf]sfo{qmdsf]th'{df ug{/ kl/df0ffTds nIosf]lgwf{/0f ug{;d]t g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . of]hgf cjlwdf /f]huf/Ldf jflif{s #=^ k|ltztsf b/n] a[l4ug]{nIonfO{klg jflif{s # k|ltztn] a[l4 ug]{ o; cl3sf] lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfsf] nIoeGbfcfwf/e"t ?kn]leGg b]lvb}g . csf{lt/ s[lif, pBf]u cflb ljifout If]q ;DjGwL sfo{qmddf klg/f]huf/sf yk cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{p2]Zon]th'{df ul/Psf sfo{qmdsf]cefj /x]sf]b]lvG5 .

&= pk;+xf/rfn'of]hgfn]cl3 ;f/]sf]/f]huf/ s]lGb|t ljsf;sf]p2]Zo k"/f ug{]xf]eg]ljifout If]q ;DaGwLnIo / sfo{qmdx?df ;f] cg'?k ;dfof]hg / ;'wf/ ug{ / of]hgfsf] afFsL cjlwsf] lglDt/f]huf/Lsf]l;h{gf ;DaGwL Pp6f j:t'ut sfo{of]hgf agfO{nfu'ug{cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|Lx?

!_ Central Statistical Bureau, Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey, 2008

@_ Michael P. Todoro, 1997, Economic Development, Addison-Wesley

#_ A.P. Thirdwall, 1999, Growth and Development, Macmillan Pren Limited

$_ Collins Dictionary of Economics, 1993, Harper Collins Publishes

%_ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

^_ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^&, ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfo{bnsf]

k|ltj]bg, @)^& -kf08]sfo{bn_&_ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^&, g]kfndf ul/aL dfkg cEof; / u/Lasf];+Vof

*_ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&.^*@)^(.&)_

(_ g]kfndf >d zlQm ;j]{If0fbf];|f] -@)^$.^%_, ;+lIfKt glthf @)^^


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ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{z/brGb||kf}8]n]*

;f/f+zg]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf]nflu ;+3Lotf / ;dfj]zLzf;sLo Joj:yfsf]dfu{lrq k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . gof aGg] ;ljwfgdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] :j?knfO{

lnP/ g]kfndf ;dflhs tgfjsf]cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] 5 . o;n] zlGtk"0f{ hLjgofkg ul//x]sfg]kfnLx?df Ps lsl;dsf] t+/u NofO{ lbPsf]5 .ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf]tf}/tl/sfsf] jf/]df jt{dfgsf]tgfj vf; u/]/ b'O{ ljrf/ ;d"xjLr /x]sf]b]lvG5 . Psy/L ljrf/sf] g]t[Tj hghfltcflbjf;L ;d'bfon] ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx? o;cl3sf]/fHo;Qfn]cfkm"x?nfO{ e]b\efjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf]n] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fhgLlts

cu|flwsf/ ;lxtsf]:jfoQtf / hftLo /fHosf] dfu u/L/x]sf 5g\ . csf]{y/L ljrf/sf] jsfntul//x]sf jfsL ;d"xn]/fhgLlts cu|flwsf/, :jfoQtf / hftLo /fHo d'n's ljv08gsf] ljpmxf], o;n] g]kfnsf] ;fe{ef}dQfnfO{ vl08t ub{5 eGb5g\ . pgLx? ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tfsf] cg'kd\gd"gfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf lje]b\k"0f{ cj:yf h'g ?kdf prflnPsf] 5 Tof] ?kdf 5}geGb}ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cu|flwsf/ ;lxtsf]hftLo /fHo / :jfoQtf, gful/s ;dfgtfdfcwfl/t cwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ljkl/t x'G5eg] wf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 a9fO{ /x]sf 5g\ .

o; k[i7e"lddf o; n]vdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg;+u ;DjlGwt dxTjk"0f{ kIfnfO{ s]nfO{ g]kfnn] c+lsf/

ug'{ kg]{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] tl/sf s]s:tf] x'g'k5{ egL lgisif{df k'Ug] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

* ;x;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]sfof{no

;fd'lxs ?kdf k|s6 x'g]u'0ffTds rl/qx?nfO{ljljwtf elgG51 . ljljwtf eGgfn] efiff, wd{,hfltotf, /fli6otf, ;+:s[lt, / gZnsf] cfwf/df k|s6 x'g] ;fd'lxs u'0ffTds rl/qx? j'emg' kb{5 .ljljwtf 3]/}lsl;dsf]x'G5 tfklg ;fdflhs -hflt_, ;+f:s[lts -eflifs, wfld{s cflb_, hftLo jfef}uf]lns ljljwtfnfO{d'Vo ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . ljljwtf k|To]s ;dfhsf] oyfy{tf xf]]]]]2 cyf{ts'g}klg ;dfhdf jf /fi6df ljljwtf /x]s}x'G5 . ;++;f/df Ps hflt Ps efifL jf Ps k/+k/f,Ps ;+:s[lt jf Ps wd{dfq ePsf] /fHo lj/n}kfpg ;lsG5 . ;+;f/sf] clxn]sf] hg;+Vofsf]

(% k|ltzt jx';+f:s[lts /fHodf a:b5g\3 . To;} u/L ;+;f/df %,))) b]lv *,))) j6f hftLo

1 Watt, R and Kincaid J in Watt, R and chattopadhaya, R edited : "Unity in Diversity Learining from Each Other" Vol 1, Forum

of Federations 2008, pp-XI

2 Oommen,T.K, "Nation Building and Diversity", in Watt R and Chattopadhya R edited Unity in Diversity , Learning form

Each other", Vol 1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp -22

3 Fleiner, Thomas." The challenges of Ethnic Diverisity to Federalism" in Jean Francois Gaudrault Desbiens and Fabian Gelinas

edited" The States and Moods of Federalism: Governance , Identity and Methedology" Canada , Les Edition Yvon Blais 2005 pp

-172.


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;+f:s[lts ;d'xx? /x]sf 5g\4 . km/s otL xf] sL slx ljljwtf w}/} 5 eg] sxL sd 5 . To;}sf/0fk|foM ;j}d'n'sx?n]ljljwtfsf];fdgf ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 .

d'n's / ;dfh leqsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fHon] Wofg glbbf 4G4sf] cj:yf cfpg] x'G5 .;+;f/sf w]/}d'n'sx?n]cfh oxL sf/0fjf6 4G4sf]cj:yf ef]lu/x]sf 5g\. ljljwtf cfkm}df s]xLklg xf]OgM ha ;+f:s[lts / hftLo ljljwtf ;fd'lxs c;dfgtfsf] cwf/ aGb5 jf hj Ps ;d'xn]csf]{;d'x eGbf cfkm'nfO{prf]jf lgrf]7fGb5 tj ljljwtf /fHosf]nflu ;d:of aGb55 .To;}sf/0f s'g}klg /fHo ljljwtf Joj:yfkgdf lgis[o a:g ldNb}g . ljljwtf oyfy{tf xf] eg]ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkg cfw'lgs /fHosf]k|d'v bfloTj xf].

cfhef]ln t ljljwtfnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] elgG5 . h;/L ;d'xdf sfo{ ubf{ JolStutljljwtfn]l;ghL{pTkGg ub{5 To;} u/L ;fdflhs ljljwtfn]cfly{s ljsf;df l;ghL{pTkGg

ub{5, kmn:j?k ljsf;sf]ult ltj|x'G5 eGg]ljZjf; ;'b[9 ePsf]5 . oxL tYonfO{ cfTd;ftu/L sltko d'n'sx?n]cfk|jf;sf]dfWodjf6 klg ljljwtfnfO{leq\ofO{6 /x]sf 5g\.

@= dfgj clwsf/

dflg; ;a}k|f0fL eGbf km/s dfq xf]Og >]i7 klg xf]. dflg; ;d:t k|f0fL eGbf km/s dfq 5}gk|To]s dfG5]klg km/s 5, cyf{t s'g}b'O{dfG5]slxNo};dfg x'b}gg\. dfgj clwsf/sf] cfwf/e"tl;4fGt o;}df cfwfl/t 5 . of] cfwf/e"t tYonfO{ :jLsfg{ g;lsPsf] sf/0f dfgj ;Dotfdf PsJolSt jf ;d'xn] csf]{JolSt jf ;d'xnfO{ljleGg cfwf/df c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]s}sf/0f ljutdfn8fO{emu8f eO{7"nf];+Vofdf dfgjsf];+xf/ ePsf], dfgj dof{bf / ;Ddfg sfod x'g g;s]sf]lgisif{lgsflnPsf]lyof]. oxL k[i7e"lddf ;+;f/df dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff e]b\efjsf] sf/0fpTkGg x'g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/nfO{lgoGq0f ug{cufl8 ;fl/Psf]xf]. dfgj clwsf/ dfkb08x?n];dfgtfdf hf]8 lbG5g\. ;dfgtfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ df}lns xs clwsf/sf] sfg'gL jf ;+j}wflgsJoj:yf, sfg'gsf]zf;g / Goflos ;jf]{Rrtf h:tf ljifox?nfO{ cfw'lgs /fHo ;++rfngsf] cfwf/agfOPsf]x'G5 .

ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkg cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/;+++u tgfj /x]sf] x'b}g . jf:tjdf ljljwtfn] s'g}klg b]zsf] /fhgLlt, ;+:s[lt, ljwfog / Goflos sfo{nfO{ emg} ;++j[4 agfpF57 . ljljwtfn]

4 Karmis D and Norman W." Theories of Fedaralism : A Reader". NewYork, Palgrave Macmillan 2005 pp -13

5 Oommen,T.K, "Nation Building and Diversity", in Watt R and Chattopadhya R edited Unity in Diversity , Learning form

Each other", Vol 1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp - 22

6 ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfdf ljljwtf lrf k|0ffnL dfkm{t / Sofg8f, ci6]lnof, hfkfg h:tf d'n'sx?n] jif ]{lg cfk|jf;gsf] dfWodjf67"nf]kl/df0fdf hgzlSt b]zdf leq\of/x]sf 5g\.

7 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P in Watt R and Chattopadhya R edited Unity in Diversity , Learning form Each

other", Vol 1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp - 7


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dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk;L ljZjf; / ;b\efjsf] cj:yf >[hgf ub{5 . dfgj:jefjtM ljljwtfo'St k|f0fL xf], ljljwtfjf6 p;nfO{cnu ug{;lsb}g . ljljwtf p;sf] klxrfgklg xf]. dflg; dfgj ;d'bfosf] ;dfg ;b:o dfq xf]Og, p kl/jf/ jf vf; ;d'bfosf] ;b:o klg/x]sf]x'G5 h;sf]sf/0f p;df ljljwtf ;dflxt ePsf]x'G5 . of] ;fdflhs yyfy{tfnfO{ :jLsf/

ub}{ljljwtfnfO{;dflxt u/]/ To;}sf]cfwf/df lgdf{0f ePsf]/fhgLltn]dfq j9L Gofo / dfgjclwsf/sf]/fd|f]Uof/]G6L ub{5 lsg ls o;n]dflg;sf]:jfefjhGo ljljwtfsf]jf:tljstfnfO{;Ddfg u/]sf]x'G5 .

# ;fd" lxs jf JolStut ljz]if clwsf/

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cefjn];+VofTds ?kdf sd / ;fdflhs ?kdf sdhf]/ /x]sf ;d'xnfO{ cfkm}4f/f kf]lift /+ue]bLcj:yfdf k'ofpF5 . t/, cfk\mgf] klxrfg / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f c?;+usf] ;+jfbljxLgtfjf6 ug{;lsb}g . cfkm"nfO{ cnUf /fVg] sfo{n] ;+jfbljxLgtf / k"jf{u|xL efjgfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . cNksfnsf]c;Gt'i6L bL3{sfndf ljb|f]xdf kl/0ft x'g ;Sb5 . o;n] cGt/;fdflhs ;b\efj / zflGtnfO{ vnn\k'ofpF5 .

oxL tYonfO{b[li6ut u/]/ g}dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw cGt/{fli6o dfkb08x?n]k|To]s dfG5]jLrsf];dfgtfnfO{hf]8 lbP klg ;a}dflg;nfO{cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/ /xg]s'/fdf klg plQs}hf]8

lbPsf 5g\. cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/8 cGt/ut p;n]:jtGqtfk"j{s cfkm\gf]/fhgLlts x}l;otlgwf{/0f ug{ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;nfO{ :jtGqtfk"j{s cufl8 a9fpg kfpg]s'/fnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 59 . o;/L xfdL cGt/f{li6o dfkb08x?n] ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsfb}{JolStut ;dfgtf / JolStut jf ;fd'lxs :jfoQtfnfO{ :yfg lbPsf] kfpF5f} . oxL cGt/{fli6odfkb08 cg'?k d'n'sx?n]/fli6o sfg'gx?df ;fd'lxs jf JolStut clwsf/sf]Joj:yf u/]sfx'G5g\. g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] JolStut ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ dfgj clwsf/,sfg'gsf]zf;g h:tf cjojnfO{zf;g ;+rfngsf]cfwf/ agfPsf]ePtf klg ;d'x jf JolStsf]clwsf/sf]nflu ljif]z Joj:Yff ug{;lsg]k|jfwfgx? ;dflxt u/]sf]510 . o;/L /fli6o /cGt/{fli6o sfg"gdf ;d]t ljljwtf Joj:yfkg / dfgj clwsf/ jLr lj/f]wfefif b]lvb}g j?ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkgnfO{;du|dfgj clwsf/sf]kIfkf]if0f ug]{tTjsf]?kdf :jLsfl/Psf]kfOG5 .

8 lkmNg/JolSt /fHosf];b:o x'g]ljlQs}p:n]cfTd lg0f{osf]clwsf/sf]s]xL lx:;f /fHon]lnG5 / o;/L u'd]sf] cfTklg0f{osf] clwsf/:joQtf jf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f dfkm{t k'gM JolStn]k|fKt ub{5 eGb5g\.

9 dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/fli6o dxf;lGwx?sf];+ufnf], g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g , Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, l;+xbf/jf/,sf7df08f}, @)^$ k[i7 (^

10 g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;ljwfg, @)^#, sfg'g lstfj ljsf; ;ldlt , sf7df08f}, @)^#, wf/f (!#)


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$= k|hftGq

k|hftGq eg]sf jx'dtsf]zf;g xf]. k|hftflGqs k|s[ofn] 4G4 ;dfwfgsf] nflu zflGtk"0f{ jf6f]pknJw u/fPsf]x'G5 . To;} u/L k|hfltGqs k4ltn] k|To]s JolStsf] rxgf / c+fsfIffnfO{ :yfglbPsf] x'G5 . otL x'bfF x'b} klg Jojxf/df eg] k|hftGqdf ;Lldttfx? b]vf k/L/x]sf x'G5g\ .elgG5, k|hftGq pQd zf;g Joj:yf t xf]Og t/ o;sf ljsNkx? eGbf of] pQd rfFxL 5 .;+:s[lt, k/+k/f, wd{/ efiff dfgj JolStTjsf] cleGg c++ xf] . k|hftflGqs /fhgLltn] JolStsfoL cGt/lgxLt cjojx?nfO{gh/cGbfh u/]/ jx'dtn]dxTjk"0f{7fg]sf ljifox?nfO{dfq 5fGgldNb}g . k|hftGqdf jx'dtn] cNkdt k|lt ;lxi0f'tf / ;+emf}tfsf] nflu nrstf b]vfpg} kb{5 .;w}jx'dtLo cfwf/df dfq 5gf}6sf] lg0f{o ug]{ xf]Og Gofof]lrt ljifo k|lt ;xdtLo Jojxf/ klgb]vfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . xf]Og eg] 5'ofOPsf] ljljwtfn] ;dfhnfO{ l5Gg leGg kfb{5, o:tf] ;dfhsf;b:ox?n]cfkm"nfO{e]b\efjk"0f{Jojxf/ ul/Psf]7fGb5g\/ jx'dtsf] k|hftGqdf cfkm'nfO{ :yfoL

x?jfsf]?kdf 7fGg]cj:yf cfpF511. ;fdflhs c;Gtf]if sfnfGt/df ljb|f]xdf ?kfGt/0f x'g slQj]/ nfUb}g .

k/+k/fut /fhgLltdf ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf lnOP klg cfw'lgs /fhgLltn]ljljwtfnfO{ /fi6 lgdf{0fsf]cfwf/e"t tTjsf]?kdf :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf]5 . ljljwtfnfO{ b]zlgdf{0fsf]nflu ef/sf]?kdf geO{;+++kltsf]?kdf lng]k|rngsf];'?jft e};s]sf]5 . d'n'sn]ljljwtfnfO{;dflxt ug]{dfq xf]Og, ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ / k|jw{g u/]/ b]z lgdf{0f ubf{ dfqlbuf]/ zflGtk"0f{ljsf; ;+ej x'g ;S5 eGg]s'/f ;a}n]:jLsfg{yfln;s]sf]cj:yf 5 .

