Magyar népmondák az ifjúság számára

7/23/2019 Magyar npmondk az ifjsg szmra

1/71

HAZAI FESTMVSZEK LTAL ILLUSZTRLTIFJSGI IRATOK.

II. KTET.

MAGYAR NPMONDK

AZ IFJSG SZMRAFELDOLGOZTA

RAD VILMOS.

BNER LAJOS KPEIVEL.

BUDAPEST,LAMPEL RBERT (WODIANER F. S FIAI)

cs. s kir. ud!ri k"#$k%r%sk%ds ki!d&s!.


2/71

A ' %%k*r+#ikus &*+!*&r! ! N%%d '%- / 0-$ !dd *+&11 2.3 U#4+r*%d (55 B6/SA 2.3) 5r%!*i% 5+''+#sic%#c 7%**%%i r#$%s%k. T+&11i i#7+r'&ci8k9 :**49;;cr%!*i%c+''+#s.+r-;ic%#s%s;1$/s!;2.3;d%%d.:u

E%k*r+#ikus &*+!*9Bud!4%s* 9 M!-$!r E%k*r+#ikus


3/71

TARTALOM

P!" P#$%& '#()%.A S)*+,("-%" /)%++%*%.

A B0+0$(.H0-1$-" F0&!0/.

A "2&3 #&4)!0!0/.V3-0&5,&.

6/7&/) ,&!0.D31/8G"2&.

T7&7! 9//):.M0"0& 9//):.

K%("#&!2.T7&7!!:$.

S)%($ G"7&" +50.A +3$0503 +$,&!#'.

O&/)+,(!2.M-/.A 53((05,&3 +0!*0.

R0;(-0.T-


4/71

A *%s '!-%*Gk......................................A +s*+r+s 7iHk %G**,D%%#i ! 'idG# ki7+-#!k!-$ ! 1!r&d&1!# 4i:%##%k,M%-"s*"k# ! %k*,Mik#* #!-$!4J+k*8 *!#H*&k,E'+#dJ&k % r%-*.

N%' is -$!#@*!, :+-$ s!uk1!#O$ '!-!* %*#%k %,A '%$ ! %k 1!r&d&i#M- s+ks+r HJr! k%K

N"%% 11&J+s ir&-+*,A '%$%* &4+-!*#i 7+-#!k

T+&11 r%-G u#+k&k !"%#dG s&!d+k#!k.

Tompa Mihly.


5/71

P!" P#$%& '#()%.

N$i*r! &r'%-$1%# !# B!J'8c '%G&r+s!, ! '%$#%k k"%1%# %-$ '%r%d%k :%-$%#

&+** :!Jd!#*! B!J'8c &r!. E &r1!# !!'ik+r r-%# P+k$ P*%r +* ! &r#!-$ s ur! :%$%**G 4!r!#cs+* ! %-s idk%#. E ! P+k$ P*%r s@*%%#, 4#s8&r %'1%r +*, ! ki 'i#d/H#*!!# !+# *"r*% ! 7%J*, 'i#* ku4+r-!*:!* r!k&sr! '%## *"11 4#*. $"*"r*%, s!rc+*! !

J+11&-$+k!* s r%s %r%J*k"k1G s!4+r@*+**! is ki#cs%i* #!4r8/#!4r!.

A 1!J'8ci &r:%-$ !J %-$ 1G @7+rr&s 7!k!d*, ! '%$#%k k="#"s -$8-$@*8 %r%J% +*.M%ss% 7"drG s%r%-%**%k #$!r!#*! % &s$+s 7+rr&s:+ 1%*%-%k, #$+'+rk+k, s i** cs!k/:!'!r ki-$8-$@*+**! Gk%* ! cs+d&!*+s :!*&sH @, ! J8 7riss %%-G s ! surk+s 7%#$%k i!*!. A7+rr&s*, 'i#* ! J8s&-+s Is*%# !Jdk&*, ki/ki :!s#&:!**! i#-$%#. E-$ #!4 !+#1!# P+k$ P*%rki:ird%**% ! %-s k"r#$k%#, :+-$ %%#*H cs!k 4#r*, J8 s+k 4#r* %#-%di '%- !

1!J'8ci :i%k :!s#&!*&*.

A '%%- idG 1%&*&! '%-i#* ""#% J"**%k ! 1%*%-%kK d% '+s* csu4! J8'8dH %'1%r%k, !kik ! k"%*%* #!-$ 4#"ss%-%* '%- *ud*&k 7i%*#i. E%k, !i-:+-$ 1%*%-s-"k1G &1!d+#ik%d*%k, '&ris '%-7%%dk%*%k '!-+kr8. P!J J8k%d"k1%# 'u!**!k, dGs"*%k, s ! cs%#/d%s 7=rdG:%$ :!#-+s di#+'/d+' s i-!'!k :%$% %**. A k!4si P+k$ P*%r#%k 4%di-%11%# #!-$ "r"'% *%*, '%r* '%## @-!11!# +*!k, '%## *"11%* k"*%k%*%k ! 7=rdG/%#d-%k, !##& J+11!# *%* '%- %=s**%, !r!#$#$! ! G 4#%s &d&J!.

T"r*#* %-$s%r, :+-$ ! -!d!- !k'&r+8k k" %-$ s%-#$ %'1%r %*Gd"**, ! ki #%' *ud*!,:+-$ ! k%-$%*%# &r#!-$ i''&r 4#r* &rHJ! ! *%r's%* +r+ss&-&*. N$+'+rk +* !is*%#!d*!, '!#k8k+# J"** '%ss% 7"drG #!-$ k%s%r%s%#, :+-$ ! :@r%s 1!J'8ci :i%k%#k%r%ss%# -$8-$H&s*. D% !i- 4i!#*+**! '%- P+k$ P*%r, +d!si%*%** :+& s @-$ 7"r'%d* r&9

&* *% 'i* k%r%s% i** / Mi #%' +s*+-!*u#k !!'is#&*QN%' kr%-%*#i J"**%' #, #!-$ ur!' / 7%%* ! s%-#$ %'1%r / k%%', &1!' "ss%su-+r+/d+**, #!-$+# -$"*"r ! 7&Jd!+'.


6/71

M+s* k!4J! '!-&*, r+:!# ! :&&1!, i&-+* -$HJ*, :+-$ '!Jd '%-+!ss! %=s*J*, !r!#$&*. D%,! 'i#* ! &d&J&* 7%#$i*J!, -#%k '%r%d 'i#d%# :!J!s&!, '%r* ! 4# 'i#d kG &* P+k$P*%r #i, #i, '%r%%#, kid=%s*%** s%''%. D% ! 4# cs!k #%' &*+ik 4%#-G rcc.

P+k$ P*%r 7"d"#7u*8& %** s kr%-%*s1G *%#-%**% #$+'+rHs&-+s %**. E-$ #!4 ! H*7%#:!! *!&*&k.

A 7+rr&s :%$# 4%di- '$ '+cs&r *&'!d*, ! '%$#%k 4!r*J!i# !4+s, k%r%k k"%k :%%r#%ks%r*%s*. A #4 !* '+#dJ!, :+-$ % ! P + k $ P * % r 4 # %.

S+k&i- ! 7"d '$1%# %r%J*% '!r!d* ! 7+rr&s. D% %k 'H* '%-i#* %1ukk!#* s !8*!%-$r% 1u+- ! 1%*%- %'1%r%k -$8-$@*&s&r!.


7/71

A S)*+,("-%" /)%++%*%.

A s!kk%%*i


8/71

A J+11&-$ '%J% =*. M+s* ! k+csis 7+-*! ! +s*+r* s !kk+r&* cs%rd@*%** %%, :+-$ ! :%-$/8ri&s+k s+k 'r7"d#$ir% k"r"sk"r H-$ H-*!k, 1"'1"*%k, 'i#* 'ik+r %-$ r%**%#%*%s'%##$d"r-sr% 7%%#%k. A :&r+' 7%k%*% '# 4%di- #%ki ru-!sk+d+**, %rdG#/'%G#, :%-$%#/"-$"#, *=sk#/1+kr+# k%r%s* &-*!**!k +$ -$+rs!#, 'i#* ! '!d&r, !-$ '- !##& is-$+rs!11!#, 'i#* ! ss. A s%-#$ J+11&-$#!k %&* s%'%/s&J!, !* s% *ud*!, 1r%# !#/

%, !-$ &'+dik N%' s+k&r! +** *%r'%**%k P+s+#$ &r+s! k!4uJ&.M+s* %r%dJ 1% ! &r+s1! / s8* ! k+csis / -%d % ! '!-!d d+-&* s J"JJ iss! # i**&r+k r&d.Q

A s%-#$ J+11&-$ H-$ cs%%k%d%**. N!-$ cs+d&k+&ss! &**!, :+-$ ! 4i!c+# '- +** s=r"-/7+r+- ! #!-$ s+k!d!+', :+-$ '- J8 7%## & ! #!4, 4%di- :&* :&r+' 8r! du* +*, 'ik+r:!ur8 %i#dH*. E'%#* ! +rs&- :&&1!, &*!d*! 5s%k% T81i&s %%*, s '&r %-$ 8r! 'H!+** +* '%-i#* ! #!-$ 4%cs*%s 7%%%**% ! k%1%# ! &r+s k!4uJ! %G**, !##& ! cs+d&!*+sk+csis#&. !s+#8 -$+rs!s&--! r%4*%k iss! is S+'+$ 7%, ! cs!48:@d+# &*, %-$%#%/s%# ! &r ud!r&r!.

Mik+r ! 'i %'1%r=#k %s&* ! k+csir8, cs!k H-$ r%'%-%** ! 7%%'*G.

E-$ cs%44%* s% 7J, s%-#$ J+11&-$ / s8* ! k+csis / ! Is*%##% J&r*&. L&**!d, -$Gik %%k! # +!i'. M- '! %-$ #%-$%dik%* r!-!s*+k '%J"k s !kk+r +$ -$+rs!# '%-$%k, 'i#* !-+#d+!*. M+s* cs!k %r%dJ, !dd &* 5s%k% T81i&s#!k ! 7%%%*%*Q

A 'i#* ! -+#+s *is**!r*8 '%-&**! ! s%-#$ J+11&-$+* s ! 'i#* %+!s*! Mi:&$ Hr &!s&*,'!Jd :+-$ :!#$!** #%' &-*! '!-&* iJ%d*1%#. E11 !* :i**%, :+-$ s%'7#$%s*s !%-s. D% 'ik+r %1%s*% #%ki ! 'i %'1%r=#k, :+-$ %-$ cs+d&!*+s k+csis i**% s :+*! G*:&r+' 7%k%*% '#++#, +$ -$+rs!#, 'i#* ! 7"r-%*%- / 5s%k% T81i&s ! s@:% k!4+** s %ki&*&ss!9 Od! !-$+k, % ! S+'+$:%-$ s%%'%Q "ss%r+-$+** s s"r#$%* :!*.

A &r ud!r ! %'1%r%k #!-$ &'k+d&ss! &**&k, :+-$ ! ! k+csis, ! ki ! s%-#$

J+11&-$+* :&r+' ++# :+*! +*, '+s* %-$s%rr% #-$ 7%k%*% '##% &-*!*+** ki ! &r18.


9/71

A B0+0$(.

R-%s/r-%# * ! B!!*+# 4!r*J %-$ 4!r!s*!ss+#$. E '%ss% 7"d"# :@r%s +* !rr8, :+-$

! G k%csk%#$&J! %-s%11 ! %-s idk%#. A k%cskk#%k +$!# +* ! sGr%, 'i#* ! '!%%s%** :8, *%J"k# '%- k%r%s% s%' %:%*%** J+11!* *!i.

A##!k ! !ss+#$#!k ! *8 4!r*J %-$ r*J% is +*. A %-s k"r#$k%# cs!k %%# ! r*%#*%r'%** !!'i cs+d&!*+s J8 7. E**G s4*%k '%- ! k%cskk s !d*!k !##$i s +$ J8 *%J%*,:+-$ 'i#d%#ki '%-1&'H*!. D% 1=sk% is +* &' ! !ss+#$ ! '!-! #$&J&r! s 'i#d%#ki#%kdics%k%d%** %%, :+-$ ! %-s +rs&-1!# #i#cs%#%k J+11 k%cskk, 'i#* ! "i. +-$ %11%#%-s%# 1i+#$+s %-$%#, %'%#* %-$s%r %-$ J!!s/!ss+#$:+ s '%-krd%*% *G%9

!#/% ! +rs&-1!# s%11 k%csk%#$&J, 'i#* ! %#$'Q

5s!k %-$%*%#%-$ !# / 7%%* ! J!!s/!ss+#$ / ! '%$ s%11 is, '%- J+11!# is *%J%, 'i#* !*i%d. D% % !* #!-$+# s4 &', '- ! k"r'% is s&r/!r!#$18 !#.Q

S%r%*#' # !* &*#iQ s8* ! 4!r!s*!ss+#$.

M%-&*:!*+d, / +* ! 7%%%* / ! 4&s*+r! %-$ 7i!*! %$. M! is ! *8 4!r*J&r! :!J*J! ! #$&J&* s%s*%7% 4 ! *% r*%d%# 7+-J! %-%*%*#i.Q

A 4!r!s*!ss+#$*, ! 'i#* %* :!+**!, '!Jd '%-%**% ! ir@-$s-. F% is *%**% '!-&1!#, :+-$%%s*i ! 4&s*+r%$*, s !kk+r ! " %s ! !r!#$k"r' #$&J is.

Es*% ki'%#* ! !ss+#$ ! r*Jr%, '%$ / 'i#* %-$ #!-$ #$% / '%ssir% 1%#$H* ! *81!. A!r!#$k"r' k%cskk cs!ku-$!# ! G r*J# %-%*%k, s ! 4&s*+ruk, %-$ 7i!*! :!J!d+#, +**&+** ! *81! s"-%G r* %--# s %'%r% #*% ! :u&'+k J&*k&*.

A 4!r!s*!ss+#$* '+s* '- J+11!# %7+-*! ! iri-$s-. %** %-$ %k*, %J% r!-!s*+** #-$"kr"* s '$ &rk+* s*+** ! :!J!d+# s ! #$&J! k"*. N%' s+k&r! #!-$ i:!r *&'!d*. A 4&s/*+r%$ ! #$&J&:+ !k!r* '%##i, d% ! i:!r*8 7%:&1+r+d+** @ 1%*8dH* ! &r+k1! s H*J&*&+**!. A i:!r #G**"#/#G**. A @ cs!k:!'!r %1+r@*+**! ! %-s r*%*, s ! s%-#$ :!J!d+#*%#$%*k ! :u&'+k. M+s* ! 4!r!s*!ss+#$ % !k!r*! :!J*!#i ! !r!#$k"r' #$&J!*. D% !'i#* ! k%cskk 4&s*+ruk %s** &**&k, u*! s!!d*!k ! *81! s 'i#d %-$ &1i- ! @1% 7H*!k.

A B!!*+# !u* kics!4+** ! 4!r*r! s %%**% ! 4!r!s*!ss+#$ r*J* is. Od! %** ! J87% 7, s !4!r!s*!ss+#$ #$&J! cs!k +$!# %**, 'i#* !k&r'%$ik '&s k%csk%#$&J. A 'i#* %* !4!r!s*!ss+#$ &**!, &*k+8d! r+:!#* ! B!!*+##!k, :+-$ !dJ! iss! ! r*J*. A k%cski '%-7u*+**!k 'i#d u*!. Err% %-$ #!-$ :u&' ! 4!r!s*!ss+#$* is, '%- ! k%cski* is ! *8 7%#%/kr% s+d+r*!.

A8*! i:!r+s, s"** Js!k&k+# -$!kr!# &*J&k ! -+#+s 4!r!s*!ss+#$*, ! 'i#* %-$ *=%s%k#%k ! s!r&* 7+-!, #-$ -+8 s%' "k"rr% s*J! ! B!!*+# :u&'!i*. A -+#+s

4!r!s*!ss+#$#!k %* @-$ k% 7+$*!*#i! %-s ! i*%*#!4i-.

A *8 4!r*J 4%di- '!i #!4i- is *!&:!*#i !4r8, k%csk%k"r"' !!kH k!-$8k!*. E%k !B!!*+#1! r+:!#* k%csk%#$&J!k kG &* k"r'%i.


10/71

H0-1$-" F0&!0/.

A s&!d+ki- *!r*8 *"r"k :&1+rHk !!** #'%$ '!-$!r ur!k !##$ir! '%-s+k*&k s '%-/

k%d%*k ! :!rc r%s '%s*%rs-*, :+-$ '- !kk+r s%' :!-$*!k 7% %%, 'ik+r '&r '%-/k"*"**k ! 1k*. S :+-$ @' ! *"r"k %%# #%' :!rc+:!**!k '&r, "ss%**%k '!-+k k""** sdH*&k, 4us*@*+**&k %-$'&s#!k ! 1ir*+k!i*, !-$ #%ki %s*%k r!18 '8dr! ! 1ks 4+-&r+k#!k s!+k!* 7+s*+-!**&k.


11/71

"ss%%s*%k ! k+#c+#. Mik+r '%-+* ! *"'rd%k 4rd!, ! *"r"k"k !+# *!#!k+d*!k, 'i#*%:%*#% !:8*:$ ur!'!* ! G* '%-i%*G rs*G %=*#i. D% ! # r!!s #%s* %**% !d++-#!k, k!4*! '!-&* s %'1%r%i% %-$=** %*%**% ! %-s s&k'$* 1i*+s :%$r% ! *"r"k"k%G.

A k+#*$+s ci'1+r&k#!k s%' k%%** *"11. M%-7+-!d*&k, :+-$ !ddi- #%' #$u-s!#!k, '@-kr% #%' k%r@*ik. S%r*% s&-Hd+*!k, * *%**k ! %-s Mur!k"* s :!&r! k%r%s*k!:8*:$ F!rk!s*. Mi#* ! k%r-%*%** r8k!, 7u* ! # -+#+s*%G, 1HJd+sik cs!i*1!#, 1+8*1!#,*%d% ! !d+# H*%s*Gi#. E-$ JJ% %-s ! %r+sk!d&si- ki'%r% r* ci#k+s*&rs!i!S%#* I+#! k++s*+r!k r+'J!i:+. S!rkuk1!# ! *"r"k"k. I** is, +** is :!!*sik ! 1Gs*%%#s- !d k&r+'k+d&s!.

5s!k -$+rs!#, -$+rs!# / ki&* !:8*:$ / % !11! ! s@r1+*1! O** 1&*+rs&-1!# %s=#kQ

A 'i#* ! r!18/cs!4!* ! =d"G *"r"k"k*G !8 :!&+s 7%'1%# +d! %r, %-$s%rr% cs!k !!k s"**1G k* *=%s s%' '%r%d r%&J+k, s %-$ r's-%s :!#- @-$ d"r"- 7%J"k9 E i##%#,*i !&!8 H*+#&8k, kik '%--$!&&*+k Gs%i*%k %'k%%** E i##%# N% !!rJ&*+k "r"k&'&* !##!k, ! ki Si-%*&r sc!i# r*!#H :!&* :!* ! :!&J&r* *+k 7%J%i*%kr%, *i :!r!/'i&kQ

! s& :!& &r* +#! k=## 'i#d%#ikr%, '- !kk+r s%' '!r!d* +#! %-$ s%' !+# !r's-%s :%$%#. !#$!**/:+'+k r+#*+**!k ki, %-$%#%s%# ! *"r"k"k k!rdJ!i1!. R%--% 7%/k+#c+! *!&*&k ! # !:8*:$ F!rk!s* s ci#k+s*&rs!i* 'i#d %-$ &1i-.


12/71

A "2&3 #&4)!0!0/.

E%r"*s&ki%#c%##-$1%# s%4*. >/# $Gr &r! is ! *"r"k"k :!*!'&1! %s%**. E &*!

