STT MIGAS BALIKPAPAND3 TEKNIK PEMBORANILMU BAHANNAMA : DIMAS ARYO SAPUTRANIM : 1202056KATA PENGANTARAssalamuala!um "#$"%S&'ala(u)%a' Alla*+a,'mas*m&m%!a,!&s&*a-a,.a,!&s&m(a-a,!&(a.a!-as&mua/ -u-ama!&(a.a(&,uls$ S&*,''a(&,uls.a(a- m&,+&l&sa!a,ma!ala*,$B!u- ,/ (&,uls (s&m%a*!a, s&%ua*ma!ala* 0!a#+a -uls1 +a,' %)u.ul 2Ba*a,Ma-al3$ P&,uls m&,'*a#a(!a, ma!ala* , .a(a- %ma,4aa- %a' (&m%a5a s&mua/-u-ama %a' (&,uls s&,.#$P&,ulsa,ma!ala*, .ma!su.!a,u,-u!m&l&,'!a( (&,laa,ma-a!ula*lmu%a*a,+a,'mu(a!a,sala*sa-uma-a!ula*.alam)u#usa,(&m%6#a,. STTMIGAS$P&,ulsm&,+a.a# %a*7a.alam(&,ulsa,lma*, -.a!-*,.a#.a# !&!u#a,'a,.a,mas* )au* .a# s&m(u#,a/ m&,','a- !&-%a-asa, (&,'&-a*ua,/ (&,'alama, s-a!&mam(ua, m&,uls$ Ol&* !a#&,a -u/ .&,'a, s&'ala !&,.a*a, *a-/ (&,ulsa, a!a,m&,ma sa#a, .a, !#-! +a,' m&m%a,'u, 'u,a m&m(%a! (&,ulsa, lma* ,$A!*# !a-a/ sa+a sam(a!a, -ma !as*$ S&m6'a ma!ala* , .a(a- m&m% ma,4aa-%a' !-a s&mua .a, m&,am%a* 7a7asa, !-a m&,'&,a lmu %a*a,/ !*usus,+a ma-al$KATA PENGANTARDA8TAR ISIBAB 1$ P&,.a*ulua,A$ La-a# %&la!a,' masala*B$ Rumusa, masala*BAB 2$P&m%&.a*a, Ma-A$ Ta,a*B$ Ba-u %a#a9$ Emas D$ T&m%a'a E$ B&s 8$ Alum,umG$ S!a,.umH$ T-a,umI$ :a,a.um;$ K#6mum K$ Ma,'a, L$ K6%al-M$ N!&l N$ S&,'O$ U#a,um P$ Hu%u,'a,,+a .&,'a, 4lu.a 46#masBAB 3A$ Tu)ua, B$ K&sm(ula,9$ K#-! < sa#a,Da4-a# (us-a!aBAB 1PENDAHULUANA. LATAR BELAKANGIlmu%a*a,mu(!a,lmu+a,'m&m(&la)a#-&,-a,'s4a-=s4a-/ 'am%a#a,='am%a#a, .a# ma-al -u-ama (!&m%a,'a,/ (u%a*a,/ !&,am(a!a, %&,-u! lua#/s-#u!-u# .alamm,al .a, s4a-=s4a- 4ss la,,+a$ Sua-uma-al..&4,s!a,s&%a'a (a.a-a,/ 5a#a,/ mau(u, m,al$Ma-al a.ala* sua-u %a*a, (&,+usu, sua-u %&,.a a-au(u, %&,-u! %um .a#%a'a, lua# sam(a %a'a,a, .alam$ S&5a#a umum ma-al -s&%u- m&l! )&,s .a,s4a- %%&.a$S&*,''a sa+a %*a#a( .&,'a, ma!ala* , !-a s&mua .a(a- s&.!-m&ma*am -&,-a,' ma-al (&m%&,-u!a,$ B. RUMUSAN MASALAHDa# la-a# %&la!a,' +a,' -&la* !am u#a!a, . a-as ma!a masala* +a,' !am %a*as a.ala*: Susu,a, .a, (&,+usu, ma-al 9a#a (&m%&,-u!a, ma-al S4a-=s4a- ma-al Ba*a,=%a*a, ma-al S-a *u%u,'a,,+a .&,'a, 4lu.a 46#masBAB 2PEMBEDAHAN MATERIA$ Ta,a*Ta,a* mu(a!a, sala* sa-u sum% .a+a alam u-ama +a,' a.a . (la,&- %um s-a mu(a!a, !u,5 !%*asla, ma!*lu! *.u($ Ta,a* a.ala* la(sa, -(s !ul- %um .a, -l&-a! (al,' lua#$ Ta,a* mu(a!a, *asl (&la(u!a, a-au s %a-ua, ,.u! 0a,6#'a,!1 +a,' %am(u# .&,'a, %a*a, 6#'a,!$ Ta,a* m&,'a,.u,' (a#-!&l %a-ua, a-au m,al/ %a*a, 6#'a,! 0 s&,+a7a 6#'a,! .a, 6#'a,sm& 1 a# .a, u.a#a$ M,al mu(a!a, u,su# u-ama -a,a*$ Pa.a umum,+a m,al -%&,-u! .a# (a.a-a, a,6#'a,! .a, m&m(u,+a !6m(6ss *6m6'&,$ Ta,a* -%&,-u! m&lalu (#6s&s alam .a, %la,'su,' sa,'a- lama$ S&la, -u -.a(a- *u%u,'a, a,-a#a (!&m%a,'a, la(sa, -a,a* .a, (!&m%a,'a, -um%u*=-um%u*a,/ *&7a,/ ma,usa$ ;&,s -a,a* m&ml! (%&.aa, a,-a#a sa-u -&m(a- .&,'a, -&m(a- la,,+a$ P%&.aa, -u -)a. !a#&,a %%a'a 4a!-6#/ .a,-a#a,+a a.ala*= ;&,s %a-ua,= Ba*a, ,.u!= 9u#a* *u)a,= P&,+,a#a, ma-a*a#= B&,-u! (mu!aa, %um= O#'a,sm& +a,' a.a . -a,a*= Tum%u*=-um%u*a, (&,u-u( -a,a*0:&'&-as1 S&la, -u !&'a-a, ma,usa )u'a %(&,'a#u* (&,-,' .alam (&m%&,-u!a, -a,a*$ Msal,+a/ !&'a-a, (-a,a,/ !&'a-a, (*u-a,a, .a, (u%a*a, .a# (&.&saa, m&,)a. (!6-aa,$ Ta,a* 0%a*asa Yu,a,: (&.6,> %a*asa La-,: s6lum1 a.ala* %a'a, !a! %um +a,' -susu, .a# m,al .a, %a*a, 6#'a,!$ Ta,a* sa,'a- ?-al (a,a,,+a %a' s&mua !&*.u(a, . %um !a#&,a -a,a* m&,.u!u,' !&*.u(a, -um%u*a, .&,'a, m&,+&.a!a, *a#a .a, a#s&!al'us s&%a'a (&,6(a,' a!a#$ S-#u!-u# -a,a* +a,' %,''a=#6,''a )u'a m&,)a. -&m(a- +a,' %a! %a' a!a# u,-u! %,a4as .a, -um%u*$ Ta,a* )u'a m&,)a. *a%-a- *.u( %%a'a m!#66#'a,sm&$ Ba' s&%a'a, %&sa# *&7a, .a#a-/ -a,a* m&,)a. la*a, u,-u! *.u( .a, %'a!$ Ilmu +a,' m&m(&la)a# %%a'a as(&! m&,'&,a -a,a* .!&,al s&%a'a lmu -a,a*$ Da# s&' !lma-6l6'/ -a,a* m&m&'a,' (a,a, (&,-,' s&%a'a (&,+m(a, a# .a, m&,&!a, s/ m&s!(u, -a,a* s&,.# )u'a .a(a- -s$ K6m(6ss -a,a* %%&.a=%&.a (a.a sa-u l6!as .&,'a, l6!as +a,' la,$ A# .a, u.a#a mu(a!a, %a'a, .a# -a,a*$Ka#a!-s-! -a,a*Tu%u* -a,a* 0s6lum1 -.a! la, a.ala* %a-ua, +a,' m&la(u! .a, m&,'alam (#6s&s (&m%&,-u!a, la,)u-a,$ Usa -a,a* +a,' .-&mu!a, saa-, -.a! a.a +a,' l&%* -ua .a#(a.a (.& Ts .a, !&%a,+a!a, -%&,-u! .a# masa Pl&s-6s&,$ Tu%u* -a,a* -%&,-u! .a# 5am(u#a, %a*a, 6#'a,! .a, m,al$ Ta,a*,6,=6#'a,! a-au -a,a* m,al -%&,-u! .a# %a-ua, s&*,''a a m&,'a,.u,' m,al$ S&%al!,+a/ -a,a* 6#'a,! 06#'a,6s6l@*um6s6l1 -%&,-u! .a# (&ma.a-a, -*a.a( %a*a, 6#'a,! +a,' -.&'#a.as$ Ta,a* 6#'a,! %a#,a *-am .a, mu(a!a, (&m%&,-u! u-ama la*a, 'am%u- .a, !&la! .a(a- m&,)a. %a-u %a#a$ Ta,a* 6#'a,! 5&,.u,' m&ml! !&asama, -,'' !a#&,a m&,'a,.u,' %&%a(a asam 6#'a,! 0su%s-a,s *um!1 *asl .&!6m(6ss %%a'a %a*a, 6#'a,!$ K&l6m(6! -a,a* , %asa,+a ms!, m,al/ (as6!a, m,al %asal .a# al#a, a# a-au *asl .&!6m(6ss )a#,'a, ma!*lu! *.u($ Ta,a* 6#'a,! .a(a- .-a,am !a#&,a m&ml! s4a- 4s! '&m%u# 0sa#a,'1 s&*,''a mam(u m&,+m(a, 5u!u( a# ,amu, !a#&,a m&ml! !&asama, -,'' s&%a'a, %&sa# -a,ama, (a,'a, a!a, m&m%!a, *asl -%a-as .a, . %a7a* 5a(aa, 6(-mum$ Ta,a* ,6,=6#'a,! ..6m,as 6l&* m,al$ M,al , m&m%&,-u! (a#-!&l (&m%&,-u! -a,a*$ T&!s-u# -a,a* .&m!a, .-&,-u!a, 6l&* !6m(6ss -'a (a#-!&l (&m%&,-u! -a,a*: (as#/ la,au 0.&%u1/ .a, l&m(u,'$ Ta,a* (as#a, ..6m,as 6l&* (as#/ -a,a* l&m(u,'a, ..6m,as 6l&* l&m(u,'$ Ta,a* .&,'a, !6m(6ss (as#/ la,au/ .a, l&m(u,' +a,' s&m%a,' .!&,al s&%a'a '&lu* 0l6am1$ "a#,a -a,a* mu(a!a, 5# u-ama +a,' (al,' mu.a* .,'a- 6#a,'$ "a#,a -a,a* sa,'a- %?a#as/ mula .a# *-am !&lam/ 56!la-/ ma* %a-a/ ),''a/ !u,,'/ *,''a (u-*$ S&la, -u/ -a,a* .a(a- m&ml! la(sa,=la(sa, .&,'a, (%&.aa, 7a#,a +a,' !6,-#as s&%a'a a!%a- (#6s&s !ma 0(&,'asama,1 a-au (&,5u5a, 0l&a5*,'1$ Ta,a* %a#,a *-am a-au '&la( s,'!al m&,a,.a!a, !&*a.#a, %a*a, 6#'a,! +a,' -,''/ %a! !a#&,a (&la(u!a, ?&'&-as mau(u, (#6s&s (&,'&,.a(a, . #a7a=#a7a$ "a#,a '&la( )u'a .a(a- .s&%a%!a, 6l&* !&*a.#a, ma,'a,/ %&la,'/ .a, ,-#6'&,$ "a#,a -a,a* !&ma*a, a-au !&!u,,'a, %asa,+a .s&%a%!a, !a,.u,'a, %&s -!s.as +a,' -,''> 7a#,a +a,' %%&.a -)a. !a#&,a (&,'a#u* !6,.s (#6s&s !ma (&m%&,-u!a,,+a$ Suasa,a a%!