%= /fli6o Pstf

/fi6 / /fli6otfdf j}rfl/s eGbf efjgfTds tTj a9L /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ljifo k|lt gful/sx?gtd:ts x'G5g\ . /fli6o Pstfdf r'gf}lt cfpg] ljifo gful/sx?sf] nflu lk|o x'g ;Sb}g .k/+k/fut wf/0fdf ljljwtf / Pstf jLr lj/f]wfefif x'G5 elgYof] / o;n] /fli6o Pstfdf vnnk'ofpF5 elgGyf]. kmn:j?k, Psn ;+:s[lt / Ps b]zsf]ljrf/ alnof]lyof].

;'Gbf ljljwtf / Pstf jLr cGt/lgxLt lj/f]wfefif /xG5 eGg] nfu] klg oL b'O{ jLr lj/f]wfefif5}g . Pstf ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t x'g ;S5 cyf{t ljljwtfn] Pstf >[hgf ub{5 . /fi6 leqsf ;a}hft, hflt, efiff, efifL, wfld{s ;d'bfo cflb jLr cfk;L ;b\efj, ljZjf; / ;dtfn] g} /fli6oPstfsf]k|jw{g ub{5 . PlSnPsf] c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] nflu /fli6otf sd ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'G5 .km]l/ /fli6otf s;}df yf]kg{;lsg] ljifo klg xf]Og . To;}sf/0f Pstfsf] gfddf ljljwtfnfO{

11 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P opp. cited pp-9


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d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf]hGd x'g]ePsf]n] ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . o;n] ;fdflhs lj4]ifsf] cj:yf>[hgf u/]/ b]z 6's|g] vt/f emg}a9\5 . Ps /fi6 Ps ;+:s[lt l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t k"j{;f]leot;+w, r]sf]:nfeflsof, k'j{o'uf]:nfleof h:tf ;+3x? s]xL ;do kl5 6's|f 6's|f eP t/ ljljwtfnfO{:jLsf/]sf]ef/t cyfx ljljwtf jLr klg Ps /fi6?kdf /x]sf]5 .

ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of gePsf]rfxL xf]Og . ljleGg ;d'x jLrsf] ltSttfn]] cbIftf /rnxn g}ug{g;Sg]cj:yf (Stalemate)NoFfpg klg ;Sb5 . ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ k|To]slg0f{o k|s[ofn];d'xsf]ljljwtfsf dxTjk"0f{:jfy{x? / k|To]s gful/ssf] :jfy{ jLr /fd|f] ;Gt'ngagfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . jx'dtsf] :jfy{nfO{ dxTj lbPs} x'g' kb{5 . jx'dtn] klg cNkdtsf] ljljwrl/qnfO{:yfg lbg}kb{5, pgLx?sf]efjgfnfO{sb/ ug}{ kb{5, ;+emf}tfsf]nflu nrstf b]vfpg'kb{5 / ;xdtLo ;+:sf/ klg b]vfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . of] cj:yfdf ;a} ljljwtf jf]s]sf ;d'xn] dfGg]u/L ;Gt'ng agfpg]sfo{Jojxfl/s ?kdf r'gf}ltk"0f{/ ufx|f] x'G5 .

^= ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf pkud

;+;f/df ljljlwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu b'O{ lsl;dsf] pkfudsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . klxnf]pkfudn] ljljwtfnfO{ b]z lgdf{0fsf] jfwssf] ?kdf lnG5, ljljwtfnfO{ /fhgLlts lgdf{0fsf]cfwf/sf]?kdf :jLsf/ ub}{g / ljljwtfnfO{ sd ug{ Ps ;+:s[ltsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 .ljt]sf];dodf w]/} d'n'sx?sf];+ljwfgn]/fi6vfnL gful/sx?jf6 dfq ag]sf]x'G5 eGg]cfwf/dfljljlwtfnfO{:jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOb}g . ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg clwsf/ / ;a} gful/s k|lt /fi6sf]

;dfg Jojxf/sf]cfwf/df /fhgLlt Jojl:yt ul/Psf]x'G5 . of] pkfudn] /fi6 lgdf{0f jx'dt;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/df dfq x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] x'G5 . hd{gL / cd]l/sf o;df pbfx/0fx'g\ . cd]l/sf, c:6]lnof h:tf cfk|jf;gsf d'n'sx?n] d]lN6u k6 sf] cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/dfcfk|jf;Lx?sf]ljljwtfnfO{cfkm\gf];+:s[lt;+u PsLs[t u/]sf 5g\12 .

csf]{pkfud rfxL ljljwtf ;dfhsf]cGt/lgxLt cjoj xf], ljljwtf b]z lgdf{0fsf]cfwf/ xf];d:of xf]Og / ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ljgf lbuf] ljsf; ;+ej 5}g eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5 .of]pkud k|of]u ug]{x?n]ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{/fhgLlts lgdf{0f;+u cufl8 a9fPsf x'G5g\.

of]cjwf/0ff /fVg]d'n'sx?n]ls t ;+3LotfnfO{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf pkof]uu/]sf 5g\ls t PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf cGt/ut clwsf/ ;DkGg :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/x?nfO{ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf]nflu pkof]u ug]{u/]sf] 5g\. /fhgLlt lgdf{0f;++u ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{hf]8\g]ljifo ;+3Lo jf PsfTds zf;sLo k|0ffnL eGbf klg /fhgLlt1sf]dfgl;stf / /fi6sf]cj:yf;+u hf]l8Psf]x'G5.

12 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P opp cited pp-4


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&= ;+3Lotf

;+;f/df kl5Nnf ;dodf ePsf]oftfoft / ;+rf/sf] ljsf;n] ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] nflu 7"nf /;fgf /fhgLlts PsfO{x?sf]cfjZostfnfO{Ps}rf]6L phfu/ u/]sf]5 . o;/L ;+3Lotfsf] kIfdf

b'O{zlStzfnL, cGt/lge{/, t/ ljlzi6 / jf:tjd} ljkl/t ljrf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5

13

. Pp6fljrf/ cfly{s ljsf;, ;'/Iff / ljZj dGrdf k|efj hdfpgsf] nflu ultzLn, bIf / cfw'lgs /fHolgdf{0fsf]nflu ;+++3Lotf cufNg];++u ;DjlGwt 5 eg] csf]{ ljrf/ Oltxf;, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts/ eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ;Sg] ;fgf], k|ToIf pQ/bfoL :jfoQ /fhgLlts PsfO{ dfkm{tljlzi6 klxrfgsf]rxgf kl/k"lt{ug]{ljifo;+u ;DalGwt 5 . oL b'j} cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]6\g] x'gfn]g};+3Lotfsf]cfsif{0f ljt]sf]s]xL ;do b]lv a9L /x]sf]514 .

;+3Lotfn] lglZrt ;femf p2]Zox?sf]nflu 7"nf /fhgLlts PsfO{jLr zf;sLo Joj:yf Ps

cfk;df ljt/0f ug]{ Shared Rule / ljljw ;d'xsf] nflu :jfoQ, k|ToIf / k|hftflGqs ?kdflgjf{rsx? k|lt pQ/bfoL /xg];;fgf ;/sf/sf PsfO{x? :yfkgf ug]{ self ruleb'a}sf] cj;/pknJw u/fpF5 . cyf{t, ;+3Lo ;dfhn] PsLs/0f / v08Ls/0f b'j}sf] rl/q b]vfpF5 . v08Ls/0f /:yfgLos/0fsf]rl/q self rule;+u tfbfDo /fV5 eg] ljZjJoflks/0f jf PsLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ sharedrulecGt/ut kb{515 . o;/L ;+3Lotfn] 7"nf PsfO{x? jLr Shared Rule / ;fgf If]qLo PsfO{x?dfSelf rule pknJw u/fpg]Ifdtf /fVg]x'gfn] ;+3LotfnfO{cfw'lgs ljZjsf]hl6n jx';f+:s[lts /cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts jf:tljstfsf] jx'cfoflds rl/qnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfutJoj:yf elgG5 . g]kfndf ;+3Lotf :yfkgfsf] nflu cl3 ;fl/Psf y'k|} sf/0fx? dWo] of] klg Pp6f

sf/0f xf]16 .

*= ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf]tl/sf

PsfTds jf ;+3Lo h'g;'s}zf;sLo k|0ffnL c+lsf/ u/]klg ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf]nflu ;d'xx?sf]:jfoQtf dxTjk"0f{x'G5 . cfkmgf] nflu cfkm}n] lg0f{o ug]{ eg]sf] :jfoQtf xf] . :jfoQtf selfrulesf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ljljw rl/q af]s]sf ;d'xx?n] cfkm\gf] jf/]df cfkm }n] lg0f{o ug]{/fhgLlts clwsf/ gkfpFbf;Dd tL ;d'xx?sf]rl/qsf]hu]gf{x'g ;Sb}g . To;}sf/0f ljljwtf

Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6} / ;j{dfGo tl/sf eg]sf] :jfoQtf g} xf] . t/, :jfoQtfsf] ljt/0f eg];d'xx?sf]ef}uf]lns ljt/0f / pkl:yltdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .

13 Watt, R and Kincaid J in Watt, R and chattopadhaya, R edited : "Unity in Diversity, Learining from Each Other" Vol 1, Forum

of Federations 2008, pp-xii

14 ibid , pp-xi

15 Tanggol, Sukarno D." Regional Autonomy and Federalism", MSU- LLigan Institue of Technology, the Phillippines 2012 pp -

54

16 g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;ljwfg, @)^#, sfg'g lstfj ljsf; ;ldlt , sf7df08f}, @)^#, wf/f (!#*)


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k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf]d'n'sdf jx'dtsf]cefjdf zf;g ;+rfngn]j}wtf k|fKt ug{;Sb}g .To;}sf/0f tf]lsPsf]ef}uf]lns If]qdf lglZrt ;d'xsf]jx'dt ePsf]cj:yfdf dfq :jfoQtf ;+ejx'G5 . t/, jx'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf :jfoQtfsf] cEof; x'g ;Sb}g . jx'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf:jfoQtfdf k|bfg ubf{jx'dtsf]sb/ x'b}g kmn:j?k jx'dtlj?4 e]befj x'g hfG5 . km]l/ lglZrt

;d'xsf]jx'dt k'ofpgsf]nflu dfq ef}uf]lns If]qsf]ljefhg klg ;j{yf plrt x'b}g . cfly{sclwsf/ ljgfsf]/fhgLlts clwsf/ bx|f]x'b}g, To;}sf/0f cfly{s ;fdYo{nfO{j]jf:tf u/]/ ef}uf]lnsIf]qsf]/fhgLlts ljefhg ug{klg ;lsb}g .

ef}uf]lns :jfoQtf ;+ej gePsf]cj:yfdf ;fd'lxs :jfoQtfsf];f JolStut jf ;+f:s[lts:jfoQtfsf]Joj:yf ug{'kg]{x'G5 . cyf{t, lglZrt ;d'xsf ;b:ox? Jff ;d'xnfO{ ljif]z clwsf/sf]Joj:yf . g]kfndf hghfltsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ul/Psf] cf/If0fsf]17Joj:yf JolStutljif]z clwsf/ jf :jfoQtf xf]eg]cfkm\gf]dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIff kfpg]clwsf/18 ;+f:s[lts

clwsf/ jf JolStut :jfoQtf xf] . lkmnLlkG;df d';ndfg ;d'bfosf] nflu lbOPsf] ;l/ofsfg"gsf]Joj:yf d';ndfg ;d'bfosf]JolStut :jfoQtf leq kb{5 .

JolStut jf ;fd'lxs ?kdf ljif]z clwsf/sf]Joj:yf ubf{ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkgdf vf;}tgfjb]lvb}g lsgls o;df l;dLt clwsf/ dfq k|bfg ul/Psf]x'G5 . t/, ef}uf]lns cfwf/df :jfoQtfsf]Joj:yfkg ubf{Jojxfl/s ;d:ofx? pTkGg x'g]u/]sf]ljZjJofkL cg'ej 5 . ef}uf]lns ;Ldflgwf{/0f u/]/ lglZrt jx'dt k'ofP/ :jfoQtf k|bfg ubf{h]h;/L ef}uf]lns ;Ldf sfod u/]klgljljwtf j9L ePsf]d'n'sdf pSt ;Ldf leq gofFcNkdtsf]hGd e}xfN5 / jx'dt cNkdtsf]

slxNo}cGt gx'g]b'Zrs|;'? x'G5 . k|To]s ef}uf]lns If]qdf jx'dt / gofF cNkdtsf] >[hgf x'G5 .gfOh]l/of o:sf]HjnGt pbfxf/0f xf]. s/Lj @%) hfltsf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] gfOh]l/ofnfO{ # j6fjf6#^ ef}uf]lns OsfO{df ljefhg ul/ ;lsPsf]5 tfklg ;d'xx?sf]c;Gt'i6L sd ePsf]5}g .

s'g}lglZrt ;dodf jx'dtdf /x]sf];d'x cNkdtdf kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpF5 . jx'dtdf ePsf];d'x sfnfGt/df a;fO{;/fOsf]dfWodjf6 cNkdtdf kg{;S5 . o; cj:yfdf :jtM tgfjpTkGg x'G5 . km]l/ Ps 7fpFdf jx'dtdf ePsf] ;d'x csf]{ 7fFpdf cNkdtdf /xg ;Sb5 . o:tf]cj:yfdf pSt ;d'xn] jx'dtsf] :yfgdf kfPsf] :jfoQtf cNkdt ePsf] 7fpFdf kfpb}gg\ /Ps};d'xsf ;b:ojLr klg /fi6jf6 c;dfg Jojxf/ x'g k'Ub5 . k|m]Gr efifL Sofg]l8ogx?dfof]cj:yf b]lvPsf]519. ef}uf]lns :jfoQtfsf] Joj:yfkg pko'St9+ujf6 ul/Pg eg] sltko

17 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g -bf]>f];+;f]wg_ @)^$, g]kfn /fhkq @)^$.$.@#, d'b|0f ljefu, sf7df08f}18 g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ,@)^# , sfg'g lstfj ljsf; ;ldlt , sf7df08f}, @)^#, 3f/f (!&).19 Sofg8fsf]So'j]sdf k|m|]GrefifL ;d'x jx'dtdf 5 / of];d'xn]:joQtfsf]pkof]u ul//x]sf]5 eg]cGoq j:g]k|m]|GrefifLx?nfO{

o:tf]clwsf/ k|fKt 5}g .


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cj:yfdf ljv08gsf]cj:yf cfpg ;S520 . ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df :jfoQtfsf] v]fhLubf{jx'dtsf]nflu hfltut ;++xf/ jf jnft\:yfgfGt/0fsf]cj:yf cfpg ;S521 . jf]l:gofdf of]cj:yf b]lvPsf]lyof]22 .

(= g]kfnsf];Gbe{

g]kfn d"ntM cNk;+Vosx?sf]b]z xf]23 . ljs|d ;+Djt\ @)%* sf] hgu0fgf24 df klxrfg ul/Psf!)) hfthflt dWo]^ cf]6f hfthfltsf] hg;+Vof dfq s'n hg;+Vofsf] % k|ltzt eGbf j9L5 . s'n hg;+Vofsf] )=% k|ltzt hg;+Vof ePsf hfthflt #! Dffq 5g\ . w]/} hfthfltsf]hg;+Vof Psbd}sd 5 M %# j6f hfthflt ;d'xsf] hg;++Vof %),))) eGbf sd 5 . o; dWo]klg !( j6f ;d'xsf];Vof %,))) eGbf sd 525 .

g]kfndf hg;+Vofsf]lx;fjn] ;a} eGbf 7" nf !! ;d'xsf] hg;+Vof s/Lj ^*=$ k|ltzt /x]sf]5 . oL !! ;d'x dWo] % ;d'x dfq lhNnfdf jx'dt cyf{t %) k|ltzt eGbf dfly /x]sf 5g\ eg]7"nf]hg;+Vosf];d'x x'bf x'b}klg ;d'x s'g} klg lhNnfdf jx'dtdf 5}gg\ . If]qL gf} lhNnfdf,du/, yf?, tdf, / u'? Ps Ps lhNnfdf %) k|ltzt eGbf j9L ;+Vofdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/Ls'g}Ps hfthflt hg;Vofsf]jx'dt ePsf]lhNnfsf];Vof dfq !$ /x]sf]5, jfFsL lhNnfx?dfs'g}klg ;d'x jx'dtdf b]lvb}g -x]g'{xf];\tnsf]tfnLsfdf pNn]lvt ljj/0f_ .

g]kfndf krxQ/ lhNnf /x]sf];Gbe{nfO{ljrf/ ubf{If]qL ;d'x jfx]s s'g}klg ;d'x clxn]sf]lhNnfnfO{oyfjt\/fVbf jx'dt /xg]u/L ;Lldt ef}uf]lns If]qdf ljefhg ug{;+ej b]lvb}g . j9Lef}uf]lns If]q ljefhg cfly{s / k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0fjf6 ;++ej b]lvb}g .