#!-$ %s%d%%'1% J"** P+s+#$, sG* '!-! Bcs &r+s! is. A *"r"k cs&s&r J8 *ud*!, :+-$ !'!-$!r+k 'i#d%#* % 7+-#!k k"%*#i, :+-$ %* ! 7+#*+s &r!* iss!s%r%k. Ar* Ai 1!s&**%**% $Gr &r#!-$&&, ! kirG *ud*!, :+-$ #&& J+11!# '%- #%' d%'%i s%#ki. E ! Ai

1!s! +!s %r%d%* k%r%s*$# %'1%r +*, ! ki* ! *"r"k"k, 'idG# %%#"k %-$ &r!* :Gsi%s%#d%'%%**, %7+-*!k. A 7+-s&-1!# !* '+:!''%d :i*r% *r* s ksG11 ! *"r"k"k %-:@r%/s%11 :!d%r% s ! k%r%s*$#%k %-d=:"s%11 %%#s-% %**.

A *"r"k cs&s&r s&'@*&s! cs!k:!'!r :%$%s#%k 1i+#$H*. Rud+7 %k=d*% Miks! 7G:%rc%-%*%-$ #!-$ s%r%- # $Gr iss!@&s&r!. A 7G:%rc%- s+k&i- *!r*+**! '%-s&! ! &r+s*, d%#%' *ud+** s%''ir% s%' '%##i. S 'idG# Ai 1!s! %-$s%r ! &r18 ki*"r* s ! cs&s&ri s%r%-1%##!-$ 4us*@*&s+k!* *%**, Miks!k % k%%** ! &r !8 *!k!r+d#i!.

E -$G%'% u* Ai 1!s! '- r&*!r*811, '- d"$7"s%11 %**. +-$ '%-'u*!ss!, '%##$ir%%#i ! k%r%s*$#%k 1&*+rs&-&*, ! &r k!4ui* JJ%r% s+:! 1% #%' &r!**!, ! +#8:id!* 7% #%':H!**! s Grs%'%k%* is cs!k i'i**/!'+** &@**!*+**. A @i k!4u 7" %-$ '!-!s *+r#$+* 4@*/*%*%** *=#d"kG 7:+dd! ! *%*%J#, ! 7:+d 7"i1% 4%di- %-$ 8ri&si rck!k!s* **%*%**. Au**r+'1i*!/ s d+1s8 '%%** =##%4i%s k"r'%#%*%* *!r*+** ! &r+s1!#. Mi#d%# u*c!s!rk+#,'i#d%# *r%# %G4%** %-$ kiki&*8 s 7%#:!#-+# %* :ird%**%9 E &r ur!, ! i* Ai 1!s!, ! ki!r* %** k%r%s*$#1G i-!:i* '+s', '%r* ! k%r%s*$#%k -$&&k, ! '+s'%k 4%di-

1&*+r 7r7i!k, '&r :8#!4+k 8*! #$@* k!4uk '%%** &rJ! ! '!-$!r+k *&'!d&s&*. D% H-$&*sik, Gk '&r ! G 4us*! #%*G is r%**%-#%k. N%' is Ju*#!k ! '!-$!r+k %11 $Gr &r&/#!k ! 1ir*+k&1!, cs!k !kk+r, :! ! @i k!4u *+r#$ ! rck!k!s '%-s8!.Q 0-$ krk%d%** Ai

1!s!, @-$ "** csH7+* ! '!-$!r+k18.

M&r #-$ 8*! +* $Gr ! *"r"k"k k%1%#, s Miks! 7G:%rc%- kud!rc! 8*! Rud+7 '-'i* s%' *%** ! &r+s 7%s!1!d@*&s&r!. A %-s +rs&-1!# '$ s-$%#k%ss% r%*% 'i#/d%#ki !* ! -$!&!*+*, '%$%* Ai 1!s! %J*%** ! '!-$!r #%#, cs!k ! kir&$ k"r#$%%*1%##%' r%*k. -r% !k!d* %-$ 4&r %s* %'1%r, ! kik 7%7+-!d*&k, :+-$ '%-!k+*!*J&k %r*! :i*%:!-$+** 1!s&*. P&7$ Mik8s #%:$ *&rs&! &+-!*+** '!-$!r :!rc+s+k18 s id%-%#s%-d:!d!k18 &8 cs!4!*+* -$J*"** "ss% /# %s*% $Gr %G** &+**!k. A :+d,'i#*:! cs!k s"%*k%%** +#! ! '!-$!r+kk!, sr 7%:Gk '"- r%J*G"**. * +!s* %Gr%k=d*%k, ! kik *"r"k J8 *ud*!k. E%k +d! sH-*!k ! *"r"k *&1+rs%'%k#%k, :+-$ Gk ! Bud&r8

J"G s&@*8 cs!4!*#!k ! %GGrs%iK '!-! ! cs!4!* J"# #%' s+k&r! u*+k. A k%r%s*$#%k !#$+'uk1!# !##!k. Ar* '%- #% '+cc!#J+# s%#ki, '%r* k="#1%# +d!s ! ! *"'rd%kki#cs, ! '%$%* :+#!k. A '!-$!r +!s+k!* cs!ku-$!# 1% is 1+cs&*+**&k, s %%k !* H-$%sHr*&k ! %s8r*!# 7%&@*+** Gr"k%*, :+-$ '- cs!k #%' is #$%kk%#*%k.

A 7%:r&ri k!4u cs!48:@dJ! 7% s%' +* :H! cs!k ! 1%s%J% +* %&r!. E-$ 7r!#ci!

4!**!#*$Hs %-$ / 4%# !kk+r di!*1! J"** / 4%*&rd&*?

!k!s*+** ! k!4ur!, '%--$HJ*+**!, s ! k*1 Pusk!4+rr! '%-*"*"** '+s&r.


13/71

s&r#$ !-$ :&r+'s& 4s#$ir% r%4* %-$'&s*8. M+s* ! %s* s%r%- 1%r+:!#* ! &r1!,'i#d%#ik d!#d&r !rr! ! :%$r%, ! :+& ! %Gr% '%-&!4@*+** *%r s%ri#* r%#d%% +*. Orc$P*%r %'1%r%i% ! 1&s*$&k!*, L+4% s S*r!s+d+ ! s%-dcs!4!*+kk! ! u*c&k!* 7+-!*&k %,Sc:X!r%#1%r- s ":"$ S%1%s*$# +** '!r!d*!k ! #$@* 7%:r&ri k!4u1!#, P&7$ 4%di- !+!ss&--! k=#* &+** ! &r %G**. A 4%*&rd! r+11!#&s&*8 7%ri!d* ! &rGrs- &'&18.

BGs=*%# r+#* ! 1%*8dH8 %%#s-#%k. Ir*8!*+s!# dH ! :!rc ! sk u*c&k+# ! !k s"**1%#.A u*c!k"%%* sik!'8s ! +#*+** r*G. A *"r"k"k :&r+'s+r iss!%rik ! '!-$!r+k!*, s%%k :&r+'s+r *&'!d#!k HJr! :!&'%-%*ss%. P&7$ s +!s!i, ! 'i#* '%-*udJ&k, :+-$

1%#* ! &r1!# #!-$ ! %s%d%%', %s!k +!ikr8 s -$!+- r+:!##!k *&rs!ik s%-@*s-r%.

M+s* %-$s%rr% k!k!ss8 :!!*sik, :&r+'s+r %-$'&s u*, +$ :!rs$!#, :+-$ *H:!#-ik! !d i!d! *+'1+8 !J. A 4+-$#!k, ! 'i#* %* :!+**!, i#&1! s&* ! 1&*+rs&-!. Es"k/

1% Ju*+** ! *"r"k"k#%k Ai 1!s! krk%dG J8s!*!, :+-$ ! '!-$!r+k !kk+r %sik '%- $Gr&r&*, :! ! rck!k!s '%-s8!. E-$ 4%rci- s%' k*%k%d*%k, :+-$ i** ! *%J%ss 8r&J!. E/:$*&k 7%-$%r%ik%*, r'*%#, iss! s%' #%, 7u*+**!k ! 1&s*$!k s +** %*%**k %'!-+k!* %-$'&s u*, ! :+ %-'!-!s!11 +* ! &r7!. ss%s%# cs!k :&r+'s& 7+-+$ %s%**

! '!-$!r+k k%1%. A *"11i !-$ ! *&'!d8k 7%-$%r% &*! %s%** %, !-$ "ss%H+** *%s**% +**:%%r* ! &r7! !J&1!#.

M!-! Ai 1!s! GrJ"#-% s -$&! %'1%r%i* sid!, !-d!k++** '- %-$ id%i-. D% s&'*!!#s%11G r%%, "ss%r+sk!d* 4%# ! @ik!4u !!**, ! '%$#%k *+r#$ s+k&i- :ird%**% !rck!k!s, 'i#* 1#:"dik ! '&s+k!* %#G "#:i**s-.


14/71

V3-0&5,&.

A F%:r:%-$s-%# &*%%*G +rs&-H* '%%**, '%$ N$i*r! &r'%-$1G M+r!+rs&-1! is,

%-$ *&-!s "-$1%# 7%ksik N&d!s 7!u. ! ! %'1%r ! 7!u18 ! :%-$#%k %si H*J&*, %-$4+#*r! r, ! :+ ! "-$ %-s skr% s+rH "ss%. E "-$#$i&s18 %-$ 4!*!k *"r*%* %G, s'- #$&ri #!-$ '%%-1%# is 1"s s%G %#-%d%. D% ! "-$1G J"G -&r!'!* s+ks+r +$

1Gs i:!rr& 7!JH, :+-$ ! k!r7&k #k=i :@dr8, '%$ ! 4!*!k+# &*%%*, ! k+csi* +!s*H H-$%s"4ri, !k&r ! 4%$:%*. Ni#cs ! #!4#!k s ! #%k ! ! s!k!, :+-$ i** s #% %##%, '!Jd%#$:11, '!Jd %rGs%11, ! s%ri#*, ! 'i#* ! i:!r&r1!# ! '!#8k !-$ J8, !-$ r+ss k%d"k/

1%# !##!k, ! 'i#* ! +** %:!!d8 u*!ss! !-$ cs!k i#-%rk%d#i !k!r#!k, !-$ -+#+s s/dkk! '%-r+#*&s&r! *"r%ks%#%k.

! ! cs"r*%*G 4!*!k 4!r*J !-$ %-$ #%-$%d8r&i- 'i#d '!-!s!11r! :&-u#k, J+11 7%G %-$&r:+ :!s+#8 '%r%d%k sik!cs+4+r*+* &*u#k, 7!!kk!, 1&s*$&kk!, *+r#$+kk!. E ! i:!r/&r. R+44!#* @!!kH k!4uJ! *&r!/#$i*!, 'i#*:! cs!k :@+-!*#& ! +** %'%#Gk%*. D% ! %idk%# !k8 %'1%r ! 7i&-r* 1% #%' '%##%, sG* ! i:!r&r:+ '- cs!k k"% J&r#i s%'s%r%*, '%r* "r%- s=%i*G *udJ!, :+-$ +** *!r*J&k ! '!#8k %&r! ! i:!r+k!*. S :! #:!/#:!s!1!d+# 1+cs&*J&k Gk%*, !+# ! 8ri&si sik!k!4u# *"r#%k ki H-!/1H-!. ! i$%#k+rs%'1% *!! !!ki J"##i ! i:!r+kk!, !* %u:!#*!#&k :!#$!** ! :%-$rG.

+-$ 'i$%# ! &r 1%s%J%, :+-$ 'i$%#%k ! *%r'%i, '%$%k '$%# ! 7"d !!** !##!k, !*%-$ %k s%' *udJ!, '%r* :@r* +##* '- s%#ki s%' :++**. A ki ! &r1! '%rs%# 1%:!*+,!-$ ! ki %*%# %*Gdik +d!, ! '%#*:%*%*%# &d+!*&& %s ! -+#+s :%-$i s%%/'%k#%k. 5s!k %-$%*%# %-$s%r / !# '&r !##!k k*s& %s*%#d%J% is / Ju*+** ! k!4u !J&i-%-$ &r*!*!# :!J!d+#. D% ! r'*1%# %&JH*, s 'ir% 7%%s'*, %-$ &r! s8* s%' *ud+**%'+#d!#i 'i#d !rr8, ! 'i* &*+** s :!+**.

E ! %s%* 4%di- @-$ *"r*#*.

L!k+** N&d!s+#, ! 7!u -#, %-$ s%-#$%s :&ik81!# %-$ "%-$!ss+#$. R-%11%#, 'ik+r'- ! 7rJ% *, %- J8 '8dH!k +*!k. D% ur! :+ssH 1%*%-s-% 'i#d%#* '%-%'s*%**, sG*!##!k :!&! u* '- ! *%'4+' '%%** G s4 :&!* is % k%%** ! "%-$#%k !d#i!,:+-$ ! !d8ss&-+k!* ki7i%ss%. M+s* ! k* k%% 'u#k&J! u* * ! is*%#!d*!. D+-++**,i'&dk++** s #!-$ -+#dd! s s%r%*%**% #%%*% %-$%*%# %$&*, ! sGk% B+risk&*. s !Is*%# ! s%-#$ "%-$!ss+#$ 7&r!d+&s&* '%- is &d+**!. Mir% '%-#G** B+risk!, G %** !%-J&'1+r!11, %-'u#k&s!11 s ! %-s%11 %$ ! %-s 7!u1!#. S%r%**% is G* 'i#d%#ki, d%%-i#k&11 ! 1@r8 %-#$ 7i!, T!'&s. E %-$s%r !*$J! % 4%** s !rr! kr*%, %#-%dJ% '%-, :+-$B+risk&* %%-$% 7%%s-. A 1@r8 s@*%%# s 4#r% 1=sk% %'1%r +*. Mik+r 7i! sdk&*

:!+**!, '!Jd :+-$ :!#$!** #%' &-*! '!-&*, H-$ '%-iJ%d*. S+:! s%' 7+-+' '%-%#-%d#i /@-$ s8* / :+-$ !* ! k+dus* ! :&!'1! :+d. R& #% s4 s%r%#cs% +#! ! is, :! ! 7!uk+#d&s! %%##. T% 4%di- 1@&s* &+-!*:!*s ! %-'8d+s!11 -!d&k $!i1!#.Q D% T!'&s#%' &+** % sdk&*8. Mi% 4%di- 'i#d%# krs% s ri'k+d&s! :i&1! !8 +*, ki/

J%%#*%**% -r% !*$J!k, :+-$ :! '%- #%' %#-%di, :+-$ B+ris* %%-$%, G !kk+r % #%' %ss+:! s%#ki* s #G*%# '!r!d *%J%s %*1%#.

A "r%- 1@r8 'i#d%#7* '%-4r81&*, :+-$ 7i&* '%-**+r@*s!. S 'idG# '&r 'i#d%#1G ki7+/-$+**, 'idG# s%' i-r%*#%k, s%' cs&1@*&s#!k, s%' 4%di- 7%#$%-%*s#%k s%''i 7+-!#!*J! #%'+*, 7%*%**% '!-&1!#, :! '&sk4 #%' %:%*, s%-@* '!- H-$, :+-$ %*%si ! %$* &1 !8.


15/71

+* ! 7!u1!# %-$ J!!s!ss+#$, ! ki 'i#d%#7% "rd"#-Gs 's%*:% r*%**.


16/71

6/7&/) ,&!0.

B+rs+d s %%s &r'%-$k :!*&r, ! s@k idk%# %-$ &r+k#$+'+* &*:!*#i, '%$ *"11

'r7"d#$ir% :H8dik ! Tis&*8 ! Du#! 7%. O$!# % ! &r+k, 'i#* %-$ 8ri&s %k% s*+**1!r&d!. M- '+s* is 5s"rs &rk!k #%%ik, s r8! %* 1%si ! #49

R-%s/r-%#, '- 'i%G** ! '!-$!r #4 % s4 :!&1! J"** +#!, i** %-$ R&d #% kir&$ur!k+d+**. E 8ri&s *%r'%*, -+#+s %'1%r +*, ! ki ! s+'sd 7%J%d%'%k +rs&-!i* s+rr!7+-!-!**!, :+ %rGs!kk!, :+ 4%di- 7ur7!#--!. M+s* is %-$ s+'sd kir&$ %%# ks*:&1+rH1! s s"%*s-%s '%-:@*! 5s"rs"*, ! !!r+k s4, i7JH kir&$&*. A Tis&*!&k++** ! k* s"%*s-%s s%r%-. R&=*"**%k ! %%#s-r% s H-$ %s"4"r*k, 'i#* ! &r@ !-&*+*.

A cs!*! u* ! k* kir&$ &d+'&s* i+**, !* ! :!rci s&k'$* !k!r*! +#! R&d 5s"rss%'%-+s*!#i. D% 5s"rs #%' k@* rs* ! s&k'$1!#, :!#%' ! #$%r* cs!*! Ju*!'&H R&d

%$&*, ! cs+d!s4 Di1&1+*, kr*% 7%%s-.A -+#+s R&d#!k !+#1!# 5s"rs kir&$ 1ir+d!'&r! is &s+** ! 7+-!. N!-$+# s%r%**% +#!! i7JH !!r kir&$* is kis+r@*!#i ! Tis!/'+s*! s4 +rs&-&18. 5s!k:+-$ ! *%-#!4i s"%*s/-%s#%k s 1!r&*J!k #%' !k!r* '&r '! &ru8J! %##i. A* ! *%r*, :+-$ ! !!r 1ir+d!'!* is! :!*!'&1! k%r@*s%, ksG11r% :!!s*+**!. Es% &-&1!# s%' +* *%:&*, :+-$ 5s"rs kir&$#!k+d! !dJ! %$&* 7%%s-, :+-$ %J *%-$% !*, ! ki* +rs&-&18 % !k!r* #i. Ar* 7+r*/$+s ss% @-$ s8*9

N%' 1+', 5s"rs, %-$%# %$+' '%#$!ss+#$+d. D% 7%%s-%d cs!k !kk+r %s, :! !Tis&*8 id&i- +$!# &rk+* &s+, :+-$ r!J*! :!J8# i:%*%d :!! Di1&1+*.Q

Mik+r 5s"rs '%-r*%**% R&d kir&$ kis&-&*, r"-*"# :!! &-*!*+** ! Tis&:+. N%' s+k&r!5s"rs %-s #4%, !4r!J!/#!-$J!, i!d+** ! 'u#k&1!#. E%r '%- %%r k *"r*% ! Tis! 7=%/s%i# ! '%-7%k=d* -$%4%*. !s!d* ! '$ &r+k ! 'u#k&s s%r%- #$+'. A &r+k ! Tis&*8%**% 7u*&s&*, s ! 'u#k! s%'&*+'&s* :!!d*. 5s"rs JJ%/#!44! +** +*, s :! !#k!d*!k%'1%r%i, G 7+$&s* 1i*!**!, s%rk%#*%**% Gk%*.

Di1&1 &r*!, %-$r% &r*! 5s"rs"*. D% :8#!4+k, %k 'H*!k, s 5s"rs '- 'i#di- #%'rk%%** '%-. E-$s%r &'&1!# H-$ *%*s%** ! %$#!k, 'i#*:! G%-#$* &*#& J"##i !r!#$+s:!J8# ! &r+k :!1J!i#. D% 5s"rs 1i+#$ #%' J"** % s+:!. Akk+r JJ%, 'ik+r Di1&1 G*&'&1!# &**!, '%-i#* +** #$!r-!* ! &r+k '%#*# s 7&r!d* %'1%r%i* ! 'u#k&r! 1ud@*+**!.i!*!r+s, s"** J +*. E-$s%rr% cs!k ! - *=%s i&'! %cs!4+** s !-$+#sHJ*+**! 5s"rs"*.A ki7&r!d* #4 4%di- *=s*#* :!!*r* 4i:%##i s '%-&*k+*! ! &rk+*.

