Luanvantotnghiep Cong

8/14/2019 Luanvantotnghiep Cong

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B GIO DC V O TOTRNG I HC NNG LM THNH PH H CH MINH

KHA LUN TT NGHIP

KHO NGHIM 12 T HP LA LAI V BC U NGHINCU CNG NGH SN XUT HT GING LA LAI F1 H

BA DNG THCH HP IU KIN TY NGUYN

H v tn sinh vin: NGUYN CH CNGNgnh: NNG HCNin kho: 2004 2008

Thng 11/2008


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KHO NGHIM 12 T HP LA LAI V BC U NGHIN CUCNG NGH SN XUT HT GING LA LAI F1 H BA DNG

THCH HP IU KIN TY NGUYN

Tc gi

NGUYN CH CNG

Kha lun c trnh p ng yu cu cp bng K sNgnh NNG HC

Ging vin hng dn:

TS. HONG KIMTh.S. DNG THNH TI

Thng 11 nm 2008

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LI CM N

Qua bn thng hc tp, lm vic v nghin cu ti Tri Ging Cy trng Lm

H, Lm ng; thuc Cng ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam, ti n lc hc

tp v lm vic nghim tc hon thnh Kha lun tt nghip mt cch thnh cng.

Bn cnh nhng thun li, ti gp khng t kh khn, tuy vy vi s gip ca

nhn vin trong Cng ty ti vt qua cc kh khn y v hon thnh kha lun. Ti

xin gi li cm n chn thnh n:

- Ban Gim Hiu trng i hc Nng Lm TP. HCM

- Ban Ch nhim Khoa Nng hc- B mn Cy Lng thc Rau Hoa Qu

- Phng Nghin cu v Pht trin v Tri Ging Cy trng Lm H thuc Cng

ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam

to mi iu kin tt nht ti hc tp v nghin cu hon thnh tt kha lun

ny.

- Ti xin gi li cm n n cc qu thy c trong Khoa Nng hc tn tnh

ch bo cho ti nhng kin thc trong sut bn nm theo hc.

- c bit ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh nht n thy TS. Hong Kim,

Th.S. Dng Thnh Ti tn tnh ch bo ti trong thi thi gian ti thc hin kha

lun.

- Cm n K s Trn Quc Hi Tri Ging Cy trng Lm H, ch bo ti

cc thao tc k thut ngoi ng trong qu trnh thc hin kha lun.

Xin chn thnh cm n!

Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy 07 thng 11 nm 2008

Sinh vin

Nguyn Ch Cng

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TM TT

ti nghin cu: Kho nghim 12 t hp la lai v bc u nghin cucng ngh sn xut ht ging la lai F1 h ba dng thch hp iu kin Ty

Nguyn thuc ni dung Nghin cu hon thin cng ngh sn xut ht ging la

lai hp tc gia B mn Cy lng thc Rau Hoa Qa, Khoa Nng hc v Phng

Nghin cu v Pht trin, Cng ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam. ti c

tin hnh ti khu th nghim ti Tri Ging Cy trng Lm H, Lm ng thuc Cng

ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam. Thi gian thc hin t ngy 25/05/2008 n

ngy 04/10/2008.

Th nghim c b tr theo kiu khi y hon ton ngu nhin RCBD

(Random Complete Block Dezign), mt yu t, ba ln nhc li vi 12 nghim thc

gm 10 t hp la lai kho nghim: HR182, HR590, HR641, IR80112H, IR80127H,

Nam u 821, Nam u 822, Nam u 823, Nam u 827, Nam u 828; mt t hp la

lai lm i chng l PAC 807 v ging la thng lm i chng VND 95 20.

Kt qu kho nghim 12 t hp la lai chn ra c hai t hp lai trin vng

nht trong v H thu 2008 ti Lm H, Lm ng l IR80127H v Nam u 828. C

hai t hp ny c c trng hnh thi, c tnh nng hc tt, nng sut cao hn i

chng, phm cht go ngon, thch hp vi iu kin a phng. T hp lai

IR80127H: c thi gian sinh trng (TGST) 128 ngy; chiu cao cy 77,45 cm; cng

cy, l ng thng; ry nu cp 1, o n cp 2; khng bnh bc l, m sc vi khun;

nng sut t 7,49 tn/ha. Ht go di t tiu chun xut khu, bc bng cp 3. T

hp lai Nam u 828: c TGST 131 ngy; chiu cao cy 81,25 cm; cng cy, l ng

thng; ry nu cp 3, o n cp 1; khng bnh bc l, m sc vi khun; nng sut

t 6,70 tn/ha. Ht go di t tiu chun xut khu, bc bng cp 1. Bc u

nghin cu cng ngh sn xut ht lai F1 h ba dng rt kt c quy trnh c bn

nhn dng m CMS thch hp iu kin ti a phng v nh gi tnh hnh nghin

cu, sn xut la u th lai ti ni nghin cu.

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MC LC

Trang ta i

Li cm n ii

Tm tt iii

Mc lc iv

Danh sch cc ch vit tt vii

Danh sch cc hnh viii

Danh sch cc bng ixCHNG 1. M U 1

1.1. S cn thit nghin cu 1

1.2. Mc tiu ti 2

1.3. Phm vi nghin cu 2

CHNG 2. TNG QUAN TI LIU 3

2.1. Tnh hnh sn xut la go trn th gii v Vit Nam 3

2.1.1. Sn xut la go trn th gii 3

2.1.2. Sn xut la go Vit Nam 5

2.2. Lch s pht hin v nghin cu u th lai trn cy la 8

2.3. C s khoa hc ca cng ngh sn xut la lai 9

2.3.1. La lai h ba dng 9

2.3.2. La lai h hai dng 11

2.3.3. u im ca la lai h hai dng 12

2.4. Hin trng sn xut la lai trn th gii v Vit Nam 13

2.4.1. Sn xut la lai trn th gii 13

2.4.2. Sn xut la lai Vit Nam 14

2.5. Nghin cu, pht trin la lai trn th gii v Vit Nam 17

2.5.1. Nghin cu, pht trin la lai trn th gii 17

2.5.2. Nghin cu, pht trin la lai Vit Nam 20

2.6. Mt s t hp la lai ang trng ph bin Vit Nam 222.7. Nhng tr ngi chnh trong sn xut la lai ti Vit Nam 23

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2.8. Trin vng, nh hng pht trin la lai Vit Nam v s cp thit ca ti 24

CHNG 3. VT LIU V PHNG PHP TH NGHIM 27

3.1. Phm vi nghin cu 27

3.2. Thi gian v a im th nghim 27

3.2.1. Thi gian th nghim 27

3.2.2. a im th nghim 27

3.2.3. c im v tnh cht l ha tnh khu t th nghim 27

3.2.4. iu kin kh hu thy vn trong thi gian th nghim 28

3.3. Ni dung th nghim 28

3.4. Vt liu th nghim 293.5. Phng php th nghim 29

3.5.1. B tr th nghim 29

3.5.2. Cc bin php k thut canh tc p dng 31

3.5.3. Cc ch tiu v phng php theo di 32

3.5.3.1. Cc ch tiu c trng hnh thi 32

3.5.3.2. Cc ch tiu nng hc, sinh l 34

3.5.3.3. Kh nng chng chu su bnh 37

3.5.3.4. Nng sut v yu t cu thnh nng sut 40

3.5.3.5. Cc ch tiu phm cht go 40

3.6. Phng php x l v thng k s liu 41

CHNG 4. KT QU V THO LUN 42

4.1. Kt qu kho nghim 12 t hp la lai trin vng 42

4.1.1. c im hnh thi ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng 42

4.1.2. Cc ch tiu nng hc ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng 45

4.1.2.1. Thi gian sinh trng v pht dc 46

4.1.2.2. ng thi v tc tng trng chiu cao cy 47

4.1.2.3. ng thi v tc nhnh 49

4.1.3. Ch tiu sinh l ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng 51

4.1.4. Kh nng chng chu su bnh ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng 52

4.1.5. Nng sut, yu t cu thnh nng sut 12 t hp la lai trin vng 544.1.5.1. S bng/m2 54

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4.1.5.2. Tng s ht/bng 54

4.1.5.3. S ht chc/bng 54

4.1.5.4. T l ht lp (%) 54

4.1.5.5. Trng lng 1.000 ht 55

4.1.5.6. Nng sut l thuyt (NSLT) 55

4.1.5.7. Nng sut thc t (NSTT) 55

4.1.6. Cc ch tiu phm cht go ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng 57

4.1.7. Cc t hp la lai trin vng nht trong v H thu ti Lm H, Lm ng 58

4.2. Buc u nghin cu cng ngh sn xut ht ging la lai F1 h ba dng thch

hp iu kin Ty Nguyn 584.2.1. Chn rung v t hp lai nhn dng CMS 59

4.2.2. K thut trn rung m 60

4.2.2.1. Thi gian gieo m 60

4.2.2.2. K thut gieo m 60

4.2.3. K thut trn rung cy 61

4.2.4. iu khin cc dng b, m tr bng trng khp 61

4.2.5. Phun GA3 v th phn b sung 62

4.2.6. Kh ln v thu hoch 63

4.2.7. Thun li v kh khn v nghin cu, sn xut la lai ti Lm H 63

4.2.7.1. Thun li 63

4.2.7.2. Kh khn 63

CHNG 5. KT LUN V NGH 64

5.1. Kt lun 64

5.2. ngh 64

TI LIU THAM KHO 65

PH LC 68

Ph lc 1: Hnh nh th nghim 68

Ph lc 2: S liu x l thng k v ti liu lin quan 79

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DANH SCH CC CH VIT TT

ADB: Ngn hng Pht trin Chu - Asian Development Bank

B NN v PTNT: B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn

CMS: Dng bt dc c t bo cht - Cytoplasmic Male Sterile

CV: H s bin thin - Coefficient of Variation

Dng A: Dng bt dc c t bo cht

Dng B: Dng duy tr tnh trng bt dc c t bo cht

Dng R: Dng phc hi tnh hu dc c, k hiu theo ting Anh (Restorer)

BSCL:ng bng sng Cu Long

FAO: Food and Agricuture Organization

GA3: Gibberellic acid

HI: H s kinh t hay ch s thu hoch - Havest Index

IRRI: Vin Nghin cu La go Quc t - International Rice Research Institute

NSC: Ngy sau cy

NSG: Ngy sau gieoNSLT: Nng sut l thuyt

NSTT: Nng sut thc t

PGMS: Dng bt dc c chc nng di truyn nhn mn cm vi nh sng

Photoperiod sensitive Genic Male Sterile

RCBD: Khi y hon ton ngu nhin - Random Complete Block Dezign

SSC: Cng ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam - Southern Seed Company

TBC: T bo cht

TGMS: Dng bt dc c chc nng di truyn nhn mn cm vi nhit -

Thermosensitive Genic Male Sterile

TGST: Thi gian sinh trng

UNDP: Chng trnh Pht trin ca Lin Hip Quc - United Nations Development

Programme

UTL: u th lai

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DANH SCH CC HNH

Hnh 2.1: S h thng la lai ba dng 10

Hnh 2.2: S h thng la lai hai dng 12

Hnh 3.1: T hp HR182 giai on chn 68



Hnh 3.4: T hp IR80112H giai on chn 69

Hnh 3.5: T hp IR80127H giai on chn 70

Hnh 3.6: T hp Nam u 821 giai on chn 70Hnh 3.7: T hp Nam u 822 giai on chn 71

Hnh 3.8: T hp Nam u 823 giai on chn 71



Hnh 3.11: T hp PAC 807 giai on chn 73

Hnh 3.12: Ging VND 95 20 giai on chn 73

Hnh 3.13: S b tr th nghim 30

Hnh 3.14: Tng quan rung kho nghim giai on tr 74

Hnh 3.15: Tng quan rung kho nghim giai on chn 74

Hnh 4.1: th ng thi tng trng chiu cao cy 75

Hnh 4.2: th tc tng trng chiu cao cy 75

Hnh 4.3: th ng thi nhnh 76

Hnh 4.4: th tc nhnh 76

Hnh 4.5: th biu din nng sut l thuyt v nng sut thc t 77

Hnh 4.6:Nhn dng CMS PAC807A giai on tr 77

Hnh 4.7:Nhn dng CMS PAC807A giai on chn 78

Hnh 4.8: La v go t hp trin vng IR80127H 78

Hnh 4.9: La v go t hp trin vng Nam u 828 79

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DANH SCH CC BNG

Bng 2.1: Din tch, nng sut, sn lng la trn th gii nm 2007 4

Bng 2.2: Din tch, nng sut, sn lng mt s cy trng chnh chu nm 2007 5

Bng 2.3: Din tch la Vit Nam so vi mt s nc trn th gii (1987 - 2007) 5

Bng 2.4: Nng sut la Vit Nam v mt s nc trn th gii (1987 - 2007) 6

Bng 2.5: Mi ging la c din tch ln nht theo nm sn xut cc vng 7

Bng 2.6: Din tch, nng sut v sn lng la lai ca Vit Nam 1992 2006 15

Bng 2.7: S pht trin la lai ti Vit Nam (1992 1996) v (1997 2001) 15

Bng 2.8: So snh nng sut la lai v nng sut la ni chung ca Vit Nam 16Bng 2.9: Din tch, nng sut, v sn lng ca ht ging la lai F1 ca Vit Nam t

1992 2003 16

Bng 3.1: c im l, ha tnh ca khu t th nghim 27

Bng 3.2: Tnh hnh thi tit, kh hu ni th nghim 28

Bng 3.3: Danh sch 12 t hp la lai trin vng v ngun gc chn to 29

Bng 4.1: c trng hnh thi 12 t hp la lai trin vng 44

Bng 4.2: Cc ch tiu nng hc ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng 45

Bng 4.3: Thi gian sinh trng v pht dc ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng (NSC) 47

Bng 4.4: ng thi tng trng chiu cao cy (n v tnh: cm) 48

Bng 4.5: Tc tng trng chiu cao cy (n v tnh: cm/7ngy) 48

Bng 4.6: ng thi nhnh (nhnh/bi) 49

Bng 4.7: Tc nhnh (nhnh/7 ngy) 49

Bng 4.8: Kh nng nhnh v t l nhnh hu hiu 50

Bng 4.9: S tch ly cht kh giai on chn v h s kinh t 51

Bng 4.10: Kh nng chng chu su hi 52

Bng 4.11: Kh nng chng chu bnh hi 53

Bng 4.12:Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut 56

Bng 4.13: Cc ch tiu phm cht go 57

Bng 4.14: Cc t hp la lai trin vng 58

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Chng 1

M U

1.1. S cn thit nghin cu

La (Oryza sativa L.) l cy lng thc chnh ca hn mt na dn s th gii,

tp trung ti cc nc chu , chu Phi v chu M La tinh. La go c vai tr quan

trng trong vic m bo an ninh lng thc v n nh x hi. Theo d bo ca FAO

- Food and Agricuture Organization, th gii ang nguy c thiu ht lng thc do dn

s tng nhanh (khong chn t ngi nm 2010), sc mua lng thc, thc phm ti

nhiu nc tng, bin i kh hu ton cu gy him ha kh hn, bo lt, qu trnh

th ho lm gim t la, nhiu nc phi dnh t, nc trng cy nhin liu sinh

hc v s khan him ngun nhin liu rt cn thit cho nhu cu i sng v cng

nghip pht trin. Chnh v vy, an ninh lng thc l vn cp thit hng u ca

th gii hin ti v trong tng lai.