20 Poirier , J : Autonomy and Diverstiy in , R and chattopadhaya, R edited : "Unity in Diversity Learining from Each Other" Vol

1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp- 45

21 Ibid pp- 45

22 k"j{o'uf]:nfleofsf]Ps efu Jff]l:gofdf jx'dtdf /x]sf d';ndfg ;d'xnfO{cNkdtdf k'ofpg ;j{x?n] ;g\!((@ b]lv !((% ;Ddd';ndfgx?sf]cfdg/;+xf/ / jnft\:yfgfGt/0f u/]sf lyP .

23 Zfdf{lktfDj/ , g]kfnL Sofgefifsf /+x?, hftLotfsf]ef}uf]lns kIf , lxdfn lstfj , sf7df08f}, @))* k[i6 !24 kl5Nnf]k6ssf]hgu0fgf @)^* ;fndf ;DkGg ePsf]ePtf klg j[:t[t ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ePsf]5}g To;}n]oxfF@)%* sf]

hgu0fgfsf]tYonfO{g} cfwf/ agfOPsf]5 .25 Zfdf{lktfDj/, g]kfnL Sofgefifsf /+x?, hftLotfsf]ef}uf]lns kIf , lxdfn lstfj , sf7df08f}, @))* k[i6 !)


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lhNnfut ?kdf jx';+Vos hfthflt ;d"xsf]hg;+Vof

s'nhg;+Vofdf

k|ltzt

;a}eGbf 7"nf];d'xsf]?kdf /x]sf]

lhNnf ;+Vof -s_

%) k|ltzt eGbf dflyhg;+Vof /x]sf

lhNnf -v_

-s_ / -v_sf]hf]8

s'nk|ltzt

If]qL !%=* !@ ( @! @*=))Jffx'g !@=& !) ) !) !#=#du/ &=! ^ ! & (=#Yff? ^=& # ! $ %=#

Tffdf8 %=^ ^ ! & (=#g]jf/ %=% @ ! # $=)

D'f;ndfg $=# % ) % ^=&

ofbj #=( % ) % ^=& /fO{ @=* ^ ) ^ *=)Uf'? @=$ # ! $ %=#lnDj' !=^ # ) # $=)hDdf ^*=$ ^! !$ &% !))=))

>f]t M g]kfnL SFofgef;sf /+ux?, lxdfn lstfj, sf7df08f}, @))*, k[i6 !%

of]tYofn]g]kfnnfO{hftLo ef}uf]lns If]qdf ljefhg u/]/ jx'dtdf cwfl/t ;+3Lotfdf k'gM

;+/rgf ug{;lsg]cj:yf b]vfpFb}g . To;}sf/0f g]kfndf hftLo cfwf/sf] ;+3Lotf ;++ej b]lvb}g .jx'dt gePsf]cj:yfdf cu|flwsf/ ;lxtsf]:jfoQtf k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL leq c6fpg ;Sb}g .;a}dflg; j/fj/ x'G5g\/ ;j} k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sfdfGotf;u o:tf]/fhgLlts clwsf/n]tfbfDotf /fVg ;Sb}g . cfw'lgs o'udf k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLeGbf jflx/ uP/ zf;g Joj:yfsf];++/rgf ug'{ eg]sf];Eotfsf]k5fl8 kms{g'xf]. o; cj:yfdf;+3Lotfdf /xg]k|fb]lzs txdf k|d'v hflt jf hftsf]:jfoQtfsf]nflu JolStut jf ;+f:s[lts:jfoQtf dfq ;+ej b]lvG5 . k|d'v ;d'xx?sf] :jfoQtf k|fb]lzs tx eGbf tnsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/

txdf dfq ;+ej b]lvG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+Vof hlt w]/} /xG5 ptL g} w]/} ;d'xsf] nflu:jfoQtf k|bfg ug{;lsG5 . To;} u/L :yfgLo txdf hlt w]/} clwsf/ /xG5 ptL g} dfqfdf:jfoQtfsf];3gtf a9\5 .

of]l:yltdf s]Gb|sf]clwsf/ k|b]zdf ;f/]/ dfq g]kfnsf]ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkg x'g ;Sb}g . o;n]l;+xb/jf/sf]s]xL clwsf/ t k|b]zdf ;nf{ t/ g]kfnsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug{;Sb}g . Ps k6s 4G4sf] rk]6df kl/;s]sf] g]kfnsf] nflu k|fb]lzs txdf /xg] clwsf/n] hft


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hfltx?nfO{:jfoQQf k|bfg ug{;lsb}g . o; cj:yfdf xfn of] ;d'bfodf b]lvPsf] c;Gt'li6 sdug{;lsb}g kmn:j?k 4G4sf]cj:yf >[hgf x'g]vt/f /xLg}/xG5 . /fHo jf k|b]zsf] lgdf{0fjf6jt{dfgdf b]lvPsf] ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L x'g] l:ylt b]lvb}g . To;}sf/0f k|ultzLnclwsf/ ;lxtsf];;fgf :yfgLo lgsfo Jojl:yt u/]/ dfq g]kfnsf ljljw ;d'xnfO{:jfoQtf

k|bfg ug{;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu ;+3Lo zf;sLo Joj:yf clgjfo{ klg 5}g lsg sL stLkoPsfTds Joj:yf ePsf d'n'sdf ;++3Lo Joj:yf ePsf d'n'sdf eGbf ;d'xsf]:jfoQtf w]/}526 .To;}sf/0f g]kfndf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf]nflu :yfgLo txnfO{a9L clwsf/ lbg'cfjZos 5 .

g]kfnsf] zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] k'gM;+/rgf x'g u} /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ljljwtfsf] pko'St9+ujf6Joj:yfkgsf]nflu k|fb]lzs txdf JolStut jf ;f:s[lts :jfoQtf / :yfgLo txdf ;d'xut:jfoQtfsf]tl/sf cjnDjg ug'{ kb{5 . To;}sf/0f ;d'xx?sf] dfu :yfgLotxdf a9L clwsf/sf]Uof/]G6L ug]{ljifodf s]Gb|Lt x'g'kb{5 g ls k|fb]lzs txdf .

!)= lgisif{

ljljwtf ePsf]d'n'sdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ePg eg]4G4sf]cj:yf cfpF5 . To;}sf/0f k|To]sjx';+f:s[lts d'n'sn]ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff Ps d'n'sPs gful/ssf]l;4fGt, dfgj clwsf/sf ljZjJofkL dfGotf, ;/sf/ ;+rfngsf dfGo cfwf/x?,k|hftGq / /fli6o Pstf;+u lj/f]wfefifdf /x]sf] 5}g t/ ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg / jx'dtsf] k|s[ofjLr ;Gt'ng ldnfpg]sfo{rfxL r'gf}ltk"0f{/x]sf]5 . o:tf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg ;lsPg eg] d'n's

6's|g]vt/f klg /xG5 . ;3Lotfdf k'gM;/rgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf k|d'v hfthfltn] p7fO{cfPsf] k|fb]lzs txsf] :jfoQtf pknJw h+g;+Vofsf]tYofn];+ej b]vfpb}g, k|fb]lzs txdfJolStut jf ;f+:s[lts :jfoQtf dfq ;+ej bl]vG5 . To;}sf/0f ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu:yfgLo txnfO{a9L clwsf/ ;DkGg jgfpg]Ps dfq jf6f]xfdL ;fd'5 . g]kfnsf] ljutsf] nfdf];dosf]cg'ejdf :ygLo txdf clwsf/ lbg]s'/fdf /fhgLlt1x?df pbf/tf eGbf ;+s'lrt ljrf/xfjL ePsf]b]lvG5 . s]Gb|Ls[t zf;sLo Joj:yfdf bLlIft xfd|f /fhgLlt1jf6 :yfgLo txdf w]/}clwsf/ lgIf]k0f x'G5 eg]/ cfZj:t x'g ;lsb}g . h'g txdf /Xof] ToxL txnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGgagfpg'kg]{ljrf/ af]Sg] k|j[lQ 5 x.d|f /fhgLlt1x?df . To;}sf/0f :yfgLo txnfO{ alnof] agfpg]u/L gofF;ljwfgdf Joj:yf ug]{sfo{df ;a}sf]Wofg hfg'h?/L 5 . xf]Og eg] h+uf/ tof] nf}/f]ljl;{of]h:tf]x'g hfg]5 .

26 PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf ePsf hfkfg / :jL8]gsf :yfgLo lgsfosf]:joQtf ;+3Lot d'n'sdf k|bQ :jfoQtf eGbf a9L 5 .


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;Gbe{;fdfu|Lx?