Mik+r Di1&1 ! G G%-#$% :!&!k :@r* %**%, 7&Jd!'&1!# '%-*1+$+d+**. S#*%%#!* 1%s*%, :+-$ 5s"rs +** &rJ! G* ! &r+k i#%k ! 7%#%k#, !r!#$ 4!+*&1!#. E-$s%r'%-s"k"** :!ur8, %-$%#%s%# #%ki '%#* ! @#%k s +d! %s%**. A -+#+s R&d kir&$ 4%di-s+:! s%' *ud+** s%r%*%** -$%r'%k% :!&! 7""** i-!s*!8d#i.

B+rs+d1!# ! & r + k *"# r + k * G '- '+s* is &. A+# ! :%$%# 4%di-, :+ ! &r+k/#!k -% s!k!d*, s ! :+ #4%k s & + * * ! k '%-, r + k s & & s 4*.


17/71

D31/8G"2&.

A+# ! *&Jk+#, ! :+ '+s* Di8s/$Gr !#, * s+k s& %s*%#dG% %%G** %-$ Di8s P& #%%/

%* !d&s %'1%r. S%-#$ :&ik8J&r!, '%$ ! %rdG k%G k"%4# %-$ d+'1+# &+**, %-$8ri&s di87! %*%** &r#$k+*. E ! di87! +* P& -!d! cs!&dJ!k 'i#d%#%. $='"cs1G!##$i* s%r%**, :+-$ '%-:%*%**, '@- ! 7!k HJ -$='"cs% '%-r%**.

E-$s%r, %-$ d%r* #$&ri %s*#, ! 'i#* ! kis cs!&d ! di87! :"s &r#$k&1!# 4i:%#*, P&-!d! @-$ ki&*+** 7%9 Is*%#%', Is*%#%', 'ir* is #%' !d*& #%k%' s+k ki#cs%*Q

+& 1%ss / ki&* ! 7%%s-% / !-$ 7+-$ ! %s%d, :+-$ '+s* %-$s%rr% %rG* %s r!J*!d! %-=%*%#s-Q

Nd, !#$Juk / s8* *+&11 Di8s P& / 'i$%# &d+**, *%r'k%#$ % ! idk s '-is 'i$%#4us*! A :!'+* #%' 4@*i, #%' !kJ! s%#ki, ! *r* #%' s*J! %-$ %k s%' %J, :! #%k%''8d+'1!# +#!, # '%-#4%s@*%#' % *&J*. A :%-$+d! sGG* *%r%'#%K ! 1rc *%*%J# &r

&!#!. P!r!#cs+#k ! u:!*!-#!k, :+-$ i% '!'+k!* :!J*s+#. F%*"r#' ! -$%4%*, :+-$!dJ+# 4ir+s '!-H k!&s+k!*, s #%' *ud+' #, 'i 'i#d%#* '@%#k '-Q

E* '+#d*! ! !d&s. s '@- 7%%s-% 1&'H! #*%, P& 7%k%* s %*#* ! %rdG '$1%#.O** 1+$+#-! s -+#d+k+! *"*"**% ! #!4+* s ! JJ%*, '@- ! &+' -r% % #%' #$+'*!.Ekk+r %* &'+d*!9 E-$ Gs %'1%r k"%%d%** 7%J%, ! ki @-$ s8* #%ki9


18/71

&. 5s!k ! 7&* k% ki&-#i, s *"1%# :&r+' k&d !r!#$. A !4&' s%' :!+**! :@r* B=kk#%k,Di8s P!k. N+s, 7"di, k%/% ! ki#cs N%k%d !d+', cs!k '%#J +d!Q

0-$ *r7&* ! # %'1%r. D% P& %-$ i-* s%' 7%%*, :!#%' k!4*! '!-&*, %i#dH* :!! 7% s+**:+# *%r'%** :ir*%%#. M&s#!4 *"11%d '!-&! #%ki & ! 7!k. R%#- ! *%r%1$%s di87! s !7"dr% *%r. THrJ&k #!-$ '+:8# ! 7"d%* +**, ! :+ &+**. D% 1iY +** #i#cs %-$1, cs!k kG s!-$!-.

Mi* *%-$%# '+s* Di8s P& Od! +* ! di87!, '%$ cs!&dJ&* *&4&*!. D% r%s*%*% is '8d #k,:+-$ @-$ 48rH J&r*. M%r%%# #%** %-$ d!r!1i- !11! ! *&*+#-8 -"d"r1%, ! '%$%* &s+**. E-$/s%rr% cs!k '%-i!#* 1%##% %-$ -+#d+!*. Od! 7+rdH* !+k:+ ! %'1%r%k:%, !kik %%%-$=** ! ki#cs%* k%r%s*k, s @-$ s8*9

N% *%-$=k %, !*$&'7i!i, ! &s8*, :!#%' *"rJ=k 7% %% %* ! !!r*. M%-&ss&*+k, *!&u#k 'ii** ki#cs%*, :! #%' is :&r+' k&d !r!#$!*Q E% :+&7+-*!k ! 7"d '@%s:%. N%' s+k&r!'&s+k is '%J"k &+**!k. 5s!k:!'!r 1%#4%s* ! %:!-$+** idk. SGG* =*%**%k ! :%-$/+d!+#, &r 4* 7%#* ! 1rc*%*G#, s 'u#k&r! k#$s%r@*%**k ! u:!*!- si!J 7+$&s&*.

0-$ '%-*!&*! P& -!d!, ! 'i* &'+d+**, ! 'i* k%r%s%**.A* ! :%$%* 4%di-, :+ ! "ss%-$* #4 '%-*%%4%d%**, D i 8 s / $ G r#%k #%%ik 'i#d !'!i #!4i-.


19/71

T7&7! 9//):.

A :@r%s S+i'!# *"r"k cs&s&r %%# :!rc+8 '!-$!r :Gs"k k""** ki*#* ! *i%#:!*+dik

s&!d k"%4% *&J


20/71

:!*+d#!4r!


21/71

'i#* -$&! :i*s%-Gk%*. N%' :! %*1%# '!r!du#k, :! '%-:!u#k, *%s=#k ! :!!k s+/-&!*+*, '%r* '&s+k %k%s#i 7+-#!k ! 'i :s-=#k"# s 1udH#i ! 'i 4dk+# B!J/*&rs!k A ki %%' %-$%*r% s %-$%*r*, r*s+# k!rd+* !##!k ! J%, :+-$ 'i#* :,

1%cs=%*%s k!*+#! "r"'%s* :! '%- !+# ! :%$%#, ! :+! G* ! k"*%%ss- &@*+**!Q

i&1! +* ! d%rk c$ +s %k%s 7%s8!&s!K ! J%%#+*!k#!k cs!k kis%11 rs% r*+**

k!rd+*, ! *"11i#%k 4%di- i#&1! s&* ! 1&*+rs&-!. L%:+r-!s*+** 7G% s #' &+**!k +**.A *"11s- ! +k+s *!#&csr! :!J* / s8*


22/71

M0"0& 9//):.

S!4&r$ P*%r, ! '!i -r87 S!4&r$ cs!&d#!k ! Gs%, !i- +* :Hs %s*%#dGs, 'idG# %-$ik

r+k+#&! :!rc1! i#dH* ! *"r"k"k %%#. 5s&k&r* !k!r*&k %-$ kis cs!4!**! &r!*!#H '%-/r+:!##i, '%$%* ! %%#s- %-$ 4&r :**% %G11 %7+-!* +*. 5s!k:+-$ ! *"r"k ! d++-#!kid%J%k+r #%s* %**% s iss!%r*% ! JJ%i *&'!d&s*. S!4&r$ P*%r 4%di-, ! ki :!rci*=*G %r!-!d*!*!, #!-$+# is %Gr% #$+'H*, sH$+s s%1%* k!4+**, s cs!k #!-$ =-$-$%/1!JJ!*ud*&k %'1%r%i ! -$ik+s du!k+d&s18 kir!-!d#i s :!! i##i.

Mik+r :+ssH idG u* '$ s%11G 7%-$8-$H*, '- s&'*!!#s+r :!rc+* ! *"r"k"k %%#,! kik#%k %sk=d* %%#s-% +*. A*$J! :!&! u* P*%r %** ! 7G&r+s k"%1%# %G *%rJ%d%/'%s cs!&di 1ir*+k#!k ! "r"k"s%. I** s+'sdJ! +* -r87 B!**:$$ d&'#!k, ki ! 7:+d!*4 +$!# kr%:%*%*%# -$"*%, 'i#* G '!-!. E s+'sdJ&! %*r%/:!&r! s"%*k%%**S!4&r$ P*%r, +$ c18, :+-$ s#*%%# ! s!rk&1!# %s#%k ! *"r"k#%k s *G"k *%:%*G%-&r*!#i 7+-#!k #%ki, ! :+ s ! 'ik+r cs!k %:%*.

Err% !##$i! is i#k&11 +* !k!'uk, 'i% ! *"r"k"k ur!i +*!k Bud! &r!k s s#*%/%# +** J&r*!k/k%*%k ! G 1ir*+k!ik+#, '!Jd %'%* s&@*! Bud&r!, '!Jd '%- 7+-$+k!*kisr% T"r"k+rs&-1!. I$%#k+r !* r&J+k =*"** !k&r:$s+r ! k* 1!r&*, %s%d*k *G"k !%%''% s 4#% '%-r!k+** *&rs%k%r%k%* s 7%s!1!d@*+**&k ! 7+-$+k!*. R"id idG#r%**%-%** #%% G# % k* 7r7iH#!k ! *"r"k"k k"*.


23/71

E-$s%r !'s! 1- '%-i#* Bud J&r* s '!-&:+ :@!* S!4&r$*, -H#$+s!# @-$ s8*#%ki9 N+, s+'sd, J8 7+$#!k/% d+-!id '%- !-$/% s+rs+dd! %-%d%Q S 'idG# P*%rG* %-$ s8r! s%' '*!**!, ! 1- d=:"s%# @-$ ki&*+** 7%9

N!-$+# is J8 1#!k %%*%k, *i ku*$&k, !r* !-$*+k +$!# 1=skk. D% ! 4r87*&r!'+#d+', '%-*"r"' 1=sk%s-%d%* M%-!&!k, 'i#* ! 1!r'+*K +$!# 'u#k&* 7+-s -%#i,'i#* ! +k*!!# &!*Q

E% ki%%**%* S!4&r$* ! '%Gr%, %G:+!*+** %-$ %k*, J&r'+* %*%** ! s%r%#cs*%# 7r7iH#$!k&1!, 1%7+-!**! %-$ r!1s+-&! %-$=** ! %k%*!$i-&1! s #!-$+* cs!4+** r& ! +s*+rr!,'i#* ! 1!r+'r!, :+-$ :H! ! %k*. A +d! -$* csGcs%k 4%di- k!c!-+** s i-%# J8 'u!/*+** % J%%#%*%#.

E ! '%--$!&&s -r% '%-*"r*% S!4&r$ &:!*!*+ss&-&*. E-$ *!4+d*!* s%' !k!r* '%##i,!k&r:+-$ =*"**% is k@#8J! ! +s*+rr!. Err% !'s! ki7+-!**! s "*%#%* =**%*%** ! +s*+rr! !*!4&r!. s '+s*, #+:! ! &1 !i- &:!*+**, k%s%r%s k@#s%#%ds%k k"*, '-is cs!k 7%k%%** !* ! *&1&* s*!#i!.

E !!** B!**:$$ d&' 'i#d%#* %k"%*%**, :+-$ s%r%#cs*%# 1!r&*J&* kis!1!d@*s!. E11!'s! 1--% !k!r* !kud+&s+k1! 1+cs&*k+#i, d% % k%r%k%# kiJ%%#*%**%, :+-$ ! 7"d srki#cs%r* s%' 1+cs&*J! s!1!d+# 7+-$&*. Au* ! 1ud!i 1!s&:+ 7+rdH*, ! ki !* =%#*%iss!, :+-$ 23 %%r 7+ri#*r* ki!dJ! S!4&r$*. E !8s&-+s 4+*+'&r i$%# #%%%*%s %'/

1%rr*Q, J%-$ '%- -H#$+s!#.

23 %%r 7+ri#* !11!# ! idG1%# !kk+r! "ss%- +*, :+-$ %G*%r%'*sr% s @-$ S!4&r$ ki/&*&s&r! #%' i-%# %:%*%** r%'#$. D% !r* B!**:$$ #%' cs=--%d%**. '!-! 4# *%**%'i#d%#*, S!4&r$ #%J% %!d*! 'i#d%# J8s&-&*, 'i#d%# dr&-!s&-!i*, sG* '- r+k+#+k sis'%rGs"k is 7%!J+**!k J8k+r! "ss%-%k%*, s '-s%' *ud*!k *"11%* %G*%r%'*%#i, 'i#* !k"%*%* &*s&-d@J 7%*. A J+11&-$+k "#k#$* '%-!d8*!**&k '!-+k!*, s+k!# k""k %/

s%d*%k 'i#d%#7% ! +rs&-1!#, :+-$ ! s=ks-%s 4#* s%r%*%** ur+k kis!1!d@*&s&r!"ss%k+duJ&k / d% 'i#d :i&1!.

M&r :&r+' %s*%#d%J% %'H* !##!k, :+-$ S!4&r$ P*%r *"r"k 7+-s&-1! %s%**, 'idG# %-$s%r-r87 B!**:$$ d&' %*%# '%-*ud*!, :+-$ %-$ %Gk%G !-! !# H*1!# T"r"k+rs&-18Bud! 7% 7+#*+s '%-1@&s+kk!. T=s*#* "ss%s%d*% 'i#d%# %'1%r%i* s %s1% &+** %"k.R"id &r!k+&s u* cs!ku-$!# J"** ! !-! J8k+r! kisr%**%. B!**:$$ #!-$ %rG% #%ki r+#*s %-$ 78r!i k*s-1%%s%** !-d!k+&s u* s%r%#css%# %7+-J! ! !-&*, '%r* %'1%r%i#%k%rGs%# '%-4!r!#cs+*! +*, :+-$ ! i&-r* '%- #% "Jk, s :! cs!k %:%*, '%- s% s%1%s@*sk.

Ai- %s%** ! 1ud!i 1!s! r*sr%, :+-$ 7+-$H %J*%**k ! !-&*, ! ki #%ki s%'$%s J8 1!r&*J!+*, !+##! %k=d"** B!**:$$:+ '%-*ud#i s!1!d+# 1+cs&*&s!k ! 7%**%%i*. 4%# %*

!k!r*! B!**:$$ %r#i s &*s&-d@JH '%ss "ss%-%* k"%*%*. Mik+r !* ! 1!s! !kud+#ik%d%** %%, d&' -r87 !* ! !J!*+* *%**%, :+-$ !dJ! ki cs%r1% ! !-&r* S!4&r$ P*%r*. A1!s! r&&+**, s '&r #:$ #!4 'H! k%1r% s+r@*:!**! S!4&r$ ! G s%r%*%** :i*%s* s"%:%**% : 7%-$%r*&rs&*, ! ki !ddi- #%' #$u-+d+**, '@- ki #%' s!1!d@*+**! G* k@#8ik%1G.

D% 'i$%# &!4+*1!# *r* :!! ! s%r%#cs*%# %'1%r T%s*%, '%$ cs+#*&& s+$k+d+**,r+#-$+k1! +* -"#-$"@*%. !J!, s!k&! '%-#G** s '%-Gs* idG %G**, s *rd%i i#+-*!k !-$"#-%s-*G. S%1%i is'* s!J+-#i k%d*%k, s ! =*%-%k s ! #%: c+k *"rs%i is #!-$7&Jd!'!* +k+*!k #%ki. A : :i*%s 'i#d%# -+#d+&s! s &4+&s! '%%** s%' *ud+** %rG:"

Ju*#i. 0-$ s@#Gd"** '&r :8#!4+k 8*! S!4&r$, 'idG# %-$s%r cs!k :!rci ri!d8 7u*+**! 1% !+rs&-+*. S%r%-%k%* -$J*"**%k, 7%-$%r* k+&cs+*!k s 'i#d%#7% ks%*%k%* *%**%k. Bud!&r&* !k!r*&k iss!7+-!#i ! *"r"k"k*G.


24/71

S!4&r$#!k %-$ 4%rci- s%' +* '!r!d&s! +**:+#. i&1! +* ! +r+s+k i#*s%, :i&1! #%J%krs%, ri'k+d&s!. N%' ki+k #i / @-$ 7%%* / :! rs* #%' %:%*%k :!&' 7%s!1!/d@*&s&1!#.Q

L%-+** 7%7%-$%r%*% %'1%r%i* s %i#dH* Bud! &r! !&, ! L+*:ri#-%#i :%rc%- *&1+r&1!. s !:!!7iHi %k%s%ds cs+d&* '@%*9 -$%#-%s-% %*#*, HJ %rG "'"** % i'!i1!#. Gsi%s%#,:!&'%-%*ss% k=d"** !11!# ! r%s :!rc1!#, '%$ ! ?C. i s%4*%'1%r >/&* +$ %'/k%%*%ss *%**% #4=#k *"r*#%*1%#, J8k+r! rs* s%r%** '!-!k ! 7G&r+s iss!:8d@/*&s!k ! dicsGs-1%#.

Mik+r %cs%#d%s* ! :!rci !J, ! -$GGk %-%11 is :&&* !d*!k ! di!d!+s*8 Is*%##%k,!u* @- !k+'&1!# -$*%k "ss% ! %r%k. I** L+*:ri#-%#i


25/71

K%("#&!2.

E-$ s%-#$ %'1%r, ki '&r %-$ 8*! 1%*%-s-1%# #$+'*! k%'#$ !ck&*, 4%# !r!*&s

id%J# k%d%** &1!d#i 1!J&18. A 'u#k&r! '- *%:%*%*%# +*. E'%#* *%:&* ! '%Gr%, :+-$%-$ kis %%d%* kr%-%ss%# !4r8 -$%r'%k%i s&'&r!, :+-$ :%# #% %ss%#%k s%-#$%k.M%-& %-$ s*87"d"#, :+ %-$ -!d!- %'1%r ! k!! &r#$k&1! d% #i, 'i#* !r!*J&k%'1%r%i ! 1G &d&s*.

A Is*%# &dJ! '%- ! 'u#k&d!*Q s8* ! s%-#$ %'1%r.

A -!d!- cs!k 7%J% 1icc%#*%** s %-$ s8* s%' s8*. R& s%' #%** ! s%-#$ %'1%rs%#%dG !rc&r!, s ! %k% s%' sH-*! '%-, :+-$ ! -$&'+*!!#* 7% k%%#% s%-@*%#i. D% !s%-#$ %'1%r &d8 s!!k '%-+* ! ! :!*!'!, :+-$ '! *"11%* %&-*!k *@%#, 'i#**%-#!4 :!*!#!#.

M&s#!4 ! s%-#$ %'1%r '%-i#* kis+r-+** ! -!d!- 7"dJr%. 'i#d%#ki s=r-"**/7+r-+**.S8* ! s%-#$ %'1%r9 Is*%#%', 1% 1+d+-, ! ki d++-:+ &*:!*, k%r%s:%*, ! ki#%k !##$iJ!!#, :+-$ 1Gs-1G ! s%-#$#%k is Ju* N%k%d s4%# !d+** ! Is*%#, s!4+r@*s! '- *"11r%#&!dQ

A 7uk!r -!d!- ! s-$%#Gs s%-#$ %'1%r s!!i* #%' !k!r*! '%-r*%#i. A s%-#$ *%:&*1Hs!# %'%#*. D% s!! '%-i#* cs+d&* '@%*. A -!d!- %'1%r k!!#-$&i !kk+r&k %**%k, 'i#*'%-!##$i :%-$. s ! 'i#* ! -!d!- %-$ 8ri&s !s*!- &r#$k&1!# 7!!*+#i k%d%**, k%#$%r% iscs+d&s '8d+# +$ #!-$ %**, 'i#* %-$ :!+'.