La u th lai hay gi tt l la lai l mt khm ph ln nng cao nng sut,

sn lng v hiu qu canh tc la. Nhiu nc ang tp trung nghin cu v vn

ny. La lai c nghin cu v pht trin rt thnh cng Trung Quc v hin

din tch gieo trng la lai ca nc ny ln n 18 triu ha, chim khong 66 %

din tch trng la ca Trung Quc. La lai cng v ang c m rng cc nc

trng la chu khc nh Vit Nam, n , Myanmar, Philippines, Bangladesh viquy m c t 1,35 triu ha nm 2006, trong din tch la lai ca Vit Nam

khong 560 nghn ha (Tng Khim, 2007). Vic s dng la lai gp phn nng cao

nng sut v sn lng la, m bo an ton lng thc, tng thu nhp v to thm

vic lm cho nng dn thng qua vic sn xut la lai.

Vit Nam l mt quc gia s dng la go lm lng thc chnh, v l nc

xut khu la go ng th hai trn th gii. Vic nghin cu v p dng la lai l rt

cp thit. Tuy vy, vic p dng gp phi mt s kh khn: (i) Ging la lai ch yu

nhp khu t nc ngoi (hin ti nc ta nhp khu hn 80 % ging F1 ca Trung

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Quc), khng ch ng c ngun ging, gi ging la lai cao, kh kim sot th

trng ging; (ii) Cc ging la lai thng c nhc im l cht lng la go cha

cao, kh nng chng chu su bnh km; (iii) Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut ht ging

la lai rt nghim ngt, cc tnh pha Bc v ven bin Trung B ni tiu th chnh v

la ging li rt kh ch ng cng ngh sn xut la lai. Vic nghin cu hon thin

cng ngh sn xut ht ging la lai cho cc tnh pha Nam l rt cp thit v c trin

vng: m ra c hi mi tng nng sut v sn lng la go, to vic lm v thu nhp

cho nng dn qua vic sn xut ht ging la lai; gp phn gii quyt vn an ninh

lng thc; thu ht lao ng li nng thn.

c s phn cng ca Khoa Nng Hc cng vi s chp nhn ca Cng ty Cphn Ging Cy trng Min Nam, di s hng dn ca thy TS. Hong Kim v

Th.S. Dng Thnh Ti, ti tin hnh ti: Kho nghim 12 t hp la lai v bc

u nghin cu cng ngh sn xut ht ging la lai F1 h ba dng thch hp iu kin

Ty Nguyn

1.2. Mc tiu ti

Kho st c im sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut v cht lng go ca

10 t hp la lai theo tiu chun ngnh quy phm kho nghim gi tr canh

tc v s dng ca ging la tiu chun 10 TCN 558 2002 v thang im

chun ca IRRI. tuyn chn 2 4 t hp la lai trin vng, thch hp v

H thu ca vng Ty Nguyn.

Bc u nghin cu cng ngh sn xut ht ging F1 ca mt t hp la

lai h ba dng. Nghin cu quy trnh sn xut ht ging la lai F1 h ba

dng v kinh nghim thc tin trong sn xut la lai Tri Ging Cy trng

Lm H, thuc Cng ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam (Cng ty

SSC)

1.3. Phm vi nghin cu

i tng nghin cu gm 12 ging v t hp la lai, 10 t hp la lai th

nghim, mt t hp la lai lm i chng th nht v mt ging la thng

lm i chng th hai.

Thi gian thc hin: t 25/05/2008 n 04/10/2008. a im ti Tri Ging Cy trng Lm H, Lm ng; thuc Cng ty SSC

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Do thi gian thc hin kha lun ngn nn phm vi nghin cu ch gii hn

trong mt v th nghim.

Chng 2

TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1. Tnh hnh sn xut la go trn th gii v Vit Nam

2.1.1. Sn xut la go trn th gii

Theo thng k ca FAO (2008), din tch canh tc la ton th gii nm 2007 l

156,95 triu ha, nng sut bnh qun 4,15 tn/ha, sn lng 651,74 triu tn (Bng

2.1). Trong , din tch la ca chu l 140,3 triu ha chim 89,39 % tng din tch

la ton cu, k n l chu Phi 9,38 triu ha (5,97 %), chu M 6,63 triu ha (4,22

%), chu u 0,60 triu ha (0,38 %), chu i dng 27,54 nghn ha chim t trng

khng ng k. Nhng nc c din tch la ln nht l n 44 triu ha; Trung

Quc 29,49 triu ha; Indonesia 12,16 triu ha; Bangladesh 11,20 triu ha; Thi Lan

10,36 triu ha; Myanmar 8,20 triu ha v Vit Nam 7,30 triu ha.

M v Trung Quc l hai nc c nng sut la dn u th gii vi s liu

tng ng ca nm 2007 l 8,05 v 6,34 tn/ha. Vit Nam c nng sut la 4,86 tn/ha

cao hn nng sut bnh qun ca th gii l 4,15 tn/ha nhng ch t 60,30 % so vi

nng sut la bnh qun ca M.

Nhng nc c sn lng la nhiu nht th gii nm 2007 l Trung Quc187,04 triu tn, k n l n 141,13 triu tn; Indonesia 57,04 triu tn;

Bangladesh 43,50 triu tn; Vit Nam 35,56 triu tn; Myanmar 32,61 triu tn v

Thi Lan 27,87 triu tn.

Theo Daniel Workman (2008), th trng go ton cu nm 2007 c t 30 triu

tn. Trong chu xut khu 22,1 triu tn chim 76,3 % sn lng go xut khu

ton cu, k n l Bc v Trung M 3,1 triu tn (10,6 %), chu u 1,6 triu tn (5,4

%); Nam M 1,2 triu tn (4,2 %); chu Phi 952 ngn tn (3,3 %). Su nc xut khu

go hng u th gii nm 2007 l Thi Lan 10 triu tn chim 34,5 % ca tng lng

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go xut khu, n 4,8 triu tn (16,5 %), Vit Nam 4,1 triu tn (14,1 %), M 3,1

triu tn (10,6 %), Pakistan 1,8 triu tn (6,3%), Trung Quc (bao gm c i Loan) l

901 nghn tn (3,1 %).

Bng 2.1: Din tch, nng sut, sn lng la trn th gii nm 2007

Tn nc Din tch

(triu ha)

Nng sut

(tn/ha)

Sn lng

(triu tn)

Th gii 156,95 4,15 651,74

Chu 140,30 4,21 591,71

Trung Quc 29,49 6,34 187,04

n 44,00 3,20 141,13Indonesia 12,16 4,68 57,04

Bangladest 11,20 3,88 43,50

Thi Lan 10,36 2,69 27,87

Myanmar 8,20 3,97 32,61

Vit Nam 7,30 4,86 35,56

Philipines 4,25 3,76 16,00

Campuchia 2,54 2,35 5,99Chu M 6,63 4,95 32,85

Brazil 2,90 3,81 11,07

M 1,11 8,05 8,95

Colombia 0,36 6,25 2,25

Ecuador 0,32 4,00 1,30

Chu Phi 9,38 2,50 23,48

Nigeria 3,00 1,55 4,67Guinea 0,78 1,77 1,40

Chu u 0,60 5,77 3,49

Italy 0,23 6,42 1,49

Ngun: FAOSTAT, 2008

So vi nm 2000, din tch la ton cu nm 2007 tng 2,85 triu ha, nng

sut tng 0,21 tn/ha, sn lng tng 52,78 triu tn.

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La go l cy lng thc chnh ca chu . c bit vng ng Nam

(Trn Vn t, 2005; Bi Huy p, 1970). La, ng, sn, ma l nhng cy trng

chnh, l thu nhp ch yu ca nng h (Bng 2.2)

Bng 2.2: Din tch, nng sut, sn lng mt s cy trng chnh chu nm 2007

Cy trng Chu ng Nam

Din tch

(triu ha)

Nng sut

(tn/ha)

Sn lng

(triu tn)

Din tch

(triu ha)

Nng sut

(tn/ha)

Sn lng

(triu tn)La 140,30 4,21 591,71 46,33 3,88 180,24La m 100,15 2,85 285,79 0,12 1,19 0,14

Ng 48,75 4,36 212,96 8,85 3,25 28,80

Ma 9,70 69,31 672,58 2,21 63,05 139,50Khoai lang 5,51 19,82 109,33 0,51 8,03 4,14Sn 3,84 18,67 71,80 3,31 18,00 59,61Khoai ty 8,70 15,58 13,56 0,15 14,14 2,12La min 10,02 1,10 11,04 0,03 1,73 0,05

Ngun: Hoang Kim et al. 2008 trch dn t FAOSTAT 2008

2.1.2. Sn xut la go Vit Nam

Vit Nam tip thu cch mng xanh kh mau l. Nm 1987 trc i mi,

sn lng thc ch t 15,1 triu tn n nm 2007 th sn lng thc t 35,56 triutn, gp 2,36 ln. Mt tc tng him gp cng l cao nht trong khu vc v cao nht

nhng nc trng la trn th gii.

Bng 2.3: Din tch la Vit Nam so vi mt s nc trn th gii (1987 - 2007)

Tn ncDin tch la (triu ha) qua cc nm

1987 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Trung Quc 32,69 30,30 29,14 28,50 26,78 28.61 29,30 29,46 29,49

n 38,80 44,71 44,90 40,28 42,41 42.30 43,00 43,61 44,00

Indonesia 9,92 11,79 11,50 11,52 11,47 11.92 11,80 11,78 12,16

Thi Lan 9,14 9,89 10,12 9,98 10,19 9.20 10,20 10,07 10,36

Vit Nam 5,60 7,66 7,49 7,50 7,45 7.44 7,33 7,32 7,30

Philipines 3,25 4,03 4,06 4,04 4,00 4.12 4,11 4,15 4,25

Brazil 6,00 3,65 3,14 3,14 3,18 3.73 3,93 2,97 2,90

Colombia 3,48 0,47 0,48 0,46 0,49 51 0,49 0,35 0,36

Ecuador 2,75 0,33 0,34 0,32 0,33 33 0,33 0,35 0,32Italy 1,89 0,22 0,21 0,21 0,21 22 0,22 0,22 0,23

5


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Ngun: FAOSTAT, 2008

Qua Bng 2.3 ta thy hai mi nm qua (1987 2007) din tch la ca nc ta

t 5,60 triu ha nm 1987 tng ln 7,66 triu ha nm 2000, sau gim dn v t

7,30 triu ha nm 2007. Nng sut la t 2,69 tn/ha nm 1987 tng ln 4,24 tn/ ha

nm 2000, sau lin tc tng v t 4,86 tn/ha nm 2007 gp 1,8 ln so nng sut

la nm 1987 (Bng 2.4)

Bng 2.4: Nng sut la Vit Nam v mt s nc trn th gii (1987 2007)

Tn nc Nng sut la (tn/ha) qua cc nm

1987 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Trung Quc 5,40 6,26 6,15 6,18 6,06 6,30 6,28 6,24 6,34

n 2,19 2.84 3,11 2,89 3,07 3,02 3,00 3,18 3,20

Indonesia 4,03 4,40 4,38 4,46 4,54 4,53 4,57 4,62 4,68

Thi Lan 2,01 2,61 2,61 2,60 2,65 2,59 2,64 2,90 2,69

Vit Nam 2,69 4,24 4,38 4,59 4,63 4,82 4,95 4,89 4,86

Phillipines 2,62 3,06 3,48 3,27 3,36 3,51 3,59 3,68 3,76

Brazil 1,73 3,03 3,24 3,32 3,24 3,55 3,33 7,01 3,81

Colombia 5,35 4,80 4,95 5,00 5,10 5,32 5,26 6,28 6,25

Ecuador 2,82 3,68 3,60 3,93 3,78 4,05 4,12 4,19 4.0

Italy 5,61 5,58 5,84 6,30 6,41 6,51 6,17 6,27 6,42

Ngun: FAO, 2008

Nhng thnh tu trn l kt qu ca vic to chn cc ging la mi nng sut

cao, ngn ngy, khng su bnh, cht lng tt v p dng cc bin php thm canh,

chuyn i c cu cy trng ph hp vi vng sinh thi (L Minh Trit, 2006)

Nhp ni, chn to cc ging la mi: Trong nhng nm 70, Vit Nam nhpni cc ging la Thn Nng, NN8, IR20, IR26, t IRRI. Nhiu ging la thp cy,

ngn ngy nng sut cao c nhp ni, lai to v tuyn chn. Kt qu iu tra ca

Trung tm Kho kim nghim Ging cy trng Trung ng trong hai nm 2000 -

2001 cho thy: c nc c trn 680 ging la c gieo trng (cha k cc ging a

phng cha r tn) (trch dn bi L Minh Trit, 2003). Nm 2000 cc tnh pha

Bc trong v ng Xun c 198 ging, v ma c 218 ging. Nm 2001, cc tnh

duyn hi min Trung v Ty Nguyn trong v ng Xun c 129 ging, v H Thu

207 ging. Trong 680 ging la iu tra th 10 ging la c din tch ln nht theo

6


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nm sn xut cc vng c trnh by Bng 2.5. T l din tch ca 10 ging cc

tnh pha Bc l 61,1 % (Din tch gieo trng nm 2000 l 2.574.977 ha), duyn hi

min Trung v Ty Nguyn (DHMT v TN) l 53,9 % (Din tch gieo trng nm 2001

l 491.245 ha ), cc tnh Nam b 62,9 % (Din tch gieo trng nm 2001 l 3.243.174

ha).