@6!s.a-4 m&,'*asl!a, 7a#,a +a,' sa'am a-au (u%a*a, 7a#,a %-a*a(/ s&.a,'!a, suasa,a a,a%!@#&.u!-4 m&m%a7a (a.a (6la 7a#,a +a,' %-6-6l=-6-6l a-au 7a#,a +a,' -!6,s&,-#asA1B$ S-#u!-u# -a,a* mu(a!a, !a#a!-s-! 4s! -a,a* +a,' -%&,-u! .a# !6m(6ss a,-a#a a'#&'a- 0%u-#1 -a,a* .a, #ua,' a,-a#a'#&'a-$ Ta,a* -susu, .a# -'a 4asa: 4asa (a.a-a,/ 4asa 5a#/ .a, 4asa 'as$ 8asa 5a# .a, 'as m&,'s #ua,' a,-a#a'#&'a-$ S-#u!-u# -a,a* -'a,-u,' .a# m%a,'a, !&-'a 4a!-6# (&,+usu, ,$ Rua,' a,-a#a'#&'a- .s&%u- s&%a'a (6#us 0)ama! (6#1$ S-#u!-u# -a,a* %a! %a' (a!a#a, a(a%la (6# %u!u#a, %&sa# 0ma!#6(6#1 -s u.a#a .a, (6# %u!u#a, !&5l 0m!#6(6#1 -s a#$ Ta,a* +a,' '&m%u# 0sa#a,'1 m&ml! a'#&'a- +a,' 5u!u( %&sa# .&,'a, ma!#6(6# .a, m!#6(6# +a,' s&m%a,'$ Ta,a* m&,)a. s&ma!,la- a(a%la %l&%*a, l&m(u,' s&*,''a !&!u#a,'a, ma!#6(6#$;ENIS C ;ENIS TANAH I,.6,&sa a.ala* ,&'a#a !&(ulaua, .&,'a, .a#a-a, +a,' luas .&,'a, )&,s -a,a* +a,' %%&.a=%&.a$ B!u- , a.ala* ma5am=ma5am @ )&,s=)&,s -a,a* +a,' a.a . 7la+a* N&'a#a K&sa-ua, R&(u%l! I,.6,&sa$1$ Ta,a* Humus Ta,a* *umus a.ala* -a,a* +a,' sa,'a- su%u# -%&,-u! .a# la(u!a, .au, .a, %a-a,' (6*6, . *u-a, *u)a, -#6(s +a,' l&%a-$2$ Ta,a* Pas# Ta,a* (as# a.ala* -a,a* +a,' %s4a- !u#a,' %a! %a' (-a,a, +a,' -%&,-u! .a# %a-ua, %&!u s-a %a-ua, s&.m&, +a,' m&ml! %u-# !asa# .a, %!!l$3$ Ta,a* Allu?al @ Ta,a* E,.a(a, Ta,a* alu?al a.ala* -a,a* +a,' .%&,-u! .a# lum(u# su,'a +a,' m&,'&,.a( . .a-a#a, #&,.a* +a,' m&ml! s4a- -a,a* +a,' su%u# .a, 5656! u,-u! la*a, (-a,a,$D$ Ta,a* P6.E6l- Ta,a* (6.E6l- a.ala* -a,a* su%u# +a,' umum,+a %a.a . (&'u,u,'a, .&,'a, 5u#a* *u)a, +a,' -,'' .a, %su*u #&,.a* @ .,',$5$ Ta,a* :ul!a,! @ Ta,a* Gu,u,' Ba( Ta,a* ?ul!a,s a.ala* -a,a* +a,' -%&,-u! .a# la(u!a, ma- l&-usa,'u,u,' %a( +a,' su%u# m&,'a,.u,' Ea- *a#a +a,' -,''$ ;&,s -a,a* ?ul!a,! .a(a- .)um(a . s&!-a# l&,' 'u,u,' %a($6$ Ta,a* La-- Ta,a* la-- a.ala* -a,a* -.a! su%u# +a,' -a.,+a su%u# .a, !a+a a!a,u,su# *a#a/ ,amu, u,su# *a#a -s&%u- *la,' !a#&,a la#u- .%a7a 6l&* a#*u)a, +a,' -,''$ 96,-6* : Kalma,-a, Ba#a- .a, Lam(u,'$F$ Ta,a* M&.-a, @ Ta,a* Ka(u# Ta,a* m&.-a, a.ala* -a,a* s4a-,+a -.a! su%u# +a,' -%&,-u! .a# (&la(u!a, %a-ua, +a,' !a(u#$ 96,-6* : Nusa T&,''a#a/ Malu!u/ ;a7a T&,'a* .a, ;a7a Tmu#$G$ Ta,a* Gam%u- @ Ta,a* O#'a,6s6l Ta,a* 6#'a,6s6l a.ala* )&,s -a,a* +a,' !u#a,' su%u# u,-u! %! -a,am +a,' mu(a!a, *asl %&,-u!a, (&la(u!a, -um%u*a, #a7a$ 96,-6*: #a7a Kalma,-a,/ Pa(ua .a, Suma-a$PROSES PEMBENTUKAN TANAH Ta,a* -%&,-u! m&lalu (#6s&s (&la(u!a, %a! -*a.a( %a-ua, 6#'a,!mau(u, %a-ua, a,6#'a,!$ A.a %&%a(a )&,s (&la(u!a,/ .a,-a#a,+a a.ala* (&la(u!a, 4s! 0 m&!a,s1 (&la(u!a, !ma .a, (&la(u!a, %6l6's $A$ PELAPUKAN 8ISIK 0 MEKANIS1 P&la(u!a, 4s! m&l(u- 4#a'm&,-as %a-ua, 0%&.#65!1 m&,)a. %u-#a,=%u-#a, .a, a!*#,+a m&,)a. -a,a*$ 96,-6* (#6s&s , a.ala* .s&%a%!a, 6l&* (&m%&!ua, a# .7a!-u ., 0 malam *a# a-au saa- *u)a,1 .a, m&,5a# ,+a a# saa- (a,as sa,' *a#$ P-um%u*a, ala# -a,ama, )u'a m&,+&%a%!a, -)a.,+a 4#a'm&,-as %a-ua, . %a7a* -a,a*$B$ PELAPUKAN KIMIA P&la(u!a, !ma m&l(u- (&,'*a,5u#a, s&5a#a !ma7 %a*a,=%a*a, m,al .a# %a-ua, a!%a- 4#a'm&,-as %a-ua, a!%a- #&a!s a# .a, u.a#a (a.a %a-ua,$ La#u-,+a %a-u !a(au 6l&* a# mu(a!a, sala* sa-u 56,-6* (&la(u!a, ,$ Ya,' /m&m%&,-u! s&%ua* s-ala!-- +a,' m&,''a,-u,' (a.alu%a,' 'ua/ a-au -%&,-u!,+a .6l,a 0 5&!u,'a, 1 .a, su,'a .a%a7a* -a,a*$9$ PELAPUKAN BIOLOGISP&la(u!a, , %u(a (&,'*a,5u#a, +a,' .la!u!a, %,a-a,'/ s&(- #a+a(/ 5a5,' .a, -!us$GE;ALA KERUSAKAN TANAHKusa!a, -a,a* .a(a- -)a. !a#&,a *la,',+a u,su#& *a#a 7alau(u,-.a! -)a. ((,.a*a, s&5a#a 4s!$ G&)ala !usa!a, -s&%u- .(&,'a#u* 6l&* !&'a-a, ma,usa msal,+a/ !&'a-a, !&*u-a,a,/ a.a,+a (&,&%a,'a, (6*6, s&5a#a %&sa#=%&sa#a,/ !&'a-, (-am%a,'a, / !&'a-a,(-a,a, +a,' m&lu(a!a, !a.a* !6,s(as -a,a*/ (&,'6la*a, la*a, +a,' !u#a,' -&(a-/ !u#a,',+a (&,'&-a*ua, .a, (&,'6la*a, la*a,$BIDANG KEHUTANANK&'a-a, !&*u-a,a, s&lama , -&la* m&m%!a, (&,'a#u* ,&'a-?& .a#-,'!a- !usa!a, +a,' sa,'a- #&,.a* *,''a -,''$ A!a%a-,+a/ *u-a, .a(a- %u%a* m&,)a. (a.a,' #um(u-$ Hu-a, 5&,.u,' #usa! .a, -a,.us s-a &!6ss-&m *u-a, #usa! .&,'a, !a-&'6# sus .a, (a#a*$ Hal -s&%u- mu(a!a, a!%a- !&'a-a, !&*u-a,a, s&(- : (&,&%a,'a, s&5a#a la# 0 46#&s-=l6','1 .a, la,. 5l&a#,'$ P&,&,%a,'a, *u-a, s&5a#a la# .a(a- m&,u#u,!a, !7al-as sum% .a+a -a*a, -a,a*$K&-!a *u)a, -u#u,/ a# *u)a, a!a, m&,'!s (mu!aa, -a,a*$ ;!a *al -su%u- -)a. -us / !&su%u#a, -a,a* a!a, m&,u#u,$ A.a,+a (&(6*6,a,m&m%a,-u m&,'u#a,' s -a,a* a!%a- a# *u)a, $BIDANG PERTAMBANGAN K&'a-a, (-am%a,'a, )u'a -&la* m&m%!a, (&,'a#u* ,&'a-?& -*a.a( !7al-as sum% .a+a alam .&,'a, -,'!a- +a,' %(a#as$ Masala* -a,a* %lu%a,' a!%a- (&,''ala, -a,a* %a#a,' -am%a,'/ !usa!a, -s&%u- -'6l6,' sus .a, %.am(a! (a.a (&,u#u,a, !7al-as !&su%u#a, -a,a* . .aa* (-am%a,'a,$ "alau(u, (&,u#u,a, !7la-as !&su%u#a, -a,a* mas* .alam !a-&'6# #&la-?& #&,.a*$ K&'a-a, (-am%a,'a, -&la* m&,'a!%a-!a, -a,a* %lu%a,' .a, m&,'a,'a . (mu!aa, %um/ a!%a-,+a sa,'a- musa! !&,.a*a, -a-a,a, alam$ ;!a -)a. *u)a, l&%a-/ lu%a,' a!a, m&,)a. lu%a,'a, %&sa#$BIDANG PERTANIANPa.a saa- , !&'a-a, (-a,a, +a,' *a#us .la!u!a, s&5a#a -us m&,us .a, ,-,s4 -&la* m&,'a!%a-!a, m&,u#u,,+a !7l-as sum% .a+a alam -a,a*$ Msal,+a/ *la,',+a *umus .a, !&su%u#a, -a,a* $ -a,a*(-a,a, +a,' .6la* s&5a#a %l&%*a, .&,'a, 5a#a (&,''u,aa, (&s-.sa .a, (u(u! !ma -&la* musa! !&su%u#a, -a,a*$ Ol&* !a#&,a -u (a.a musm !,' -a,a* .a(a- %&u%a* m&,)a. (a.a,' (as# +a,' -a,.us$ PEMBANGUNAN TIDAK TERKENDALI P!6-aa, m&luas .&,'a, 5&(a- u,-u! m&m&,u* !&%u-u*a, (uma*a,%a' ma,usa$ A!%a-,+a / la*a, -a,a* +a,' -s&.a .'u,a!a, u,-u! m&m%a,'u, (&mu!ma, %a#u $ .&,'a, a.a,+a s&(&.a m6-6#/ m6%l .a, %%a'a ma5am !&,.a#aa, m&,u,-u- .%a,'u,,+a )ala, +a,' l&%a# .a, la,5/ s-a %&%as .a# !&ma5&-a, $ !&5&,.#u,'a, , .a(a- m&,+&%a%!a,%!u#a,',+a a#&al -a,a* (#6.u!-4 a!%a- (&m%a,'u,a, )ala, %a#u$B$ Ba-u %a#aP&,'-a, Ba-u%a#aA.a .ua -&6# +a,' m&,a,'!a, -)a.,+a %a-u%a#a/ 011 -&6# I,=S-u$ 021-&6# D#4-$ M&,u#u- -&6# I,=S-u %a-u%a#a -%&,-u! .a# -um%u*a, a-au (6*6, +a,' %asal .a# *u-a, -&m(a- %a-u%a#a -s&%u- -%&,-u!