!r'!d#!4r! is'* %'%#* ! -!d!-:+ ! s%-#$ %'1%r. M+s* '&r ! :s- %rG* %**

s-$%#k%s#, s @-$ s8*9


26/71

T7&7!!:$.

DicsG %'k%%* u#$!d$ M&*$&s kir&$u#k *"11s"r "ss%*"** +* #$u-!*i s+'sd/

J&!, Fridrik #'%* cs&s&rr!, s sr# %%*%** :!d!* M+r!+rs&-1! s Sii&1!. Er*M!-$!r+rs&- s!k#$u-!*i :!*&rs%i* J8 '%-%rGs@*%**% s &4+$! Is*r!, %-$ ki4r81&*:s-, k%'#$ i*r% 1@*!. &4+$! Tr%#cs#* &!s*+**! !k8:%$, d% ! &r!* %11 %sGr%#d %rGss-- !!k@*+**!. !*!'!s -ri*k+ck&k18 4* 7!!i sd@*G '!-!ss&-r! %'%/k%d*%k. T%*%'%s *+r#$+k '%r%d%*%k ! &r7!!k s!rk!i# s ! k!4uk 7""**, 'i#* '%-!##$i 8ri&siGr"k. F"d!!**i, 1+*++** *&r:&!k1!# +* 7%:!'+! ! *"'rd%k %%'. &r+'s+r+sk!4uk cs!48:id!kk! &r*&k % ! 1%J&r!*+k!*. E-$ #!-$ 1!J! +* !+#1!# % :!*!'!s &r#!k9:i$+** ! @. A r-i &r 1%r*% k* @%r%''%. 'd% %%k#%k ! i% k%s is +* !##$i%'1%r s &!* s&'&r!, ! '%##$i k="#"s%# %-$ %%#s-%s '%-s&&s %s%*# ! &r1! s+rH*,d% '%- s+ks+r i:!*!*!#, sG* %-ss-*%%# is +*. I-$%k%%** is '&r &4+$! %%# ! 1!J+#s%-@*%#i. O!s+rs&-18 :+!**! ! %-=-$%s%11 4@*G'%s*%r%k%*, :!* k="#1"G :%$%# is

%&s!*+** '&r !-$ "*%# "#$i '$s-r%, d% %-$ cs%44 @ #%' s+k, '- !##$i* s%' *!&*!k.&4+$! sid*!, 4isk+*! ! 4@*G'%s*%r%k%*, 1+ss!#k+d+** %rGs%#, :+-$ k&r1! %s%** ! !*"'rd%k 'u#k! s k"*s-, ! 'i* ! HJ &r 4@*sr% 7+rd@*+**, d% 'i#d :i&1! / ! ! sik!, !'%$%# Tr%#cs# &r! 4*, cs!k #%' iJ%d* '- ! G :!r!-J&*8, cs!k #%' !d*! ki ! i*.

4%# %-$ HJ :%$%# 7Hr!*+** % &4+$! / i''&r :%*%d @1%# / ! '$s-1%, :+-$ ! !##$ir!&:@*+** i%* #$+'+!, 'idG# k"%* rk%%** Tr%#cs# &r&1! s=r-Gs =%#%**%, :+-$ &4+$!Bud *%r%'J%# #$+'1!#, '%r* ! kir&$ :!d!* i#d@* ! *"r"k %%#. Ai- *%* % %-$ 4&r #!4, '&rH*+# +* &4+$! 7%-$%r%s%i% Bud! 7% s +##* #!-$ s%r%- # M+d&1! '%#*. A :!d/

J&r!* r"id +*. A '!-$!r+k -$G*%k s dicsGs--% s :!di s&k'$#$! -!d!-+# *r*%kiss!. &4+$! ! -$G%%' Ju*!'&H s+k %Gk%G 7+-$+* k!4+**, ! kikr* &*s&-d@JH '%ss

"ss%-%k%* r%':%*%**.M%ss% 7"drG s%r%-%** "ss% ! #4 !##!k ! 7#$#%k s 4+'4!k ! cs+d&J&r!, '%$$% !-$G%'%s :!d%r 1%+#H&s&* *!r*+**! Tr%#cs# &r&1!. L+1+-8 &s8kk!, %k%s@*G%#%s8 '%%** '%#*%k %G ! -$!+-+s+k, '!Jd *=sk"G, dc%- 4!ri4&k+# ! +!s+k, %rr%s%r%cs%#%k %-$ %-s k!r! *%* %%**%k, *%% r!k! ! s+k -!d!- s&k'$#$!. Eu*s+'+rH!#, %:+r-!s*+** 7%JJ% 4%-%**%k ! %Gk%G :!di 7+-$+k, 7r7i!k s #Gk, kisr%*"k/

1%# 4%di- %-$ %-s s%r%- r!1s+-!. M+s* '!-! ! %r k"%*k%%** 7%k%*% '#++#, !r!#$/:@'%s s dr&-!k"%kk% 4i*$k%** 7#$%s "*"%*1%#, k!4i*$!i*8 k"r%. -r% '%-i#*-$!+- s +!s :!rc+s+k s+k!s&-!. &4+$! 7%%s-%, %di- *%sc:%#i :%rc%-#G, :"-$%ikisr%*1%# #!-$ 4+'4&! +#H* ki Tr%#cs# &r&18 7rJ% =##%4i%s 7+-!d&s&r!.

+* ! *"r"k 7+-$+k k""** %-$ 7%*#G s4s- :!J!d+#, ! su* %-$ik 7G/7G %'1%r#%k !%$!, ! ki* F!*'/#!k :@**!k. E J%-$%s% +* %-$ %Gk%G, i* i7JH#!k, s %-$1%k%s"k%G** %-$ 4&r #!44! *"r*#* r!J*! ! ! s%r%#cs*%#s-, :+-$ #:$ r!1s+-!#GJ% %-$=** !-$G%'%s '!-$!r+k k%1% %s%**. D% G !+##! 7% *ud*! '!-&* *!i. E:!-!**!, :+-$kics+d!, %-$ik cs%dJ#%k ! ru:&J&1! 1HJ*, r!1s+-!#G#%k '+#d*! '!-&* s %$!i#!ksi-+rH!# '%-4!r!#cs+*!, :+-$ +$k4 1J!#!k is %%. A 'i#* '+s* Tr%#cs# &r&1!rk%*%k, &4+$! Is* ki&!s*+**!, ! 'i cs!k dr&-! s s4 +* ! :!di 4rd&1!#, s +d!!d*!:i*%s#%k !JdkH. EJ% &@*+**! *+&11& ! 7+-$H %J*%** r!1s+-!#Gk%*, :+-$ !+k k"&!ss+# *%*ss% s%ri#* !k&r:$!*. %di- s%'% !+##! '%-!k!d* F!*'% 7i#+' *%r'%/*# s 1&J+s !rc. A s+k k""** %-%sG#%k G* &!s*+**! s '&r r"id idG 'H! !##$ir!'%-k%d%*% ! *"r"k %$*, :+-$ 'i#* k+'+r#! 'i#di- k"r"**% k%%** '!r!d#i!. A s%r%#/

cs*%# F!*'% 4%di-, :+-$ '!-&* % #% &rHJ!, +$ 4+#*+s!#, =-$%s%# s +$ J8k%d% *%** '%-'i#d%#*, 'i#*:! -$%r'%kk+r! 8*! 'i#di- cs!k cs%di 'u#k&* -%** +#!.


27/71

0-$ *%* % !-$ %-$ 7 %s*%#dG. &4+$! '%-i#* i-%# r+ss k%d +*, '%r* 4%# J%%#*%**k#%ki, :+-$ ! kH*&s&s HJ 4r81&J! '%-i#* cs=*"r*"k"* '+#d+** s :+-$ ! HJ+##!# rk%%** #'%*kH*'%s*%r k%r%k%# kiJ%%#*%**%, :+-$ *is*! %:%*%*%#s- Tr%#cs# &r&1!# i%* %G*%r%'*%#i.E-$s%rr% cs!k :@r :+&k #%ki, :+-$ %-$ s%r%- *"r"k k%r%sk%dG 1k%&s8* +1+-*!*!

1%1+cs&**!*&s* kr, s :+-$ ! *&rs!s&- 7%J% &4+$&! %-$ 7+#*+s =-$1%# 1%s#i s%r%*#%.

B%1+cs&*+**&k Gk%*, s %-$ i7JH *"r"k, ! ki '!-&* ! cs!4!* 7%J#%k !+**!, s ! ki* O'&r#!k:@**!k, &4+$! % 4#, @-$ s8*9 $G%'%s %r Mi, ! *% s+-&id, ! kik%* k%-$%s+*& s@#%d % 1+cs&*!#i, k%r%sk%dG %'1%r%k !-$u#k s !r* &+**u#k "ss% s *%**=k%-$= cs%k$ !-$+#u#k!*, :+-$ ki&*suk !+k!* ! :!di 7+-$+k!* s r!1s+-&k!*, ! kik%*A!:, ! G #%% %-$%# &d+**, ! *i k%%i*%k1% !d+**, s :+-$ :!! i-$=k Gk%* ! G s+'+rk+d8cs!&dJ!ik k"r1%. A *i dicsGs-%s s :!*!'!s kir&$+*+k %#-%d%'% J&rJuk s+rr! !+k!* !&r!k!*, ! :+ s%r%#cs*%# 7+-$!i#k!* r!1c+# *!r*J&k, s %ddi- is '&r ki&*+**u#k "*%#/# *"11%*. E#-%dd r%'#$%#=#k, -$G%'%s :!d%r, :+-$ *% is 4 +$ k%-$%s s J8s&-+s%s% ir*u#k, 'i#* ! *% dicsGs-%s kir&$+d s 'i#* !+k ! #%'%s ur!k, ! kik# %ddi-

J&r*u#k, s :+-$ J8 4#r* *% is s!1!d+# 1+cs&*+d !+k!* ! s%-#$ :i*7%%i#k%*, ! kik ! *%

k%%d1%# !##!kQA i7JH r+k+#s%#%s k=s%J%, #%'%s '!-!*!r*&s! s %k%s %G!d&s! i-%# k%d%G 1%#$+'&s**%** &4+$&r!. N%' 7+-s cs!!*k+#i / 7%%* / :! !* r%'#$%d, :+-$ # %%' is 1+d+/-Hs, :+-$ # s%' %s%k 7ir%G11, 'i#* ! *"11i%k. ! '%-7%%G &*s&-diJ!k!* i-r*%k,!kk+r ki!d+' ! 7+-$+k!* 'i#d, ki# *%r's%*%s%# !+k!* ! r!1s+-&k!*, ! kik%* 7%%/s-%'#%k s %'1%r%i'#%k '&r +d!!Jdk+*!', '%r* !+kk! '&r #%' # r%#d%k%%'Q

M+s* &4+$! 4!r!#cs&r! %G%%**k ! 7+-$+k!*. O'&r *%ki#*%*% -i- 7u*+** r!J*+k, s !rc&r!'$ 1H1!* &r#$k! 1+rH*, 'idG# F!*'* #%' &**! k""**=k. E-$ !Js*r+'+* :H+** %G sH-$ *%**, 'i#*:! s&'1! %## ! 7+-$+k!*, :+-$ '%-!##!k/% 'i#d#$&J!#.

Ur!' / s8* ! i7JH s ! i-!*+**s&-*8 !k!d++** ! s!! / ! r!1s+-!#Gk k" :i$ik :!*

s ! r!1s+-&k k" ki%#c. N%' +#& k%-$%s !+k!* is ki!d#iQA kik%* # ki!d:!*+k / 7%%* &4+$! / !+k i** !##!k 'i#d, s ! kik :i$!#!k, !+k!*#$i %!Jdk+*!'. M%-'+#d*!' '&r, :+-$ !+kk! *"11 #%' r%#d%k%%'.Q

Z-$ :&* -$ k%-$%s, 8: ur!', '%-4!r!#cs+#i ! *% %'1%r%id#%k, :+-$ !dJ&k % Gk #%k=#k!+k!* ! r!1s+-&k!*, ! kik%* #%kik !Jdk+*&.Q

S%''i k""' *"11 !::+ ! J8s&-:+ / 7%%* *=r%'%*%# &4+$! / ! 'i* %-$s%r%!Jdk+*!'. A+kr8 ! r!1s+-&kr8 s8 s% %-$%# *"11%*Q

5s!k %-$%*, k%-$%s, J8 ur!' / %s%#-%** O'&r / cs!k %-$%*%#%-$%* !dJ iss! M%-7i%*%kr*% !r!#$#$! s dr&-!k"%kk%. 5s!k F!*'* 1+cs&sd s!1!d+#, ! *"11i* :!dd *!r*s&k '%-

%'1%r%idQE: %-$%# -% %##%k ! :u!k+d&s#!k / s8* 1+ss!#k+d! ! %r / :&* ku7&r#!k *!r*!s/%%#-%', 4+-$ F!*'% #%' %!d8 !


28/71

&4+$! "ss%rc+* s%'"d"k% !8 s"** *%ki#*%*%* %*%** r%& s @-$ s8*9 E k%'#$kGsik&18 *%r%'*s %G i%*, cs!k H-$ 7+-+d % s%'1% ! k"#$"r%* i* cs!#iQ E%s!rk+# 7+rdH* s +** :!-$*! ! *"r"k"*.

D% % 7%s"k"** s u*! si%*%**. E-$ s8* '-, %r / '+#d&. / ! '%-cs%%ks%' !*, ! 'i%G**%d %:%*%*%##%k &*sik, :! i%* 7!k!s*+k % sik&189 s!!d#!k &!s/% s s!1!d+#

1+cs&*+d/% F!*'*Q

I** ! k%%' r& / 7%%* &4+$! / # ! s!!''! #%' J&*s+', !k&r 1!r&*+''!, !k&r%%#s-%''% s%'1%#.Q

VVV


29/71

S)%($ G"7&" +50.

A Du#! !s8 7+$&s&, +**, ! :+ '! T%'%s s


30/71

:"r-G, +#!-8 s"r#$%*%-:%, :+-$ -k4 ki+*s! %**. 8 k!rdJ&! %cs!4*! ! 7%J*. E*4%di- 7+-*! s r%**%#%*%s %rG% &*d+1*! ! Du#, S%r1+rs&- :%-$%i k". O** %-$ sik!/:!s!dk1! %s%**, ! '%$ 7""** ksG11 !!'18c, !-$ ! 'i#* ! s%r1%k %J*%**k9


31/71

A +3$0503 +$,&!#'.

Li*!! &r! +#* '%-$1%#, ! '%$#%k '+s* '&r cs!k ! r+'J!i &*:!*8k, ! B%1%k, T:ur8 s

&4+$! :@r%s cs!&d+k#!k +* ! 7sk% s&!d+k+# &*. A &r:%-$ !J&1!# *%r % Li*!!:%$s-%, %-$ kisd%d 7!u, ! '%$#%k !k+s!i 7"d:" r!-!d* s%-#$ 4&s*+r%'1%r%k s 7"d/'@%Gk. A 7!u *%'4+'&1!# %-$ Gsr-i, 7&r! 7%s*%** +*&rk4 !#, ! '%$ ! r!J*! G k*7%#$@8 !J*8kk! *"11#$ir% 1% !# &r!, s '%$%* 'i#* s%#* %r%k$* #!-$ k%-$%%*1%# *!r* !%-s idk #4%. E k4%# ! i*!!i '%r%d%k &r:%-$ !# &1r&+! !11!# ! idG1%#, 'ik+r'- &r s%' +* r!J*!. A *%*%JrG 4%di- '!rc+#!, !d k=s%J %'1%r%k %-$ 4!4+* *!si*!#!k% ! !H 7%&@*+** cs&k :%-$%ir%. !-$ s&"*%# %s*%#dG% %%G** '- 7%#* ! &r1!#Gri*k %* ! k4%*, s cs!k !kk+r k%r* ! ! 7!u *%'4+'&1!, 'ik+r ! u*+s8 :!JdH is kik"/*""** ! '&r/'&r +'!d+8 %rGss-1G.

A* ! J%%#%*%* 4%di-, '%$ ! k4%# &1r&+! !#, @-$ 1%s%i % ! #49

A S!J8 '%%**i s%r%#cs*%# =*k"%* u* +*. A *!*&r+k !d cs+rd&i %""#"**k M!-$!r/+rs&-+*, %r+#*+**&k ! &r+s+k 7!!i*, %:!'!s*+**&k ! 7!!k!*, %'s&r+*&k ! !k+s+k!*k="'1s- #k, 7r7i* s #G*, !--+* s -$%r'%k%*. A +rs&- s!kk%%*i :%-$%s idk%!r$!- '- %-k%%s%11%* s%#%d%** ! dH8k/7+s*8k 4us*@*&s!i*8. Od! cs!k %-$/%-$

4+r*$&8 cs!4!* %*Gd"**, s :! !* '!r*!k/ s rs+'J&* %csi!4@*+**!, iss!*r* ! 7G/*"'%-:%.

E-$ i$%# cs!4!*, %-$ :%s s&sk!r!J, %4*% % Li*!! idk* is. A ki#%k J&r*$i %r%J% +*,7u*+** %G"k ! 7!u18 ! %rdGk r%#-%*%-1%. 5s!k %!--+** #%k, kisd%d%k s 1%*%-%k'!r!d*!k ! 7!u1!#, s %%kk% %-$=** +** '!r!d* ! k"s- #$+c!# %s %ki4&s*+r! is, ! ki7%*%**% +* '!-&1!#, :+-$ +s*+ik % =-$%7+-$+**!kk! 'i#d%# 1H1!#/1!*1!# s %s%#/%di %"k %-$=**, :! k%, ! :!&* is. Mi#d ! *%'4+'1! '%#%k*%k s %&r*&k, %*+r!s+*&k! !J*8k!* s !1!k+k!*.

A *!*&r+k cs!ku-$!# 7%dH*&k s -1! 1+r@*+**&k ! 7!u* s '+s* ! #!-$ *%r'sk"%k1G4* *%'4+'+* J&r*&k k"r, '%$1G ! 7:+*r! r'* %'1%r%k s@s!--!*8 J!J-!*&s!:!#-+**, s !+# *!#!k+d*!k, 'i#* %:%*#% +d! %-k"##$%11%# 1%Ju*#i+k. Ekk+r ! "r%- 4!47%&+** ! k!r!* %-$ik !1!k&r! s s8! s J%%kk% k"#$"r-"** ! %'1%r*%%# !d!k#!k,:+-$ k%-$%'%%#%k ! s%-#$ %'1%r%k %*#%k. A *!*&r+k :+ssH 48# %-$ 4%cs*%kk%%&*+** '!-$!r @r&s* #$HJ*+**!k 7% ! 4!4#!k, !'%$1%# :i**% 1i+#$@*+**! %-$ s+'sd/:%$s- 4!4J! / #$i ki%rGs!k+*&k %* ! @r&s* *G% / :+-$ %%k ! *!*&r+k %'1%rs-%s%#

1#!k ! '!-$!r+kk!. %%kk% is r*s"kr% !d*&k ! *%'4+'1!# Gk#%k, :+-$ #%' %ss%''i 1*8d&suk, cs!k #$iss&k ki ! *%'4+' !J*!J&*. A s%-#$ %'1%r%k :i**%k ! @r&s#!k s

ki#$i*+**&k ! !J*8*. B%r+:!#*!k '+s* ! r%#-G !d!k, '%-7%r*G*%**k ! +*&r*, %r!1+*&k !s%#* %d#$%k%*, %r*k, k@#+*&k 'i#d%# ki-+#d+:!*8 '8d+# ! s%r%#cs*%#%k%*, s ! 'i#*&**&k, :+-$ % %'1%r%k k" %-$ s%' &ik 1% r!1s+-!k, %:!*&r+*&k, :+-$ r!k&sr!"d"sik Gk%* 'i#d. E-$ *!*&r#!k ! i#d@*$&r! '-is k%-$%'%* i-r*%k !+k#!k, ! kik:i*"k%* %:!-$J&k. A !-- %ki4&s*+r, ! ki* %-J+11!# '%-k@#+*!k, kiJ%%#*%**%, :+-$ G ksi#k&11 ! %--$"*r%'%s%11 :!&* %s%#%d#i, s%':+-$ ! G :i*1%# '%-**+r+dJk, s :@%i*is %k%s s!!kk! 1ud@*+**! ! &:!*!*+ss&-r!.