Bng 2.5: Mi ging la c din tch ln nht theo nm sn xut cc vng

TT Pha Bc 2000 DHMT v TN 2001 Nam B 2001Tn ging % Tn ging % Tn ging %

1 Khang Dn 18 16,6 IR 17494 17,7 OM1490 12,92 Q5 13,2 Khang dn 18 9,8 IR50404 11,83 Sn u 63 6,1 IR64 6,3 VND 95-20 8,74 CR203 5,9 ML48 4,6 OM 576 6,75 Bao Thai 4,8 TH85 4,5 OMCS2000 6,46 Xi 23 3,4 OMCS96 3,1 IR64 5,07 IRI 352 3,1 I 32 2,8 OM 2031 2,98 Xi 21 3,0 OM576 2,7 AS 996 2,99 Ngh u 63 2,8 TH330 2,6 MTL 250 2,6

10 C70 2,2 TH28 1,8 Ti Nguyn 1,5Tng 61,1 Tng 53,9 Tng 62,9

Ngun: Trung tm Kho kim nghim Ging Cy trng Trung ng nm 2000 - 2001

Chuyn i c cu cy trng: Vic p dng cc ging mi ngn ngy cng c

y mnh sau khi t nc thng nht vi vic i cc v la thng 3 v v la thng

8 Trung v Nam Trung B thnh cc v la ng Xun v H Thu. Chuyn mt v

la Ma ng bng sng Cu long (BSCL) thnh ch hai v la ng Xun v

H Thu. Cc v la mi u trng cc ging thp cy, thch hp vi iu kin sinh thi

tng ni, do sn lng thc tng t 10,8 triu tn nm 1976 ln 35,56 triu tn nm

2007. ng Thp Mi nm 1987 c 312.887 ha trng la qung canh vi ging la

ni, n nm 1990 chuyn i thnh hai v ng Xun v H Thu vi cc ging

la mi thp cy t din tch trng la 635.333 ha. BSCL vi sn lng thc t 6,98

triu tn nm 1976 tng ln 9,6 triu tn nm 1985, 13 triu tn nm 1990 v gn 15

triu tn nm 1996 (V Tng Xun, 1998). Vic chuyn i c cu cy trng thm

canh, tng v din ra mnh m, rng khp trn tt c cc a phng trn ton quc

(Mai Vn Quyn, 1996; Trng ch, 2000)

Tnh hnh sn xut la go ti huyn Lm H v tnh Lm ng

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Lm ng l mt tnh Ty Nguyn, din tch trng la nm 2007 l 32.784 ha;

nng sut t 42,46 t/ha; sn lng t 139.188 tn. Lm H l mt tnh ca Lm

ng c din tch 985,71 km2, trong din tch trng la nm 2007 l 2.956 ha; sn

lng 12.642 tn (Cc thng k Lm ng Nin gim thng k 2007)

Tuy l c th vng cao nn cy cng nghip chim ch yu, vn pht trin

cy la cng gp nhiu kh khn. Nhng nh c iu kin t nhin ph hp cho la lai

nn Lm H, Lm ng c xem l vng nghin cu v pht trin la lai trng im

ca Cng ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam. Hng nm cng ty t chc lai to,

kho nghim tm ra nhng t hp lai mi thch hp iu kin ti ch v nhng vng

ln cn.2.2. Lch s pht hin v nghin cu u th lai trn cy la

Hin tng con lai hn hn b m v mt hoc mt s tnh trng c con

ngi bit t lu. Theo trch dn ca Nguyn Cng Tn v ctv (2002)u th lai chnh

thc c pht hin, m t v ng dng u tin trn cy thuc l vo nm 1760 bi

I.G. Kolreiter, sau trn cy ng nm 1878 m t bi Beall v ng dng thnh cng

do Shull nm 1904. Nh ng dng u th lai m con ngi to ra nhiu ging cy

trng cho nng sut cao, cht lng tt, phc v nhu cu con ngi. u th lai (UTL)

cy la do J.W. Jones (nh thc vt hc ngi M) bo co u tin vo nm 1926

trn cc tnh trng s lng v nng sut, sau c rt nhiu nghin cu tip theo v

UTL trn cy la, v h khng nh vic khai thc UTL la l hng rt c trin

vng.

La l cy t th phn in hnh, t l giao phn rt thp khong 0,02 % (Phan

Thanh Kim, 2006), v vy ng dng UTL trn cy la gp kh khn khu sn xut

ht lai F1. xut u tin v vn m rng sn xut ht lai F1 do cc nh khoa hc

n , sau ti cc nh chn ging ngi M, Nht Bn v Vin Nghin cu La

go Quc t (IRRI), nhng thu cc xut ny cha tr thnh hin thc v cha

tm ra phng php sn xut ht lai thun li. Trong nhng nm u ca thp k 60,

Vin Long Bnh (Yuan Longping), nh khoa hc Trung Quc cng ng nghip

pht hin c cy la di bt dc c trong loi la di Oryza fatua spontanea ti o

Hi Nam, Trung Quc. Sau nhiu nm nghin cu h chuyn c tnh bt dc nyvo la trng v to ra nhng vt liu di truyn mi gip cho vic khai thc UTL

8


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thng phm, cc vt liu ny gm dng bt dc c di truyn t bo cht CMS

(Cytoplasmic Male Sterile, dng A); dng duy tr tnh bt dc (Maintainer, dng B); v

dng phc hi tnh hu dc (Restorer, dng R).

Sau chn nm nghin cu (1964 - 1973), cc nh khoa hc Trung Quc hon

thin cng ngh nhn dng bt dc c, cng ngh sn xut ht lai v a ra nhiu t

hp lai c nng sut cao u tin nh Nam u s 2, Sn u s 2, U u s 6. Nm

1973 cng b nhiu dng CMS, dng B tng ng v cc dng R; nh du s ra

i ca h thng lai ba dng v m ra bc ngot trong lch s sn xut v thm

canh cy la vi ging la lai v cng ngh sn xut ht ging la lai (Nguyn Cng

Tn v ctv, 2002).T n nay, din tch trng la lai cc nc ngy cng c m rng, nng

sut sn lng tng, nhiu t hp lai tt c cng b v sn xut th. Ngoi h thng

la lai ba dng, th h la lai hai dng ang l hng nghin cu v sn xut chnh ca

cc nc sn xut la lai.

2.3. C s khoa hc ca cng ngh sn xut la lai

La l loi cy t phn in hnh, kh nng nhn phn ngoi rt thp, hoa nhiu,

nh do vy mun sn xut ht lai F1 th phi s dng mt h thng bt dc c. H

thng bt dc c t bo cht c dng rng ri ti Trung Quc v mt s quc

gia khc trong my thp k qua. Hin nay h thng bt dc c mn cm vi iu kin

mi trng cng ang c s dng pht trin la lai, nng cao u th lai, cc gen

tng hp cng c khai thc pht trin cc t hp lai gia cc loi ph Indica

v Japonica. cy la ngi ta pht hin uc y cc dng bt dc c nh

mt s cy trng khc nh ng, cao lng. Hin ti c hai h thng la lai ang c

pht trin, l la lai h ba dng v la lai h hai dng

2.3.1. La lai h ba dng

La lai h ba dng l h la lai khi sn xut ht lai F1 phi s dng ba dng c

bn cht di truyn khc nhau v hai ln lai. Dng bt dc c t bo cht CMS

Cytoplasmic Male Sterile dng A; dng duy tr bt dc c Maintainer dng B v

dng phc hi hu dc Restorer - dng R (Hnh 2.1)

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Hnh 2.1: S h thng la lai ba dng (Ngun: Nguyn Vn Hoan, 2002)

- Dng A: c s dng lm m, c ch ca s bt dc l tng tc gia gen

trong t bo cht v gen nhn, c bao phn lp, hoa n bao phn khng m, trong bao

phn cha ht phn b thoi ho do khng tch lu c tinh bt. Nhn bng mt

thng thy bao phn vng ng hoc trng sa, rung cy la tr hoa khng c ht phn

tung ra, khng nhum mu trong dung dch KI 1 %. Hnh thi ht phn bt thng:

tam gic, hnh thoi, cu khuyt. C quan sinh sn ci ca dng A hon ton bnh

thng, c nhng b phn t ra c sc sng cao hn bnh thng. Vi nhy to hn,

vng ra ngoi v tru sau khi hoa khp li, v kh nng tip nhn ht phn th tinh

sau khi hoa n khong nm ngy, khi r phn ging la khc vo dng A th kh nng

tip nhn phn d dng.

Dng A mun sn xut ht lai cn c cc yu cu sau:

Bt dc c hon ton v n nh qua cc v, ngha l t l ht phn b thoi

ho l 100 %, t l ny khng thay i khi iu kin thi tit bin ng, khng bin

i sau cc ln gieo li

Phi tng i d phc hi th hin qua cc yu t sau:

ACMS bd Srr

B hd Nrr

R hd NRR

F1hd

ACMS bd Srr

Ghi ch:Bd - bt dcHd - hu dcSrr - kiu gen bt dc

Nrr - kiu gen duy tr bt dcNRR - kin gen phc hi hu dc

10


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+ Ph phc hi rng: nhiu ging la c th phc hi cho dng A nh vy d

tm t hp lai tt

+ Kh nng u ht khi lai vi dng phc hi cao v n nh trong iu kin

ngoi cnh

+ C cu trc hoa v tp tnh n hoa tt, c th thi gian n hoa sm, gc m

hoa rng, thi gian m v tru lu, vi nhu di vn ra ngoi v tru, bng tr thot

ra khi b l ng

- Dng B: duy tr tnh bt dc cho dng A, tr tnh bt dc dng B hon ton

ging dng A, dng B phi chn cn thn, phi l dng thun, nhiu ht phn, sc

sng ht phn cao- Dng R: cho phn dng A sn xut ht lai F1, F1 hu dc ng nht v cc

tnh trng nng sinh hc v c u th lai cao, dng R phi l dng thun c nhiu c

im tt, nng sut v phm cht cao, thi gian sinh trng ph hp. Dng R tt cn

c cc c im sau:

+ C kh nng phc hi mnh, t l u ht ca con lai ngang vi la thun

hoc ln hn 80 % so vi la thun

+ C c tnh nng sinh hc tt, kh nng phi hp cao, cho UTL cao ng tin

cy

+ Cy cao, kho hn dng A, TGST xp x hoc di hn dng A

+ Bao phn my, cha nhiu ht phn, tp tnh n hoa tt

2.3.2. La lai h hai dng

La lai h hai dng l bc tin mi ca loi ngi trong cuc ng dng UTL

cy la. Hai cng c c bn pht trin la lai hai dng l dng bt dc c chc

nng di truyn nhn mn cm vi nhit TGMS (Thermosensitive Genic Male

Sterile) v bt dc c chc nng di truyn nhn mn cm vi chu k chiu sng

PGMS (Photoperoid sensitive Genic Male Sterile). Tnh chuyn ho t bt dc sang

hu dc v ngc li TGMS v PGMS gy ra do iu kin mi trng. V th bt

dc c kiu ny gi l bt dc c chc nng di truyn nhn cm ng vi iu kin

mi trung EGMS (Enviroment Sensitive Genic Male Sterile)

Qu trnh sn xut ht la lai F1 ca h la lai hai dng c n gin ho,khng t chc lai duy tr dng bt dc. Dng TGMS trong iu kin nhit cao,

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t 23 300C tu dng s bt dc tuyt i, c dng lm m sn xut ht lai F1,

t 19 240C tu dng s hu dc. Dng PGMS trong iu kin ngy di cn thit s

bt dc dng lm m v ngy ngn cn thit s hu dc duy tr dng m, tuy

nhin s hu dc hay bt dc ca dng PGMS cng cn tng tc vi nhit mi

trng

pht trin la lai hai dng quan trng nht l pht trin cc dng TGMS v

PGMS gi chung l cc dng EGMS (Hnh 2.2)

Hnh 2.2: S h thng la lai hai dng (Ngun: Nguyn Cng Tn v ctv, 2002)2.3.3. u im ca la lai h hai dng

Theo Nguyn Vn Hoan (2000), vic ng dng cc dng EGMS pht trin

la lai so vi ng dng dng CMS kinh in c cc u th hn hn sau:

- Qu trnh pht trin ht lai c n gin ho, khng phi t chc mt ln lai

duy tr dng bt dc nh h ba dng v khng cn dng B

- Do tnh bt dc c c kim sot bi cc gen ln nn hu ht cc ging la

thung u phc hi phn c cho cc dng EGMS. V vy vic chn dng phc hi

s d dng hn, ph cp hn, c th m rng ra ngoi phm vi ca mt loi ph v kh

nng to ra cc t hp nng sut cao hn c tng ln ng k

- Kiu gen ca EGMS d dng c chuyn sang ging khc, to ra cc

dng bt dc mi vi ngun di truyn khc nhau, trnh nguy c ng t bo cht v

thu hp ph di truyn

EGMS

T th

EGMS

12

R

T th

R

F1


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- Tnh bt dc ca dng EGMS khng lin quan n t bo cht v th cc nh

hung ca kiu bt dc dng di WA (Wild Abortion) c khc phc, kh nng

kt hp gia nng sut cao v cht lng tt c m rng v hin thc hn

Ngoi hai h la lai nu trn, cc nh khoa hc ang tng bc nghin cu

pht trin h la lai mt dng: la lai mt dng thc cht l vn duy tr UTL ca

mt t hp lai no c xc nh l c UTL cao v mi tnh trng mong mun, c

s sn xut ht lai mt dng l sn xut ht lai thun (Truebred Hybrid Rice)

nh s dng th v phi (Apomixis). y s l mt thnh tu mi c ngha ln lao

trong cng ngh sn xut la lai trong tng lai.