$ Ba-u%a#a +a,' -%&,-u! s&sua .&,'a,-&6# I,=S-u %asa,+a -)a. .*u-a, %asa* a-au %a7a/s&*,''a (6*6,(6*6, -s&%u- (a.a saa- ma- .a, #6%6* la,'su,' -&,''&lam !&.alam #a7a .a, ssa -um%u*a, -s&%u- -.a! m&,'alam (&m%usu!a, s&5a#a s&m(u#,a .a, a!*#,+a m&,)a. 46sl -um%u*a, +a,' m&m%&,-u! s&.m&, 6#'a,!$ M&,u#u- -&6# D#4-/ %a-u%a#a -%&,-u! .a# -um%u*a, .a, (6*6, +a,' %asal .a# *u-a, +a,' %u!a, -&m(a- %a-u%a#a -s&%u- -%&,-u!$ Ba-u%a#a +a,' -%&,-u! %asa,+a -)a. . .&l-a=.&l-a .&,'a, 5#=5# la(asa, %a-u%a#a -(s/ -.a! m&,us 0s(l--,'1/ %a,+a! la(sa, 0mul-(l& s&am1 .a, %a,+a! (&,'6-6# 0!a,.u,'a, a%u 5&,.u,' -,''1$P#6s&s (&m%&,-u!a, %a-u%a#a -.# a-as .ua -a*a($ 011 -a*a( %6!ma 0(&,''am%u-a,1$ 021 -a*a( '&6!ma 0(&m%a-u%a#aa,1$ Ta*a( (&,''am%u-a, 0(&a-45a-6,1 a.ala* -a*a( !&-!a ssa=ssa -um%u*a, +a,' -a!umulas -sm(a, .alam !6,.s %&%as 6!s'&, 0a,a%!1 . .aa* #a7a .&,'a, ss-&m (&,#sa, 0.#a,a'& s+s-&m1 +a,' %u#u! .a, s&lalu -'&,a,' a# %&%a(a ,5 .%a7a* (mu!aa, a# #a7a$ Ma-al -um%u*a, +a,' %usu! -s&%u- m&l&(as!a, u,su# H/N/O .a, 9 .alam %&,-u! s&,+a7a 9O2/ H2O .a, NH3 u,-u! m&,)a. *umus$ S&la,)u-,+a 6l&* %a!- a,a%! .a, 4u,'/ ma-al -um%u*a, -u .u%a* m&,)a. 'am%u- 0S-a5*/ 1HG2/ 6(5-/ Susla7a- 1HH21$ Ta*a( (&m%a-u%a#aa, 056al45a-6,1 mu(a!a, (#6s&s .a'&,&ss -*a.a( !6m(6,&, 6#'a,! .a# 'am%u- +a,' m&,m%ul!a, (&,,'!a-a, -&m(a-u# .a, -&!a,a, s&%a'a 'a%u,'a, (#6s&s %6!ma/ !ma .a, 4s!a +a,' -)a. !a#&,a (&,'a#u* (&m%&%a,a, s&.m&, +a,' m&,u-u(,+a .alam !u#u, 7a!-u '&6l6'$ Pa.a -a*a( -s&%u- (s&,-as& Ka#%6, a!a, m&,,'!a- s&.a,'!a, (s&,-as& H.#6'&, .a, O!s'&, %!u#a,' 08s5*/ 1H2F/ 6( 5-$ Susla7a- 1HH21 s&*,''a m&,'*asl!a, %a-u%a#a .alam %%a'a -,'!a- ma-u#-as ma-al 6#'a,!,+a$Klasifikasi BatubaraP#6s&s a7al,+a &,.a(a, -um%u*a, %u%a* m&,)a. 'am%u- (Peat)/ s&la,)u-,+a %u%a* m&,)a. %a-u%a#a mu.a( Lignite) %a-u%a#a +a,' sa,'a- lu,a!.a, m&,'a,.u,' a# F0 I .a# %a-,+a $ Ba-u%a#a , %a#,a *-am/ sa,'a- #a(u*/ ,la !al6# #&,.a* .&,'a, !a,.u,'a, !a#%6, +a,' sa,'a- s&.!-/ !a,.u,'a, a%u .a, sul4u# +a,' %a,+a!$ S&-&la* m&,.a(a- (&,'a#u* su*u .a, -&!a,a, +a,' -us m&,us s&lama )u-aa, -a*u,/ ma!a %a-u%a#a mu.a a!a, m&,'alam (u%a*a, +a,'s&5a#a %-a*a( m&,am%a* ma-u#-as 6#'a,!,+a .a, m&,'u%a* %a-u%a#a mu.a m&,)a. %a-u%a#a sub bituminous$ Pu%a*a, !ma7 .a, 4s!a -us %la,'su,' *,''a %a-u%a#a m&,)a. l&%* !as .a, 7a#,a,+a l&%* *-am/ s&*,''a m&m%&,-u! Bituminous +a,' mu(a!a, %a-u%a#a +a,' -&%al/ %asa,+a %a#,a *-am m&,'!la-/ -!a.a,' 56!&la- -ua/ m&,'a,.u,' 6G C G6I !a#%6, .a# %a-,+a/ .&,'a, !a,.u,'a, sul4u# .a, a%u +a,' s&.!- a!a, m&,)a. Anthracite +a,' mu(a!a, (,'!a- -a-as %a-u%a#a/ %%&,-u! (a.a-/ %a-u !as .&,'a, 7a#,a )&-=%la5! %!laua, 0Lus- m&-all5/ m&,'a,.u,' a,-a#a G6=HGI !a#%6, .a# %a-,+a$ Manfaat BatubaraBa-u%a#a s&%a'a %a*a, 'ala, m&ml! (a, (&,-,'$ Msal,+a s&%a'a %a*a, %a!a# al-,a-?& ,6,m,+a! .a, 'as 0,6,m'as1/ .'u,a!a, .alam ,.us-# !ma .a, ,.us-# la,,+a$P&ma,4aa-a, %a-u%a#a %*u%u,'a, a- .&,'a, !a#a!-s-!,+a$ Ba-u%a#a .a(a- .'u,a!a, .alam !&a.aa, (a.a- a-au s&-&la* .6la*@.!6,?s .)a.!a, 4asa 5a# a-au 4asa 'as$ P&,'6la*a, %a-u%a#a.(lu!a, %la !a#a!-s-!,+a -.a! s&sua .&,'a, (s+a#a-a, (&,''u,aa,,+a$Ba-u%a#asa%a'a %a*a, .asa# .a(a- .ma,4aa-!a, m&,)a. %ma5am (#6.u! -u#u,a, +a,' .a(a- .('u,a!a, u,-u! m&m&,u* !&%u-u*a, s&*a#=*a#$ Msal,+a/ s&%a'a %a*a, %a!a# m,+a!$Sifat batu bara A,alsa %a-u %a#a .(lu!a, u,-u! a(a!a* %a-u %a#a -s&%u- %sa.'u,a!a,(a.aPLTUa-au-.a!%sa .'u,a!a,!a#&,a.lua##a,'&.&s',PLTU -s&%u-$ S&la, -u a,alsa %a-u%a#a .(lu!a, u,-u! m&,'&-a*u !ual-as%a-u%a#a -s&%u-$ A,alsa +a,' umum,+a .(a!a . PLTU a.ala*a,alsa P#6Jma-&$A,alsa (#6Jma-& %a-u%a#a -.# .a# %&%a(a a,alsa .asa# %a-u%a#a/+a,' %-u)ua, (#a!-s u,-u! m&,la !ual-as,+a$ A,alsa (#6Jma-& ,.la!u!a, #u-, s&-a( !&.a-a,'a, (&,'#ma, %a-u%a#a/ +a,' -.# .a# :K :6la-l& Ma--K A%uK Ka#%6,K Nla !al6#K M6s-u#&K G#,.a%l-as. E!as Asal usul "!asALI#$RNIA = Ilmu7a, asal Ha#?a#.=Sm-*s6,a, 9&,- 46# As-#6(*+s5s 094A1 m&,'u,'!a( asal=usul mu,5ul,+a &mas. Bum$ Ma-al +a,' !a( .)a.!a, (*asa, , .(a+a la*# *asl -a%#a!a,.ua %,-a,' +a,' -&la* ma-$Dla,s# Nbcnews/ Kams 01G@F@20131/ #s&- %a#u m&,+a#a,!a,/ s&mua &mas . Bum !&mu,'!,a, .a-a,' .a# -a%#a!a, !6sm! a,-a#a %,-a,' ma- +a,' su( (a.a-$ Asal=usul &mas alam s&m&s-a .a,''a( ms-us/ !a#&,a ma-al Lm&7a*L -s&%u- -%&,-u! .alam %,-a,'=%,-a,' s&(- u,su#=u,su# #,'a, s&(- !a#%6, .a, %&s$Namu,/ lmu7a, m&+a!, ms- -s&%u- -&la* -(&5a*!a,/ . ma,a s-u. %a#u m&,'u,'!a( %a*7a &mas mu,5ul .a# -a%#a!a, .ua %,-a,' ,&u-#6,$ B,-a,' -s&%u- %%&,-u! !&5l/ ,amu, m&ml! ,- +a,' sa,'a- (a.a- .a, %-#a,s46#mas m&m%&,-u! l6'am %*a#'a$MKam m&m(!#a!a, %a*7a )umla* &mas +a,' .(#6.u!s .a, .!&lua#!a, s&lama (&,''a%u,'a, .ua %,-a,' ,&u-#6, mu,'!, s&%&sa# 10 massa %ula,$ S&mua (*asa, !-a mu(a!a, %&,.a *asl -a%#a!a, %,-a,'/M !a-a (&,&l- E.6 B' .a# Ha#?a#.=Sm-*s6,a, 9&,- 46# As-#6(*+s5s 098A1$B' .a, -m,+a m&m(&la)a# l&.a!a, s,a# 'amma +a,' s,'!a-$ L&.a!a, -s&%u- mu(a!a, l&.a!a, +a,' (al,' %a*a+a +a,' .!&,al. alam s&m&s-a .a, .-&mu!a, 6l&* NASA m&lalu (&sa7a- lua# a,'!asaS74- +a,' m&,'6#%- Bum (a.a a7al ;u, 2013$D% !6.& ,ama GRB 130603B/ l&.a!a, s,a# 'amma -s&%u- -l&-a! 3/H mla# -a*u, 5a*a+a .a# Bum .a, %la,'su,' 5&(a-$ Ilmu7a, m&lalu (&sa7a- lua# a,'!asa ml!,+a m&l*a- l&.a!a, !ua- -s&%u- +a,' !&mu.a, %la,'su,' m&mu.a#$Emas a.ala* la,'!a . Bum/ !a#&,a ma-al , )a#a,' mu,5ul . alam s&m&s-a$ Tm m&,'*a#a(!a, %a*7a l&.a!a, s,a# 'amma m&,'&lua#!a, s&!#a sa-u s&(sa-us .a# sua-u massa su#+a .&,'a, %&%a(a .a# ma-al -s&%u- +a,' mu,5ul s&%a'a &mas$ 06!&E6,&$56m1P"n%"rtian "!asEmas a.ala* l6'am +a,' %a- .&,'a, 7a#,a !u,,' +a,' !*as$ Dalam %&,-u! %u%u!/ 7a#,a,+a 56!la- !&ma*a,$ L6'am , m&l&%u# (a.a su*u 106D/1G 69$ Emas mu(a!a, l6'am -#a,ss 0 -#?al&, .a, u,?al&, 1 +a,' %s4a- lu,a! .a, mu.a* .-&m(a/ !&!asa,,+a %!sa# a,-a#a 2/5 C 3 0 s!ala M6*s 1$ Emas .a(a- .%&,-u! )a. l&m%a#a, s&.