E ! %%#s%-s #!-$+# 7%1Gs@*%**% ! *!*&r+k!*.


32/71

N-$#%k +*+**&k '&r ki i$ k%-$%*%# '8d+# ! %**. Mik+r %* ! *"11i%k &**&k, '&r/'&ri#-!d+#i k%d*%k. Err% %G&+** '%-i#* ! "r%- 4!4, 1ud@*+**!, *=%*% %'1%r%i*, ! :+-$ cs!k*G% *%*, :+-$ #% ir*8!#!k ! :!&*8, !JJ&k %k%ik%* ! %-$ G Is*%# k%-$%'1%.

N+ :&* &ssuk, '%-s%-@*/% ! *% Is*%#%dQ s8*!k ! *!*&r+k s %*!s@*+**&k ! J&'1+r !--!s/*$* ! :%-$*%*GrG. D% cs+d&k cs+d&J! Es*1%#, 'i#*:! %-$ &*:!*!*!# k r!-!d*! +#! %,%-$s%rr% cs!k %*#* #$+'*!!#H.

E##%k &**&r! r'=%* 7+-*! % ! *!*&r+k!*. L+!ikr! k!4*!k s H-$ &-*!**!k % +##*, 'i#*:!cs!k ! 7"r-%*%- s%4%r*% +#! % Gk%*. A k%r%s*$#%k 4%di- *rdr% 1+rH*!k s H-$ !d*!k :&&*! Is*%##%k cs+d&!*+s '%-'%#*s"kr*.

A "r%- 4!4, ! 'i#* ! :%-$rG %*!s@*+**&k +*, '%-!k!d* %-$ ki&8 sik G cs%rJ1%#.Z-$ *#* % ! :%-$ *%*%J# &8k#!k ! s%'% %G. E-$ id%i- %s'%*%# 7%k=d*.


33/71

O&/)+,(!2.

Tr%#cs# &r'%-$% s!ki rs# %-$ 7%:G1% #$H8 sik! *%*%J# '%r%d%#%k Or+skG

&rr+'J!i s d!c+s!# *%ki#*%#%k s* ! idk%#, *is*! #!4+s idG1%# %-s%# % N!-$s+'/1!*i-. E-$ :!*!'!s :%-$ csHcs&r! 1+rH %-$ '!-+s 8ri&si kGs&, s % kGs&r! k!4!sk+dik7% :&r+' s!k!s1!# Or+skG &r!, ! k"4k+ri 4@*'#$%k %-'%rs%11ik% %-sM!-$!r+rs&-+#. A idk 4us*! s !d. A s%' k"r"sk"r #%' &* %-$%1%*, cs!k '%r%d%ksik&k!*, ! '%$%k#%k 7%J%i* k+4!sr! '+s*&k ! %r%d%k i!*!rJ!i s "ss%H*&k/*"r*k !- *=%s i&'!i. A 7= %-$%1%* s%' :!, cs!k *+'1+8 H-&s&* ! !d i:!r+k#!k, ! '%$%k/#%k % idk kir%4@*G 7sk"k.


34/71

N!-$ s%r%#csJr% !+#1!# '%-s!1!d@*+**! ! %*%#. A##!k ! idk#%k %-$ kis :%-$i7!uJ&1! #%' r- *r* :!! %-$ %-#$, ! ki* B%#c#%k :@**!k. * is %i**k +* 5s&k M&*%'1%r%i ! :&1+rH1!. O** :!rc+* ! %sGk k""** R+-+#$#&, '%-s%1%s* s cs!k :8#!4+k'H!, 'iu* '$ s%11G ki4*, *r* iss! s=G:%$r%. A !!** # !*$J! '%-:!*, s !'ik%sk% !-$+#! +*, ! :&1+rHs idGk1%# %k!8d+**. M&r r-%11%#, '- 'i%G** :&1+rH1!

'%#*, %J%-$%** +* B%#c% '!-!k %-$ s%-#$ &r!%$*, ! ki %-$ '8d+s 7"d'@%s-!d& s+-&*. M&r*! : '!r!d* G%-#$:%, #+:! *&+*1%# !k&r:$s+r :+* :@r**%rJ%s*%**k. +-$ +$!# s%-#$%k +*!k 'i#d ! k%**%#, 'i#* ! *%'4+' %-%r%i, %-$%Gr%'- cs!k #%' is -+#d+:!**!k ! :&!ss&-r!. D% B%#c% '%-*%r'%**, 'u#k!-$GG %-#$ +*.S%r#$%# d+-+#i !k!r*, '@- %-!&11 ! :&!ss&-i k"*s-%* '%-s%ri. M%#$!ss+#$&!:%*%#k#* cs!k %-$s%r/k*s%r 1%s-%*:%*%** %s*%, ! 1%-%** #!4i 'u#k! u*. A 'i !i&-1!# *"r*#ik, !! B%#c% #%' s+k!* *"rGd"**. !+**! u-$!#, 'i* i-r* ! kir&$ !##!k, !ki ! s"r#$%*%-%* '%-"i, d% %s% &-&1!# s%' +*, :+-$ ! s=G:%$* '- %-$s%r %:!-$J!.A+#1!#, 'i#* ! *"11i %'1%r%k ! s"r#$%*%-*G !8 7%'"k1%#, G is 'i#di- 7%-$%r%s%#

J&r*/k%*.

T"r*#* %-$ %s*%, :+-$ ! J%-$%s%k ! s+k+**#& *+&11 1%s-%**%k r%'#$%ikrG s J"GJ=k/rG. M&r*! kikisr*% B%#c* ! u*c!!J*8i-, s 4%# % !k!r*!k i %-$'&s*8, ! 'i#* '%%**"k%-$ 1+k+r1!# %-$s%rr% '%-i!# k* *=%s s%', '%#$d"r-ss%r +rd@*&ss! %Gr+:!# %-$7%#%!d, '%-r!-!dJ! M&r*&* s isi -$+rs!# 7u*! '!-&!. B%#c% ! k*s-1%%ss %r%J%u*! d+1J! s%k%rcJ*, !u* r%**%#%*%s ki!1&&ss! 7u* ! s"r#$%*%- u*. S '@- ! 7!u/

1%i%k ! &r'&r! 1r%d%#%k s ki7u*#!k ! :&!k18, B%#c% 'i#d k"%%11 r ! %%#s-:%,'%$%*, ! 'i#* ! r#$+' 'u*!**!, s%k%rcJ% '%-s%1%s@*%**, s '%$ 4rd&J!k sH$!'i!** #%' 7u*:!* *%J%s -$+rs!s&--!. -r% u*8ri s %-s ! '!rk+!*i- d"7i J8 k!rdJ&* !7%#%!d :+r4!s&1!. M+s* ! !d +** :!-$J! &d+!*&*, +$!* +rd@*, :+-$ '%-r%#d 1% ! 7"d,!* ! !k'%rG *&'!d8r! r+:!#. B%#c% %s k!r'+k*8 ri s*'!rc!#-+! *%s**. !*!/'!s k!rdcs!4&s!i cs!k 7+k+&k ! s"r#$%*%- d=:*. E ki*&*J! 1+r!s*8 s&J&*, :+-$ %#$%J%

%%#s-*. D% B%#c% % 4i!#!*1!# '$%# ! *+rk&1! '&r*J! !s&*. A &!* %-$ 7!rkcs!4&ss!7"dr% *%r@*i B%#c*, !* %-$ 4&r 4s* *%s '- *&'+$+-! s 1+r!s*8 :"r-ss% ki!dJ!4&r&J&*. A 'i i*=#k 4%di- "ss%s%di u*+s8 %r%J*, +d!+#s+J! '!-&* M&r*&i-, ! ki r1%k"4% +** 7%ksik :!#$!**, ! %*#%k 'i#d%# J%% #k. B%#c#%k is :ir*%%# %s"** !s%'%, s "ss%r+sk!d '%#$!ss+#$! '%%**.

A 7!u #4% JJ% ! i&-r* s%' '%r* +#! ! %*#* k* %'1%r k%r%ssr% kii#dH#i. D% :!J#!:!s!d*&! ! 7r7i!k J8 7%7%-$%rk%% #%ki 1&*+r+d*!k, s ! r#$+'+* k"%*#, %r*%k !-$ik+s k=d%%' :%$r%. E-$ :!*!'!s +r+s* *!&*!k +** k!rdd! ! *+rk&1!# s *G% #%''%ss% ! s%r%#cs*%# '&*k!4&r*.

A 'i#* %%k%* ! 7!u1! 1%i**k, #!-$ "r"'=kr% !* %**k sr% ! %'1%r%k, :+-$ '- ki #%'

7+-$+** 1%G"k -k4 ! %*. Sik%r* is Gk%* #%' s+k&r! %s'%*r% :+#i, sG* '%-r*k !7!u1%i%k !* ! #!-$ "r"'%*, :+-$ :+ssH, -+#d+s &4+&s '%%** *"k%*%s%# 7%-$8-$H*!k.

A kir&$, ! ki#%k #$+'1!# :@r i**k %* ! %s%*%*, '%-*!r*+**! i-r%** s +d! !Jdk+*! !*! %-s k"r#$k%* B%#c#%k "r"k"s *u!Jd+#H. A##!k ! '!-!s :%-$#%k ! *%*%J1%# 4%di-, !'%$#%k *"1%# ! 1Gs* +r+s* '%-"*% +*, B%#c% s&'&r! :!*!'!s &r!* 4i**%*%** s%#%%*% ! *%** %'kr% O r + s & # k G # % k.


35/71

M-/.

A 1rc%s "'"r1%# ! M+:+s #%' !!'i #!-$ :%-$. Ni#cs r!J*! r-i &r, s #%'%s !d s%'

*!#$& ! k"r#$k%#. D% !# ! *%*%J# %-$ i#-+$, '%$rG ! k"%*k%Gk%* 1%si ! s8!*+s'+#d!9

N%' *ud#i, :+##!#, %-$ s%-#$ %'1%r %*Gd"** r-%s/r-%# id% s %* ! :!'+s idk%* #*%ki '!-!k !k8:%$. Ir*+**! ! %rdG* 'i#d%#7%, %rG* !k!r* %##i ! cs%4$# s 1+8*+#.


36/71

*"11i '%- :u!k+d&s #k %-$%k 1%%, cs!k :+-$ %-$s%r -% %-$%# '&r %##%k !&*k+s %#%1+#!k.Q

A *%s*r%k r&&+**!k. A *uk+k 4%di-, 'i#*:! cs!k '%-r*%**k +#!, ! 'i* 1%s*%k, #%kisi!J+d! r+#*+**!k ! %rdGs-#%k. BG-*%k, "k%G*%k, ! 7"d%* k!4!r*&k. M&r '%ss% :!!*/s+** ! *uk+k k++'4J!, %kk+r u*+k i#dH* ! r+k+#s&- s %-$ s%r%- kicsi %'1%r. Z*k"1%#*!&-!**&k, :+ 7+-#!k ! *uk+k %:%%r#i. A %-$ik !* '+#d*!, :+-$ ! !!r+s, cs%rJs *%*G#.A '&sik !* :i**%, :+-$ ! J+11 +d!+# G #!-$ *is*&s+#. A :!r'!dik 1i*+sr! %**%, :+-$ !s!ki %J*G# 7+-#!k d%%#i, '%r* +** J8 :"s !#. E !!** ! '%-i!d* s%r%- %r*% ! :%-$-%ri#c*.


37/71

A 53((05,&3 +0!*0.

U#- &r'%-$1%#, ! N!-$/Mi:&$r8 S+1rcr! %%*G +rs&-H**8 s!kr! %'%k%dik %-$

'!-+s :%-$ *%*%J# i##! &r!, s ! :%-$ !J&1!# %*%r ! :!s+#8 #% :%$s-. E##%k !kiss%r &r#!k ! *i%#:%*%dik s&!d k"%4# E"d"#77$ Is*, %-$ r-i, i* #%'%*s-i!dk!, +* ! ur!. Is* s=%i k+r %:!*!k, s G ! %k%*%# -$&'J! si-+rHs&-&* #%'*ud %is%#i, '%-s"k"** :!ur8. S+k&i- 1+$+#-+** s%r*% ! i&-1!#. !rc+* ! sd%ks 7r!#ci&k %%#, '!Jd :!! k%r* s II. R&k8c$ $"r-$ : %'1%r% %**, ksG11 4%di- rs*%** ! %#-$% !!r+k1!#. Mik+r -r%, '%-H# %* ! 7"d"#7u*8 %*%*, iss!*r* s=G/7"dJr%, :+-$ *%rJ%d%'%s 1ir*+k!i# #$u-!+'1!# d%-J%#, #!-$ '%-%4%*sr% %7+-!!*!&*! 'i#d%# !*$!i Juss&* k!4si r+k+#!i &*!, ! kik #%ki %-$%1%* s%' :!-$*!k, 'i#* !* !kGr!k&s*, ! '%$%* i##! &r!k #%%*%k.

*i%d%ki- *!r*8 1+$+#-&s!i !!** Is* s+k 'i#d%#7* &*+** s *!4!s*!*, ! 'i s%%'*s 1%&*&s&* r%*%. #%' cs!k ! :!di 's%*r% %*%**% +* ! 7%J*, :!#%' ! *ud+'$+k/#!k is #!-$ k%d%GJ% +*K s+k!* *!#H*, 1H&rk+d+**. S 'i#* !77% 1"cs%k%dG %'1%rcs%k$G%- %k%d%** !-$+#r8, -!d!-s&-r8. M%-%*%**% ! %'1%ri :iHs&-+* s %% %-$=**'i#d!*, ! 'i* ! %'1%ri :iHs&- #!-$r! 1%cs. E +k#& 7+-!, :+-$ @' -+#+s !*$J!7i!i ! G

1ir*+k!i* s4 s%ri% ki #%' !k!r*&k !d#i, Is* #%' is 4"r%k%d%** %"k. !dd *!r*s&k'%- / H-$ '+#d / :!dd %ss%# ! %k=k"#Q E-$ # s+-&J&!, ! ki G* '%ss% k!!#d/H*J!i# :@%# kisr*% +*, 1%&rk8+** i##! &r&1!, s ! i&--! 'i*s%' *"rGd#, %-$r% cs!k !k"#$%i* 1HJ*!. Od! s%' #%** r+k+#!i -H#$+8d&s!i#!k, ! kik G* %s%Gs#%k, 1s#%k s'i#d%#7#%k %'+#d*&k. 1%/k+r1! %/%&*+-!*+** '- :+& ! J87% !*$!7i!k k"%-$ik/'&sik, :+-$ ! i&- %G** *!k!r-!ss&k !* ! s!k!d&s*, ! '%$#%k ! G *%:%*%*%#s-"k+* ! +k!. D% :+-$ 'i#di- 8r&ki- k%%** ! 7%+#* cs!48:@d %G** &r!k+#i+k, 'i%G** ! #

cs%d 1%1+cs&*+**! +#! Gk%*, -r% %'!r!d+*!k s+rr! s &!* +#! +** :!-$*&k '!-&r!!* ! '+-+r! cs+d!s%#*%*.

A idk #4% 4%di- s+k 'i#d%#7* 1%s* E"d"#77$ Is*r8. !d&s+k, 4&s*+r+k scsGs"k !k&r:$s+r &**&k ! Gs1%%-$*, sik&r 7r7iH*, ! 'i#* JJ% # s+-&J&! !:!*&r1!# G-$%-%** s k="#7% 7=%k%* s%d%-%*%**. L&**&k, ! 'i#* J7k+r :ir*%%# '%rG %-$-1!# &+** i##! &r!, !* 4 +$ :ir*%%# %s"*** '%-i#*. A kik ! &r:+ k"% J&r*!k,s+ks+r H-$ r%*k, 'i#*:! !!4J&1!# %rGs%# '%-r%#d* +#! ! &r:%-$K '&s+k 4%di- #!-$7"r-%*%-%* r%*%k i##&18 kii#dH#i. D% ! %-s idk%# 'i#d%#ki #!-$ *is*%%*1%# *!r*+**!i##!&r ur&*, 'i% G sr# 7%k%r%s*% ! s%-#$%k%*, =-$%7+-$+**!k!*, 1%*%-%k%* s s%-@*%**r!J*+k i-!s*!&ss!, !d+'$#$!, +r+ss&--!.

T"r*#* %-$s%r, :+-$ %ss%#$i F%r%#c, M!-$!r+rs&- #&d+r!, +rs&-+s =-$%k1%# u*!/*&1!# i##! idkr% %*Gd"** s E"d"#77$ Is* %-$ik #Gi r+k+#&:+ s&+**, ! ki#%k +**7#$%s%# 1%r%#d%%** k!s*$! +*. E ! r+k+#!, %-$ "%-$!ss+#$, +* ! %-k!4si11, %-/%rGs!k+s!11 Is* !!'%##$i !*$J!7i!i k"*. +-$ #!-$Hri %#d-* 'u!**!ss!, '%- *!!r* is, :+-$ '!-&* ! #&d+r %G** ! %rGs!k -$!#uJ&*8 *is*&!, ! "%-$!ss+#$ E"d"#77$Is*r! s r%'%*% %*r% *%r%*% ! 1%sd%* s %'+#d*!, 'i 'i#d%#* '%s#%k r8! ! idk%#.


38/71

5s!k #%' k% ! d+-+* *H+#i / s8* k"1% ! :&i!ss+#$. / R+k+#+' %-r% is Gsi #%'%scs!&d i!dk! s *udJ!, 'i ! 1%cs=%*K !* '%- '!-$!r %'1%r, ! ki r%#dkii ki*#*%*s#%k%si, :! ! +rs&- #&d+r! #&! &*+-!*&s* *%s, ki&* :! % ! #&d+r %ss%#$i F%r%#c, ski&* :! %#d- J%%#*i 1% '!-&* :+#!4 %1dr%Q

E* ! -+#+s%k "%-$ !r* '+#d*!, :+-$ !*$J!7i&18, ! ki* 'i#d%#1G ki7+s*+** +*,%%#7% '- csH7+* is "#, :+-$ G* !!r1! :+!, '%r* J8 *ud*!, :+-$ E"d"#77$#%k #i#cs'8dJ&1!# %#d-%k%* &*#i, :+-$ *! !+# ! k* *$r+# ki, ! 'irG '!-! s cs%dJ%%sik, %-$1 %G %d#$% si#cs%#. A *&rs!s&- %* ! i#d@*$* :!#-+s k!c!-&ss! 7+-!d*!, s!+##! %k=d*%k, '&r cs!k *r7&18 is, %-$ k"%*%*, ki ! #&d+r* 1%J%%#*s%.