2.4. Hin trng sn xut la lai trn th gii v Vit Nam2.4.1. Sn xut la lai trn th gii

La l cy t th phn, vic nghin cu v khai thc cng lc ging lai trn

cy la c Vin Long Bnh (Yuan Longping), nh khoa hc Trung Quc, c xem

l cha ca la lai, nghin cu v p dng thnh cng trn din rng u tin trn th

gii.

ng pht hin cy la c cng lc u th lai trong t nhin vo nm 1964

do s biu hin vt tri vi cc cy la xung quanh, chnh nh pht hin bt ng ny

khch l ng tm hiu v nghin cu thnh cng to ra ging la lai ba dng cho

nng sut tng t 15 20 % so vi la thng. Tri qua qu trnh pht trin, hin nay

la lai ch yu l la lai h hai dng, vi nng sut tng t 20 30 % so vi la

thng.

Nh pht minh ra la lai, Trung Quc gii quyt c vn thiu ht lng

thc i vi mt t nc ng dn nht th gii, hn mt t ngi. Cc nh khoa hc

Trung Quc to ra ging la lai u tin nm 1974. Nm 1976, din tch la lai ca

Trung Quc l 12,4 triu ha, nng sut bnh qun 6,9 tn/ha. Nm 1995, din tch la

lai hai dng l 2,6 triu ha, chim 18 % din tch la lai ca Trung Quc, nng sut cao

hn la lai ba dng t 5 10 % (Dng Vn Chn, 2007). Nm 2006, din tch gieo

trng la lai ca Trung Quc ln ti 18 triu ha, chim 66 % din tch trng la c

nc, nng sut bnh qun 7 tn/ha, cao hn la thun 1,4 tn/ha (Trn c Vin,

2007).

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Ngoi ci ni l Trung Quc, la lai cng m rng ra cc nc trng la

chu khc nh n , Philipines, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia, Ai Cp v Vit

Nam, nh s gip ca t chc Lng thc v Nng nghip Quc tFAO (Food and

Agricuture Organization), Vin Nghin cu La go Quc t IRRI (International Rice

Research Institute), Chng trnh Pht trin ca Lin Hip Quc UNDP (United

Nations Development Programme) v Ngn hng Pht trin chu (ADB - Asian

Development Bank). Trong nhng nm 2001 2002 din tch trng la lai ca cc

nc trn khong 800.000 ha (Dat Tran, 2004); nm 2006 ch tnh ring din tch la

lai ca Vit Nam v Bangladesh t 786.429 ha (Tng Khim, 2007; M.A.

Khaleque, 2007)2.4.2. Sn xut la lai Vit Nam

La l cy lng thc chnh ti Vit Nam, cung cp lng thc v l ngnh sn

xut truyn thng trong nng nghip. Mc tiu sn xut la n nm 2010 l duy tr

din tch trng la mc 3,96 triu ha, sn lng t 40 triu tn, cao hn nm 2003

l 5,5 triu tn (Th tng Chnh ph, quyt nh s 150/2005/Q-TTg ngy 20/06/

2005). t c mc tiu trn, kh nng m rng din tch khng nhiu, v c th

nh hng n h sinh thi, do vy ch yu phi tng nng sut. Ging l mt bin

php k thut tng nng sut hiu qu nht. S dng u th lai ca cy la (la lai)

to ra nhng ging lai F1 nng sut cao ang c nghin cu v s dng trong

nhng nm gn y.

Vit Nam bt u nghin cu la u th lai vo nm 1983. La lai thng phm

c gieo trng ti Vit Nam t nhng nm 1991. La lai th hin c u th v:

tim nng nng sut, chu thm canh v kh nng chng chu su bnh. Din tch la

lai tng ln nhanh chng t 59 ha nm 1991 ln 584.000 ha nm 2006. K lc din tch

la lai t c 600.000 ha v nm 2003 (Tng Khim, 2007). ng lc thc y pht

trin la lai vi tc nhanh l s kt hp ca ba yu t: tim nng UTL cao v nng

sut, s quan tm ca lnh o v chnh sch hp l ca Nh nc.

S pht trin nhanh chng ca la lai ti Vit Nam c th hin qua s tng

ln v din tch, nng sut v sn lng (Bng 2.6 v Bng 2.7)

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Bng 2.6: Din tch, nng sut v sn lng la lai ca Vit Nam 1992 2006

Nm Din tch (ha) Nng sut (tn/ha) Sn lng (tn)1992 11.094 6,60 73.220

1993 34.648 6,80 235.6061994 60.077 5,40 324.4161995 73.503 6,10 448.3681996 102.800 6,58 677.4001997 187.700 6,35 1.191.8561998 200.000 6,50 1.300.0001999 233.000 6,47 1.507.5102000 340.000 6,45 2.193.0002001 480.000 6,50 3.120.0002002 500.000 6,30 3.125.000

2003 600.000 6,30 3.780.0002004 577.000 6,22 3.556.0002005 353.000 6,502006 584.000

Ngun: Theo Bui Ba Bong, 2004; Nguyn Khc Qunh v Ng Th Thun, 2005;

Tng Khim, 2007.

Bng 2.7: S pht trin la lai ti Vit Nam (1992 1996) v (1997 2001)

Nm / Tc

pht trin

1992 1996 TPTBQ

(%)

1997 2001 TPTBQ

(%)Din tch (ha) 11.340 102.80

0

+ 55,5 187.700 438.700 + 23,6

Nng sut (tn/ha) 6,66 6,58 - 0,2 6,35 5,58 - 0,2

Sn lng (tn) 75.52

5

677.17

2

+ 55,3 1.191.89

5

2.763.711 + 23,4

- TPTBQ: Tc pht trin bnh qun

Ngun: Theo Nguyn Cng Tn v ctv, 2002Qua nhiu nm pht trin la lai, chng ta thy nng sut la lai cao hn so vi

la thng, y l mt minh chng cho s pht trin la lai ln mnh ca Vit Nam

(Bng 2.8)

Bng 2.8: So snh nng sut la lai v nng sut la ni chung ca Vit Nam

Nm La lai (tn/ha) La ni chung (tn/ha)C nm ng xun Ma C nm ng xun Ma

1995 6,14 6,35 5,91 3,69 4,43 2,972000 6,45 6,50 6,37 4,24 5,17 3,532001 6,44 6,60 6,30 4,29 5,06 3,73

15


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2002 6,30 6,50 6,00 4,59 5,51 3,922003 6,30 6,45 6,00 4,64 5,57 3,962004 6,22 6,70 5,45 4,82 5,73 4,06

Ngun: Theo Nguyn Khc Qunh v Ng Th Thun, 2005Bng 2.9 cho chng ta thy din tch, nng sut v sn lng ca ht ging la

lai F1 ca Vit Nam t 1992 2003.

Bng 2.9: Din tch, nng sut, v sn lng ht ging la lai F1 ca Vit Nam t

1992 2003

Nm Din tch (ha) Nng sut (kg/ha) Sn lng (tn)1992 173 302 52,251993 154 541 83,641994 123 484 59,531995 101 972 98,171996 267 1.751 467,521997 410 2.200 902,001998 340 2.200 750,001999 455 1.700 773,002000 620 2.300 1.426,002001 1.450 1.700 2.400,002002 1.600 2.400 3.848,002003 1.700 2.050 3.485,00

Ngun: Theo Bui Ba Bong, 2004 (Trch ti liu ting nc ngoi)

Cng theo Nguyn Tr Hon (2007) v Tng Khim (2007), din tch sn xut

ging tng t 123 ha nm 1994 ln 1.430 ha nm 2007, nng sut ht ging la lai F1

trung bnh Vit Nam t khong 2,0 tn/ha, k lc t 3,5 4,0 tn/ha ti Nam

nh, trn tng s 1500 2000 ha/nm. Hin ti Vit Nam sn xut ra 3.500 4.000

tn ht lai F1/nm; cung cp 20 25 % tng nhu cu ht ging. La lai thng phm

c pht trin mnh cc tnh min ni pha Bc, min Trung v Ty Nguyn. Nng

sut bnh qun t 6,0 6,5 tn/ha, cao hn la thun t 15 20 %. Cc t hp ang

c s dng gm: Bc u 903, Bc u 64, Shan u qu 99, Nh u 63, Nh u 838, D

u 6\527, TH3-3, VL20, HYT 83. Tng kinh ph khuyn nng dnh cho la lai l 15 t

ng t nm 1991 n nm 2006, kinh ph khuyn nng h tr sn xut ht ging

khong 52 t ng t nm 1994 2007. Cc vng chuyn sn xut ht ging c

hnh thnh nh: Nam nh, Thanh Ha, Lo Cai, Qung Nam v c Lc.

La lai sn xut ra 70 % c ngi dn dng n, 20 % bn i muaging, 10 % cho chn nui. Trong khi la thng c ti 35,5 % em bn, 25,5 %

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cho chn nui, 38 % n (Nguyn Khc Qunh v Ng Th Thun, 2005). Cng theo

hai tc gi ny: c tnh nc ta cy 600.000 ha la lai mi nm th c khong 3 3,5

triu h nng dn tham gia sn xut la lai v c ti 12 15 triu ngi s dng go

la lai, trong 10 12 triu ngi n quanh nm go la lai (ly nng sut bnh qun

6 tn/ha; t l go xay xt 65 %; go n bnh qun 13 kg/ngi/thng; din tch trng

la lai bnh qun 2.000 m2/h/nm)

2.5. Nghin cu, pht trin la lai trn th gii v Vit Nam

2.5.1. Nghin cu, pht trin la lai trn th gii

Theo khuyn co ca Hi ng la go quc t, FAO h tr pht trin la lai

trn din rng cho cc quc gia trng la, vi cc chng trnh thng xuyn. Hnmt thp k qua, FAO tin hnh xy dng v h tr k thut gip cc chng

trnh la lai ca cc nc trn th gii. Nh ti Myanmar l d n

FAO/TCP/MYA/6612 thi gian t 3/1997 3/1999 vi ngn sch 221.000 USD; n

l d n UNDP/IND/91/008 v IND/98/140 thi gian 1991 - 2002 ngn sch

6.550.000 USD; d n FAO/TCP/BGD/6613 ti Bangladesh thi gian 5/1997 - 4/1999

ngn sch 201.000 USD (Dat Tran, 2004; Dng Vn Chn, 2007 )

Mt s nghin cu v pht trin la lai ca cc nc trng la lai

(1) Trung Quc

Trung Quc l nc u tin trn th gii s dng la lai trong sn xut i tr

t nm 1976, din tch gieo cy l 133,3 ngn ha (Nguyn Cng Tn v ctv, 2002).

Nghin cu v sn xut la lai ca Trung Quc nhn c gii thng c bit v

pht minh nm 1981. Mc d pht trin la lai thng phm sm nhng la lai lc

cn nhiu nhc im u khng sm, sm khng u nn kh m rng din tch.

u thp k 80, ging la lai U u 35, U u 49 ph hp vi sn xut v xun ra i

th din tch gieo cy la lai Trung Quc m rng tng i nhanh

Qua nhiu nm nghin cu Trung Quc to ra nhiu vt liu bt dc c di

truyn t bo cht v dng duy tr tng ng, to ra nhiu dng phc hi to ra

nhiu t hp la lai gieo trng ph bin trong sn xut. Ngoi h thng la lai ba dng

vn gi vai tr ch lc trong sn xut, Trung Quc thnh cng a vo sn xut la

lai hai dng cho nng sut cao hn la lai ba dng t 5 10 %. Din tch la lai hai

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dng nm 2002 l 2,6 triu ha, chim 18 % tng din tch la lai Trung Quc (Yuan

Longping, 2004)

Trung Quc cng t c thnh tu trong vic to ging siu la lai. To ra

c hai t hp la siu lai Peiai 64S/E32 v Peiai 64S/9311 nng sut cao nht t

14,8 17,1 tn/ha

Ngy nay, Trung Quc hnh thnh h thng nghin cu la lai n tn cc

tnh, o to cn b nghin cu v k thut vin ng o, xy dng h thng sn

xut, kim tra, kim nghim, kho nghim v ch o thm canh la lai thng phm.

Hnh thnh mt h thng sn xut ht lai F1 rt cht ch t trung ng n a phng

(2) n Bt u nghin cu la u th lai t 1970, nhng n 1989 mi c h thng

ha v tng cng thc s. Sau nm nm phng thch c su ging u th lai,

tnh n thng 12/2001 phng thch 18 ging (Dng Vn Chn, 2007). Vic pht

trin la lai ang c pht trin n , tuy gp mt s kh khn do cht lng go

thp, gi la ging cao, nhng phn ln nng dn vn mun tip tc canh tc la lai.

Nm 1996, n sn xut c 1.300 tn ht ging lai F1 v gieo cy

khong 500.000 ha la lai thng phm, nng sut ht lai ch t 1,5 2 tn/ha

(Nguyn Cng Tn v ctv, 2002)

Trong nghin cu pht trin la lai hai dng n cng gy to v xc nh

c 12 dng TGMS, to ra hai t hp lai chun b a ra sn xut

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(3) Philipines

Bt u thng mi ha la lai t nm 2002, vi s n lc ca chnh ph, nm

2003 la lai pht trin vt bt, din tch tng ln t 25.232 ha trong ma nng ln

n 56.802 ha trong ma ma, nng sut bnh qun 6 tn/ha (Dng Vn Chn, 2007).

Chnh quyn Philipines c nhng h tr cn thit v mt th trng cho s pht ca

cc chng trnh la lai nh: cho vay vn sn xut, b mt phn gi ht ging, h tr

ht ging, thu mua la lai ca nng dn vi gi cao. Vi n lc ny, chng trnh la

lai s c pht trin mnh trong thi gian ti.