&m!a, -(s *,''a -&m%us (a,.a,'$ S&%a,+a! 120$000 l&m%a# &mas .a(a- .-&m(a m&,)a. sa-u la(sa, +a,' s&.&m!a, -(s,+a s&*,''a -&%al,+a -.a! l&%* .a# 1 5m$ Da# 1 '#am &mas .a(a- .ulu# m&,)a. !a7a- s&(a,)a,' 2/5 !m$B.asa#!a,sum% .a# "IKIPEDIA/ Emasmu(a!a,u,su# !ma/+a,' .alam -a%&l (.! +a,' m&ml! sm%6l Au 0%a*asa La-,: Nau#umO1.a,,6m6# a-6mFH$ Emas mu(a!a,s&%ua*l6'am-#a,ss 0-#?al&,.a,u,?al&,1+a,'l&m%&!/ m&,'!la(/ !u,,'/ %a-/2mall&a%l&3/ .a,2.u5-l&3$Emas -.a! %&a!s .&,'a, Ea- !ma la,,+a -a( -sa,' 6l&* !l6#,/ 4lu6#,.a,aPua#&'a$ L6'am, %a,+a!-.a(a- . ,u''&- &mas a-aus%u!.%&%a-ua, .a, . .&(6s- allu?al .a, sala* sa-u l6'am 56,a'&$ K6.& ISO,+aa.ala* QAU$ Emas m&l&%u# .alam %&,-u! 5a# (a.a su*u s&!-a# 1000 .a)a-5&l5us$ Emas mu(a!a, l6'am+a,' %s4a- lu,a! .a, mu.a* .-&m(a/!&!asa,,+a %!sa# a,-a#a 2/5 C 3 0s!ala M6*s1/ s-a %a- )&,s,+a-'a,-u,'(a.a)&,s .a,!a,.u,'a,l6'amla,+a,'%(a.u.&,'a,,+a$M,al (&m%a7a&mas%asa,+a%as6sas .&,'a,m,al !u-a,0'a,'u&m,als1$ M,al !u-a, -s&%u- umum,+a !ua#sa/ !a#%6,a-/ -u#mal,/4l6u#(a#/ .a, s&)umla* !&5l m,al ,6, l6'am$ M,al (&m%a7a &mas )u'a%as6sas .&,'a,&,.a(a,sul4.a+a,'-&la*-!s.as$ M,al (&m%a7a&mas -.# .a# &mas ,a-?/ &l&!-#um/ &mas -&lu#.a/ s&)umla*(a.ua,.a,s&,+a7a &mas .&,'a, u,su#=u,su# %&la,'/ a,-m6,/ .a, s&l&,um$ El&!-#ums&%&,a#,+a)&,s la,.a# &mas ,a-?/ *a,+a!a,.u,'a,(a!. .alam,+aR20I$ Emas -%&,-u!.a# (#6s&s ma'ma-sm& a-au(&,'!6,s&,-#asa, .(mu!aa,$ B&%a(a &,.a(a, -%&,-u! !a#&,a (#6s&s m&-as6ma-sm& !6,-a!.a, la#u-a, *.#6-mal/ s&.a,'!a, (&,'!6,s&,-#asa, s&5a#a m&!a,sm&,'*asl!a,&,.a(a,l&-a!a,0(la5$ G&,&sa&mas.!a-a'6#!a,m&,)a..ua +a-u &,.a(a, (#m .a, &,.a(a, (las$Sifat "!asEmas m&m(u,+a !a#a!-s-! s&5-l& 0 lu,a!/ &las-s/ mu.a* .%&,-u! 1/ m&ml! 7a#,a +a,' m&,a#! 0 !u,,'/ m&,'!la(/ -.a! mu.a* m&mu.a# 1/ %a-/ -a*a, lama/-a*a, (a.a (a,as -,'' .a, .a+a !6,.u!s ls-#! )u'a s&%a'a (la7a,a, -*a.a( 6!s.as 0 -a*a, !6#6s 1 s&*,''a &mas m&ml! %a,+a! !&'u,aa,$ Namu, !a#&,a &mas s&%a'a sala* sa-u l6'am 56,a'& +a,' !&%a.aa,,+a . alam sa,'a- la,'!a/ m&,)a.!a,,+a s&%a'a l6'am +a,' sa,'a- %*a#'a$D. T"!ba%a T&m%a'a a-au 5u(#um .alam -a%&l (.! +a,' m&ml! lam%a,' 9u .a, ,6m6# a-6m 2H$ T&m%a'a . alam -.a! %&'-u m&lm(a* .a, .-&mu!a, .alam %&,-u! %&%as mau(u, .alam %&,-u! s&,+a7aa,$ B)* -&m%a'a +a,' -(&,-,' +a-u (#- a-au 5*al56(+#-& 09u8&S21/ 56(( 'la,5& a-au 5*al56l-& 09u2S1/ 5u(#-& 09u2O1/ mala56,-& 09uO1 .a, mala5*-& 09u20OH129O31 s&.a,'!a, .alam u,su# %&%as .-&mu!a, . N6#-*, M5*'a, Am!a S!a-$Dalam )umla* !&5l -&m%a'a .-&mu!a, (a.a %&%a(a )&,s -a,ama,/ %ulu=%ulu %u#u,' -u-ama +a,' %%ulu -a,' .a, .alam .a#a* %,a-a,'=%,a-a,' lau- s&(- u.a,' .a, !a,'$P"n%&la'an Bi(i' T"!ba%aB)* -&m%a'a .a(a- %u(a !a#%6,a-/ 6!s.a .a, sul4.a$ U,-u! m&m(l&* -&m%a'a .a# %)* +a,' %u(a 6!s.a .a, !a#%6,a- l&%* mu.a* .%a,.,' %)* +a,' %u(a sul4.a$ Hal , .s&%a%!a, -&m%a'a -l&-a! .%a'a, %a7a* .&- ?6l-a s&*,''a mu.a* .as,'!a, .a# %)*,+a$B)* %u(a 6!s.a .a, !a#%6,a- .#&.u!s m&,''u,a!a, !6!as u,-u! m&m(l&* -&m%a'a/ s&.a,'!a, %)* -&m%a'a sul4.a/ %asa,+a !al!6(#- 09u8&S21/ -.# .a# %&%a(a -a*a( u,-u! m&m(l&* -&m%a'a/ +a!,:P"n%a)un%an *fl&tasi+Gam%a# !al!6(#- .a# 7!(&.a P#6s&s (&,'a(u,'a, a-au 4l6-as . a7al .&,'a, (&,'&5la, u!u#a, %)* !&mu.a, .'l,' sam(a -%&,-u! %u-#a, *alus$ B)* +a,' -&la* .*alus!a, .masu!!a, !& .alam 5am(u#a, a# .a, sua-u m,+a! --&,-u$ K&mu.a, u.a#a .-u(!a, !& .alam 5am(u#a, u,-u! m&,'*asl!a, '&l&m%u,'='&l&m%u,' u.a#a$ Ba'a, %)* +a,' m&,'a,.u,' l6'am +a,' -.a! %!a-a, .&,'a, a# a!a, %!a-a, .&,'a, m,+a! .a, m&,&m(&l (a.a '&l&m%u,'='&l&m%u,' u.a#a +a,' !&mu.a, m&,'a(u,' !& (mu!aa,$ S&la,)u-,+a '&l&m%u,'='&l&m%u,' u.a#a +a,' m&m%a7a (a#-!&l=(a#-!&l l6'am .a, m&,'a(u,' , .(sa*!a, !&mu.a, .(&!a-!a,$P"!an%%an%anB)* (&!a- *asl (&,'a(u,'a, s&la,)u-,+a .(a,''a,' .alam u.a#a -%a-as (a.a su*u .%a7a* --! l&l&*,+a 'u,a m&,'*la,'!a, a# +a,' mu,'!, mas* a.a (a.a saa- (&m&!a-a, .a, %&la,' +a,' *la,' s&%a'a %&la,' .6!s.a$9am(u#a, +a,' .(l&* .a# (#6s&s (&ma,''a,'a, , .s&%u- ,al,in"/ +a,' m&,'a,.u,' 9u2S/ 8&O .a, mu,'!, mas* m&,'a,.u,' s&.!- 8&S$ S&-&la* -u 5al5,& .sl!a 'u,a m&,'u%a* %&s0II16!s.a m&,)a. sua-u sa,'a a-au sla' %&s0II1 sl!a- +a,' !&mu.a, .a(a- .(sa*!a,$ R&a!s,+a s&%a'a %!u-T&m%a'a0I1 sul4.a +a,' .(l&* (a.a -a*a( , .s&%u- !att" .a, !&mu,'!,a, mas* m&,'a,.u,' s&.!- %&s0II1 sul4.aR"-uksi9u2S a-au ma--& +a,' +a,' .(l&* !&mu.a, .#&.u!s .&,'a, 5a#a .(a,as!a, .&,'a, u.a#a -!6,-#6l/ s&sua #&a!s29u2S(s) S 3O2(g) TU 29u2O(s) S 2SO2(g)9u2S(s) S 29u2O0s1 TU 69u(s) S SO2(g)T&m%a'a +a,' .(l&* (a.a -a*a( , .s&%u- blist"r atau t"!ba%a l")u'an s&%a% m&,'a,.u,' #6,''a=#6,''a +a,' %s u.a#a$ El"ktr&lisis Bls- a-au -&m%a'a l&(u*a, mas* m&,'a,.u,' msal,+a A'/Au/ .a, P- !&mu.a, .mu#,!a, .&,'a, 5a#a &l&!-#6lss$ Pa.a &l&!-#6lss -&m%a'a !6-6# 0-.a! mu#,1 .(asa,' s&%a'a a,6.a .a, !a-6.a .'u,a!a, -&m%a'a mu#,/ .&,'a, &l&!-#6l- la#u-a, -&m%a'a0II1 sul4a- 09uSOD1$ S&lama (#6s&s &l&!-#6lss %la,'su,' -&m%a'a . a,6.a -!s.as m&,)a. 9u2S !&mu.a, .#&.u!s . !a-6.a m&,)a. l6'am 9u$Ka-6.a : 9u2S0aq1 S 2e TU 9u0s1A,6.a : 9u0s1 TU 9u2S0aq1 S 2e Pa.a (#6s&s , a,6.a s&ma!, %!u#a,' .a, !a-6.a 0-&m%a'a mu#,1ma!, %-am%a* %a,+a!/ s&.a,'!a, (&,'6-6#=(&,'6-6# +a,' %u(a A'/ Au/ .a, P- m&,'&,.a( s&%a'a lum(u#$ Sifat fisika11 T&m%a'a mu(a!a, l6'am +a,' %a#,a !u,', s&(- &mas !u,,' s&(- (a.a 'am%a# .a, !as %la -.a! mu#,$21 Mu.a* .-&m(a 0la-1 .a, %s4a- mulu# s&*,''a mu.a* .%&,-u! m&,)a. ((a/ l&m%a#a, -(s .a, !a7a-$31 K6,.u!-6# (a,as .a, ls-#! +a,' %a!/ !&.ua s&-&la* (a!$ B"b"ra)a Sifat Ki!ia T"!ba%a11 T&m%a'a mu(a!a, u,su# +a,' #&la-4 -.a! #&a!-4 s&*,''a -a*a, -*a.a( !6#6s$ Pa.a u.a#a +a,' l&m%a% (mu!aa, -&m%a'a .-u-u( 6l&* sua-u la(sa, +a,' %a#,a *)au +a,' m&,a#! .a# -&m%a'a !a#%6,a- %asa/9u0OH129O3$ 21 Pa.a !6,.s +a,' s-m&7a +a!, (a.a su*u s&!-a# 300 V9 -&m%a'a .a(a- %&a!s .&,'a, 6!s'&, m&m%&,-u! 9uO +a,' %a#,a *-am$ S&.a,'!a, (a.a su*u +a,' l&%* -,''/ s&!