A k"%*#%k '+s* ki*%k4%# #%' k%%** ! &rk!4u %G** s+k&i- &r!k+#i!. Mi#*:! cs!k%Gr% *ud*! +#! E"d"#77$, 'i :@r* :+, G '!-! 7+-!d*! s ! #&d+r =%#%*r% %* 7%%*%9

M8d #k "r"k %##%k ! ri*k! '%-*is*%s#%k, d% k="#"s%# !##!k, :+-$ is+#* &*:!/*+' %ss%#$i F%r%#c%*, r-i 7%-$%r%s 4!J*&s+'!*, ! ki # r8!' 1i+#$+s!# '%-7%%d/k%%** '&r, d% ! ki* # % #%' 7%%J*%k s+:!. N!-$+# s@%s%# &*+' G* :+#!4 %1dr%. D% !rr!kr%', :+! % '!-&! % &r!*!# is+#*&*&s "r"'#%k ! '%-=##%4sr% %-s kisr%**.


39/71

:+-$ -$"*ri ! :s-, cs!k:+-$ r%s*%*% 1%!!#i. A #&d+r is 4!#!sk+d+**, :+-$ cs!k H-$s"** ! s%'% i&-! ! #!-$ :s-*G. A dr&-!&*+s "%-$ 4%di- k*%%# 81-!*#i k%d%**,:+-$ ! Is*%#r* ! Is*%# ir-!'&r* s%-@*s%#%k, :+!#!k +r+s*, '%r* G '%- !# 'r-%%.

N$+'1!# %Gr% !-$ i##&r!, !-$ ! %-k"%%11i 7!u1!Q 4!r!#cs+*! %ss%#$i, s !%-s *&rs!s&-, ! :s-*G is %, u-$!#cs!k &-*!*#i k%d%**. 0-$ #$!r-!*!k 8:!&&1!#'&r %-$ 8r& *+&11 s s% i##&1! #%' Ju*+**!k, s%' %-$ 7!u*, d% '- cs!k %-$ isk8* s%'*!&*!k. E !!** "r%- %s*% %**. A #!-$ s"**1%# '- 7+k+8d+** ! !!r. M!Jd %rr% 1+*+rk&*!k,'!Jd '%- !rr!. :%*%k s 7&*!k k%-$%*%#, #%ki'%#*%k %-$'&s#!k, ! %-$ik %-$ '$&r+k1! d* +!s*H, ! '&sik %s=44%d* !!'%$ '+cs&r1!#, 'i#d#$&J!# 4%di- rH*H sid*&k !-+#+s "%-$!ss+#$*, ! ki +k! +* ! %-s 1!J#!k. A +!k is ki'%r*%k ! #!-$ :!Js&1!#s ! :s-*G, '%r* ! G !1r!kJ+k cs!k H-$ s%'7#$%s*s +*, 'i#* ! -!d&ik !k+'&J!, s#%' '%#*%k s% */ s% *+!. -r% #%' '!r!d* %-$1 :&*r!, 'i#* ! Is*%# s!1!d %-% !!***"*%#i ! JJ%*.

%ss%#$i %-$ kGr% kuc+r+d! s 7%:r k"4"#$%-1% 1urk+! irr!s*+** %-s Js!k!. +*id%J% %rrG ! k="#"s %s%*rG -+#d+k+d#i. R& is J"** cs!k:!'!r, :+-$ E"d"#77$k k"* !!'i

is&$ 7+r+-:!* 7%##, s :+-$ Is* %% ! !r&s!**! ki&*k4%# ! G r+k+#&*, !"%-$%*, !k!r*! csH77& *%##i. +-$ ! d++-#!k ! #$+'&r! JGJJ"#, %G:@!*+** ! "%-$kisr%*1G %-$ # cs%d%*, % !* % is '+#d*! #%ki !4r8J&r!, 'i#* %**k % ! r+k+#+k,=k"# ! ! J87% "%-$, Is**8 ! G !*$!i "r"ks-*, s 'i#* %** E"d"#77$ %-i#k&11 !!*$!7i!k %rGs!k! 'i!** i$%# cs+d!s%#**.

S+:! ! :!J#! :!s!d&s&* #!-$+11 "r"''% #%' =d""*k, 'i#* ! 'i *&rs!s&-u#k1!#.T=s*#* "ss%s%d%Gk"d*%k, :+-$ %i#dHJ!#!k %-$ 7!u ir$&1!, ! '%$ *G"k !i- +* %-$

4usk!"s#$ir%. %ss%#$i %1HcsH+** ! "%-$*G, ! ki#%k k* #!4i- %#d-% +*, s ! ki !:!&+s 7%%'1G, ! '%$%* ! Js!k! ki&+** +*, '&r 7%+csHd+** !!'%##$ir%.

M- s%' %:%*%** ! !!'i #!-$+# %s%d%'%s 'r%- / s8* %#$%%-% ! #&d+r / ! 'i*

E"d"#77$ ! *%%k1% k%%r*, '%r* &*+', #i#cs%# :&Y Is*%# ! #!-$!ss+#$#!k '&r s%''i 1!J!s%'.Q

Ni#cs, #i#cs, ! i-! / 7%%* !!r&* r+ssH r%J*%-%*% ! "%-$ / d% %:%*%** +#!, s!r&s!*&! %%s@*:%*%** +#! k"##$%# 'i#d#$&Ju#k!* ! ! "rd"#-Gs 1s. N%' is+#! s!1!d *r#i, :+-$ ! !77% !r&s8k s!1!d+# J&rJ!#!k/k%J%#%k.Q

N+, #+ / csi!4@*+**! %ss%#$i / '&r #%' -%*=#k 1+s+rk$+k!*, s ! 'i#* *ud+', #%' isi-%# &r* E"d"#77$ ! G 1s%*% s%#ki#%k, %-7"%11 r&4ir@* %-$ kicsi* +$!# r+ss!k!r!*H%'1%r%kr%, ! kik !+#k@, :+-$ k+duss& *%**k G*, '- -H#$* is !k!r#!k 1%G% #i.

N:$ #!4 'H! / 7+$*!*& si-+rH :!#-+# ! #&d+r / iss!*r%k id% s i-!s&-+* *%s%kE"d"#77$ Is* s ! G k!4si r+k+#!i k""** !11!# ! 1i+#$+s "r"ks-i =-$1%#Q E%

'%-7+rdH* s +** :!-$*! ! 7!k4# ! '%-r'* "%-$%*.


40/71

R0;(-0.

A N!-$s+'1!* s ! Tr%#cs# '%%**i s%r%#cs*%# =*k"%*%k u* II. R&k8c$ F%r%#c

k#$*%%# +* cs!4!*J!i* ! Du#! s &- idkrG iss!+##i. P+s+#$, N$i*r! s Tr%#cs#&r'%-$k '%-i#* %*k ! 1k% &d&s&*, ! '%$#%k +$ s+k&i- :@J&! +*!k. A :+ssH:&1+rHsk+d&s !!** %s*%-%* ! i4!r, s#%*%* ! k%r%sk%ds. M+s* !+#1!#, :+-$ ! :!rci!*!r! '&s idkr% +#H*, k%**G"** s+r-!+''! i4!rk+d+** 'i#d%#ki :%$r% =*#i !* !!#$!-i k&r*, ! 'i* ! :&1+rH +k++**. A F%:r:%-$s-%# &*%%*G +rs&-H*, ! '%$#%k 1ir*+/k&r* 7+$*+# i!sk+d*!k ! :!rc+8 7%%k, s '%$%* :+ ! kuruc+k, :+ ! !1!#c+k *!r*+**!k%7+-!!, -r% 7%s!1!dH*, s HJr! 7%%#d* ! k%r%sk%d%%' ! s+'sd M+r!+rs&--!. A:+ '- k%ss% !%G** '!rc+#! 7%-$%r%s%k J&r*!k/k%*%k, :!rci '#%k d=1"r"-*%k, s7%-$%r/"r%J s &-$Hd"r-s r%#d@* '%- ! %%-G*9 +** '+s* u*!8 k%r%sk%dGk%* s ! *&r/s%k%r%k :+ssH s+r!i* %:%*%** &*#i, ! '%$%k%# !-$ k="#7% i4!rcikk%k%* :+*!k

N!-$s+'1!*r!, !-$ '!-$!r -!1+#&*, #$%rs 1Gr"k%* s -$!4JH* i**%k M+r!+rs&-1!.

D% 4%# % ! 4%sdG %* s ! !k+s+k #"%k%dG J8*% k%*%** %-$#'%$ -+#+s %'1%r%k1%# *k%s &-$!k!*. * +** ! idk%# %-$ R!J#+:! #%, 8ri&s *%r'%* %'1%r, ! ki#%k%r%JrG '%ss d+-+k!* 1%s* ! #4. E ! %r* :!d %="** %'1%r%i k" '!-! '%*+1+r+** !-$ *i%#"*"* s %%kk% r!1+*, 7+s*+-!*+** s%r*% ! idk%#.

R!J#+:! 7+r*$+s %s s 7""**% !k'%rG %'1%r +* s ! %-s k"r#$k#%k 'i#d%# %-*/u-&* is'%r*%. A::+ J&rH* '-, :+-$ ! !k+s+k, :! is'%r*k is ! :!r!'i!cs!4!* 1H8:%$%i*,! r!18%r*G !8 7%'"k1%# ! i&-r* % #%' &rH*&k +#! !+k!* ! :!*8s&-#!k. 0-$*%:&* ! r%#dGrs-, #%'cs!k :+-$ ! %-s r!181!#d&* s*u-r!s*!#i #%' *ud*!, d% '-%-$%*%#%-$ %'1%r* s%' +* k4%s %cs@4#i. R!J#+:! 4%di-, :+-$ '!-&* %ki- *!r*8 -!r&/d&k+d&s&1!# '- cs!k k+'+$!# 7%#$%-%*% s%' &**!, '- i#k&11 rs%'%* k!4+**, s

!k'%rGs-% s k%-$%*%#s-% #%' is'%r* :!*&r*.E-$s%r R!J#+:! %'1%r%i !* ! :@r* :+*&k, :+-$ %-$ cs!4!* '+r! k%r%sk%dG ks :!!u*!#i ! #!-$s+'1!*i &s&rr8, ! :+ i-%# s+k 4#* %**%k 1%. A :!r!'i&k ! B!ri#%k/:%-$*%*%J#, ! +rs&-H*:+ k"% %-$ %rdG1%# %s1% &+**!k. N%' s+k&r! cs!ku-$!# J"**%k !k%r%sk%dGk J8k%d%# 1%s-%*% s d!Jk+d!. ir*%%# r&J+k =*#%k #!-$ %rG% !H*+#&8k. E-$ id%i- d%'%ik !-$+#uk!* ! k%r%sk%dGk. D% ! :!r!'i&k, ! kik cs!k#%'k*!##$i!# +*!k, s ! kik#%k ! :!rc 'i#d%##!4i k%#$%r"k +*, cs!k:!'!r %-$G*k ski7+s*+**&k Gk%*. E *us!k+d&s1!# ! %-$ik r!18 +$ :!*!'!s k!rdcs!4&s* 'r* %-$ +'=*ik%r%sk%dG 7%J#%k, :+-$ % +** '%#*%# s"r#$%* :!* %-$ # *"-$ *"1%#.

A s%r%#cs*%# J&r* k%r%sk%dG r+k+#!i ksG11 !rr! ! *"-$7&r! %-$ 7%s=%*%* *%**%k, !&J!

4%di- %-$ *&1&* ! k"%*k%G 7%@r!**!9E :%$%# -$ik+*&k '%- R!J#+:! s ci#k+s*&rs!i ?3/1%# &4riis ?/# F"rs*%r +s*,+'=*i k%r%sk%dG*. &'1+r u*!s, ! ki i** %:!!ds, i'&dk+& %-$ Mi!*$k!* ! s%r%#/cs*%# %ki =dr*.Q

VVV

E *"r*#%* u* %*%* %-$ %s*%#dG. R!J#+:! 1!#d&J!, '%$ !8*! #!-$+# '%-s!4+r+d+**,'+s*, :+-$ '%-i#* k"%%d%** ! #!-$s+'1!*i *!!si &s&r, !+# *!#!k+d+**, 'i#* k%%#% !id%i &s&r* is 4 H-$ ! '!-! :!s#&r! 7+rd@*!#i, 'i#* ! *!!i*. A11!# &!4+d*!k '%-, :+-$'%-i#* ! B!ri#%k *%*%J* &!s*J&k 'k"ds"kQ :%$, 'i% % ! %sr% %-!k!'!s!11.

A 'i#* ! :!r!'i&k ! :%-$r% 7%+#H*!k s ! *%*%J# % !k!r*!k *%%4%d#i, %-$ 7i!*! r!18, ! kics!k :&r+' :**% !%G** &+** 1% ! 1!#d&1!, !* i#d@*$+*!, :+-$ *! J+11 +#! %-$


41/71

kicsi* *&+!11r! '%##i !**8 ! *"-$7&*8, '%r* #%ki H-$ *%*sik, 'i#*:! ! ! 7%s=%* +$!#7%#$%-%*G *%ki#*%*%k%* "%#% % r%&J+k. N%' isi r& ! %k% / H-$ '+#d / :+-$ +** !=d"@*G s%'% &**&r! *&'!dJ! '%- ! u*!s+k!*.

N%' :i&1!, :+-$ cs!k '+s* 4%$:%dik ! &!d / s8* -H#$+s!# R!J#+:! / d% 1&*+rs&-+dsi#cs *"11, 'i#* %-$ -$%r'%k#%k. A +$!# !#$&'!ss+#$ k!*+#&J!, ! ki %-$ 7%s*%** 1&d+-/d!r!1*8 '%-iJ%d, '!r!dJ+# +**:+# ! su*1!# s #% &!k+k +$!# d+-+kr!, ! '%$%k:%7r7i!s, 1&*+r s@ k%.Q

A* '%- #%' %#-%d%' s%#ki 7i!k / 7%%* '%-sr*Gd% ! :!r!'i! / '- ! k!4i*$+'#!ks%', :+-$ ! # 1&*+rs&-+'1!# k*%k%dJk.Q

8 !#, J8, "cs' / '+#d& R!J#+:! / cs!k:+-$ ! ! 1&*+rs&- +$!# d++-, ! '%$%* #%'s8! :ird%*#i, :!#%' *%**% 1i+#$@*!#i k%.


42/71

T-


43/71

%-%Gs"r &1&* % si-%*&r+s 7"dJr% *%**%, is'%r%*%s +*, :+-$ "# #%' -r87 P!!r d&',:!#%' T:ur8 $"r-$, T:ur8 +s#!k ! 7i!. Mi J8 *udJuk, :+-$ 'i J&r!*1!# !#, :+-$ #%''u!*#i J"** "# %%#c1%, :!#%' !r*, :+-$ ! 1%s*%rc%i rc +!s*&s!k ! *i*k&* ki/*udJ!. Mi#d% id%i- ! :!*8s&- *r*% "#* rsi#* ! "# !*$J! ir*i *is*%%*1G, rsi#* 4%di-!r*, 'i% "# J8k+r! "ss%-%k%* %k"*"** #&u#k. E- id%J% +* '%--$GGd#i, :+-$ ! 'i

%'1%r%i#k '%-1@:!*8k, s :+-$ !+k!* '%-%s*%-%*#i #%' %:%*, '- !kk+r s%', :! %ki-i** '!r!d s :! !*$J!k %-s !-$+#&* r&7+rd@*J! is. Ar* / J8rs* ! "# rd%k1%# is / !rr!krJ=k, :!-$J! % '- '! ! k"*&rs!s&- *%r%** s *"11 id% iss! #% *rJ%#, '%r* %**k+ck&*!*J!. +-$ ! 'i r%#dGrs-=#k 'i$%# 1%r, !* %-- *!4!s*!J! "# '+s*.Q

E% ! *i*k+s r%#dGr ud!ri!s!# '%-:!J*+**! '!-&* s +** :!-$*! ! %k4%d* T:ur8 $"r-$"*.N%:$ 8r! 'H! %:!-$*! %%#c*. M8d #k 1+ss!#*+**!, :+-$ *H J&r*!k ! %s#, s:+-$ ! 1=sk% %%#cs%k csH7J! %**.

D% 'i#d% '- J+11!# 7%*=%*% ! G 1%cs&-$&*, '- #!-$+11 %rG* !d+** !k!r!*!k. E'%#*S*!J%r+rs&-1!, '!Jd Tir+1!. F%k%r%s*% 'i#d%#=** ! 1$&k!* s -$!r!4@*+**! is'%r%*%i*.-r% #:$ :!i d+r&s u* :!! 7% i#dH* %-s kisr%*%. E-$s%rr% !+#1!# %*#*

! +rs&-H*r8, 'i#*:! cs!k %#$%*% +#! ! 7"d. M- %-:@%11 s+-&i s%' *ud*&k, :+!%**. E-$ id%i- k%r%s*k, !* iss!*r*%k -!d&J+k:+ M!-$!r+rs&-1!.

T:ur8 $"r-$ 4%di- %:$*! Hri ru:&J&*, r+#-$+s d!r8c+* "*"**, '%-#"%s* :!J&* ss!k&&*, H-$:+-$ '- *u!Jd+# d%s !*$J! is !i- is'%r* +#! r&. 0-$ k8d+r-+** kr%-%*%:%$s-rG :%$s-r% s iss!*r* k+dus k41%# !11! ! &r+s1!, ! '%$1G %-$ % !%G**'i#* %Gk%G, dHs-!d!- %'1%r *&++**. +-$ &!rc! '- &*!*811 %-$%#, :=$#%k is*%**%**% '!-&*. A *%#-%r4!r*+# G-$%-%** %-s #!4, +**, ! :+ ! s%#%s:!J8k kik"*#%k. Tc+*,#%k%* s, 'i#* !77% 7k%-$%' %'1%r, 7ur! 1%sd%kk% 'u!**!**! s J&r8/k%Gk%* ss%-@*%** ! 'u#k&s %'1%r%k#%k, kik ! s%#%* ! :!J8kr8 ! 4!r*r! ci4%*k. -r% G* is #!4/s&'1! 7+-!d*&k, '&r cs!k !r* is, 'i% 7%#$i #!4s&'r* k*!##$i* d+-++**, 'i#* '&s

'u#k&s.+-$ +$!# s+r-!'!s s 4+#*+s +*, $"r-$ '!-&r! +#*! %-$ 7%=-$%G#%k ! 7i-$%'*, !ki#%k ! +* ! *is*J%, :+-$ ! &!'i k+:&k s&'&r! ! s%#%* &*%-$% ! :!J8k+#. E 1%i**%$"r-$"* ! k+:&k1! s :+'i -+r+'1! 'u#k&* -%*%*%** %% #!4s&'1!#. D% ! *i*k+s+!s*&s ':%$1% 1% #%' 1+cs&*+**&k, s G ! i&-r* s%' 'u*!**!, :+-$ +d! k@k+ik. A'!-! 'u#k&J&* 4%di- %-%*%, 'i#* ! -4, +$ 4+#*+s!#. 0-$ d+-++** T:ur8 $"r-$ *%J%s%-$ %s*%#d%i- 'i#* ! %-u*+s8 #!4s&'+s. 5s%k$ k%r%s%*1G !i- *%* ! 1%*%G 7!!*r!. E-$r++-! 7s%r1%# :&* '&s :!r'i#c 'u#k&ss! %-$=**, s % '%%** %-$r% J8k%d +*, %-$

4%rcr% s%' 7%%dk%%** '%- 7k%-$%' s%r%4rG. Es*%, ! :%$%**, :+-$ 4i:%#* +#!,'i#dH#*!!# d!+*, *c+* s "ss%iss! :!d!r* s+k 1++#d 1%sd%*.