(4) Bangladesh

Theo M.A. Khaleque Mian (2007) Bangladesh l mt t nc ca la go. y la go c coi trng cn hn c mt loi lng thc, ht la c nh hng ln

n ba n, kinh t, vn ha v li sng ca ngi dn ni y. N cung cp tinh bt

cho ton b 140 triu ngi Bangladesh, 70 % lng calo l do t go. La go chim

khong 90 % sn lng ng cc ca t nc. Khong 11,23 triu ha trong tng s t

canh tc c dng trng la. Mi nm khong 29,75 triu tn la go c sn

xut s dng cc ging la truyn thng, cc loi ging HYV c pht trin bi Vin

Nguyn cu la Bangladesh, Vin Nghin cu Nng nghip ht nhn Bangladesh,

trng i hc Nng nghip Bangladesh v cc ging la lai nhp ni c nhp bi

cng ty ging t nhn. Bangladesh l mt trong nhng nc c dn s ng nht trn

th gii. Do vic dn s tng nhanh v gii hn nng sut ca cc ging la hin ti

cho nn mi nm t nc thiu t 2 3 triu tn lng thc. gii quyt vn

thiu lng thc, cn phi chn to cc ging la mi c nng sut cao thay th cho

cc ging hin ang c s dng. S dng cc ging la lai c th l mt hng i

ng nhm tng sn lng la v bo m v t tc lng thc. Cc nghin cu v lai

to cc ging la lai c tin hnh ti Vin Nghin cu la Bangladesh t nm

1983. Nhng nhng nghin cu chnh thc v cc ging la lai ph hp vi quc gia

ny c bt u t nm 1993 trong khun kh hp tc vi Vin Nghin cu La go

Quc t (IRRI). Cc kt qu nghin cu trong giai on ny khng c nh mong

mun do thiu s tp trung v ngun nhn lc c o to. Cc n lc mang tnh h

thng ch c bt u t nm 1996 vi s h tr v ti chnh t Hi ng nghin cuBangladesh.

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Cc chnh sch mi ca chnh ph Bangladesh v ht ging, khuyn khch cc

cng ty ging t nhn tham gia vo th trng ging la v cng cho php cc cng ty

ging c nhp 33 ging la lai c kim nh cho vic sn xut thng mi.

La lai c trng ti t nc ny bt u t nm 2001 2002 trong din tch

khong 2.510 ha. Trong nm 2005 2006 din tch trng la lai tng ln nhanh chng

t 202.429 ha do u th v nng sut cao. S n lc ca cc nh khoa hc, chnh ph

trong vic thc hin chng trnh nghin cu, cung cp ti chnh v h tr khc cng

gp phn quan trng vo thnh cng ny

2.5.2. Nghin cu, pht trin la lai Vit Nam

Vit Nam bt u nghin cu la u th lai vo nm 1983 ti Vin khoa hc kthut Nng nghip, Vin di truyn Nng nghip, Vin la ng bng sng Cu Long

(BSCL), vi s h tr ca IRRI, FAO v cc ti nghin cu cp quc gia. Cc

chng trnh ny bt u thc hin u tin ti Vin la BSCL (Nguyn Th Trm,

2002; Dng Vn Chn, 2007). Mc tiu ca cc chng trnh ny l:

- nh gi ngun vt liu to ra cc ging la lai hai dng, ba dng

- Chn to cc ging la lai trin vng

- Sn xut ht lai F1

- Nghin cu k thut canh tc la lai

Chng trnh t c mt s thnh cng nhng khng ng k, trong

nhng nm qua la lai khng pht trin BSCL v cha c ging thch hp.

Theo Nguyn Tr Hon (2007), tri qua 16 nm nghin cu v pht trin t

1991 2007, Vit Nam c nhng tin b vt bc: 77 dng TGMS c thu thp

v nhp ni t Trung Quc, IRRI nghin cu nh gi trong iu kin sinh thi ca

Vit Nam. Cc dng CMS ph hp vi iu kin sinh thi ca Vit Nam nh l BoA,

IR58025A v II32A c chn thun cho s dng trong chn ging la lai mi

cng nh s dng trong sn xut ht ging. lm phong ph thm cc dng CMS,

la hoang hoc cc dng CMS c lai to vi cc dng duy tr mi c chn to.

Nhng dng CMS mi c chn nh l OMS 1 2 t cp lai (la hoang/PMS2B),

AMS71A t cp lai (BoA/103-8) v AMS73A t cp lai (II32A/D34-2)

Nhiu dng CMS c lai to thng qua lai lin tc cc dng CMS vi nhngdng duy tr mi c chn to

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Mc khc pht trin cc dng TGMS ph hp vi Vit Nam, mt b ging

la thch ng c TGST ngn, cc dng TGMS nh l: Kim 23B, IR5825B, BoB, II32B

c lai vi cc dng TGMS sn c: Peai 64S, TQ125s, 7S, CN26S. Nhng dng

TGMS mi c chn to thng qua chn lc ph h ca cc t hp lai n hoc qua

cc th h lai li nh BC1, BC2, BC3 hoc chn to thng qua nui cy ht phn ca

cy lai F1 gia cc dng TGMS vi ging thun. Tng s 60 dng TGMS c bt

dc n nh, c TGST ngn, t l th vi nhy cao c chn to. c bit, nhiu

dng duy tr hin c nh Kim 23B, IR58025B, II32B, BoB, c lai chuyn thnh cc

dng TGMS. Trong nhng dng TGMS c chn to Vit Nam 103S v TS96

c khai thc trong sn xut i tr. Nhng dng ny l m ca cc t hp la lai 2dng nh l: VL20, TH3-3, TH3-4 v HC1. Hn na nhiu dng phc hi cng nh

TGMS mi c gen tng hp rng c lai th vi cc ging la Indica v

Jabonica chn to ging la lai siu nng sut (Indica x Jabonica). chn to la

lai Vit Nam giai on 2001 2005, 19 dng CMS v TGMS c lai vi nhng

dng b tt. Trong tng s 8130 t hp lai th c thc hin trong giai on 2001

2005, 434 cp lai tt c xc nh cng vi 47 t hp lai c nhp ni. Tng s

481 t hp la lai c nh gi v nng sut v 134 t hp lai trin vng c chn

lc cho th nghim so snh s khi v th nghim so snh cc vng sinh thi. Trong 5

nm mt s t hp lai nh HYT83, HYT92, HYT100 (la lai 3 dng) v TH3-3, TH3-

4, TH5-1 v HC1 (la lai 2 dng) c phng thch cho sn xut i tr Vit Nam.

Theo Nguyn Th Trm (2007), kt qu chn ging la lai ca Vin sinh hc

Nng nghip: Chn c cc dng bt dc c di truyn nhn mn cm nhit

(TGMS) c ngng chuyn i tnh dc n nh, nhy cm GA3, nhn phn tt, nhn

dng v sn xut ht lai c nng sut cao. Chn c dng bt dc c cm ng quang

chu k ngn (PGMS), gp phn a dng ngun vt liu pht trin la lai 2 dng.

a ra sn xut rng t hp lai TH3-3 c nng sut cao, cht lng tt, thi gian sinh

trng ngn ph hp vi c cu 2 v la + 1 2 v rau mu, c nng dn chp

nhn. Nng sut ht lai kh cao. Sn lng sn xut ht lai trong 4 nm t 1.522 tn

ht F1. Mt s t hp lai mi ang m rng kh nhanh l TH3-4, TH5-1, TH7-2.

Theo H Vn Nhn (2007), mt s kt qu nghin cu chn to ging la laihai dng ti Vin Cy lng thc: nhiu dng TGMS ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam

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c to ra bng cc phng php nhp ni, lai kt hp nui cy bao phn, gy t

bin. Cc nghin cu khc nh kh nng kt hp, kh nng giao phn, kh nng chng

chu su bnh, k thut sn xut ht lai v nhn dng bt dc cng c thc hin.

Mt s t hp lai c trin vng c pht hin v kho nghim, trong c mt s

t hp c cng nhn tm thi hoc chnh thc

V cht lng la go, la lai c chn to Vit Nam c cht lng n ung

tt hn so vi nhng t hp lai hin c. V sn xut ht lai, quy trnh sn xut ht lai

F1 cho mt t hp lai c nghin cu bi cc c quan nghin cu khc nhau v

nhng quy trnh ny c khai thc s dng bi cc cng ty ging, cc hp tc x.

Tng quan v tnh hnh nghin cu, sn xut la lai ti ni nghin cuCng ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam (gi tt SSC) l mt trong nhng

cng ty hng u v ht ging ca Vit Nam. SSC cng l cng ty tip cn th trng

ht ging la lai kh sm, cc giai on pht trin la lai ca SSC nh sau:

- Giai on 1999 2001: tm hiu, o to ngun nhn lc ban u

+ Hp ng sn xut ht ging F1 ca t hp lai t Trung Quc l Bc u 903

vi ht ging b m do Trung tm Nghin cu la lai cung cp

+ T chc cn b k thut tm hiu tm hiu th trng la lai min Bc trong

v Xun 2001 v 2002

+ T chc lp hun luyn ni b, mi chuyn gia la lai min Bc ging dy v

tuyn nhn s thnh lp nhm nghin cu la lai

- Giai on 2000 2004: sn xut v kinh doanh cc sn phm theo ui

+ Sn xut ht ging F1 h Bac u 903, 64; Nh u 838, 63

+ Tri qua qu trnh nghin cu v sn xut hin ti SSC t sn xut c b

m ca cc t hp: Bac u 64, 903, 253; Nh u 838, 63; Bi tp sn thanh; HYT57

- Giai on 2005 n nay: nghin cu v pht trin sn phm mi theo hai

hng du nhp c quyn v t lai to

+ T hp nhp ni kho nghim: 3008, PAC807, 0327, 3029

+ T lai to: Nam u 1, 15, 18, 32

2.6. Mt s t hp la lai ang trng ph bin Vit Nam

Hin ti la lai pht trin rt nhanh trn ton quc, nhng t hp lai cgii thiu sau y l nhng t hp lai mi nht hin ti ang c trin vng pht trin

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rt ln. Trong s c t hp lai c cng nhn chnh thc l ging quc gia,

cng nhn tm thi v ang chun b th tc c cng nhn chnh thc. Ngoi ra

cng gii thiu thm mt s t hp lai tuy pht trin cch y hn mi nm

nhng hin ti vn c trng ph bin. Xem chi tit ti Ph lc 2.11 trang 97

(1) Arize B - TE1

(2) Bc u 903 (Bc u qu 99)

(3) Bio 404

(4) Bi tp 49

(5) CNR 5104

(6) HYT83(7) Nh u 63

(8) Nh u 838

(9) Sn u Qu 99 (Tp giao 5)

(10) TH3 3:

(11) TH3 4

(12) TH3 5

(13) TH5 1

(14) Trang Nng 15

(15) PAC 807(16) Vit Lai 20 (VL20)

(17) Vit lai 24

2.7. Nhng tr ngi chnh trong sn xut la lai ti Vit Nam

- Tuy la lai a vo s dng hn 17 nm (1991 2008), nhng sn xut la

lai hin ti vn cha c quy hoch c th v chc chn. Nhng tnh c iu kin sn

xut la nh vng ng bng Bc B, nng sut la lai cao hn la thun, m t l

din tch trng la lai cn t do sn xut la hng ho cha c ch trng. i vi cc

tnh kh khn nh min ni, vng su, vng xa din tch cy la t, thiu lng thc;

trng la lai rt thch hp nhng din tch gieo trng la lai cn thp do kh khn v

thu li v chnh sch h tr, nht l chnh sch khuyn nng.

- H thng qun l ging cha tt, nn nhiu c nhn, t chc li dng vic

nhp khu kinh doanh ht ging la lai kim li, nhiu khi khng ch n ngungc, cht lng gieo trng ca l ht ging, nht l nhng v thiu ht ging nhp

c l ging ln, ging km cht lng lm gim nng sut, gy hi cho sn xut v tm

l xu cho nng dn. Hin nay vn cn rt t nhng cng trnh nghin cu v hiu qu

kinh t, x hi trong sn xut la lai nc ta.

- La lai b su bnh tn cng mnh, nng sut cao nhng khng n nh, ngun

ging ph thuc nc ngoi, gi la lai ging cao, v vy khng khch l nng dn

trng.- Cht lng go la lai thp hn la thng, gi li r hn

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- Din tch la lai cng m rng, nguy c xi mn gen trong qun th ngy cng

ln, cc th h sau phn li, nguy c hnh thnh mt qun th la c kh kim sot

trong tng lai (Dng Vn Chn, 2007)

- thun ht ging: sn xut ht lai ngoi Trung Quc cn tn ti vn v

thun ca cc dng A, B, R v ca ht lai F1 cha c m bo. thun nh hng

rt ln ti nng sut, nu thun ht ging gim i 1 % th nng sut la lai thng

phm gim 100 kg/ha (Nguyn Cng Tn v ctv, 2002). Nu thun khng m bo,

dn n nng sut la lai gim, lm ngi dn khng c ng lc s dng.

- Tim nng UTL: cc ging la lai trong loi, trong phm vi ging Indica, ch

c th vt nng sut so vi la thun 20 30 %, s khan him cc dng duy tr vdng phc hi l vn kh khn ch yu cho vic chn ging la lai ba dng.

- Gi thnh ht lai cao hn la thun 5 6 ln, hng pht trin trong tng lai

gim gi thnh sn xut ht lai hay h tr cho ngi sn xut ht lai s khuyn khch

nng dn s dng.

- Cht lng ht lai: ngy nay mc sng ngi dn ngy cng c ci thin,

nhu cu tiu dng ngy cng cao. Ngi ta khng ch n no m cn phi n ngon, v

vy cn cht lng go cao, tuy nhin hin nay cht lng go ca la lai cn thp y

l mt vn hn ch s tip nhn la lai ca nng dn.

- Sn xut ht lai F1 trn din rng: mun m rng din tch la lai thng

phm cn phi c ht ging lai cung ng vi s lng ln. Hin ti chng ta gp rt

nhiu kh khn nh thiu nhn lc c k thut cao, cn ngun ti chnh ln mua

sm trang thit b chuyn dng, o to i ng cn b ch o v t chc sn xut ti

c s. y l nhng vn tr ngi cho vic m rng din tch sn xut la lai. Vn

chn to v tin hnh trnh din la lai lu hn la thng cng l mt vn hn

ch

2.8. Trin vng, nh hng pht trin la lai Vit Nam v s cp thit ca ti

- Vit Nam c li th ln v t nhin, chng ta c truyn thng sn xut la

nc t lu i, din tch trng la trong c nc kh ln, nng dn cn c nng ng.