!= g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# , sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt , sf7df08f}, @)^#

@= Donnelly, J "International Human Rights Dilemmas in World Politics" Third Edition,Westview Press, 2007.

#. Tanggol, Sukarno D. "Regional Autonomy and Federalism Concept and Issues for theBangsamoro Government" MSU-Lligan Institute of Technology, Phillippines, 2012

$= Fleiner, Thomas."The Challenges of Ethnic Diversity to Federalism The states and moodsof federalism: Government Identity and Methedology" Eds. Jean Francois Gaudrault

Desbians and Fabian Geinas: Les Edition Yvon Blais, 2005.

%= Weissbrodt D, Fitzpatrick J, Newman F, Hoffman M, and Rumsey M"SelectedInternationalHuman Rights Instruments," Third Edition, Anderson Publishing Co. 2001.

^= Anderson G, "Federalism: An Introduction" Forum of Federations, Oxford UniverityPress. 2008

&= Watt R and Chattopadhaya R Edited "Unity in Diversity Learning from Each Other" vol 1

Building on and Accomodating Diversities, Forum of Federations, 2008.

*= Watt R. "Comparing Federal Systems" Third Edition Institute of IntergovernmentalRelation, McGill Queen's University Press, 2008

(= Watt R and Chattopadhaya R Edited "Unity in Diversity Learning from Each Other" vol 4Local Government in Federal Systems, Forum of Federations , 2008

!)=Watt R and Chattopadhaya R Edited "Unity in Diversity Learning from Each Other" vol 5Policy Issues in Federalism International Perspectives , Forum of Federations , 2008


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lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]pTk|]/0ffsf ;DaGwdf;''zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;++rfng_ P]]g

;f/f+z

s'g}klg ;+u7gdf hgzlSQsf]cToGt dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] x'G5 . hgzlSQn] g} ;+u7gsf] nflucfjZos / ;+u7gdf pknAw cGo ;fwgx?sf] kl/rfng, k|of]u / pkef]u ug]{ ePsf]n] hgzlSQdf;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff gx'bf;Dd cGo ;fwgx?sf] ;kmnQd pkof]u x'g ;Sb}g . ;+u7gdf sfo{/t\s'g}JolQmsd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] kbLobfloTjlhDd]jf/Lk|lt bQlrQeO{ lghdf cGtlg{lxt Ifdtfsf]dxQd ;b'kof]u u/L ;f] bfloTjlhDd]jf/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf ;Dkfbg ug]{tk{m ;lqmo u/fpg]dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf pTk|]/0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . hgzlSQ pTk|]l/t gx'bf;Dd ;+u7gsf cGo;fwg / >f]tnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf kl/rfng ug{ ;lsb}g / kl/0ffdtM ;+u7gfTds p2]Zo xfl;nug{ ;lsb}g . k|efjsf/L pTk|]/0ffsf] nflu AolQmljz]ifsf] JolQmTj klxrfg ug]{ / cg's/0fLopbfx/0f k|ltljlDjt ug]{ g]t[Tj cfjZos x'G5 . o;}u/L clwg:y sd{rf/Ldf ljZjf; ug]{, pgsf;d:ofx? Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg], pgsf] nflu pko'SQ sfo{jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] tyf c;nsd{rf/L gLlt th'{df ug]{ / sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ u/fpg] sfd ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tjtxsf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf klg pTk|]/0ffsf df}lb|s tyf u}/df}lb|s tTjx?af6 k|efljt/x]sf]5 . o; ;]jfdf cGo ;+u7gx? h:t} JolQmsf cfjZostfx?sf] d"Nofg / ;Ddfg ul/g]k|rngsf] ljsf; ul/g'kg]{tk{m ljleGg cWoogcg';Gwfgx?n]hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L :ki6sfo{ljefhg, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofgsf] nflu j:t'ut, j}1flgs / dfkgLo ;"rsf+s, u'gf;f] ;'Gg];+oGq, lhDd]jf/Lk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL, cflbn] sd{rf/Lsf]pTk|]/0ffsf]cj:yfdf c;/ kfg]{ ePsf]n] ;'zf;g -Joj:yf tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / ;'zf;g

-Joj:yf tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% n]sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ffsf nflu s]xL dxTjk"0f{ u}/df}lb|spTk|]/s tTjx?sf]Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL tTjx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf pkof]udf Nofpg ;s]sf]cj:yfdf Psftk{m d'n'ssf] ;du|lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsg]/ csf]{tk{m lghfdtL

sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;lsg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

* ;x;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

" The two great movers of the human mind are the desire of good, and the fear of evil."

- Samuel Johnson

xl/bQ kf08]o]*


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!= pTk|]/0ff

sd{rf/LnfO{cfgf]sfdk|lt clek|]l/t ug]{jf p;sf]Ifdtf / ;DefjgfnfO{ pRrtd tj/n] ;lqmoPj+ d"t{ agfpg] k|of; g}pTk|]/0ff xf] . pTk|]/0ffsf] ;+u7gfTds sfo{s'zntf;Fu clt 3lgi7

;DaGw ePsf]sf/0fn]Joj:yfkgsf]nflu of]Ps dxTjk"0f{pks/0f dflgG5 . sd{rf/Lx?nfO{a9LeGbf a9L pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug{ tyf sfo{ ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"lt u/fpgsf] nflu Joj:yfkgsf]tkm{af6 h'g pkfox?sf]cjnDag ul/G5, ltg}nfO{pTk|]/0ff eGg]ul/G5 . pTk|]/0ffsf] nflu xfnk|of]u x'Fb}cfPsf]c+u|]hL zAb 'Motivation' Nofl6g zAb 'Motive' af6 Jo'TklQ ePsf]xf], h;sf]cy{x'G5 M OR5fzlQm hfu[t u/fpg' . o;k|sf/ pTk|]/0ffn] o:tf] zlQmnfO{ af]w u/fpF5 h;n]JolQmx?df sfd u/fpg]OR5f k}bf ub{5 . /]lG;g lns6{n] pTk|]/0ffnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] bo (Coreof Management) eg]sf 5g\. o;}u/L x]g/L km]cf]nn] o;nfO{ cfb]zsf] ?kdf ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOG5eg]s'G6\h cf]8f]g]nn]o;nfO{lgb]{zsf]?kdf lnPsf]kfOG5 .

!=! pTk|]/0ff / Aojxf/

pTk|]/0ffnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf Jojxf/x?af6 JoQm ug{;lsG5 . lsDan / ufd]{hLn] lgDg tLgk|sf/sf pTk|]l/t Jojxf/nfO{pNn]v u/]sf s'/f :k]G;/n]b]vfPsf 5g\. -:k]G;/ !(&@M$*_

-s_ pkef]u ;DaGwL Jojxf/ (Consummatory Behaviour) -o;n] tLj| cfjZostfnfO{ ;Gt'i6kfb{5 -ef]hg vfg'ef]s d]6fpg'_, kfgL lkpg'Kof; d]6fpg', k|]d ug'{of}g OR5f k"/f ug{',

ldqx?;Fu e]63f6 ug'{;DaGw a9fpg cyjf cfgf]k|lti7f sfod ug'{.-v_ cfb]zfTds Jojxf/ (Instrumental Behaviour) - o;k|sf/sf]Jojxf/n]cfjZostf k"lt{ug{sf]

nflu s]xL sfd ug{nufpFb5, pbfx/0fsf]nflu ef]s d]6fpgsf]nflu ef]hgfnotkm{ hfg'.

-u_ k|lt:yflkt Jojxf/ (Substitute Behaviour) - of]clek|]l/t Jojxf/ xf]t/ o;nfO{:ki6 kfg{;ls+b}g .