E##$i ki*!r*&ss! -r% sik%r* $"r-$#%k ! 7%=-$%G -$!#HJ&* %!*!*#i. +-$ +$!# :!s/#!%:%*G s d++--$GG 'u#k&s +*, 1%i**k ! 7G':%$1% s%-dk%#i. O** !* ! %-*i*/k+s!11 'u#k&k!* %-%*k ! G s%'% &**&r!K '%r* :&* 'ir* is *!r*+**!k +#! %**G ! :=$%%'1%r*G +-$ d+1+-:!*+** $"r-$#%k ! s@%, 'ik+r -r%/!!:&r! *%J%s#i &**! %*%%-:G11 k@s&-&* N!-$ "#'%-*!r*8*!*&s&1! k%r:%*%**, :+-$ "r"'% ki #% *"rJ"# 1%G%.5s!k +4! %*%** %-$/%-$ *%ki#*%*%* !+kr! ! *i*k+s 'u#k&kr!, :+-$ !!:+-$ % #% &rHJ!#!-$ rd%kGds*. M- %-$ %-s %s*%#d%i- '!r!d* %%#c1%# s is%*% *=r%'%s%# !#$-Gs &!rc+*, cs!k:+-$ 'i#d%#* !4r8J&r! s !!4+s!# '%-*!#HJ+#. E-$s%r !* :ir*%%#%*#* ! 7k%-$%' #!4s&'+s. T&rs!i !* 1%s*k, :+-$ %i**! '!-&*, 1%%s%** %-$ cs!*+r/#&1! s +d!%s%**. N:$ #!4 'H! '&r %-$ %k s%' 1%s* r8!.

$"r-$ 4%di-, ! 'i$ -$+rs!# cs!k %:%*%**, si%*%** :!! M!-$!r+rs&-1!. T:ur8 +s "r"'/k"##$%k k""** "%*% k%1r% -$%r'%k*, ! kirG '&r/'&r !* :i**%, :+-$ s+:!s%' &*J! *"11.A +!s*&si 4r81&k 7#$%s%# sik%r*%k. N%' is '%#* !u* M!-$!r+rs&-18 %-$ s%'%r/


44/71

#$i rc s%' *"11 %%#c1%. A T:ur8k '%--!d!-+d*!k '8d #k, s ! kir&$i 1$&k iscs!k '+s* :!J*+**!k *"'rd%k :!s#+* ! &!'i ki#cs*&r#!k. A kir&$ T:ur8 +s* #!-$rd%'%ir* -r87i r!#-r! %'%*%, '!Jd 1$!-r877& *%**%, ! ki#%k *is*J% +* ! +rs&- 1$!/=-$%i* i-!-!*#i. Mi#* 1$!-r87#!k J+-&1!# &+** ! G id%J1%# %r* !r!#$/ s %=s*4#r% !G #%#%k ! k%dG1%*i* ki*%##i. $"r-$ "r"k"s% %** !*$J! -!d!-s&-!k s '*8s&-!i#!k

s Gs% +$ cs!&d#!k, '%$ ! '!-$!r :!!k s&'*!!# J%%s 7r7iH* !Jdk++**. A T:ur8cs!&d %-$ik i!dk!, III. $"r-$ -r87, '- M!-$!r+rs&- #&d+r! is +*.


45/71

A =%!%$% 5%)#&.

A ?/iki %s*%#dG* %-s M!-$!r+rs&-+# ! '%-&*&s #%k *%ki#*%**k. ErGs%# :i**% !

#4, :+-$ %kk+r 7+-J! ! Is*%# #!-$ cs+d! &*! %* ! s+k!* '%-4r81&* +rs&-+* ! *"r"k"kk%1G ki'%#*%#i. E ! J8s!* '&r %k 8*! * ! #4 :i*1%#. D% ! '%-&*&s 1G '&r%*%* k* :8#!4 s '- s%''i cs+d&!*+s d++- #%' *"r*#*. A *"r"k '- 'i#di- dH*,7+s*+**, sG* :8d@*&s!i* HJ!11 *%r%*%kr% is ki*%rJ%s*%**%. E-$s%rr% cs!k ! ! :@r J&r*! 1% !+rs&-+*, :+-$ D%1r%c%#1%# %-$ 7%k%*% %r *&'!d*, ! ki* '!-! ! Is*%# k=d"**, :+-$ !*"r"k"* ! :!&18 ki%. A '%-s!1!d@*&s #!-$ '* G %-$ &+-!*+** kisd%d cs!4!**! 7+-J!-:% i##iK @-$ #$i!8 %s ! Is*%# cs+d&!*+s :!*!'!, s ! %'1%r%k #%' krk%d:%*/#%k ! '!-+k %r%J%. E :@rr% #!-$ +* ! "r"' s ! uJJ+#-&s ! +rs&-1!# s%ri#/s%r*%.

E ! 7%k%*% %r 4%di- #%' +* '&s, 'i#* %-$

1%sdJ%i*. A Is*%# '%-J%%#* #%ki / @-$ :@rd%**%

N%' s+k&r! !+#1!# '%-J%%#* #%ki ! Is*%# '&s+d @1%#, s%'r% %*%**% kis:i*s-* s si/-+rH!# '%-:!-$*! #%ki, :+-$ *%-$% '%-, ! 'i* 4!r!#cs+*. S 'ik+r

%'1%r%k%* &!s* ! Zr, :+-$ !##& J+11!# ki*#Jk ! G 'i#d%#:!*8s&-!. E* 1%s*%'!-&r8

!! '%#*%**% ! 7%k%*% %r, :+-$ %'1%r%i#%k J8 k% *&4&k+#i+k, :+-$ %rGs%k %-$%#%k,


46/71

'ir% ! *"r"k"k %%# '%##%k, s :+-$ '!Jd '%-*r@*i G !* ! k&r!+**!k#!k !118 ! s&k/'$18, ! 'i* ! %%#s-*G %s%d#%k.

M&r Gsr% J&r* ! idG, s

4rd&:+.

'&rcius :!&1!# kiki %JGJJ"# ! *&1+r1!, s !kk+r %-$%#%s%# i#dH#!k ! *"r"k %%#. '!-!% idG !!** 7+$*+# J&r*/k%*, 'i#*:! :!rc+s+k!* *+1+r+#! s %'i/ s :!dis%r%k%* -$J*%#%.P%di- *i*k+# ! s+#+ki 1!s&! !kud++**, !* i-r# #%ki, :+-$ %-$ 1i+#$+s 4#"ss%-r*k%r% s+-&*!*J! ! %-s s%r%-*. M%- is k"*"**k ! !ku* s '%-1%s*k !4r8J&r! !&rH&s *%r*.

A k"%*k%G *!!s cs!ku-$!# "ss%-$* '%-i#* s+k -!r&d! #4

Du*i :&r+' 8r&i- :!!d*!k '&r ! #k, :+-$ cs!k %-$ 4%rci- is 4i:%#*%k, cs!k %-$ 7!! /*+* is %**%k +#!. Ekk+r 1k*%#k%d#i k%d%** ! cs!4!*, s *"11%# is kiJ%%#*%**k

%-s #4#%k %-.


47/71

s +* is. E-$ k"%i %rdG1%# *"'rd%k, k="#1# k="#1 *%%k%* s i*!+k!* *!&*!k, !'ik%* ! 4r87*! %G**% !8 #!4 *i*+k1!# +d! :+rd!*+**. S*sdkk! :%*%**% is %'1%r%i*,:+-$ ! cs+d!Q !##& cs!**!#8s!11 %-$%#. +* is !kk+r! :!*&s!, :+-$ k="#1%* '!-!

E 4i!#!*1!# * k%d%** :u!#i ! %rGd@*sr%, !! '!-+k ! *"r"k"k d+1&*!k r"44%#*$k%*, !

'i*

E-$s%rr% !+#1!# ! :ir*%%# '%-#$@* k!4u18 s ! *+r#$+k s 1&s*$&k "Grs%i1G s&'*!!#&-$H*+r+k s 4usk!csG s8r*! 4us*@*8 *=* ! s%r%#cs*%# %'1%r%kr%. A r'=%*, ! !!r

ki'+#d:!*!*!# +*. A 7%# *"11 +** 7%*r%#-%** r1%#, ! *"11i !d 7u*&s1!# k%r%s%** '%#%/dk%*. D% +** &+**!k %s1%# ! s+#+ki s4!:ik s &-*&k, !4r@*+**&k ! s%-#$ '%#%kGk%*. A:!*s&18 cs!k :!r'i#c k%r*% ki ! :!&*.

Mir% ! 7%k%*% %r, ! ki#%k *%r's%*%s%# s%''i 1!J! #%' *"r*#*, ! d%1r%c%#i *&1+r1! r*,'&r %Ju*+** +* +d! ! '%#%k*%k &*! ! #!-$ s%r%#cs*%#s- :@r%. s ! !&!8 &rH8 ! G!k'%rGs-1%# !* :i**%, :+-$ sik%r ! &'@*&s* s cs!&s* %u* is 7+$*!*#i! s ! s%r%-#%k:&*r! G rs* is ! &-8:@dr! i##i%, 'i#* ! :+-$ '!-&* ! s+#+ki 1!s&! s%'1%# k"*%/%*% +*. T"r%k%d%** is %'1%r%i% %:i*%*#i, :+-$ ! cs+d&s J"%#d"s %-#!-$+11 rs1%#

1%*%J%s*, s cs!k k!*+#&i '!r*!ks+'J s :i*%*%#s-# 'H*, :+-$ %-s%# H-$ #%'*"r*#*, ! :+-$ G '%-J"%#d"*% +*. 5s!k k%%s%# +*!k '&r, ! kik #%ki :i*%* !d*!k, s %%k/# is 'i#d J+11!# cs"kk%#* ! G *%ki#*$%. A *&1+r1!# #!-$ +* ! r%#d%*%#s-, :i$+** !%%', ! 'ir* is %'1%r%i s"kd"s#i k%d*%k. +-$ %%# ! 1!J+# s%-@*s%#,

4+-&r'%s*%r* s '&r *%J%s@*%#i !k!r*&k ur+k 4!r!#cs&*. E* &*, ! d%1r%c%#i 4+-&r+k1!#7%7+rr*$!#* ! r. A+##! 1%&r*&k ! &r+s k!4ui*, :+-$


48/71

k!4:!ss+#, #%ki %s*%k ! 7%k%*% %r *%s*Gr%i#%k s %d+r+#-+*&k Gk%*, kis!1!d@*+**&k ! 4+/-&r'%s*%r* s 7+-$H %J*%**k ! 4r87*&*. 4%# !kk+r :+*&k ! :@r*, :+-$ k"%%d#%k B&*:+r$$"r-$ s%-@*G cs!4!*J!i. A+##! sk=s* *!r*+**!k s %-$:!#-H!- :!&r! i**k


49/71

B/(",! Z/1=30.

A &- 7+$8 '%#*#, Tr%#cs# s THr8c &r'%-$k :!*&r !# S*r%cs# &r!, ! '%$#%k

ur! !-$ :!r'!d7 s&!dd! %%G** %ss%#$i F%r%#c +*. E##%k #%J% +* B+s#$&ks87i!, ! 7=%ki &rk!4i*$#!k, B+s#$&k T!'&s#!k ! %$!. A 'i$%# !d, si!J s :%%s/r %'1%r +* %ss%#$i, 4 +$!# -$"#-d, J&'1+r s is*%#7G +* ! G 7%%s-% s87i!, !ki* '&r %*1%# is +$ r!J+#-&ss! s%r%*%** s *is*%* ! #4, !k&r ! s%#*%*. A :$ *%'4+' !idk%# +*, 'i#d#$&J!k G !Jdk+*! ! 'is%'+#d8 ru:&*, G :@'%*% 'si k% !+*&r*%r@*G*. A11!# *%* %-#!-$+11 -$"#$"rs-%, :! 7%k%r%s:%**% ! s%-#$s- s #$+'+r*!#$&i* s ! 1%*%-%k s s@#GdGk 7%kG:%$%i*, :! !d:!*+** ! '!-! 1Gs-1G ! sk"k"dGk#%ks ! %k% -!d!-s&-&18 !+k#!k, ! kik @-!s*!&sr! s+rH*!k.

E-$s%r r+44!#* cs!4&s r*% S*r%cs# idk*9 r's-%s '8d+# 4us*@*+** ! d"-:!&. Z*+#/H*7%# :%%r*%k ! :!d+k8k s ! :+*!k. D% '- #!-$+11 +* ! ! r+'1+&s, '%$%* !s*G !8 7%%' ! Gk %k1%# +k++**. S+'sd #%' *"rGd"** *"11 ! s+'sdd!.M%-s#* ! r+k+#s&-K @ &* ! !*$!7i/r. A +#!-8 !4&* %:!-$*&k s!J&* 7%#G** '!-!*/

J!i, s ! *u!Jd+# d%s -$%r'%k*G r'*%# 7u*+** ! !#$!, :! sr%%**%, :+-$ s%d%rJ%s !!J!k!.

S*r%cs# &r ur! 4%di-, ! 'i#* &**!, :+-$ r!k&sr! :!#!k J+11&-$!i, cs!k H-$ dH*/7H**%:%*%*%# :!r!-J&1!# s H-+8d#i k%d%** ! Is*%# %%#. &* '&r ! %-s '%G* *%'%*G!k!r+d &*+*!*#i, :!r!-8 Is*%# / i$%# *k%s 1%sdr% #$i*& '%- !Jk&*. / Ai- '!r!d '&r

J+11&-$+', ! ki :!rc+J+#, s*s+#, %ss%# s !r!ss+#. M! is 8ri&s *%r'%* :* %-$/*%s*r:u+** % r"id %-$ 4&r 8r! !!**. !dd '!r!dJ!#!k +** ! '%G# *%'%*%*%#, ! 7!rk!s+k s:+8k *k%. +#d+sk+dJk ! *%'%*s"krG !, ! ki r!k&sr! "*% Gk%*Q

S@1% #$i!+** ! J&'1+r s87i!k, ! 'i#* 7rJ% % is*%#*%%# 1%sdJ* :!&. N% k@sr*sd! Is*%#*, k%d%s ur!' / @-$ s8* / :!#%' krd i#k&11 %%' %-$=**, :+-$ k"#$"rJ"# %%s%#dG #4%# s %-$% % r8! sHJ*+8 J+11J&*. A##!k ! s%r%#cs*%# :* *%s*r#%k 4%di-!dJ #$u-!'!s s@r* ! !#$!7"d "1%#, !dd ! 4+r#!k iss!, ! 'i 4+r18 !8.Q

!-!ss %, !ss+#$ / 7"r'%d* ! 7%%s-r% %ss%#$i. / A *% -$&! 1%sd%d '- J+11!#d=:1% :+. &* '- *rd%# :&&* !dJ!k !##!k, ! ki ir*J!, 4us*@*J! ! -$&'+*!!# #4%* M-

4+r1! :u! k"s"#J%' '%- #%ki, :+-$ !k!'!* &d ! "%-$%krG s &r&kr8 -+#d+s/k+d#+' A ku*$! s+k*! #$!#i !* ! k%%*, ! '%$ G* cs!k ! i'#* =*"**%/%r*%. M- %-$s%r'+#d+'9 ! ! :* *%s*r +** '!r!d ! '%G# T%'%ssk % !k&r ! %rdG 7%#%!d!i. D% %'1%r#% #$HJ+# :+&J+k, '%r* 7%J% !k+ r*%Q

D% !i- 1+rH* ! J S*r%cs# idkr%, ! k%-$%s s87i! %:!-$*! %-$%d ! &r!* s %-$%#%s%#! '%G#%k *!r*+**, :+ ! *%s*r%k *%*%'%i :%%r*%k. A k="#1%# 7#k #G#%k 1&*+rs&-+* !d+**! Is*%#K #%' iJ%s*%**% G* '+s* s%' ! J '!-$! s s"**s-%, s%' ! :+*!k k4%, s%' 4%di-! ! 7%%', :+-$ ! s &d+!*!i* ri#*#, r&r!-!d ! "d"kG #$!!$!. s ! %rG*%%#,-$"#-% #G#%k %rG* !d+** ! Is*%#K ! #%: &s8!, k!4&! 8r&ki- *"r*% ! k%'#$ r"-"*, s %-$

4i!#!*r! 4i:%#s* #%' %#-%d* '!-!k, '@- % #%' ks* ! "1"s s@r. E11% %-$'&su*%7%k*%**% ! *%s*r%k%*, 7+$*+# i'&ds&-+* r%1%-% ! G %ki =d"kr*. A* !##!k r%#dJ% s'8dJ! s%ri#* 1%:!#*+*! ! s@rd+'1+* s #$u-+d* %kk% *r* iss! ! &r1!.

M&r k+r, :!J#! :!s!d*&! J"** J%%#*%#i %-$ s+-!, ! ki* %ss%#$i Gr#%k ! '%Gr% r%#d%*+*, :+-$ ! *%s*r%k % !##!k *%'%*%.


50/71

S+:s% k% !* id% :+#i, ur!' / s8* ! s+-! / i** !# k"%%d1%#. S!J&* :i*%s%d +* !s@r&s8Q

P!r!#cs++', :+-$ ! s@r* dHJ&*+k 7% 7%#ki- s ! :+*!k!* :$J&*+k s*Q / ki&*+** 7k%/:%*%*%# :!r!-J&1!# %ss%#$i. i&1! +* ! J&'1+r s87i! 'i#d%# ri'k+d&s!, 'i#d%#k"##$:u!*&s!K ! k%'#$ Hr #%' %#-%d%**, s ! cs%d%k H-$ *%**%k, ! :+-$ ! -!d&J+k '%-/

4!r!#cs+*!.

Mik+r 1%%s*%%d%**, %ss%#$i '!-! '%#* ki ! '%Gr% s %s1% &+** ! :+**%*%'%k:% k"%,:+-$ '!Jd, :! ! 7%%s-% '%-i#* % *!! J"##i, G '!-! !k!d&$+! '%- ! *%s*r%k %*%'%/*s*. O** irr!s*+** %-s Js!k!K d% %-$ &r! %k%* #%' &*+**, %-$ suss!#&s* #%' :!+**.S 'idG# irr!d!*k+r %1HJ* %s:%$1G s +d! '%#*, ! :+ ! :+*!k :%%r*%k, %k4%d* &'H!/*&1!#, '%r* ! *%s*r%k '%-i#* % +*!k *%'%*% s ! s@r 7%:!#*+!, %-s%# H-$, 'i#* *%-#!4:!J#!1!#. P%di- '+s* is ! k%-$%s s87i! *%**% s@r1! ! :+*!k!*. L&**&k is ! cs%d%k, ! 'i#*'%#* s ! 'i#* iss!J"**. 5s!k %ss%#$i #%' &**!. D% %##%k si-+rH 4!r!#cs&r! ! s+-&k'%-i#* ki:$*&k ! *%s*r%k%* ! s@r18.

!r'!d#!4 %s*% %ss%#$i +**:+# !k!r*! ! 7%%s-* '%-%s#i, :! %:!-$J!/% cs!ku-$!# !&r!*. M%r* !k&r:+-$ 1i+#$+*&k ! cs%d%k, G #%' !k!r*! %:i##i, :+-$ s87i! k=## J&r*+#! ! %'H* Js!k! ! '%G#. s cs+d&k cs+d&J! T%-#!4 JJ% #%' %**% G* sr%, 4%di-8r&k :+ss!* %G**% d+-++** ! '%G#K '! '%- +** &**! s%#d%r%-#i :87%:r 4&r#&i#, 4%di-s87i! ! %s*i &J*!*+ss&- u* % s%' 7%k=d*, :!#%' ! 7%s=%* %G** %G s&'+$18 k%r%s*%*7!r!-+**, 'i k"1%# ! k%* is '%-s%1%s@*%**%, s ! 'i#* % %ks*, '%#* ki ! :+*!k:+, %/*%'%**% Gk%*, i''&r :!r'!d @1%#, s ! s@r 7%J:% +d! &@*+**! ! k%r%s*%*, ! '%$ 4ir+s r%+* 7%s*%.

R%--%r% k%% J"# ! cs%d s J%%#*i ur!k, :+-$ s87i! ! Js!k! '%-i#* k=## J&r*, %/*%'%**% ! *%s*r%k%*, s '%-i#* 4 ! s@r.