Nhng yu t ny gip t nc ta tr thnh mt nc sn xut la go ni ting

trn th gii. Vit Nam ng dn, c khong 4 triu ha t trng la, bnh qun u

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ngi khong 500 m2 nhng p dng thm canh, a nng sut la ln mc 42,7

t/ha, cao nht khu vc ng Nam (Nguyn Cng Tn v ctv, 2002)

- Trong tng lai sn xut la go vn l ngnh sn xut ln trong nn nng

nghip ca chng ta. Sn xut la go phi tr thnh ngnh sn xut hng ha ln,

pht trin bn vng, theo hng nng sut cao, phm cht tt, hiu qu kinh t cao v

c bit phi c sc cnh tranh mnh trn th trng th gii, v vy cn c hai yu cu

quan trng nht: Th nht, la go sn xut ra phi m bo cht lng cao, p ng

nhu cu tiu dng trong nc, v p ng nhu cu xut khu, c sc cnh tranh mnh,

qua lm tng gi tr xut khu. Th hai, nng cao gi tr sn xut hng ha trn t

la, tng thu nhp cho ngi trng la.Qua 17 nm (1991 2008) cng ngh la lai a vo Vit Nam, n c ch

ng kh bn vng, nng dn chp nhn, gp phn a cng ngh trng la ca Vit

Nam vn ti trnh cao ca khu vc.

Theo Nguyn Cng Tn v ctv (2002), trin vng v nh hng pht trin la

lai ca Vit Nam trong tng lai c th d on nh sau:

+ Chng ta s tip tc m rng din tch la lai cc tnh min Bc, ven bin

min Trung v Ty Nguyn, y l cc vng sinh thi thch nghi vi cc t hp la lai

hin nay, m bo sn xut la lai c hiu qu

+ T chc t sn xut ht ging i vi cc t hp lai ang dng ph bin v c

vt liu khi u. p dng cng ngh sn xut ht ging cho nng sut cao, h gi

thnh, ch ng cung cp ht ging cht lng cao, gi r cho nng dn

+ Tp trung nghin cu v nhp ni cc t hp la lai mi khng ch nng sut

cao m cht lng phi tt, p ng yu cu xut khu, thch ng rng v chng chu

su bnh

+ Xy dng c s mnh v nghin cu la lai, o to i ng cc nh khoa hc

nghin cu v khoa hc v cng ngh la lai c trnh cao, nng cp c s vt cht

k thut ca cc Vin, Trng

+ Xy dng mng li k thut v la lai, ch yu l h thng sn xut ht

ging to ra ht ging cht lng cao cung cp cho sn xut. Xy dng mng

li khuyn nng rng khp a tin b k thut v la lai n vi nng dn

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+ Tng cng hp tc khoa hc k thut vi cc nc trn th gii, c bit l

vi Trung Quc. C chnh sch hp dn thu ht cc nh u t nghin cu khoa hc,

sn xut ht ging la lai

La lai hin ti ang pht trin mnh cc tnh Bc B, Bc Trung B, tuy

nhin ni y gp mt s kh khn nh din tch t manh mn, vn nhn dng bt

dc, sn xut ht ging F1 thng phm gp kh khn v cc khu ny cn din tch

t ln v nhiu lao ng. Theo Dng Vn Chn (2007), sn xut ht ging la lai c

nhu cu lao ng tng 30 % (hoc 100 ngy cng lao ng/ha), ti min Bc Vit

Nam, sn xut ht ging F1 cn 400 500 ngy cng lao ng/ha.

Vi nhng li th trong thi gian ti min Trung, Ty Nguyn v Nam B str thnh ni chnh sn xut la lai. ti ny bc u tip cn vi la lai ti vng

Ty Nguyn, mt ni dng mi, c trin vng rtln trong hin ti v tng lai. Do

gii hn ca ni dung kha lun tt nghip, thi gian ngn ch c bn thng, nn ni

dng ti tp trung vo so snh s sinh trng, pht trin ca cc t hp la lai v

hc tp thc tin cng ngh sn xut ht lai F1 h ba dng. Ni dung ti l bc

m quan trng thc hin cc chuyn su hn v la lai, c bit l cng ngh

sn xut ht ging trong tng lai

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Chng 3

VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1. Phm vi nghin cu

ti tin hnh kho nghim c bn v gi tr cach tc v s dng ca 12 t

hp la lai v bc u nghin cu cng ngh sn xut ht ging la lai F1 h ba dng

trong v H thu nm 2008 ti Lm H, Lm ng

3.2. Thi gian v a im th nghim

3.2.1. Thi gian th nghim

Th nghim c tin hnh t ngy 25/05/2008 n 04/10/2008

3.2.2. a im th nghim

Th nghim c thc hin ti khu t trng la ca Tri Ging Cy trng

Lm H, Lm ng thuc Cng ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam.

3.2.3. c im v tnh cht l ha tnh khu t th nghim

Bng 3.1: c im l, ha tnh ca khu t th nghim

Thnh phn Gi trCt (%) 63,0Tht (%) 36,0St (%) 7,00

pH H2O 5,82pH KCl 5,02

Mn (%) 6,20

K+d tiu (meq/100g) 0,05Ca2+ (meq/100g) 4,23

Mg2+ (meq/100g) 2,40Ntng s (%) 0,16

P2O5 tng s (mg/100g) 0,28Ngun: Theo Tri Ging Cy trng Lm H, Lm ng

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Nhn xt: Khu t th nghim c sa cu st pha tht, hi chua. Giu cht hu c

v m, ngho P2O5, K2O, Ca2+ v Mg2+. Trong qu trnh canh tc ch bn vi

trung ha chua v bn nhiu ln gip la bn r hi xanh sm

3.2.4. iu kin kh hu thy vn trong thi gian th nghim

S liu kh tng c thu thp t thng 05/2008 09/2008 (Bng 3.2)

Bng 3.2: Tnh hnh thi tit, kh hu ni th nghim

Thi

gian

Nhit khng kh (0C)

Max Min Trung

bnh

m

khng

kh

(%)

Lng ma

trung bnh

(mm)

05/2008 30,2 (3/5 v 26/5) 18,0 (21/5) 22,1 84 274,506/2008 29,7 (5/6) 17,3 (1/6) 21,7 81 112,207/2008 29,3 (14/7 v 16/7) 18,7 (1/7) 22,1 81 155,208/2008 29,0 (31/8) 17,2 (31/8) 21,5 82 148,409/2008 28,6 (6/9) 17,8 (4/9) 21,5 84 161,1

Ngun: Theo Trm Kh tng thy vn Lin Khng, Lm ng

Qua bng 3.2 ta thy:

- Thi tit khng c bin ng v ph hp trong sut thi gian lm th nghim

- Thng 6 nhit trung bnh 21,70C v m khng kh 81 % nn thch hp

cho la bn r hi xanh sm, lng ma tuy thp nhng rung ch ng c nc

nn cng khng nh hng ln n i sng cy la

- Thng 7 la nhnh, pht trin thn l r, gp iu kin thi tit thun li

nn kh nng pht trin tt

- Thi k tr v chn vo thng 8, 9 tuy nhit v m khng kh thun li

(21,50

C v 82 84 %) nhng thi gian ny thng c ma, nh hng n qu trnhphi mu ca la

3.3. Ni dung th nghim

- Xc nh mt s c trng hnh thi, c tnh nng hc, sinh l, phm cht

go, kh nng chng chu su bnh ca 12 t hp la lai qua lm c s chn t hp

la lai tt sn xut ht la lai cung cp ging cho a phng v vng sn xut c

iu kin kh hu tng t

- Bc u nghin cu cng ngh sn xut ht ging la lai F1 h ba dng, c

kt quy trnh sn xut ht lai F1 h ba dng thch hp cho vng Ty Nguyn

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3.4. Vt liu th nghim

Gm 12 ging v t hp la lai thuc nhm B (TGST > 120 ngy), trong c

10 t hp la lai th nghim, mt t hp la lai lm i chng, v mt ging la

thung lm i chng. Cc t hp la lai tham gia th nghim c trnh by Bng

3.3. Xem hnh nh Hnh 3.1 n 3.12 (xem Ph lc 1 trang 68 - 73)

Bng 3.3: Danh sch cc t hp la lai trin vng v ngun gc chn to

TT T hp lai C quan chn to

1 HR182 IRRI

2 HR590 IRRI

3 HR641 IRRI4 IR80112H IRRI

5 IR80127H IRRI

6 Nam u 821 SSC

7 Nam u 822 SSC

8 Nam u 823 SSC

9 Nam u 827 SSC

10 Nam u 828 SSC

11 PAC 807 (i chng 1) n (Advanta India)

12 VND 95 20 (i chng 2) Vin KHKT NN Min Nam

Ghi ch: - IRRI: Vin Nghin cu La go Quc t

- SSC: Cng ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min Nam

- KHKT NN: Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip

3.5. Phng php th nghim

3.5.1. B tr th nghim

- Th nghim c b tr theo kiu khi y hon ton ngu nhin RCBD

(Random Complete Block Dezign), mt yu t, ba ln lp li vi 12 nghim thc l 12

ging v t hp la lai

- S khi (s ln lp li): 3 khi

- S th nghim: 36

- Din tch th nghim: 8,64 m2 = 4,8 m x 1,8 m- Din tch th nghim: 311 m2

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- Khong cch gia cc trong cng ln lp li: 0,3 m

- Khong cch gia cc ln lp li (khi): 0,5 m

- Xung quanh khu th nghim c hng la bo v

- Tng din tch th nghim c bo v: khong 500 m2

Ghi ch: - REP I: Ln lp li I- REP II: Ln lp li II

- REP III: Ln lp li III

Hnh 3.13: S b tr th nghim

7

4

12

1

5

8

11

6

2

3

9

10

2

5

3

9

12

1

6

7

11

4

10

8

6

3

1

12

10

7

2

4

8

9

11

5

Chiu bin thin

REP REP II REP III

Hng ng

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Cc nghim thc c nh s nh sau:

1. HR182

2. HR590

3. Nam u 821

4. IR80112H

5. IR 80127H

6. Nam u 822

7. Nam u 823

8. HR641

9. Nam u 827

10. Nam u 828

11. PAC 807 (i chng 1)

12. VND 95-20 (i chng 2)Hnh 3.14: Tng quan rung th nghim giai on tr (Ph lc 1 trang 74)

Hnh 3.15: Tng quan rung th nghim giai on chn (Ph lc 1 trang 74)

3.5.2. Cc bin php k thut canh tc p dng

Phng php canh tc:

+ Chun b ging: ging c kim tra ny mm trc khi lm th nghim,

ging phi t tiu chun trn 85 % ht ny mm mi dng cho th nghim

+ Chun b t: t c cy ba k, san phng, v sch c di

+ Phng php lm m: p dng phng php lm m nn, nn gieo m l nn

xi mng. t gieo m ly t bn ao (chim 70 %) trn vi s da (chim 30 %) to

mt hn hp do, sau trang thnh mt lp mng khong 3 4 cm v to thnhlung rng khong 1,2 m, chiu di cho va vi s lng ging gieo. Ht ging tng

t hp lai cho vo ti vi, ghi nhn cho tng t hp. Sau ngm 24 gi (6 8 gi

thay nc mt ln), sau vt ra ra sch, 24 26 gi, kim tra thy mm di 1/3

ht la; r di bng ht la th em gieo trn tng ring l vi mt khong 2.000

ht/m2hay khong 30 35 g/m2. Sau p nh cho ht ging chm xung bn v ph

mt lp s da mng ln trn. Ty theo s sinh trng ca m m chng ta c th ha

phn ur vi nng long ti cho m. Sau 18 ngy th ct t m em i cy

+ Mt cy: cy mt dnh, khong cch cy x hng: 15 cm x 20 cm; mt

33 bi/m2

+ Ngy gieo m: 25/05/2008

+ Ngy cy: 11/06/2008

Chm sc v qun l:

+ Bn phn: theo quy trnh ca Cng ty C phn Ging Cy trng Min NamCng thc bn: 160 N + 120 P2O5 + 60 K2O (cho mt ha)

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+ Loi phn dng

Super Ln (Ln Vn in): 16 %

Ur (m Ph M): 46 %

NPK Vit Nht 16:16:8

NPK Vit Nht 16:8:14

+ Lng phn v cch bn (cho khu th nghim hn 300 m 2)

Bn lt: ngay khi cy 10 kg Super Ln

Bn thc ln 1: sau cy 5 10 ngy bn 3 kg Ur

Bn thc ln 2: sau cy 20 25 ngy bn 2 kg Ur + 8 kg NPK 16:16:8

Bn thc ln 3: sau cy 50 55 ngy bn 8 kg NPK 16:8:14+ Ti nc: t cy n kt thc nhnh gi mc nc trn rung 3 5 cm,

cc giai on sau mc nc khng qu 10 cm

+ Cy dm: sau cy 3 4 ngy dm li

+ Lm c, sc bn: lm c linh ng, din tch nh nn lm thng xuyn trong

lc kim tra ng rung

+ Phng tr su bnh: khng s dng thuc bo v thc vt, mc ch th kh

nng khng su bnh ca cc ging

+ Thu hoch khi c khong 85 % s ht/bng chn. Trc khi thu hoch thu 10

khm mi t hp lm mu v theo di cc ch tiu trong phng

3.5.3. Cc ch tiu v phng php theo di

Phng php nh gi bng mt c thc hin qua quan st ton th nghim,

trn tng cy hay cc b phn ca cy v cho im. Cc ch tiu nh lng c o

m trn cy mu hoc ton th nghim. Cc mu ly ngu nhin, tr cy ra .