-a# 1000 W9/ a!a, -%&,-u! -&m%a'a0I1 6!s.a 09u2O1 +a,' %a#,a ma*$ 31 T&m%a'a -.a! .sa,' 6l&* a# a-au ua( a# .a, asam=asam ,66!s.a-6# &,5 s&(- H9l &,5 .a, H2SOD&,5$ T&-a( asam !l6#.a (&!a- .a, m&,..* m&,+a,' l6'am -&m%a'a .a, m&m%&%as!a, 'as *.#6'&,$ Hal , .s&%a%!a, 6l&* -%&,-u!,+a 6, !6m(l&!s 9u9l2X0aP1 +a,' m&,.6#6,' #&a!s !&s&-m%a,'a, %'&s !& a#a* (#6.u!$Asam sul4a- (&!a-(u, .a(a- m&,+a,' -&m%a'a/ s&(- #&a!s %!u- D1 Asam ,-#a- &,5 .a, (&!a- .a(a- m&,+a,' -&m%a'a/ s&sua #&a!s 51 T&m%a'a -.a! %&a!s .&,'a, al!al/ -&-a( la#u- .alam am6,a 6l&* a.a,+a u.a#a m&m%&,-u! la#u-a, +a,' %a#,a %#u .a# !6m(l&!s 9u0NH31DS$ 61 T&m%a'a (a,as .a(a- %&a!s .&,'a, ua( %&la,' .a, *al6'&,$ B&a!s.&,'a, %&la,' m&m%&,-u! -&m%a'a0I1 sul4.a .a, -&m%a'a0II1 sul4.a .a, u,-u! #&a!s .&,'a, *al6'&, m&m%&,-u! -&m%a'a0I1 !l6#.a/ !*usus !l6# +a,' m&,'*asl!a, -&m%a'a0II1 !l6#.a$ P"!akaian t"!ba%aa1 S&%a'a %a*a, u,-u! !a%&l ls-#! .a, !um(a#a, .,am6$%1 Pa.ua, l6'am$ Pa.ua, -&m%a'a F0I .&,'a, s&,' 30I .s&%u- kunin%an/s&.a,'!a, (a.ua, -&m%a'a G0I .&,'a, -ma* (u-* 20I .s&%u- )"run%%u$Pu,''u +a,' m&,'a,.u,' s&)umla* 46s46# .'u,a!a, .alam ,.us-# a#l6).a, 'al?a,6m&-$ Ku,,'a, m&ml! 7a#,a s&(- &mas s&*,''a %a,+a! .'u,a!a, s&%a'a (*asa, a-au 6#,am&,=6#,am&,$ S&.a,'!a, (u,''u %a,+a! .)a.!a, s&%a'a (*asa, .a, .'u,a!a, (ula (a.a s&, (a-u,'$ Ku,,'a, .a, (u,''u %-u#u-=-u#u- s&(- +a,' --a (a.a 'am%a# 51 Ma-a ua,' .a, (!a!as=(!a!as +a,' -%ua- .a# &mas .a, (a! s&lalum&,',.u,' -&m%a'a u,-u! m&,am%a* !&!ua-a, .a, !&!asa,,+a$ Gam%a# ma-a ua,' +a,' -%ua- .a# &mas: .1 S&%a'a %a*a, (&,a*a, u,-u! %a,'u,a, .a, %&%a(a %a'a, .a# !a(al$&1 S%u! -&m%a'a .'u,a!a, s&%a'a !a-alsa-6# u,-u! m&,'6!s.as m&-a,6l m&,)a. m&-a,al$ S"n.a/aan t"!ba%a T&m%a'a . alam m&ml! -,'!a- 6!s.as S1 .a, S2$ T&m%a'a .&,'a, %la,'a, 6!s.as S2 mu(a!a, -&m%a'a +a,' s,' .-&mu!a, s&.a,'!a, -&m%a'a .&,'a, %la,'a, 6!s.as S1 )a#a,' .-&mu!a,/ !a#&,a s&,+a7aa, -&m%a'a , *a,+a s-a%l )!a .alam %&,-u! s&,+a7a !6m(l&!s$ S&la, .ua !&a.aa, 6!s.as -s&%u- .!&,al (ula -&m%a'a .&,'a, %la,'a, 6!s.as S3 -&-a( )a#a,' .'u,a!a,/ msal,+a K39u86$ B&%a(a s&,+a7aa, +a,' .%&,-u! 6l&* -&m%a'a s&(- +a,' --a (a.a Ta%&l$ T&m%a'a0II1 Nama T&m%a'a0I1Nama9uO9u0OH129u9l29u829uS9uSOD$5H2O9u0NO312$3H2O-&m%a'a0II1 6!s.a-&m%a'a0II1 *.#6!s.a-&m%a'a0II1 !l6#.a-&m%a'a0II1 4lu6#.a-&m%a'a0II1 sul4.a-&m%a'a0II1 sul4a- (&,-a*.#a- a-au ?-#6l %#u-&m%a'a0II1 ,-#a- -#*.#a-9u2O9u9l9uI-&m%a'a0I1 6!s.a-&m%a'a0I1 !l6#.a-&m%a'a0I1 6..aE. B"si P&,'-a, B&sB&s a.ala* l6'am -#a,ss +a,' (al,' %a,+a! .(a!a !a#&,a #&la-4 m&lm(a* . alam .a, mu.a* .6la*$ B&s mu#, -.a! %&'-u !ua-/ -&-a( %la .5am(u# .&,'a, l6'am la, .a, !a#%6, ..a(a- %a)a +a,' sa,'a- !as$ B) %&s %asa,+a m&,'a,.u,' *&ma--& 08&2O31 +a,' .!6-6# 6l&* (as# 0SO21 s&!-a# 10 I/ s-a s&.!- s&,+a7a sul4u#/ (6s46#/ alum,um .a, ma,'a,$0S+u!# /1HHH : 6231$K&%a.aa, B&s . AlamB&s mu(a!a, sala* sa-u u,su# (al,' %asa . Bum/ m&m%&,-u! 5I .a#(a.a !a! Bum$ K&%a,+a!a, %&s , *a.# .alam (&l%a'a )&,s 6!s.a %&s/ s&(- %a*a, 'ala, *&ma--/ma',&--/ .a, -a!6,-$ S&%a*a'a, %&sa# -as %um .(a+a m&,'a,.u,' al6 l6'am %&s=,!&l$ S&!-a# 5I .a#(a.a m&-&6#- -u#u- m&,'a,.u,' al6 %&s=,!&l$ "alau(u, )a#a,'/ , mu(a!a, %&,-u! u-ama l6'am %&s s&mula)a. .(mu!aa, %um$Dalam (,.us-#a,/ %&s .*asl!a, .a# %) %&s/ !&%a,+a!a,,+a *&ma-- 0s&.!- 8&2O31 .a, ma',&-- 08&3OD1/ m&lalu (&,u#u,a, 6l&* !a#%6, .alam #&lau *&m%us 0%las- 4u#,a5&1 (a.a su*u s&!-a# 2000 V9$ Dalam #&lau *&m%us/ %)* %&s/ !a#%6, .alam %&,-u! !6!/ .a, 4lu!s s&(- %a-u !a(u# .s!a, . %a*a'a, a-as #&lau/ s&m&,-a#a s&m%u#a, u.a#a (a,as .(a!sa u,-u! masu! !& .alam #&lau . %a*a'a, %a7a*$Dalam #&lau/ !6! %-,.a! %alas .&,'a, 6!s'&, .alam *&m%usa, u.a#a u,-u! m&,'*asl!a,!a#%6, m6,6!s.a:2 9 S O2 U 2 9OKa#%6, m6,6!s.a m&,'u#a,'!a, %)* %&s 0.alam (samaa, !ma . %a7a*/ *&ma--1 !&(a.a %&s l&%u#/ m&,)a. !a#%6, .6!s.a . .alam (#6s&s -s&%u-:3 9O S 8&2O3 U 2 8& S 3 9O28lu!s .-am%a* u,-u! m&l&%u#!a, %&,.as,' .alam %)*/ -u-ama,+a sl!6, .6!s.a (as# .a, la,=la, sl!a-$ 8lu!s %asa -masu!la* %a-u !a(u# 0-u-ama,+a !alsum !a#%6,a-1 .a, .6l6m- 0ma',&sum !a#%6,a-1$ 8lu!s +a,' la, %6l&* .'u,a!a, %'a,-u,' !&(a.a )&,s %&,.as,' +a,' (lu .as,'!a, .a#(a.a %)*$ D %a7a* !&(a,asa, #&lau/ %a-u !a(u# m&,'u#a m&,)a. !alsum 6!s.a 0!a(u# -6*6#1:9a9O3 U 9aO S 9O2Kalsum 6!s.a %'a%u,' .&,'a, sl!6, .6!s.a u,-u! m&,'*asl!a, sa,'a$9aO S SO2 U 9aSO3Sa,'a m&l&%u# 6l&* !a,a *a%a . .alam #&lau/ %%a,.,' .&,'a, sl!6, .6!s.a +a,' -.a! a!a, m&l&%u# . %a7a* *a%a +a,' sama$ Pa.a .asa# #&lau/ sa,'a +a,' m&l&%u# -a(u,' a-as l&%u#a, %&s +a,' l&%* -um(a-/ .a, *a,+u- !& -&( #&lau +a,' mu,'!, a!a, .%u!a u,-u! m&,'al#!a, sa,'a !&lua# .a#(a.a l&%u#a, %&s$ B&s ,/ a(a%la ..,',!a,/ a!a, %u%a* m&,)a. %&s m&,-a*/ s&m&,-a#a sa,'a .a(a- .'u,a!a, s&%a'a %a*a, u,-u! (&m%ua-a, )ala, #a+a a-au u,-u! m&,+u%u#!a, -a,a* +a,' !u#a,' m,al u,-u! (-a,a,$A,''a#a, s&%a,+a! 1/100 ;u-a %)* %&s .*asl!a, . s&lu#u* .u,a .alam -a*u, 2012/ .&,'a, ,la (asa#a, l&%* !u#a,' 25 %l6, .6la# Am!a$ P&,'&lua#a, %)* %la,'su,' . DG ,&'a#a/ .&,'a, lma (&,'&lua# -%&sa# mu(a!a, 9*,a/ B#aEl/ Aus-#ala/ Rusa .a, I,.a/ m&,'*asl!a, F0I .a#(a.a (&,'&lua#a, %)* %&s .u,a$ 1100 ;u-a %)* %&s .'u,a!a, u,-u! m&,'*asl!a, l&%* !u#a,' 5F2 ;u-a %&s m&,-a*$S4a- 8s!a B&s9#=5# 4s!8as&(a.a-Massa )&,s 0s&!-a# su*u !ama#1F/G6 '@5mYMassa )&,s 5a# (a.a --! l&%u#6/HG '@5mYT-! l&%u#1G11 K0153G V9/ 2G00 V81T-! ..*313D K02G61 V9/ 51G2 V81Kal6# (&l&%u#a,13/G1 !;@m6lKal6# (&,'ua(a,3D0 !;@m6lKa(as-as !al6#025 V91 25/10 ;@0m6lZK1T&!a,a, ua(P@Pa1101001 !10 !100 !(a.a T@K1F2G1GH020H123D626FH31329#=5# a-6mS-#u!-u# !#s-al!u%us (usa- %a.a,Bla,'a, 6!s.as2/ 3/ D/ 606!s.a am46-El&!-#6,&'a-?-as1/G3 0s!ala Paul,'1E,' 6,sas(-ama: F62/5 !;@m6l!&=2: 1561/H !;@m6l!&=3: 2H5F !;@m6l;a#=)a# a-6m1D0 (m;a#=)a# a-6m 0-*-u,'1156 (m;a#=)a# !6?al&,125 (mD$S4a- Kma B&sK&-a,'a, Umum U,su#Nama/ Lam%a,'/ N6m6# a-6m%&s/ 8&/ 26D&- !mal6'am -#a,ssG6l6,'a,/ P.&/ Bl6!G/ D/ .P&,am(la,m&-al! m&,'!la(!&a%u=a%ua,Massa a-6m55/GD5021 '@m6lK6,4'u#as &l&!-#6,AA#B 3.6 Ds2;umla* &l&!