51/71

%-$ G Is*%#*G, ! ki#%k # k"#$"r"-*%' 'i#d%# #!4, :+-$ #% s&J+# %%d 4"r1% !r*, !'i* %!kH*s&-+d1!# cs%%k%d*.Q

Err% 7+-*! 7rJ% k%*, %%%**% &-$!s :&&1! ! 7%s=%*:%, +** %% %-$=** *rdr% 1+rH*, s%ss%#$i *"r%d%'%s %kk% 1*! '%- 1#* s kr* 1+cs!*+* *%r%'*GJ*G.

A+# #!4*8 7+-! 4%di-, :+-$ ! :* *%s*r :&1+r@*!*!# ! s@r1!# #$u-+d+**, '%-s#* !d"-:!& S*r%cs# idk#.

N:$ % !u* '%-:!* ! is*%#7G s87i!, s %*%'%**k G* %-$ k&4+#&1!#, '%$ ! &-7+$8 ki%s "-$1%# %-$ '%r%d%k sik!csHcs+# &+**. A11!# ! k&4+#&1!# *!r*+**! +* "*%s*%#dG% !%G** %sk=GJ* %ss%#$i F%r%#cc%. S ! ki ! :* *%s*r :+**%*%'* J&'1+r%kk% :&r+'s+r is ! s@r "1% :%$%*%, !##!k :+**%*%'% cs+d&* '@%* ! Is*%#.8#!4+k, %k 'H*!k, s ! is*%#%s :"-$ %#$s%*%# s +$ s4%# 7%k=d* k+4+rs8J&1!#, 'i#**%'%*s% #!4J. Arc, 'i#* 'ik+r *, ! ! '%-#$%rG s%@ds-, !Jk ! J8s&- '+s+$!.

A8*! :!r'!d7 s&!d 'H* %. S&'*!!# #%'%dk s&+** s@r1!. R+'1! d* S*r%cs#1=sk% &r!, s "ss%+'+** ! k&4+#! ! &- ki%s "-$1%#. D% B+s#$&k s87i! :+**%s*%

'!i-!# -$G%d%'%sk%dik idG# s %#$s%*%#. M- '! is r+'!*!#H 4i:%# T%4icsk! *%'4/+'&1!#, ! :+& G* ksG11 ! J&'1+r k%-$%%* :%$%*%, s &d+** %'k% !Jkr8/!Jkr!, #%'%/dkrG/#%'%dkr% s&.


52/71

B%4)!1.

A *i%#"*"dik s&!d %%J# s+k!*!# :!*!+'r! %'%k%d%** M!-$!r+rs&-+# %-$ S*i1+r #%

%#-$% #%'%s, ! ki '- #!-$ L!J+s kir&$u#k id%J1%# k%r* +* ! +rs&-1!. !s#+s :!dis+-&!*!ir* si-'+#d kir&$ ! &- 7+$8 'i#dk* 4!r*J !##$i 7"d%* !d+** #%ki Ju*!+'H,:+-$ ki*%* +#! 1%G% %-$ kis kir&$s&-. S*i1+r #%' is #%%*% '!-&* '&sk4, cs!k ! &-ur!k. A G *%r%*# k+r&*!#H s #!-$ k%-$%*%#s--% ur!k+d+** s %%r#$i %%r J+11&-$&/#!k !8s&-+s &*k! +*.

E-$s%r S*i1+r !Jd! s+-!:!d&! %-$ 7&r!s*8 !d&s!*r8 *r* iss! s %-$ sik!:%-$-$%s%'k"* *%%4%d%** % 4i:%##i ! -$%4%#. E ! sik!:%-$ Tr%#cs# &r+s !H %'%k%d%** !&- 4!r*J, s +d!!i +$ '%r%d%k%# %s*%k !& 'i#d%# 7%G, :+-$ '%-'&s&s! %:%*%*%##%k&*s+**. A k%-$%*%# Hr kisr%*1%# +** +* B%ck8 is, ! ud!ri 1++#d, ! ki ur&* 'i#d%#7%*r7&! s s=%*%#s-%k "ss%:!d!r&s&! 'u!**!**!. A !Jd&*, ki k="#1%# s"** *%ki#*%*,'+-+r! %'1%r +*, '+s* d%r* :!#-u!*1! :+*! B%ck8 ! G 7urcs! 1%sdJ%i%. S*i1+r %ri*k! J8k%d1%# %'1%r%i#%k, ! kik kisr%*1%# +*!k, !* ! i-r%*%* *%**%, :+-$ ks ki#%k/ki#%k ! k@s&-&* *%J%s@*%#i. Si%**%k is 'i#d #i ! J8 !k!+''!, s ! %-$ik %*, ! '&sik!'!* k@*!.

Mik+r ! ud!ri 1++#dr! k%r* ! s+r, % ! -!d&J! i-r%** is *r7&r! 7+-*!, r&'u*!*+** ! s%'/k"* G '%r%d%k sik&r! s @-$ s8*9 A##!k ! sik!k ! *%*%Jr% 4@**%ss #%k%' &r!*Q

!#-+s k!c!-&sr! 7!k!d*!k ! s+-&k, s ! %-$ik %* '+#d*!9 B++#d k@s&-, '%$ !%:%*%*%#* &:@*J!Q

A %:%*%*%#*Q ki&*+** :!r!-+s!# S*i1+r !Jd!. Mi +#! ! # :!*!'!'#!k %:%*%*%## ! s!!''! #%' J&*s+'. A *% k@s&-+d, B%ck8, *%J%s#i 7+-. E-$ !!** % k% !

&r#!k ks#i%. A #%% 4%di- B%ck8 %-$%#Qs S*i1+r %-+** si-+rH 4!r!#cs+* !d+** 'i#d%# J+11&-$!k, :+-$ 7+-J!#!k #$+'1!# ! 'u#/k&:+. Fr7i#!k s #G#%k, !--#!k s -$%r'%k#%k %-$!r* k%%** d+-+#i! :G1%#/:81!#,JJ%/#!44! s=#%* #k. M&r :%*%k 8*! 7&r!d++**, i!d+** s+k %%r %'1%r, s 'u#k&J+k#!k'- s%''i &*s!*J! #%' +*. L%:%*%*%##%k &*s+**, :+-$ %'1%ri %rG %kk+r! #%:s-%kk%'%-1irk8k. B%%*%* %-$ 7%s*%#dG, '@- ! '%r%d%k sik!7!1!# u*!* *ud*!k *"r#i, '%$%#! 4@*G !#$!-+* 7% %:%ss%# i##i ! kGs& +r'&r!. i&1! r%#d%*% +d! S*i1+r 'i#d%#%'1%r* s 'i#d%# i-!+#8 1!r'&*K :i&1! =*"**k/%r*k ! k%-$%*%# 'u#k!7%=-$%Gk ! !*'u#k&s+k!*9 cs!k #%' +* r%'#$, :+-$ %ksJ"# %-$ !!** ! &r.

Ekk+r S*i1+r !Jd! 4!r!#cs&r! %&r*&k ! &- "-$1%# %%%*G +rs&-u*!* s ! +** %:!!d8

1ks u*!s+k!* #$+c #!4i k#$s%r'u#k&r! s+r@*+**&k. A !Jd! Gr%i '- ur!k!* s Hr!ss+/#$+k!* is %7+-*!k. M!-+k #$+c #!4i- S*i1+r %#d-%i +*!k. E*%**k, i*!**&k, 'i#d%# %:%*Gk#$%%''% %&**&k Gk%*K cs%dJ%ik%* 4%di- s +!ik!* 'u#k&r! k#$s%r@*%**k.

0-$ -r% '-is cs!k %ks* ! &r ! ki*"** :!*&ridGr%. D% 'i#d%#ik k"r% &*k+* '+#d+**! '%-k@#+** #4, '%r* 'i#d%#ik k"r% sr# +'+**!k k"##$%i. A+#1!# cs!k ! #%% +* !B%ck8, '%r* 'ik+r '- 4=G71%# +*, %:!*&r+*! S*i1+r !Jd!, :+-$ ud!ri 1++#dJ!k:%$%**% *%r'k%#$ s*87"d%* !d s '%-*!r*J! '!-!k !k8:%$. +* u-$!# '- #%ki%%# ki :!r'i#c#& *"11 &r! ! +rs&- k="#1"G idk#, d% %-$ik%* s%' *!r*+**!'!-&:+ !##$ir! '*8#!k, 'i#* ! '%-k"%@*:%*%*%# s 'i#d%# %s%d%%''% 1=sk#d!c+8 B%ck8 &r&*.


53/71

N%' is +* %::% 7+-:!*8 &r s%s % +rs&-1!# s%' %rGss-r%, s%' #!-$s&-r!, s%' 4%di-4+'4&r! #%. Mr7"d%kr% *%rJ%d%** 'i#d%# ir$1!# ! #$kJ%,s 1%##% cs!k H-$ :%'s%/-%** ! #%'%s !d. D@sk%r*J1%# ! %-ri*k&11 ds!ki #"#$%k 4+'4&*!k. +ssH +'1/7+$+s8k, @%ss%k s s"kGku*!k !d*!k #$&ri #!-$ '%%-1%# %#$:% :"ss-%* s ! s%'#%k-$"#$"rk"d*%*s*. O!s+rs&-18 :+!*+** S*i1+r !Jd! 7%s*Gk%* s s+1r&s+k!*, ! kik '%-/

*"*"**k B%ck8 &r&* ! 's%* r%'%k%i%. A dr&-! %d#$%k#%k, 7%-$%r%k#%k s sG#$%/-%k#%k 4%di- s% s%r% s% s&'! #%' +*.

S*i1+r#!k %-$%*%#%-$ 7i! +*, ! ki J%-$1%# J&r* %-$ cs%: :%rc%-kis!ss+#$#$!. A !Jd! H-$r%#d%*%, :+-$ 7i! ! G #&s=##%4* B%ck8 &r&1!# *!r*s! '%-, % %-$%# %-$s%rs'i#d ! HJ&r 7%!!*&s!.


54/71

1u+-, r*% u*8 ! 1+ssH ! k%-$%*%# S*i1+r !Jd&*. A 'i#* %!ud*, %-$ 'r-%s k@-$8 +d!'&s+** :+& s ki'!r*! 'i#d ! k* s%'*. A k%-$%*%# Hr k@#J&1!# +rd@*+#i k%d, 7u*,r+:!# !k*&1!# %-$%#%s%# !rr! ! :%$r%, ! :+##* %-$ % ! %G** u-$!#! 8r&1!# :cs%dJ* %*!s@**!**!, s %Gki- :!*8 ki&*&ss! %u:!# ! '$s-1%.

B%ck8, !-$ ! 'i#* '&sk4 is #%%*k, B++#d8c !-$ B++#d&r '&r r- r+'1!# :%%r,d% :@%# '%-Gri*% ! '+#d! k%%*k%s#%k s !+# %s%'#$%k#%k ! *"r*#%**, ! '%$#%ks@#:%$% +*.


55/71

N",&" L2&3(4).

A :@r%s/#%%s N$&r$/#%'%*s-#%k, ! '%$ '- II. ! kir&$ !!** #$%r* #%'%ss-%*, %-/

d%r%k!11 s!rJ! +* N$&r$ LGri#c.


56/71

k"##$%G s%'%kk%, :+-$ &J!#!k % -%*%s sdkuk*8 / krG :!#-J! %%s%** !"ss%%sk=Gk !d !J&1!#, ! kik -i- s%' !k!r*&k G* :!-!*#i.

N+ :&* :!J&*+k '%- u*+s8 s!!'!* / s8* ! k!4i*$ '%##$d"r-G :!#-+#, k!rJ&* 7%#$%/-%*G%- 7%%'%%. / A Is*%# s%#* #%r% %sk=s"', :+-$ % #%' :!-$+' % &r!*, :+-$, :!%-$%s/%-$%d is, d% k"*%%ss-%' : *%J%s@*s1%# i** 7+-+k '%-:!#i. A+#1!# *i s%' s!/

1!dH*+k i##%#, :!#%' %4us*H*+k 'i#d %-$ &1i-, cs!k:+-$ #%' 'i#* 1%cs=%*%s k!*+#&k,:!#%' 'i#* !&!8, :i*$ &rH8k, ! kik%* %k&r:+*!* s u*&!**! %'@* ! i&- ! J%%#1%# s

J"G1%# 'i#d "r"kk. M&s s!!' :+&*+k #i#cs%#Q

D% 'i#d %##%k s%''i :!*&s! #%' +*. 5s!k ! %-$ P%kr$ &1+r &+** +d! N$&r$ '% ss%#* :i**% 7+-!d*! si#*#, :+-$ J81!#, r+ss1!# : *&rs! s +s*&$+s! %s ! k!4i*$#!k s%% %-$=** !k!r %%s#i ! &r d%'%s1%#.

A 'i#* 1%%s*%%d%**, ! "ss%%sk=Gk ksGd#i k%d*%k ! s"ksr%. E-$ cs!4!* 1%&@*+**N$&r$ LGri#c:% s k"%*%*% ! kucs+k!* !::+ ! *i*k+s H*:+, '%$ ! !-$! '%dr% !!**%%*%** ki ! s!1!d1! s '%$ s+k !s!J*8! s r&csk!4u! +* %&r!. D% ! k!4i*$k%r%k%# kiJ%%#*%**%, :+-$ ! '@- G , !+k!* ! kucs+k!* %-$ -$&! &rH8 s%' k!4J! '%-. S'idG# %-$ k""k ki4%**, :+-$ %r% %%# k%* 7%%'%J%, N$&r$ k!rd+* r*+** s %-$cs!4&ss! %&-*! ! !k'%rG s+d+s k!rJ&*. M+s* #%ki r+#*+**!k 1Gs*%# 'i#d#$&J!#, !7"dr% *%4%r*k, s cs!k P%kr$ %s* '!-!*!r*&s! '%#*%**% '%- ! :!&*8. A &rH8k 4%di-7+-*&k ! kucs+k!* s si%**%k ! &r 4i!c&r!, ! :+ *&rs!ik '&r *=r%'%*%# &r*&k Gk%*. N$&r$LGri#c 4%di-, #+:! ! du!k+d&s1!# #-$ s%1%* is k!4+** s %-s *%s*% "ss% +* *"r%, '-iskii*%**% '!-&* %-$ %rk$r%, '%$ ! 4i!cr! s+-&*, s +##* '- %-$s%r i#*%**% %-$ '%-:!*8

1%sd1%# ! "ss%%sk=Gk%*, :+-$ #% k"%ssk % %* ! -$!&!*+s *%**%*. s cs!ku-$!#k""k :Hs!#, ! kik#%k k%11%# ! 1%cs=%* u*+s8 sikr&J! '- % #%' !ud*, iss!*r*%k

1#1!- d%rk %r"k:", ! ki Gk%* H-$ 7+-!d*!, 'i#* ! !*$! s+k*! '%-*r* -$%r'%k*K! *"11i 4%di- -!&dH '%-s"k"**.

J7 u* %-$ 8r! +*, 'idG# N$&r$ P%kr$ &1+r kisr%*1%# ki'%#* ! &r4i!cr!, ! :+%-$=** +* ! ! :Hs %'1%r, ! kik '!-+k!* "#k#$* :Gsi :!&r! s*&k. A*$&'7i!i / @-$s8* :+&J+k / !11!# ! #!-$ 1H1!*1!#, ! '%$%* #%k%' *&rs!i*+k +k+*!k, #!-$ i-!s/*!&s+'r! !#, :+-$ *i iss!*r*%*%k ! k"*%%ss- H*J&r!, :+-$ ks%k !-$*+k r*!#u/:!&!kik"s"r#i !* ! cs+r1&*, '%$%* Gk ! '!-$!r # 1%cs=%*# %J*%**%k. i&1! !k!r#&!k *i*%k%*&'@*!#iK *i 4 H-$ *udJ&*+k, 'i#* #, :+-$ s&'u#kr! #i#cs '%#%dk, #i#cs '&s H*, cs!k !dicsGs-%s :!&.


57/71

N$&r$ ! &rk!4u %G**i *r%# &+** P%kr$ &1+rr! ! %-#!-$+11 &-$H '%%**. E-$s%rr% cs!k:!J&k :&*+k '"-"** ! !d A!:/ki&*&s*. A %%#s- 1%Ju*+** ! &r1! ! Tis! 7%Gi rs%#, !:+ %'1%r%k #%' d*k. A k!4i*$ k=r*J1% 7HJ, s % J%r% k"rJ% -$#%k :Gs%i 'i#d. M+s*'%-#$@ik ! k!4u k* s&r#$!, s *8dH 1% r!J*! ! *"r"k, 'i#* ! &r@, '%$ ! -&*+* %r+#*+**!.E 4i!#!*1!# P%kr$ %s=*i ! #!-$ &-$H*, ! '%$ c+kk!, !s/ s 8+'d!r!1+kk! +* '%-/

*"*%. Ir*8!*+s J!Jki&*&s r%#d@*i '%- ! %%-G*. E-s s+r+k!* %s%4%r* % ! %-$ &-$H. D% !:+*!k :!'!i# &* r+:!# 1+ssH&-$*8 i:%-% ! %%#s- s %#$+'J! *"'%-% ! s+#+ki:Gs"k%*. E%k '- *rdr% r+-$!, '- :!d+k+! is +s*J&k ! :!&+s cs!4&s+k!*. N$&r$*i%#:* s%11G r%% r+sk!d* "ss%. Od! 7%k=d* P%kr$ &1+r, ki* %*%'%*%** dG*1%# !#!-$ &-$H, '%%**"k 4%di- :Gs *&rs!ik, k"r% ! %-$ik+* %%#s- *%s*:!'!i*8.

M%kk+r! +* ! *"r"k"k cs+d&k+&s!, 'ik+r ! &r1! 1%+#H! &**&k, :+-$ ! &rGrs-"ss%s%# :us+#k* %'1%r1G &+** Ai, ki ! %%#s-1%# is #!-$r! 1%cs*% ! 1&*+rs&-+*, 4!/r!#cs+* !d+**, :+-$ N$&r$* *is*%ss-%s%# *%'%ssk %. D% 'idG# G* ! :+*!k k" kik%r%s*k,ki*#*, :+-$ '- ki #%' 7+-$+** 1%G% -k4 ! %*. Sik%r* is #%' s+k&r! G* %s'%*r%:+#i, s 'i% r%**% #!-$ &*s&-d@J!* r%'*%k ! *"r"k"k, 'i#d%# %:%*G* %k"%**%k, :+-$

7%4J"#. Ai- J!H* !!'%##$ir% ! %-ss-%, %i**k T%'%s&rr!, +##* 4%di-, 'ik+r%-s%# '%--$8-$H*,


58/71

s '+s* %1%s*% #%ki ! *is*, :+-$ M!-$!r+rs&-+# us&r Is* #%%* is%*, :+-$ *@%s k+r&1!# k%r* *"r"k 7+-s&-1!, k* :**% !u*, :+-$ !*$J! ! :!rc1!# %%s%** +*. M&r! H*+# T"r"k+rs&- 7% '%-:!* d%s !#$J! is, s G* '%-%**% %-$ %Gk%G &'*is*, ! ki s!J&*-$%r'%k%i% %-$=** *!#@**!**! ! *"r"k #$%r% s ! '+:!''%d !&sr!. Mir% 7%#G**, ur! G* !

J!#cs&r+k s%r%-1% !d*!, ! :+ ! J8 '!-!is%%*% s s+r-!'&! %-s ! :!d#!-$s&-i-

7%i**%. D% s@1%# ki+*:!*!*!#H ! s%r%*%* ! G #4% ir*, s %%#&:!*!*!#H +#!G* ! :+#&-$ M!-$!r+rs&- 7%. A *"11i k%r%s

Documents

Magyar népmondák az ifjúság számára