Cc ch tiu c theo di theo ng giai on sinh trng thch hp ca cy la

Quan st v nh gi cc ch tiu theo thang im nh gi ca IRRI (Standard

Evaluation Sytem For Rice 1996) v tiu chun ngnh quy phm kho nghim gi tr

canh tc v s dng ging la 10 TCN 558 2002

3.5.3.1. Cc ch tiu c trng hnh thi

La c nhiu ngoi hnh do iu kin ngoi cnh thay i, do qu trnh chn lc

t nhin v nhn to, hnh thnh nhiu ging la khc nhau. Hnh thi bn ngoi lmt c im thch ng vi iu kin ngoi cnh. V vy nh gi hnh thi cy la

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gn vi mi trng sinh sng ca n c nhng bin php k thut hp l l mt vn

c ngha thc t.

Thn la

- Chiu cao cy: chn ngu nhin 10 cy ca 5 im cho gc, mi im 2 cy

tr cc cy hng bin. o t mt t n nh bng khng tnh ru ht trc thu

hoch 3 ngy, tnh trung bnh ba ln lp li, n v tnh cm.

- Gc thn: quan st cc thn ph so vi thn chnh

+ Cp 1: ng (< 300)

+ Cp 3: trung gian (gn 450)

+ Cp 5: m (gn 600

)+ Cp 7: te (> 600)

+ Cp 9: b lan (Thn hoc phn di b ta vo mt t)

L la: quan st c im ca l ng

- Gc l ng: quan st t lc tr n chn c o theo gc l ng vi thn

+ Cp 1: ng - gc gia l ng v thn 00 150 (thng)

+ Cp 3: trung bnh - gc gia l ng v thn 150 300 (hi thng)

+ Cp 5: ngang - gc gia l ng v thn 300 450 (hi xe)

+ Cp 7: gp xung - gc gia l ng v thn 450 600 (rt xe)

- Kch thc l ng: o chiu di, chiu rng ca 5 l ng trn mt theo 5

im cho gc, mi im 1 cy v ly trung bnh vo giai on lm ng, n v tnh

l cm

+ Chiu di l ng o t c l n chp l vo giai on lm ng, ba ln lp

li tnh trung bnh

+ Chiu rng l ng o ch to nht ca l ng vo giai on lm ng, ba ln

lp li tnh trung bnh

Bng la

- Chiu di bng: o t c bng n chp bng ca 5 bng/ trc thu hoch 3

ngy, sau tnh trung bnh ba ln lp li, n v tnh l cm

- Dng bng: bng c phn loi theo cch phn nhnh, gc nhnh s cp v

ng ht, quan st giai on vo chc v cho im theo cp+ Cp 1: chm

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+ Cp 5: trung gian

+ Cp 9: m

- Trc bng: quan st trc bng gian on chn sa ti vo chc v cho im

theo cp

+ Cp 1: thng ng

+ Cp 2: un xung

Ht la

- Hnh dng ht la: quan st hnh dng ht la v miu t

- Mu sc v tru: quan st mu v ht la v miu t

- Chiu di ht la: o 10 ht khng k c ru, n v tnh mm- Chiu rng ht: o 10 ht ch ngang rng nht gia hai na v tru, n v

tnh mm

3.5.3.2. Cc ch tiu nng hc, sinh l

Ch tiu nng hc:

- Sc sng ca m: quan st qun th m trc khi nh cy

+ Cp 1: mnh

+ Cp 5: trung bnh

+ Cp 9: yu

- Kh nng nhnh: iu kin mi trng c th gy tc ng to ln n

nhnh, m s nhnh ca 10 cy ngu nhin trong mt nghim thc, tnh trung bnh ba

ln lp li vo giai on nhnh ti a, cho im theo cp

+ Cp 1: rt cao (hn 25 dnh/cy)

+ Cp 2: tt (20 25 dnh/cy)

+ Cp 5: trung bnh (10 19 dnh/cy)

+ Cp 7: thp (5 9 dnh/cy)

+ Cp 9: rt thp (< 5 dnh/cy)

- cng cy: quan st t th ca cy trc khi thu hoch 3 ngy

+ Cp 1: cng cy khng b

+ Cp 3: cng va hu ht cy nghing nh

+ Cp 5: trung bnh hu ht cy b nghing+ Cp 7: yu hu ht cy b rp

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+ Cp 9: rt yu tt c cy b rp

- Chiu cao cy: chn ngu nhin 10 cy ca 5 im cho gc, mi im 2 cy

tr cc cy hng bin. o t mt t n nh bng khng tnh ru ht trc thu

hoch 3 ngy, ba ln lp li tnh trung bnh, n v tnh cm. Sau cho im theo cp

+ Cp 1: bn ln (vng trng, thp hn 110 cm; vng cao < 90cm)

+ Cp 5: trung bnh (vng trng < 110 - 130 cm; vng cao < 90 125 cm)

+ Cp 9: cao (vng trng > 130 cm; vng cao > 125 cm)

- tn l: quan st s chuyn mu ca l

+ Cp 1: mun v chm: l gi mu xanh t nhin

+ Cp 5: trung bnh: cc l trn bin vng+ Cp 9: sm v nhanh: tt c l bin vng hoc cht

- thot c bng: quan st kh nng tr thot c bng ca qun th

+ Cp 1: thot tt

+ Cp 3: thot trung bnh

+ Cp 5: va ng c bng

+ Cp 7: thot mt phn

+ Cp 9: khng thot c

- rng ht: mt tay gi cht c bng v tay kia vut dc bng, tnh t l

phn trm ht rng, s bng mu 5 bng

+ Cp 1: kh rng: < 10 % s ht rng

+ Cp 5: trung bnh: 10 50 % s ht rng

+ Cp 9: d rng : > 50 % s ht rng

- th phn ca bng: xc nh bng cch dng ngn tay bp ht v ghi li s

ht lp vo giai on chn, cho im theo cp

+ Cp 1: hu th cao (> 90 %)

+ Cp 3: hu th (75 85 %)

+ Cp5: hu th b phn (50 74 %)

+ Cp 7: bt th cao (


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+ Cp 1: cao cy khc dng < 2 %

+ Cp 5: trung bnh cy khc dng 2 4 %

+ Cp 9: thp cy khc dng > 4 %

- Thi gian sinh trng v pht dc

+ Ngy bn r hi xanh

+ Ngy bt u nhnh

+ Ngy nhnh ti a

+ Ngy tr 10 %

+ Ngy tr hon ton (trn 80 % tr)

+ Ngy chn hon ton (trn 85 % ht/bng vng)+ Tng thi gian sinh trng (ngy sau khi gieo)

+ ng thi tng trng chiu cao: chn ngu nhin 10 cy ca nm im cho

gc, mi im hai cy tr cc cy hng bin. Dng cc lm du cho iu tra sau v

chm sc cho n chn

Giai on sinh trng: o by ngy mt ln, o t mt t n chp l cao

nht theo tng ln lp li, tnh trung bnh ba ln lp li, n v tnh cm

Giai on sinh thc: o t mt t n chp bng khng k ru hoc l ng

nu l cao hn bng

+ ng thi nhnh: chn ngu nhin 10 cy ca nm im cho gc, mi

im hai cy tr cc cy hng bin. Ghi nhn by ngy mt ln bt u t lc cc

ging u bt u nhnh, dng cc lm du cho iu tra sau v chm sc cho n

chn, tnh trung bnh cho ba ln lp li

+ H s nhnh hu hiu = (s bng / s nhnh ti a) x 100Ch tiu sinh l

ng thi tch ly cht kh giai on chn: tnh bng gam/cy; ly phn trn

mt t sau em phi di nh sng mt tri v sy 80 0C sut mt ngy cho n

khi kh dn, sau cn trng lng kh, n khi trng lng khng i, tnh trung

bnh tng ln lp li sau tnh trung bnh 3 ln lp li, n v tnh bng gam. H s

kinh t (HI Havest Index): cht kh c tch ly trong cy la do qu trnh quang

hp, con ngi khng s dng ht m ch s dng ht, sn lng ca b phn ny gi

l nng sut kinh t, v vy HI c tnh theo cng thc:

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HI = Nng sut kinh t ( trng lng kh ht) / Nng sut sinh vt (trng lng

kh ton cy)

3.5.3.3. Tnh chng chu su, bnh

Tnh chng chu su bnh nh gi theo thang im ca tiu chun ngnh quy

phm kho nghim ging la 10 TCN 558 2002 v thang im chun ca IRRI. S

liu c nh gi theo cm quan ngoi ng

Cc i tng su hi c theo di gm:

- Su c thn: nhiu tc nhn gy ra nh Chilo suppressalis (su sc); Chilo

polychrysus (su u en); Scirpophaga incertulas (su c thn hai chm), theo di t

l dnh cht giai on nhnh n lm ng v bng bc giai on vo chc nchn, cho im theo cp

+ Cp 0: khng b hi

+ Cp 1: 1 10 % dnh hoc bng b hi





- Ry nu:Nilaparvata lugens Stal.; l tc nhn truyn virus gy bnh vng ln,

ln xon l, triu chng: chuyn vng tng b phn hay ton b cy thp dn, nu trm

trng cy s cht trn ng rung

+ Cp 0: khng b hi

+ Cp 1: hi bin vng trn mt s cy

+ Cp 3: l bin vng b phn nhng cha b chy ry

+ Cp 5: nhng l vng r, cy ln hoc ho, 10 25 % s cy b chy ry, cy

cn li ln nng

+ Cp 7: hn na s cy b ho hoc chy ry, cy cn li ln nghim trng

+ Cp 9: tt c cc cy cht

- Di c l:Hydrellia philippina; di c mp l gy thit hi r rng, i khi

lm cy b ci cc, quan st giai on sinh trng t m n nhnh v cho im

+ Cp 0: khng b hi+ Cp 1: di 2 l b hi/khm

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+ Cp 9: vt bnh bao quanh c bng hoc phn thn r cao nht hoc phn trc

gn gc bng, s ht chc thp hn 30 %

- Bnh m nu: Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Bipolaris oryza, Drechslera

oryzae); vt bnh l in hnh nh, hnh ovan hoc trn, mu nu m, c vin vng

nht bn ngoi;theo di giai on m t lm ng n chn sa theo thang cp nh

gi din tch vt bnh trn l

+ Cp 0: khng c vt bnh

+ Cp 1: di 4 % din tch vt bnh trn l

+ Cp 3: 4 10 %

+ Cp 5: 11 25 %+ Cp 7: 26 75 %

+ Cp 9: > 76 %

- Bnh bc l: tc nhn Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzal; vt bnh thng xut

hin gn nh l, t mp l v lan xung theo mp l. Vt bnh ban u c mu xanh

nht n xanh xm, sau t vng n xm, ging nhim nng vt bnh c th lan

rng khp chiu di l n tn b l. Bnh bc l (Kresek) trn m lm cho cy ho r

v cht non. Theo di t lm ng n vo chc v cho im theo thang cp nh gi

din tch l b bnh

+ Cp 1: 1 5 %

+ Cp 3: 6 12 %

+ Cp 5: 13 25 %

+ Cp 7: 26 50 %

+ Cp 9: 51 100 %

- Bnh m sc vi khun: tc nhnXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola; nh gi

theo din tch vt bnh vo giai on nhnh n tr v cho im theo cp

+ Cp 0: khng b bnh

+ Cp 1: nh hn 1 % (vt bnh trn nh l)

+ Cp 3: 1 5 % (vt bnh trn nh l)

+ Cp 5: 6 25 % (vt bnh trn nh hoc mt s mp l)

+ Cp 7: 26 50 % (vt bnh nh hoc mp l)+ Cp 9: 51 100 % (vt bnh nh v mp l)

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- Bnh vng ln: tnh s bi b ln, sau tnh t l b ln (%)

T l ln (%) = (s bi ln / tng s bi) x 100

3.5.3.4. Cc ch tiu nng sut v yu t cu thnh nng sut

- S bng/m2: trn mi ly ngu nhin nm cy ca nm im cho gc mi

im mt cy tr cy hng bin, tnh trung bnh ba ln lp li, ri nhn vi mt

cy 33 bi/m2, sau tnh ra s bng/m2

- S ht chc/bng: trn mi ly ngu nhin nm cy ca nm im cho gc

mi im mt cy tr cy hng bin, tnh trung bnh ba ln lp li, m s ht chc,

ht lp, ly s liu trung bnh theo phng php Matshushima, 1916

- T l ht lp (%) = s ht lp / tng s ht x 100- Trng lng 1.000 ht (gam): m 2 ln 500 ht chc mi ln lp li, em

cn v tnh trung bnh 3 ln lp li, o m lc cn quy v m chun 14 %

- Nng sut thc t: gt tng tr cc hng bin, tch ht. Tnh nng sut tng

theo phng php ly mu nh sau: lm sch ht v cn thc tui tng . Ly 1000 g

mu thc ti mi phi n m 14 %, cn khi lng thc kh (g), tnh t l

kh/ti ca mu (%). Nng sut ca = t l kh/ti (%) x khi lung thc ti ca

(kg/). T y ta quy v nng sut tn/ha (xem Ph lc 2)

- Nng sut l thuyt (NSLT) c tnh theo cng thc sau:

NSLT (tn/ha) = (S bng/m2 x S ht chc/bng x P1.000 ht) x 10-3 x 10-2

Ch gii:

+ P1.000 ht: trng lng 1.000 ht tnh bng gam (g)

+ 10-3: h s chuyn i trng lng 1.000 ht ra trng lng 1 ht

+ 10-2: h s chuyn i t gam/m2 ra tn/ha

3.5.3.5. Cc ch tiu phm cht go

- Kch thc ht go (mm): di ht go, rng ht go, t l di/rng

- V chiu di ht go c chia lm 4 cp (mm):

+ Cp 1 rt di: > 7,50

+ Cp 3 di: > 6,61 7,50

+ Cp 5 trung bnh: t 5,51 6,60

+ Cp 7 ngn: < 5.50- V dng ht go c tnh theo t l chiu di/chiu rng ht theo 4 cp:

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+ Cp 1 thon: > 3,0

+ Cp 3 trung bnh: t 2,1 3,0

+ Cp 5 bu: t 1,1 2,0

+ Cp 9 trn: 1,0

- bc bng ni nh (cp): theo quy phm

+ Cp 0: khng

+ Cp 1: t (di 10 %)

+ Cp 5: trung bnh (11 20 %)

+ Cp 9: Nhiu (hn 20 %)