-#6, -a( !ul-2/ G/ 1D/ 21$ M&m(u,+a .a+a *a,-a# ls-#! .a, (a,as +a,' %a!$ Ka#&,a m&ml! !a-a, 'a,.a .a, !a-a, !6?al&, l6'am$2$ B&s mu#, 5u!u( #&a!-4$ Dalam u.a#a l&m%a% 5&(a- -!s.as m&m%&,-u! %&s 0III1 6!s.a *.#a-$096--6,/1HGH :D621$La,=la,S4a- ma',&-!4ma',&-!R&ss-?-as ls-#!020 V91 H6/1 ,[ZmK6,.u!-?-as -mal0300 K1 G0/D "@0mZK1E!s(a,s -mal025 V91 11/G \m@0mZK1K&5&(a-a, sua#a0(a.a 7u)u. !a7a-10su*u !ama#1 0&l&!-#6l-!15120 m@sM6.ulus Y6u,'211 GPaM6.ulus '&sG2 GPaM6.ulus #ua*1F0 GPaNs%a* P6ss6,0/2HS!ala !&!asa, M6*sD/0K&!asa, :5!s60G MPaK&!asa, B#,&llDH0 MPaIs6-6(s6NA7a!-u (a#u*DMDE0M&:1DP5D8&5/GIR3/1E22 -a*u,(&,a,'!a(a, 2]^5D9#558&s+,2/F3 -a*u,(&,a,'!a(a, ]0/23155M,568&H1/F2I8& s-a%l .&,'a, 30 ,&u-#6,5F8&2/2I8& s-a%l .&,'a, 31 ,&u-#6,5G8&0/2GI8& s-a%l .&,'a, 32 ,&u-#6,5H8&s+,DD/503 *a#_1/5655H96608&s+,1/5E6 -a*u,_=3/HFG6096E!s-#a!s B&sPa.a Eama, .a*ulu/ ma,usa -&la* %*asl m&,'&!s-#a! %&s .a# %)*,+a +a,' %u(a s&,+a7a s&(- *&ma-- 08&2O31$ 9am(u#a, 'l,'a, %&s .a, a#a,',+a . %a#!a, . a-as %a#a s&*,''a %&s m&l&l&*/ !&mu.a, %&s -u . -am(u,'$ S&la,)u-,+a 5am(u#a, %&s .a, a#a,' . l&-a!!a, . a-as -a,u# !&5l.a, . *&m%us!a, u.a#a .a# .asa# -a,u#$ A!a, -&-a( su*u +a,' .5a(a .&,'a, 5a#a , mas* l&%* #&,.a* )!a .%a,.,'!a, .&,'a, -a,u# -,'' 0-a,u# *&m%us1 m6., +a,' . !&,al masa !,$ 0K&&,a,/1HH2 : 1G21$P&,'6la*a, B&sB&s a.ala* l6'am +a,' (al,' luas .a, (al,' %a,+a! (&,''u,aa,+a$ Hal -s&%u- .s&%a%!a, -'a alasa, %!u- +a-u:a$ B)* %&s #&la-4 malm(a* . %%a'a (&,)u#u .u,a$%$ P&,'6la*a, %&s #&la-4 mu#a* .a, mu.a*$5$S4a- C s4a- %&s +a,' mu.a* .m6.4!as$B&s -.a(a- . alam .alam %&,-u! s&,+a7a/ a,-a#a la, s&%a'a *&ma-- 08&2O31/ ma',&-- 08&3 OD1/ (#- 08&S21 .a, s.- 0 8&9O31$;&,s=;&,s B&sB&s m&,-a* a-au P' #6, +a,' m&,'a,.u,' DI C 5I !a#%6, .&,'a, s&)umla* %&,.as,' s&(- %&la,'/ sl!6, .a, 46s46#us$ K&(&,-,'a,,+a a.ala* a mu(a!a, (a,-a#aa, .a#(a.a %)* %&s !&(a.a %&s -ua,' .a, %&s 7a)a$B&s -ua,' 09as- #6,1 m&,'a,.u,' 2I C 3$5I !a#%6, .a, s&)umla* !&5lma,'a,$ B&,.as,' +a,' -.a(a- . .alam %&s m&,-a* +a,' .a(a- m&m%!a, !&sa, %u#u! !&(a.a s4a- %a*a,/ s&(- %&la,' .a, 46s46#us/ -&la* .!u#a,'!a, !&(a.a -a*a( %6l&* .-ma$ Ia m&m(u,+a -a!a- l&%u# (a.a )ula- 1D20C1DF0 K/ +a,' l&%* #&,.a* %%a,.,' .ua !6m(6,&, u-ama,+a/ .a, m&,)a.!a,,+a *asl (-ama +a,' m&l&%u# a(a%la !a#%6, .a, %&s .(a,as!a, s&,-a!$ S4a- m&!a,!al,+a %u%a*=u%a*/ %'a,-u,' !&(a.a %&,-u! !a#%6, +a,' .-a( !& .alam al6$ B&s -ua,' L(u-*L m&,'a,.u,' !a#%6, .alam %&,-u! 5&m&,--&/ a-au %&s !a#%.a$ B&s !a#%6, m&,'a,.u,' a,-a#a 0$5I .a, 1$5I !a#%6,/ .&,'a, s&)umla* !&5l ma,'a,/ %&la,'/ 46s46#us/ .a, sl!6,$B&s -&m(a 0"#6u'*- #6,1 m&,'a,.u,' !u#a,' .a#(a.a 0$5I !a#%6,$ Ia !as/ mu.a* l&,-u#/ .a, -.a! mu.a* .la!u#!a, %%a,.,' .&,'a, %&s m&,-a*$ Ia m&m(u,+a s&)umla* !&5l !a#%6,/ %&%a(a (s&(ulu* (a-us$ ;!a .-a)am!a, m&,)a. -#us/ a 5&(a- !&*la,'a, !&-a)ama,,+a$B&s al6 0All6+ s-&&l1 m&,'a,.u,' !a,.u,'a, !a#%6, +a,' %u%a*=u%a* .a, )u'a l6'am=l6'am la,/ s&(- !#6mum/ ?a,a.um/ m6l%.&,um/ ,!&l/ -u,'s-&, .s%$ B&s 6!s.a 0III1 .'u,a!a, .alam (&,'*asla, s-6#a, ma',&-! .alam !6m(u-$ Ia s,' .5am(u#!a, .&,'a, %a*a, la,/ .a, m&,'&!al!a, 5#=5# m&!a .alam la#u-a,$#. Alu!iniu! Alum,um a.ala* l6'am +a,' (al,' %a,+a! -.a(a- . !a! %um/ .a, u,su# !&-'a -%a,+a! s&-&la* 6!s'&, .a, sl!6,$ Alum,um -.a(a- . !a!%um s&%a,+a! !#a=!#a G/0FI *,''a G/23I .a# s&lu#u* massa (a.a- .a# !a! %um/ .&,'a, (#6.u!s -a*u,a, .u,a s&!-a# 30 )u-a -6, (-a*u, .alam %&,-u! %au!s- .a, %&%a-ua, la, 056##u,.um/ '%%s-&/ %6&*m-&/ .as(6#&/ .a, la,=la,1 0USGS1$ Sul- m&,&mu!a, alum,um mu#, . alam !a#&,a alum,um mu(a!a, l6'am +a,' 5u!u( #&a!-4$ Alum,um -a*a, -*a.a( !6#6s !a#&,a 4&,6m&,a (as?as$ Pas?as a.ala* (&m%&,-u!a, la(sa, (&l,.u,' a!%a- #&a!s l6'am -*a.a( !6m(6,&, u.a#a s&*,''a la(sa, -s&%u- m&l,.u,' la(sa, .alam l6'am .a# !6#6s$ S&lama 50 -a*u, -a!*#/ alum,um -&la* m&,)a. l6'am +a,' luas (&,''u,aa,,+a s&-&la* %a)a$ P!&m%a,'a, , ..asa#!a, (a.a s4a-=s4a-,+a +a,' #,'a,/ -a*a, !6#6s/ !&!ua-a, .a, .u5-l-+ +a,' 5u!u( %a! 0alum,um (a.ua,1/ mu.a* .(#6.u!s .a, 5u!u( &!6,6ms 0alum,um .au# ula,'1$ Ya,' (al,' -!&,al a.ala* (&,''u,aa, alum,um s&%a'a %a*a, (&m%ua- (&sa7a- -%a,'/ +a,' m&ma,4aa-!a, s4a- #,'a, .a, !ua-,+a$Alum,um mu#, a.ala* l6'am +a,' lu,a!/ -a*a, lama/ #,'a,/ .a, .a(a- .-&m(a .&,'a, (&,am(la, lua# %?a#as a,-a#a !&(a!a, *,''a a%u=a%u/ -'a,-u,' !&!asa#a, (mu!aa,,+a$ K&!ua-a, -&,sl alum,um mu#, a.ala* H0 MPa/ s&.a,'!a, alum,um (a.ua, m&ml! !&!ua-a, -&,sl %!sa# 200=600 MPa$ Alum,um m&ml! %a- s&!-a# sa-u (-'a %a)a/ mu.a* .-&!u!/ .(la!u!a, .&,'a, m&s,/ .56#/ .-a#! 0.#a7,'1/ .a, .&!s-#us$ R&ss-a,s -*a.a( !6#6s -)a. a!%a- 4&,6m&,a (as?as/ +a-u -%&,-u!,+a la(sa, alum,um 6!s.a !&-!a alum,um -(a(a# .&,'a, u.a#a %&%as$ La(sa, alum,um 6!s.a , m&,5&'a* -)a.,+a 6!s.as l&%* )au*$ Alum,um (a.ua, .&,'a, -&m%a'a !u#a,' -a*a, -*a.a( !6#6s a!%a- #&a!s 'al?a,! .&,'a, (a.ua, -&m%a'a$ Alum,um )u'a mu(a!a, !6,.u!-6# (a,as .a, &l&!-#! +a,' %a!$ ;!a .%a,.,'!a, .&,'a, massa,+a/ alum,um m&ml! !&u,''ula, .%a,.,'!a,.&,'a, -&m%a'a/ +a,' saa- , mu(a!a, l6'am !6,.u!-6# (a,as .a, ls-#! +a,' 5u!u( %a!/ ,amu, 5u!u( %a-$Alum,um mu#, 100I -.a! m&ml! !a,.u,'a, u,su# a(a(u, s&la, alum,um -u s&,.#/ ,amu, alum,um mu#, +a,' .)ual . (asa#a, -.a! (,a* m&,'a,.u,' 100I alum,um/ m&la,!a, s&lalu a.a (&,'6-6# +a,' -!a,.u,' . .alam,+a$ P&,'6-6# +a,' mu,'!, %a.a . .alam alum,um mu#, %asa,+a a.ala* '&l&m%u,' 'as . .alam +a,' masu! a!%a- (#6s&s (&l&%u#a, .a, (&,.,',a,@(&,'&56#a, +a,' -.a! s&m(u#,a/ ma-al 5&-a!a, a!%a- !ual-as 5&-a!a, +a,' -.a! %a!/ a-au (&,'6-6# la,,+a a!