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-s_ df}lb|s cyjf ljQLo tTjsf]k|efj

ca|fxd df:nf]sf]Need Hierarchy Therory of Motivation cg';f/sf]cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/fug{sf]nflu df}lb|s ;'ljwf ckl/xfo{x'G5 . df}lb|s tTjx?sf] k|of]uaf6 b]xfo cg';f/sf] pknlAw

x'g ;S5 M

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JolQmnfO{hLjgsf]pRrtd nIo lgwf{/0f ug{;xof]u k'Ug],

k|efjsf/L tyf lgoGq0fsf/L k|]/s tTjsf]?kdf k|of]u ug{;lsg],

d'b|fn]cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{'sf] ;fy}Social Status Needs k"/f ug{df ;d]tdxTjk"0f{of]ubfg k'ofpg],

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-v_ u}/df}lb|s cyjf u}/ljQLo tTjx?sf]k|efj

ON6g dfof]sf xfy|f]g k|of]ukZrft xh{au{n]pTk|]/0ff;DaGwL b'O{tTjsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/L;+u7gsf]gLlt lgod, Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, sfo{jftfj/0f, ;'k/Lj]If0f, tna eQf nufotsfcfly{s ;'ljwf h:tf tTjx? kof{Kt x'Fb}df JolQmsd{rf/Ln]sfdk|lt k" 0f{?kdf pTk|]l/t x'g ;Sb}geGg]ts{cl3 ;f/]. o;y{ JolQmsd{rf/LnfO{ ;xL9+un] sfd;Fu ;dfof]hg u/fpgsf] nflu p;sf]sfd, p;n] u/]sf] sfdpknlAwsf] dfGotf, pQ/bfloTj / ljsf;sf] cj;/, pknlAw h:tfu}/df}lb|s tTjx? ;d]t cfjZos x'g]egL Hygiene Factors / Motivating Factors u/L b'O{ tTjsf]l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]. pgn] Motivating FactorscGtu{t Achievement, Recognition, Possibility

of growth, advancement, responsibility / The work itself;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\. xh{ju{sf cg';f/pknlAw, sfdsf] dfGotf, pQ/bfloTj / pRr txsf] k|ultnfO{ d'b|fdf dfkg / d" Nof+sg ug{;lsFb}g . o;k|sf/;Fu ;+u7gdf df}lb|s tTjx? cyjf u}/df}lb|s tTjx? PSn}n] dfq sd{rf/Lx?nfO{sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t ug{;Sb}gg\. To;}n] ;du| ?kdf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t u/fpgsf] nfludf}lb|s / u}/ df}lb|s b'j} tTjx?sf] plrt k|of]u / ;+of]hg ul/g'k5{ . o; ;Gbe{df John Adairsf]lgDg egfO ;fGble{s b]lvG5 "Opportunities for professional development and personalgrowth are especially valuable to good people, but money has a strategic importance for most

people, not least as a measure of recognition for the significance of their contributions. As the

means of exchange and as a store of wealth, money is probably the most useful material reward

you can give." (Adair, 1996)

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50/276

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zf;sLo ;'wf/nfO{d'n'sL k|zf;gsf]cleGg csf]?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{jf u/fpg ljleGg

dGqfno / cGo s]Gb|Lo lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ug]{, dlGqkl/ifb\sf];lrjsf]?kdf sfd ug]{/ ;f]xL x}l;otdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]lg0f{o k|dfl0ft ug]{,

g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog ug{, u/fpg ;DalGwt dGqfnox?nfO{kl/rfng ug]{ jf u/fpg]/ tL lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsf]l:yltsf];'k/Lj]If0f ug]{,

d'n'ssf]k|zf;gtGqnfO{r':t / k'mlt{nf] agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj tyf cGo sd{rf/LnfO{pTk|]l/t ug]{,


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g]kfn ;/sf/sf]sfd sf/afxLnfO{k|efjsf/L agfpg ;do;dodf ;lrj a}7s cfof]hgfug]{/ ;lrj a}7saf6 ePsf lg0f{ox?sf]sfof{Gjogsf]l:yltsf];'k/Lj]If0f ug]{jf u/fpg],

ljleGg dGqfno tyf s]Gb|Lo txsf sfof{nox?sf] k|zf;lgs sfdsf/afxLsf] cg'udg,lg/LIf0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{jf u/fpg],

g]kfn ;/sf/sf]lg0f{osf]nflu ;lrjn]k]z u/]sf]k|:tfjdf cfjZos s'/fx? k'u]gk'u]sf]hfFrL]k|:tfjnfO{g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ ;dIf k]z ug]{/ c gk'u]sf] kfOPdf ;DalGwt;lrjsxfFlkmtf{k7fpg]jf k7fpg nufpg],

g]kfn kIf ePsf lkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;lGw;Demf}tfsf]sfof{Gjog l:yltsf]cg'udg ug]{u/fpg],

tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo sfo{ug]{jf u/fpg].

P]gf/f lgwf{l/t pko'{Qm lhDd]jf/Lsf cltl/Qm ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% sf]lgod # n]d'Vo ;lrjsf]sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cGtu{t b]xfosf]Joj:yf u/]sf]5 M

s'g}dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{nosf]k|ult ljj/0f lng]jf lng nufpg], To;sf];dLIff ug]{ jf u/fpg]jf tT;DaGwdf cfjZoslgb]{zg lbg],

s'g} dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxtsf lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{noaf6s'g}pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwfgfTds sfo{eO/x]sf]5 eGg]s'/fsf]s'g};|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f]s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwtkbflwsf/LnfO{cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{jf u/fpg],

s'g}dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxtsf lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{nox?sf]lg/LIf0faf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf]ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{eO/x]sf]jf x'g;Sg];Defjgf /x]sf]5 eGg] hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jfx'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf]Wofgfsif{0f ug]{jf u/fpg].

@=! @ ;lrjsf]lhDd]]jf/L

;lrj ;DalGwt dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{nosf]k|d'v k|zf;sLokbflwsf/L x'g]/ ;f]xL x}l;otdf lghn] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfP]gsf]bkmf !! df ul/Psf]5 . o; P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] sfd, st{Jo /


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clwsf/sf]cltl/Qm ;lrjsf]cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] Joxf]/f o; P]gdfpNn]v ul/Psf]5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n]k|ltkfbg ug'{kg]{ gLltsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt dGqLnfO{;3fpg],

;DalGwt dGqLsf] lgb]{zg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf]cwLgdf /xL cfk"m axfn /x]sf]dGqfno jf;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf]sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no cGtu{tsf gLltutljifodf s'g};'wf/ ug'{kg]{ePdf ;DalGwt dGqL ;dIf ;f]sf]k|:tfj k]z ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] Joj:yfkg,b}lgs sfo{;~rfng, sd{rf/Lpk/ lgoGq0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no cGtu{tsf ljefu,sfof{no jf To:tf]dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no dftxtsf cGolgsfosf] sfd sf/afxLpk/ cfjZos ;'k/Lj]If0f jf lgoGq0f ug]{ / cfjZostf cg';f/lgb]{zg lbg],

g]kfn ;/sf/n]:jLs[t u/]sf gLlt / sfo{qmdx?sf]sfof{Gjog ug]{jf u/fpg],

cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no tyf ;f];Fu;DalGwt cGo lgsfon] k|To]s dlxgf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg tf]lsP adf]lhdk|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug]{,

dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf]jflif{s sfo{qmd th'{df u/L dGqL;dIf k]z ug]{ / :jLs[t sfo{qmd sfo{fGjog, cg'udg / d" Nofgsf ;fy} k|ult ;dLIff ug]{u/fpg],

dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{noaf6 jif{el/df ;Dkfbg ul/Psf k|d'vsfd sf/afxLsf af/]df jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L dGqL ;dIf k]z ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{no jf ;f]cGtu{tsf/fhkqflt ltLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf];?jf jf kb:yfkgf ug]{jf sfh v6fpg], t/ PsdGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf cGo lgsfo jf ;f]cGt{utsfljefu jf sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{csf]{ dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sfsfof{no jf lgsfo jf ;f]cGtu{tsf ljefu jf sfof{nodf ul/g];?jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf


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k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePkl5 ;f]sf] hfgsf/L tTsfn ;DalGwtdGqLnfO{u/fpg],

j}b]lzs cWoog, tflnd, cWoog e|d0f jf cGo ;/sf/L sfdsf]l;nl;nfdf ljb]z e|d0fsfnflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf]tk{maf6 /fhkqflt ltLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf]dgf]gog ug]{ /j}b]lzs e|d0f sfh :jLs[t ug]{ / ;f] ;DaGwL Joxf]/f tTsfn} ;DjlGwt d+qLnfO{ hfgsf/Lu/fpg],

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{no;Fu ;DalGwtljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] / To:tf]lg0f{osf]sfof{Gjog l:yltsf];'k/Lj]If0f ug]{,

;lrj a}7saf6 ePsf]lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{jf u/fpg],

cToGt pTs[i6 Pj+ k|z+;gLo sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] sfdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0fpNn]v u/L tf]lsPsf]cfwf/df k'/:sf/:j?k tLg u|]8;Dd yk lbg]jf Psk6sdf kfFr xhf/?k}ofF;Ddsf]Psd'i6 k'/:sf/ lbg],

dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf ;f]dftxtsf ljefuLo k|d'v jfcfof]hgf k|d'vn];~rfng u/]sf cfof]hgfsf];do;dodf lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZos lgb{]zglbg], o;/L lg/LIf0f ubf{;~rfng ePsf cfof]hgf ;dodf k"/f x'g g;s]sf] kfOPdf jf

k"/f ePsf]cfof]hgfsf]u'0f:t/ Go"g b]lvPdf To;sf]cfjZos 5fgaLg u/L bf]ifL b]lvPsf;DalGwt ljefuLo k|d'v jf cfof]hgf k|d'vnfO{cfjZos sf/afxL ug]{, tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ jf u/fpg].