3.6. Phng php x l v thng k s liuS liu c x l bng phn mm MSTATC v cc biu c v bng

phn mm Microsoft Excel

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Chng 4

KT QU V THO LUN

4.1. Kt qu kho nghim 12 t hp la lai trin vng

4.1.1. c im hnh thi ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng

Kt qu nh gi cc c im bn ngoi hay cn gi l c trng hnh thi ca

mi t hp la lai cho ta ci nhn tng qut v ngoi hnh ca mi t hp c thch hp

vi vng nghin cu hay khng. c trng hnh thi ca cc t hp la lai c trnh

by Bng 4.1

Thn la

- Chiu cao cy: chiu cao cy ca cc t hp bin ng t 69,65 cm (ging

VND 95-20) ti 81,25 cm (t hp Nam u 828). So vi i chng th tt c cc t hp

u tng ng hoc cao hn. Tt c cc t hp u thuc dng bn ln (vng cao

nh hn 90 cm)

- Gc thn: gc thn lin quan n mt cy v yu t k thut. Gc thn

cng gn th c th cy vi mt dy hn tng s bng/m 2; qua lm tng nng

sut v ngc li. Tt c cc t hp th nghim u c gc thn ng (cp 1), v vy c

th tng nng sut bng cch tng mt hp l

L la (l ng)

T th ca l la c lin quan n kh nng nhn nh sng quang hp tocht kh cho cy la, l la thng ng th din tch hp thu nh sng nhiu nn kh

nng quang hp tch ly cht kh cao v ngc li. Tt cc cc t hp th nghim u

c l thng ng

Kch thc l ng c ngha quan trong trong vic nhn nh sng quang

hp, gip tch ly cht kh cho la

- Chiu di l ng: bin ng t 21,25 cm n 26,07 cm. T hp c l ng

ngn nht l ging VND 95-20 (/c 2) (21,25 cm) v cao nht l Nam u 823 (26,07

cm). Tt c cc t hp c di l ng ngn n trung bnh

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- Chiu rng l ng: bin ng t 1,15 cm n 1,58 cm. T hp c l ng

ngn nht l Nam u 828 (1,15 cm) v cao nht l Nam u 827 (1,58 cm). Tt c cc

t hp c rng l ng ngn n trung bnh

- Gc l ng: tt c ging u c gc l ng cp 1, tc gc l thng so vi

thn nh hn 150

Bng la

- Chiu di bng: bin ng t 20,13 cm n 23,17 cm. T hp c bng ngn

nht l t hp i chng PAC 807 (/c 1) (20,13 cm) v cao nht l Nam u 828

(23,17 cm). Cc t hp c chiu di bng tng ng hoc di hn i chng

- Dng bng: bng c phn loi theo cch phn nhnh, gc nhnh s cp v ng ht. Tt c cc t hp c dng bng chm (cp 1), ngoi tr ging i chng

VND 95 20 c dng bng trung gian (cp 5)

- Trc bng: tt cc cc t hp th nghim c trc bng un xung (cp 2), th

hin nng sut cao

Ht la

- Hnh dng ht la: tt c cc t hp th nghim c dng ht thon di, khng c

ru ht, ngoi tr t hp IR80127H c ru di tng phn

- Mu sc ht la: tt c cc t hp c mu vng rm, ngoi tr t hp

IR80112H mu vng sm; IR80127H v VND 95 20 mu vng sng

- Chiu di ht la: bin ng t 9,25 10,10 mm; ging i chng VND 95

20 c chiu di ht la cao nht 10,10 mm; t hp lai i chng PAC 807 c chiu di

ht la thp nht 9,25 mm. Tt c cc t hp lai c chiu di ht la nm gia i

chng

- Chiu rng ht la: bin ng t 2,44 2,95 mm; t hp i chng PAC 807

c chiu rng thp nht 2,44 mm; t hp Nam u 821 c chiu rng ln nht 2,95

mm. a s cc t hp lai c chiu rng ht la tng ng vi i chng

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Bng 4.1: c trng hnh thi 12 t hp la lai trin vng

TT T hp lai Thn la L la Bng la Ht la

Chiu cao

cy

(cm)

Gc

thn

(cp)

L ngChiu di

(cm)

Chiu

rng

(cm)

Gc l

ng

(cp)

Chiu di

bng

(cm)

Dng

bng

(cp)

Trc

bng

(cp)

Hnh dng ht la Mu sc v

tru

Chiu

di

(mm)

Chiu

rng

(mm)

1 HR182 73,20 1 21,57 1,20 1 20,93 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng rm 10,00 2,56

2 HR590 76,70 1 22,75 1,40 1 20,53 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng rm 9,85 2,853 HR641 72,15 1 23,40 1,30 1 20,33 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng rm 9,37 2,774 IR80112H 74,80 1 23,63 1,25 1 23,07 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng sm 9,81 2,635 IR80127H 77,45 1 23,17 1,55 1 21,67 1 2 Thon di, c ru Vng sng 10,15 2,706 Nam u 821 77,05 1 23,30 1,45 1 21,20 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng rm 9,92 2,95

7 Nam u 822 72,38 1 25,43 1,50 1 21,42 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng rm 9,65 2,608 Nam u 823 75,78 1 26,07 1,65 1 20,87 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng rm 9,90 2,55

9 Nam u 827 75,91 1 23,75 1,58 1 22,80 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng rm 9,45 2,52

10 Nam u 828 81,25 1 23,00 1,15 1 23,17 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng rm 9,43 2,7411 PAC 807 (/c 1) 73,23 1 22,95 1,38 1 20,13 1 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng rm 9,25 2,4412 VND 95-20 (/c 2) 69,65 1 21,25 1,45 1 20,76 5 2 Thon di, khng ru Vng sng 10,10 2,59

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4.1.2. Cc ch tiu nng hc ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng

Ch tiu nng hc ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng c trnh by Bng 4.2

Bng 4.2: Cc ch tiu nng hc ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng

T

T

T hp lai Sc

sng

ca

m

(cp)

Kh

nng

nhnh

(cp)

cng

cy

(cp)

Chiu

cao

cy

(cp)

tn l

(cp)

thot

c

bng

(cp)

rng

ht

(cp)

th

phn

ca

bng

(cp)

thun

ng

rung

(cp)

1 HR182 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 5 12 HR590 1 2 1 1 5 1 5 3 1

3 HR641 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 3 14 IR80112H 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 5 15 IR80127H 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 3 16 Nam u 821 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 3 17 Nam u 822 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 3 18 Nam u 823 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 3 19 Nam u 827 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 5 11

0

Nam u 828 1 5 1 1 1 1 7 5 1

11 PAC 807 (/c 1) 1 2 1 1 5 1 5 3 51

2

VND 95-20 (/c 2) 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 3 1

- Sc sng ca m: tt c cc t hp c m sinh trng pht trin tt, ty theo

phng php lm m m ch tiu nh gi sc sng m c s khc nhau. Trong th

nghim ny s dng phng php lm m nn (m sn), nn cch nh gi ph thuc

vo s pht trin ca cc cy m nh to cy, t su bnh, l xanh, ch khng da vo

kh nng nhnh ca m

- Kh nng nhnh: tt c cc t hp u c kh nng nhnh trung bnh

(cp 5, 10 19 dnh/cy); tr t hp HR590, Nam u 827 v PAC 807 (/c 1) kh

nng nhnh tt (cp 2, 20 25 dnh/cy)

- cng cy: nu la khng cng cy d b ng th s nh hng ln n

nng sut, cht lng ca la v nh hng ti vic thu hoch. Tt c cc t hp c

cng cy tt, khng b (cp 1); c th gieo cy vng c gi, vng trng

- Chiu cao cy: tt c u thuc dng bn ln (cp 1, nh hn 90 cm)

- tn l: tt c cc t hp u c l trn bin vng (cp 5); ngoi tr t hpNam u 827 v Nam u 828 l vn gi mu xanh t nhin (cp 1)

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- thot c bng: i vi la lai thot c bng cn lin quan n kh nng

phc hi, v dng m ca chng bn cht l dng bt dc c c im bng khng

thot. Tt c cc t hp u thot c bng tt (cp 1)

- rng ht: rng ht c ngha trong vic p dng bin php thu hoch

la. T hp IR80127H kh rng (cp 1), Nam u 828 mu (cp 7), cc t hp cn li

u rng trung bnh (cp 5)

- th phn ca bng: t hp HR182, IR80112H, Nam u 827, Nam u 828

hu th b phn cp 5 (50 74 %), cc t hp cn li u hu th cp 3 (75 89 %)

- thun ng rung: thun ca la lai lin quan rt ln n qu trnh sn

xut ht lai. y quan st thun c gii, tt c c thun cao (cp 1), ring thp i chng PAC 807 thun trung bnh (cp 5)

4.1.2.1. Thi gian sinh trng v pht dc

Cc thi k sinh trng v pht dc ca cc t hp c trnh by Bng 4.3

Qua Bng 4.3 ta thy:

- Bn r v hi xanh: cc t hp bt u t 5 7 ngy sau cy (NSC); trong qua

trnh ny la b tc ng su bnh di c l nh hng n qu trnh hi xanh

ca la

- Giai on nhnh: bt u t 10 12 NSC v nhnh ti a t 49 56

NSC, giai on nhnh ko di t 39 44 ngy; giai on ny vn b nh hng ca

di c l nn nh hng n kh nng v tc nhnh ca la

- Giai on tr bng: tr 10 % t 70 82 NSC; tr hon ton 80 % t 79 86

NSC; t bt u tr n tr hon ton khong 4 9 ngy

- Giai on chn: khi 85 % s ht trn bng chn, qua th nghim ta nhn thy

tt c cc t hp u chn t 103 113 NSC

- Tng thi gian sinh trng: tnh t ngy chn 85 % cng cho tui m 18 ngy

ta c thi gian sinh trng ca cc t hp. TGST cc t hp bin thin t 121 131

ngy sau gieo (NSG)

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Bng 4.3: Thi gian sinh trng v pht dc ca 12 t hp la lai trin vng (NSC)

T

T

T hp lai Cc thi k sinh trng v pht dcBt

u

hi

xanh

Bt

u

nhnh

nhnh

ti a

Tr

10%

Tr

hon

ton

80%

Chn

hon

ton

Tng

thi

gian

sinh

trng

(NSG)1 HR182 7 12 56 77 83 110 1282 HR590 7 12 56 82 84 113 1313 HR641 7 12 49 79 83 109 1274 IR80112H 7 12 56 78 84 110 1285 IR80127H 7 12 56 77 80 110 1286 Nam u 821 7 10 56 75 82 109 1277 Nam u 822 7 11 56 70 80 103 1218 Nam u 823 7 12 56 70 80 103 1219 Nam u 827 5 10 56 81 86 113 1311

0

Nam u 828 7 12 49 80 85 113 131

11 PAC 807 (/c 1) 6 10 56 71 79 103 121

12

VND 95-20 (/c 2) 7 12 56 81 84 113 131

4.1.2.2. ng thi v tc tng trng chiu cao cy

ng thi tng trng chiu cao cy ca 12 t hp la lai c trnh by

Bng 4.4

Qua bng 4.4 ta thy cc t hp c s tng trng chiu cao chm, y cng l

mt c im ph thuc ln vo mi trng sng l c kh hu lnh.

Giai on t 14 56 NSC chiu cao cc t hp tng nhanh nht, v y l giai

on nhnh ca cc t hp. Giai on t 56 84 NSC tng chm, sau 84 NSC

khng o tip v giai on ny la tr bng hon ton, chiu cao cy khng tng

na.

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Bng 4.4: ng thi tng trng chiu cao cy (n v tnh: cm)

TT T hp lai Ngy sau cy (NSC)

14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84

1 HR182 20,16 24,85 28,22 37,08 42,78 45,30 52,43 54,55 57,32 63,55 73,202 HR590 19,66 24,38 29,71 39,10 45,65 49,60 56,15 57,53 59,18 65,85 74,70

3 HR641 19,73 25,15 30,81 40,11 48,10 53,33 58,35 59,10 70,18 71,78 72,15

4 IR80112H 20,77 24,74 30,29 39,80 47,00 50,95 57,28 59,17 66,18 73,95 74,80

5 IR80127H 20,00 26,22 33,23 41,33 47,30 50,68 57,48 59,09 63,50 71,25 77,45

6 Nam u 821 21,08 25,05 30,73 39,00 47,08 51,88 58,73 59,75 69,05 75,50 77,05

7 Nam u 822 20,48 25,03 31,93 39,70 46,40 52,78 57,97 62,42 68,67 71,75 72,38

8 Nam u 823 20,11 24,21 30,10 38,08 45,58 50,47 57,17 62,35 70,73 73,18 75,78

9 Nam u 827 20,24 25,50 32,12 38,20 45,98 49,63 56,18 57,37 59,00 65,13 75,91

10 Nam u 828 19,74 25,10 29,41 36,63 46,00 51,13 57,38 59,57 63,65 71,15 81,25

11 PAC 807 (/c 1) 22,26 27,70 32,86 43,48 50,96 54,40 60,90 61,57 66,85 72,56 73,23

12 VND 95-20 (/c 2) 18,85 23,15 27,79 35,20 40,65 43,23 50,35 52,53 55,23 62,97 69,65

Hnh 4.1: th ng thi tng trng chiu cao cy (Ph lc 1 trang 75)

Tc tng trng chiu cao cy th hin s tng trng mnh hay yu v

chiu cao cy, ty giai on pht trin m tc tng trng c khc nhau (xem Bng

4.5)

Qua bng 4.5 ta thy s bin ng v chiu cao cy ca cc t hp mnh vo

giai on nhnh t 14 56 NSC, tuy nhin c t hp tng rt mnh giai on tr

77 84 NSC nh Nam u 828 tng 10,10 cm; HR182 tng 9,65 cm.

Bng 4.5: Tc tng trng chiu cao cy (n v tnh: cm/7ngy)

TT T hp lai Ngy sau cy (NSC)

14-21 21-28 28-35 35-42 42-49 49-56 56-63 63-70 70-77 77-84

1 HR182 4,69 3,37 8,86 5,70 2,52 7,13 2,12 2,77 6,23 9,65

2 HR590 4,72 5,3

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