%a- !ual-as %a*a, %a!u +a,' -.a! %a! 0msal,+a (a.a (#6s&s .au# ula,' alum,um1$ Umum,+a/ alum,um mu#, +a,' .)ual . (asa#a, a.ala* alum,um mu#, HHI/ msal,+a alum,um 46l$Pa.a alum,um (a.ua,/ !a,.u,'a, u,su# +a,' %a.a . .alam,+a .a(a- %?a#as -'a,-u,' )&,s (a.ua,,+a$ Pa.a (a.ua, F0F5/ +a,' mu(a!a, %a*a, %a!u (&m%ua-a, (&sa7a- -%a,'/ m&ml! !a,.u,'a, s&%&sa# 5/5I `,/ 2/5I M'/ 1/5I 9u/ .a, 0/3I 9#$ Alum,um 201D/ +a,' umum .'u,a!a, .alam (&,&m(aa,/ m&ml! !a,.u,'a, D/5I 9u/ 0/GI S/ 0/GI M,/ .a, 1/5I M'$ Alum,um 50G6 +a,' umum .'u,a!a, s&%a'a %a*a, (&m%ua- %a.a, !a(al (&sa#/ m&ml! !a,.u,'a, D/5I M'/ 0/FI M,/ 0/DI S/ 0/25I 9#/ 0/25I `,/ .a, 0/1I 9u$ Sifat0Sifat T"knis Ba'anSifat #isik Alu!iniu!Ta%l&m&,u,)u!a, s4a- 4s! alum,umNama/ Sm%6l/ .a, N6m6# Alum,um/ Al/ 13S4a-8s!"u)u. Pa.a-Massa )&,s 2/F0 '#am@5m3Massa )&,s (a.a 7u)u. 5a# 2/3F5 '#am@5m3T-! l&%u# H33/DF K/ 660/32 69/ 1220/5G 68T-! ..* 2FH2 K/ 251H 69/ D566 68Kal6# )&,s 025 691 2D/2 ;@m6l KR&ss-a,s ls-#! 020 691 2G$2 ,[ mK6,.u!-?-as -mal 0300 K1 23F "@m KP&muaa, -mal 025 691 23$1 \m@m KM6.ulus Y6u,' F0 G(aM6.ulus '&s 26 G(aP6ss6, #a-6 0/35K&!asa, s!ala M6*s 2/F5K&!asa, s!ala :5!s 16F M(aK&!asa, s!ala B#,,&l 2D5 M(aSifat M"kanik Alu!iniu!S4a- -&!,! %a*a, alum,um mu#, .a, alum,um (a.ua, .(&,'a#u*6l&* !6,s&,-#as %a*a, .a, (la!ua, +a,' .%!a, -*a.a( %a*a,-s&%u-$ Alum,um -!&,al s&%a'a %a*a, +a,' -a*a, -*a.a( !6#6s$ Hal ,.s&%a%!a, 6l&* 4&,6m&,a (as?as/ +a-u (#6s&s (&m%&,-u!a, la(sa,alum,um6!s.a . (mu!aa,l6'amalum,ums&'as&-&la*l6'am-(a(a# 6l&* u.a#a %&%as$ La(sa, alum,um 6!s.a , m&,5&'a*-)a.,+a6!s.as l&%*)au*$ Namu,/ (as?as .a(a- -)a. l&%*lam%a-)!a .(a.u!a,.&,'a,l6'am+a,'%s4a- l&%*!a-6.!/ !a#&,a .a(a-m&,5&'a* 6!s.as alum,um$ G. S,an-iu! S&)a#a* M&,.&l&&? -&la* m&m(#&.!s !&%a.aa, u,su# &!a%6#6, %.asa#!a,(#,s(ss-m(.!+a,'.-&mu!a,,+a$ U,su# , .(!#a!a,m&ml!%a- a-6m a,-a#a D0 0!alsum1 .a, DG 0--a,um1$ El&m&, s!a,.um .-&mu!a,6l&* Nls6, (a.a -a*u, 1GFG . .alam m,al=m,al &uJ&,-& .a, 'a.6l,-&/+a,'%&lum(,a*.-&mu!a,.ma,a(u,!&5ual . S!a,.,a?a$ Sum%=sum%S!a,.um -,+a-al&%* %a,+a! .-&mu!a,. ma-a*a#.a, %&%a(a%,-a,'la,,+a 0-%a,+a!!&=231 .%a,.,'!a,. %um 0-%a,+a!!&=50$"a#,a %#u (a.a %+l 0sa-u )&,s ma!*lu! *.u( lau-1 .s&%u-!a, !a#&,am&,'a,.u,' s!a,.um$ U,su# , )u'a .-&mu!a, .alam*asl sam(,'a,s&-&la*&!s-#as -u,'s-&,.a# `,7al.76l4#am-&.a,. .alam7!-&.a,%aEE-&$P#6.u!s (-ama HHI s!a,.um m&-al mu#, .umum!a, (a.a -a*u,1H60$ S4a-=s4a- S!a,.uma.ala* l6'am(a!=(u-* +a,' %u%a* 7a#,am&,)a. !&!u,,'a, a-au !&ma*)am%ua, )!a .&!s(6s .&,'a, u.a#a$ El&m&,, lu,a! .a, l&%* m&,+u(a -#um.a, m&-al=m&-al la,'!a la,,+a!&-m%a,'alum,uma-au--a,um$ Ia#,'a,.a,m&ml! --!..*+a,'l&%*-,'' .a#(a.aalum,um/ m&,)a.!a,,+a%a*a,+a,'sa,'a- .m,a-6l&* (a,'5a,' (&sa7a- a,-a#!sa$ S!a,.um -.a! -sa,' .&,'a, 5am(u#a,1:1 HNO3 .a, DGI H8$ K&'u,aa, S&!-a# 20 !' s!a,.um 0S52O31 s&!a#a,', .'u,a!a,s&-a(-a*u,. Am!au,-u!m&m(#6.u!s lam(u,-&,s-as-,''/ .a, s6-6( #a.6a!-4 D6S5 .'u,a!a, s&%a' a'&, (&la5a! .alam !la,'m,+a! m&,-a*$ S!a,.um6.a +a,' .-am%a*!a, !& lam(u ua( m!u#m&m%!a,(a,5a#a,s,a# m#(ma-a*a# +a,'&4s&,/ +a,'(&,-,'u,-u!(&,a,'a, #ua,'a, a-au T: %&7a#,a malam *a#$H. Titaniu!N6m6# A-6m: 22Sm%6lA-6m: TBa-A-6m: DF$H0K6,4'u#as El&!-#6,:AA#BDs23.2 S&)a#a* 0La-,: --a,s/ a,a! (-ama %um .alam m-6l6' #6ma71D-&mu!a, 6l&* G#&'6# . -a*u, 1FH1 .a, .,ama!a, 6l&* Kla(#6-* . -a*u,1FH5$ T-a,um+a,'-.a!mu#, .(sa(!a,6l&*Nls6,.a,P&--ss6,.-a*u, 1GGF/ -&-a( u,su# +a,' mu#, -.a! .%ua- sam(a (a.a -a*u, 1H10 6l&*Hu,- .&,'a, 5a#a m&ma,as!a, T9lD .&,'a, ,a-#um .alam %6m %a)a$ S4a-=s4a- T-a,ummu#, mu(a!a, l6'am(u-* +a,' sa,'a- %a*a+a$ Iam&ml! %a- )&,s #&,.a*/ !&!ua-a, +a,' %a'us/ mu.a* .%&,-u! .a,m&ml! #&ss-a,s !6#6s +a,' %a!$ ;!a l6'am , -.a! m&,'a,.u,' 6!s'&,/a .u5-l&$ T-a,ummu(a!a, sa-u=sa-u,+a l6'am+a,' -%a!a# .alam,-#6'&, .a, u.a#a$ I. 1ana-iu!S&)a#a*:a,a.um.-&mu!a,(-ama !al 6l&*.&l R6(a.a -a*u,1G01$Sa+a,',+a/ s&6#a,' a*l !ma Pa,5s .&,'a, sala* m&,+a-a!a, %a*7a u,su#%a#u .&l R6 *a,+ala* !#6m +a,' -.a! mu#,$ D&l R6 (u, m&,+a,'!a .#,+asala*.a,m&,ma(,+a-aa,a*l !maPa,5s -u$ U,su# , a!*#,+a.-&mu!a,ula,'(a.a-a*u,1G306l&*S&4s-#6m/ +a,'m&,ama!a,u,su#-uu,-u!m&mula!a,.&7 S!a,.,a?a/ :a,a.s/ !a#&,aa,&!a7a#,as&,+a7a+a,' .ml!,+a$ :a,a.um %*asl .s6las *,''a ,+a#s mu#, 6l&* R6s56&/(a.a -a*u, 1G6F .&,'a, m&.u!s 'a#am !l6#.a,+a .&,'a, *.#6'&,$ Sum%:a,a.um.-&mu!a,.alam65m,al +a,'%%&.a/ . a,-a#a,+a!a#,6--/#6s!6l-/ ?a,a.,-/ .a,(a-#6,-/ +a,'mu(a!a,sum%l6'am+a,'sa,'a-(&,-,'$ :a,a.um )u'a .-&mu!a, .alam %a-ua, 46s4a- .a, %&%a(a %)* %&s/)u'a -.a(a- .alamm,+a! m&,-a* s&%a'a s&,a+a7a !6m(l&!s 6#'a,!$:a,a.um )u'a .-&mu!a, .alam s&.!- .alam %a-u m&-&6#$ K&'u,aa,:a,a.um .'u,a!a, .alam m&m(#6.u!s l6'am -a*a, !a#a- .a, (ala-a, +a,'.'u,a!a,.alam!&5&(a-a,-,''$ :a,a.um!a#%.asa,'a- (&,-,'.alam(&m%ua-a,%a)a$S&!-a# G0I :a,a.um +a,'s&!a#a,' .*asl!a,/ .'u,a!a,s&%a'a 4#6?a,a.uma-aus&%a'a %a*a,-am%a*a,%a)a$ 86l ?a,a.um.'u,a!a, s&%a'a Ea- (&,'!a- .alam m&la(s --a,um (a.a %a)a$ :a,a.um(&-6!s.a .'u,a!a, .alam (&m%ua-a, !am! .a, s&%a'a !a-als$:a,a.um)u'a .'u,a!a, u,-u! m&,'*asl!a, ma',&- su(!6,.u!-4 .&,'a, m&.a,ma',&- s&%&sa# 1F5000 Gauss$ 2. Kr&!iu!S&)a#a*D-&mu!a,(a.a-a*u,1FHF6l&*:auPu&l,/ +a,'m&m%ua- l6'am!*#6m (a.a -a*u, %!u-,+a$ K*#6m a.ala* l6'am %a#,a a%u=a%u/ %!lau/!as s&*,''a m&mlu!a, (#6s&s (&m6l&sa, +a,' 5u!u( -,''$ Sum% B)*u-ama!*#6ma.ala*!*#6m-/ +a,'.-&mu!a,.`m%a%7&/ Rusa/ S&la,.aBa#u/ Tu#!/ I#a,/ Al%a,a/ 8,la,.a/ R&(u%l!D&m6!#as Ma.a'as!a#/ .a,8l(,a$ L6'am, %asa,+a .*asl!a, .&,'a, m&.u!s !*#6m6!s.a.&,'a, alum,um$ K&'u,aa, K*#6m.'u,a!a, u,-u! m&,'as!a, %a)a/(&m%ua-a,%a)a-a*a,!a#a- .a,m&m%&,-u!%a,+a!all6+0l6'am5am(u#a,1+a,'%'u,a$ K&%a,+a!a,.'u,a!a,.alam(#6s&s (&la(sa,l6'amu,-u!m&,'*asl!a, (mu!aa, l6'am +a,' !as .a, ,.a* .a, )u'a .a(a- m&,5&'a*!6#6s$ K*#6m m&m%!a, 7a#,a *)au &mal. (a.a !a5a$ K*#6m )u'a luas.'u,a!a, s&%a'a !a-als$ K. Man%anS&)a#a* P-ama !al .!&,al 6l&* S5*&&l&/ B'ma, .a, a*l la,,+a s&%a'au,su#.a,.s6las 6l&*Ga*,(a.a-a*u,1FFD/ .&,'a,m&.u!s ma,'a,.6!s.a.&,'a,!a#%6,$ Sum%M,al ma,'a,-s&%a#s&5a#aluas.alam%a,+a!%&,-u!> 6!s.a/ sl!a-/ !a#%6,a- a.ala*s&,+a7a+a,'(al,'umum$P&,&mua, s&)umla* %&sa# s&,+a7a ma,'a, . .asa# lau-a, mu(a!a, sum%ma,'a, .&,'a, !a,.u,'a, 2DI$ K&%a,+a!a, s&,+a7a ma,'a, saa- ,.-&mu!a, . Rusa/ B#aEl/ Aus-#ala/ A4#!a sS&la-a,/ Ga%6,/ .a, I,.a$ S4a-=s4a- Ma,'a, %a#,a (u-* !&a%u=a%ua,/ .&,'a, s4a- +a,' !as -a( #a(u*$Ma,'a, sa,'a- #&a!