P]gaf6 lglb{i6 pko'{Qm lhDd]jf/Lx?sf]cltl/Qm ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% sf]lgod $ n] ;lrjsf]sfd, st{Jo / cl3sf/ cGtu{t b]xfosf]Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

cfkm"axfn /x]sf]dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf

jf sfof{nosf]k|ult ljj/0f lng]jf lng nufpg], To;sf];dLIff ug]{jf u/fpg]/ To;/L;dLIff ubf{jf u/fpFbf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{kxn ug]{, :ynut lg/LIf0f ug]{jfu/fpg]jf tt\;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],

cfkm"axfn /x]sf]dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf,sfof{noaf6 s'g} pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cg';GwgfTds jf cGj]if0ffTds sfo{eO/x]sf]5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvgcfPdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{jf u/fpg],


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cfkm"axfn /x]sf]dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgfjf sfof{noaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf]ljk/Lt s'g}sfo{eO/x]sf]5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdfTo:tf]sfo{x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf]Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg],

dftxt lgsfox?jLr ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg].

pNn]lvt lhDd]jf/Lsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/k|lt ;lrjn]hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ / cfk"m axfn /x]sf]dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n]dfu]sf]cj:yfdf cBfjlws hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg';lrasf] lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo x'g] Joxf]/f;d]t pSQ lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . -P]gsf]bkmf !! sf]pkbkmf $_

@=!=# ljefuLo k||d''v

ljefuLo k|d'v ;DalGwt ljefusf]k|d'v k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L x'g]5 / ;f]xL x}l;otdf cf gf]lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{cfjZos sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{5 egL P]gsf]bkmf !@ n]df elgPsf]5 .

ljefuLo k|d'vsf]sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] sfd, st{Jo/ clwsf/sf cltl/Qm b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf]5 . -P]gsf]bkmf !@_

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]ljefusf]sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefusf] Joj:yfkg, b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng, cfgf] dftxtdf /x]sfsd{rf/Lpk/ ;'k/Lj]If0f / lgoGq0f ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu tyf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf] sfd sf/afxL / sfo{ ;Dkfbg;DaGwL sfo{ljlwnfO{lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;'wf/ ub}{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{l56f], 5l/tf] / u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jfk|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]ljefu jf ;f]cGtu{tsf sfof{non] sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'g} sfg"g jf gLltdf;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ePdf ;f]sf]sf/0f ;lxt ;lrj ;dIf k]z ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]ljefu jf ;f]cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lsf]sfo{;Dkfbg tyf bIftfsf]:t/ lg/Gt/?kdf clej[l4 ug{k|lzIf0f tyf tflnd lbg]Joj:yf ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]ljefu tyf ;f]cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf]tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]dfl;s, jflif{sjf cGo k|ltj]bg ;lrj ;dIf k]z ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu cGtu{tsf /fhkqflt t[tLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf /kb:yfkg ug]{tyf sfh v6fpg],


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cfk"m axfn /x]sf]ljefu jf ;f]cGtu{tsf s'g}sd{rf/Ln]cToGt pTs[i6 / k|z+;gLo sfdu/]df To:tf]sd{rf/LnfO{lghn]u/]sf sfdsf]lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v u/L tf]lsPsf]cfwf/dfk'/:sf/:j?k Ps u|]8;Dd yk lbg]jf Psk6sdf b'O{xhf/ ?k}ofF;Ddsf] Psd'i6 k'/:sf/lbg].

P]gsf] bkmf !@ df plNnlvt sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm ;'zf;g - Joj:yfkg tyf;~rfng _ lgodfjnL, @)^% ljefuLo k|d'vsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhdlgwf{/0f ul/Psf]5 M

cfkm"axfn /x]sf]ljefu jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf jf sfof{nosf]k|ult ljj/0f lng]jf lng nufpg], To;sf];dLIff ug]{ jf u/fpg]/ To;/L ;dLIff ubf{ jf u/fpFbf b]lvPsf;d:of ;dfwfg ug{kxn ug]{, :ynut lg/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg]jf tt\;DjGwdf cfjZoslgb]{zg lbg],

cfkm" axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf jf sfof{noaf6 s'g} pkof]uL,pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwgfTds sfo{eO/x]sf]5 eGg] s'/fsf]s'g};|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f]s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwtkbflwsf/LnfO{cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{jf u/fpg],

cfkm"axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf dftxt lgsfoaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]gLlt,sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g}sfo{eO/x]sf]5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt

x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f]s'/f b]lvg cfPdf To:tf]sfo{x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf]Wofgfsif{0f ug]{jf u/fpg],

dftxtsf lgsfox?jLr ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg].

@=!=$ sfof{no k|d''v

k|rlnt sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf]sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm sfof{no k|d'vsf] cGo sfd,

st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 egL P]gsf]bkmf !# df Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 M

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]sfof{nosf]Joj:yfkg, b}lgs sfo{;~rfng tyf ;f]sfof{nodf sfo{/tsd{rf/Lsf];'k/Lj]If0f tyf lgoGq0f ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]sfof{no / cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf sd{rf/LnfO{sfh v6fpg],


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cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{no / cGtu{t sfof{nosf /fhkq cglt sd{rf/LnfO{ Pssfof{noaf6 csf]{sfof{nodf ;?jf ug]{,

Hofb} pTs[i6 / k|z+;gLo sfd ug]{ cfgf] sfof{nosf] sd{rf/LnfO{ u|]8 yk jf gubk'/:sf/sf nflu lghn]u/]sf]sfdsf]lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v u/L ljefuLo k|d'v ;dIf

l;kmfl/; ug]{,

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]sfof{no cGtu{t ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx?sf]sfd lglZrt ;doleq;DkGg ug{nufpg],

cfk"m axfn /x]sf]sfof{noaf6 hg;fwf/0fnfO{k|bfg ul/g];]jfnfO{k|efjsf/L agfpg],

tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf]k|of]u ug]{jf u/fpg].

P]gn]lglb{i6 pko'{SQ lhDd]jf/Lsf cltl/St ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%

sf]lgdo ^ n]sfof{no k|d'vsf]cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo cg';f/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]5 M

cfkm"jxfn /x]sf]sfof{no, dftxtsf ;/sf/L lgsfo jf cfof]hgfsf]lgoldt ?kdf :ynutlg/LIf0f ug]{jf u/fpg], k|ult ljj/0f dfu ug]{, ;dLIff ug]{/ To;/L ;dLIff ubf{ b]lvPsf;d:of ;dfwfg ug{kxn ug]{jf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],

cfkm"axfn /x]sf]sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo jf cfof]hgfaf6 s'g}pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo,l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwgfTds sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6

hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f]s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{jf u/fpg],

cfkm"axfn /x]sf]sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo jf cfof]hgfaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf]ljk/Lt s'g}sfo{eO/x]sf]5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'gcfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f]s'/f b]lvg cfPdf To:tf]sfo{x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwtkbflwsf/Lsf]Wofgfsif{0f ug]{jf u/fpg]Pj+,

dftxt lgsfox?sf]k|zf;lgs sfd sf/afxLnfO{;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg] .

@=!=% cfk\mgf]lhDd]]jf/L kG5fpg gx'g]

o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ kbflwsf/Ln]cfk"mnfO{;'lDkPsf] jf o;P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn];Dkfbg ug'{kg]{sfd lgwf{l/t zt{tyf cjlwleq ;Dkfbgug'{kg]{Joj:yf ul/Psf]]5 . P]gsf]bkmf @!


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@=!=^ clwsf/ k||Tofof]]hg ug{;Sg]

s'g}kbflwsf/Ln]o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn];Dkfbg ug'{kg]{sfd cfk"m ;/xsf]jf cfgf] dftxtsf] cGo s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhdclwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{;Sg]5g t/ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf]sf/0fn]dfq lghn]cfgf]kbLolhDd]jf/Laf6 5"6 kfPsf]dflgg]Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 . P]gsf]bkmf @@

@=!=& c?sf]clwsf/df x:tIf]]k ug{gx'g]

;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{Ps kbflwsf/Ln]csf]{kbflwsf/Lsf]clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L jf st{Jopk/ x:tIf]k ug{gx'g] Joj:yful/Psf]5 . P]gsf]bkmf ##

@=!=* c;n lgotn]u/]s]sf]

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