-4 s&5a#a !ma7/ .a, -u#a .&,'a, a# .,', (la*a,=la*a,$ Ma,'a, .'u,a!a, u,-u! m&m%&,-u! %a,+a! all6+ +a,' (&,-,'$D&,'a,alum,um.a,%smu-/ !*usus,+a .&,'a,s&)umla*!&5l -&m%a'a/m&m%&,-u! all6+ +a,'%s4a- 4#6ma',&-!$ K&'u,aa, Ma,'a, .6!s.a0s&%a'a (#6lus-1 .'u,a!a,s&%a'a .&(6la#s .a,s&l !,'%a-a .a,u,-u!m&,'*la,'!a,7a#,a*)au(a.a'&las+a,'.s&%a%!a,6l&*(&,'6-6#%&s$ Ma,'a, s&,.# m&m% 7a#,a l&m%a+u,' (a.a !a5a$ D6!s.a,+a%'u,a u,-u!(&m%ua-a,6!s'&,.a,!*l6#,/ .a,.alam(&,','a,5a-*-am$ L. K&bal S&)a#a* D-&mu!a, 6l&* B#a,.- (a.a -a*u, 1F35$ Sum% K6%al -.a(a- .alamm,al !6%al--/ smal-- .a,-#-$ S,'-.a(a- %samaa,.&,'a,,!&l/(a!/ -m%al/ -&m%a'a.a,%)*%&s/ +a,'ma,aumum..a(a-!a,s&%a'a*asl sam(,' (#6.u!s$ K6%al )u'a -.a(a- .alam m&-&6#-$B)* m,al !6%al+a,' (&,-,' .-&mu!a, . `a#&/ M6#6!6/ .a, Ka,a.a$ S4a-=s4a- K6%al%s4a- #a(u*/ l6'am!as/ m&,+u(a (&,am(a!a,%&s .a,,!&l$ K6%alm&ml! (m&a%l-as l6'am s&!-a# .ua (-'a .a#(a.a %&s$ K6%al5&,.u,'-.a(a- s&%a'a 5am(u#a,.ua all6-#6((a.a !sa#a,su*u+a,'sa,'a- l&%a#$ K&'u,aa, K6%al .5am(u# .&,'a, %&s/ ,!&l/ .a, l6'am la,,+au,-u! m&m%ua- Al,56/ all6+ .&,'a, !&!ua-a, ma',&- lua# %asa u,-u! %%a'a!&(lua,$ All6+ s-&ll-/ m&,'a,.u,' !6%al/ !*#6m/ .a, 76l4#am/ +a,'%ma,4aa- u,-u! (ala-a, %a-/ (ala-a, +a,' .'u,a!a, (a.a su*u -,''/mau(u, (ala-a, +a,' .'u,a!a, .&,'a, !&5&(a-a, -,''$ K6%al )u'a.'u,a!a,u,-u!%a)a ma',&- .a,-a*a,!a#a- la,,+a$ Ga#am!6%al -&la*.'u,a!a,s&lama%a%a.=a%a.u,-u!m&,'*asl!a,7a#,a%#u%#la,+a,'(ma,&, (a.a (6#s&l&,/ !a5a/ (6-/ !am! .a, la(s &=mal ''$ M.Nik"l S&)a#a* N!&l .-&mu!a, 6l&* 9#6,s-&.- (a.a -a*u, 1F51 .alam m,al +a,'.s&%u-,+a !u(4,5!&l 0,!6l-1 Sum% N!&l a.ala* !6m(6,&, +a,'.-&mu!a, %a,+a! .alam m&-&6#- .a, m&,)a. 5# !6m(6,&, +a,'m&m%&.a!a, m&-&6#- .a# m,al la,,+a$ D&(6s- ,!&l la,,+a .-&mu!a, .Kal&.6,aBa#u/ Aus-#ala/ 9u%a/ I,.6,&sa$ S4a-=s4a- N!&l %a#,a(u-*!&(a!=(a!a, .&,'a, (&m6l&sa, -,'!a- -,''$ Bs4a- !as/ mu.a*.-&m(a/ s&.!- 4#6ma',&-s/ .a, mu(a!a, !6,.u!-6# +a,' a'a! %a!-*a.a( (a,as .a, ls-#!$ N!&l -'6l6,' .alam '#u( l6'am %&s=!6%al/ +a,'.a(a- m&,'*asl!a,all6++a,'sa,'a- %*a#'a$ K&'u,aa,N!&l .'u,a!a,s&5a#a %&sa#=%&sa#a, u,-u! (&m%ua-a, %a)a -a*a, !a#a-$ N!&l/ .'u,a!a, u,-u!m&m%ua- ua,'!6,/.a,%a)a,!&l u,-u!m&la(s s&,)a-a.a,#ua,'a,%&s0.&(6s- . %a,!1/ .a, ,!&l +a,' sa,'a- *alus/ .'u,a!a, s&%a'a !a-als u,-u!m&,'*.#6'&,as m,+a!sa+u#0m&,)a.!a,,+a(a.a-1$ N!&l )u'a.'u,a!a,.alam !am!/ (&m%ua-a, ma',&- Al,56 .a, %a-a (&,+m(a,a, E.s6,$ N. S"n% S&)a#a* 0;ma,: E,!1 Ba%a.=a%a. s&%&lums&,' .!&,al s&%a'a u,su#-s&,.# +a,'u,!/ %)*s&,'-&la*.'u,a!a,.alam(&m%ua-a,!u,,'a,$L6'am, .-&mu!a,!&m%al . E#6(a6l&*Ma#''#a4 . -a*u,1FD6/ +a,'m&,u,)u!!a,%a*7au,su#, .a(a- .%ua- .&,'a,5a#am&.u!s 5alam,&.&,'a, a#a,'$ Sum% B)*=%)* s&,' +a,' u-ama a.ala* s(*al-a 0sul4.a1/sm-*s6,-& 0!a#%6,a-1/ 5alam,& 0sl!a-1 .a, 4#a,!l,-& 0E,&/ ma,'a,&s&/ %&s6!s.a1$ Sa-u m&-6.a .alam m&,'am%l u,su# , .a# %)*,+a a.ala* .&,'a,5a#a m&ma,''a,' %)* s&,' u,-u! m&m%&,-u! 6!s.a .a, m&.u!s6!s.a,+a .&,'a, a#a,' a-au !a#%6, +a,' .la,)u-!a, .&,'a, (#6s&s .s-las$S4a-=s4a- S&,'m&ml! 7a#,a(u-*!&%#ua,$ L6'am, #a(u*(a.asu*u%asa -&-a( mu.a* .%&,-u! (a.a 100=150 .a)a- 9&l5us$U,su# , )u'am&,u,)u!!a,s4a- +a,'sa,'a- mu.a*.%&,-u!0su((las-5-+1$S&,+a7a,m&ml! s4a-=s4a- !&ls-#!a,/ (a,as/ 6(-!.a,s6l.=s-a-&+a,'u,!-&-a(%&lum s&(&,u*,+a .m&,'-$ K&'u,aa, L6'am , .'u,a!a, u,-u!m&m%&,-u!%%a'a 5am(u#a,l6'am.&,'a,m&-al la,$ Ku,,'a,/ (a!,!&l/ (u,''u/ (a! ;ma,/ s6l. lu,a! .a, s6l. alum,um $. Uraniu!U#a,um a.ala* l6'am %a- %&7a#,a (u-* !&(a!a, +a,' %s4a- #a.6a!-4 .a, m&m(u,+a lam%a,' !ma U$ U#a,um (-ama !al .-&mu!a, 6l&* Ma#-, H&,#5* Kla(#6-*/ !ma7a, ;ma, -a*u, 1FGH$ Dalam u#a,um %%&,-u! 6!s.a a-au 'am#am !6m(l&! .alam m,al=m,al/ %) u#a,um .a, !a#,6--$ ;!a %&a!s .&,'a, .&,'a, asam m&m%&,-u!'a#am u#a,l$ S&mua u,su# u#a,um %s4a- #a5u,$ K(u a-au (-5*%l&,.& a.ala* %a-u *-am !&56!la-a, +a,' !a,.u,'a, u-ama,+a a.ala* u#a,um %%&,-u! s&,+a7a 6!s.a$ U#a,um mu(a!a, u,su#& -%a- !&.ua +a,' .-&mu!a, .alam s&-&la* (lu-6,um$ U#a,um m&m%&,-u! !#s-al=!#s-al +a,' %asa .s&%u- u#a,-$ P-5*%l&,.& l&%* %s4a- #a.6a!-4 .a#(a.a u#a,um mu#,$ Ra.6a!-4 +a,' .s&%!a, 6l&* u,su# ,.a(a- m&,+&%a%!a, l&u!&ma$ Ka#&,a %s4a- #a.6a!-4 ma!a u#a,um !a.a,'=!a.a,' m&,'&lua#!a, &l&!-#6, (a.a saa- (&lu#u*a, -&-a( ,&u-#6, -s&%u- )a#a,' %&a!s .&,'a, ,- u,-u! m&m%&,-u! #&a!s ,-$ Ka#&,a mu(a!a, u,su# +a,' a!-4 ma!a u#a,um a!a, m&,'alam (&lu#u*a, .&,'a, 7a!-u (a#u* --&,-u$ U#a,um +a,' %u!#a, s&%&sa# %6la s64%6l .a(a- m&,'*asl!a, &,' +a,' l&%* %&sa# .a#(a.a %a-u%a#a .&,'a, %a- 3 )u-a !al l&%* %a,+a!$ U#a,um.a(a- .'u,a!a, .alam %a*a, (&m%ua-a, %6m ,u!l# !a#&,a m&ml! #&a!s #a,-a +a,' .a(a- m&,+&%a%!a, l&.a!a, +a,' sa,'a- .a*s+a-$Pembutan Uranium dengan Berbagai Isotop UraniumU#a,um m&,'a,.u,' -'a s6-6( u-ama/ +a-u u#a,um=23G s&%a,+a! HH/3I/ u#a,um=235 s&%a,+a! !u#a,' .a# 0/FI .a, u#a,um=23D .alam )umla* +a,' sa,'a- !&5l$ S&la, s6-6( u-ama u#a,um )u'a m&m(u,+a s6-6( %ua-a, .a,-a#a,+a a.ala* u#a,um=233/ u#a,um=23F/ .a, u#a,um=23H/ 7alau(u, %a,+a! s6-6( .a# u#a,um ,amu, !&s&mua s6-6( u#a,um -s&%u- m&m(u,+a s4a- +a,' #a.6a!-4$ P&msa*a, ,- u#a,um a!a, m&,'&lua#!a, (a#-!&l al4a/ %&-a .a, 'amma$ Is6-6( u#a,um m&ml! 7a!-u (a#u* +a,' sa,'a- lama .a,-a#a,+a: U=23G m&ml! 7a!-u (a#u* D/5 mla# -a*u,/ U=235 s&!-a# F00 )u-a -a*u,/ U=23D s&!-a# 250$00 -a*u,$ U=23G , m&m(u,+a 23G (-!&l.alam ,-,+a +a,' -.# .a# H2 (#6-6, .a, 1D6 ,&u-#6,/ ,&u-#6, a!a, m&,5&'a* (#6-6, m&l&.a!!a, ,-!a#&,a s4a-,+a +a,' sal,' m&,6la!$ Namu, U=23G +a,' m&m(u,+a s4a- -.a! s-a%l a!a, (&5a* .a, m&,'&lua#!a, (a#-!&l al4a .a, %ua* m&,)a. ,- -6#um$ Ka#&,a , mu(a!a, #&a!s #a,-a ma!a ,- -6#um )u'a a!a, m&,'alam (&lu#a*a, +a,' %a!*# .&,'a, -%&,-u!,+a -ma*$ S&.a,'!a, s6-6( la, .a# u#a,um )u'a a!a, m&,'alam (&lu#u*a, +a,' a!a, %*&,- a(a%la s6-6( -m%al -&la* -%&,-u!$Manfaat UraniumS&la, m&ml! %a*a+a +a,' -,''/ u#a,um )u'a m&ml! 4u,'s +a,' %&sa# .a,-a#a,+a a.ala*:Sebagai sumber energi.U=235 %a,+a! .'u,a!a, s&%a'a %a*a, %a!a# u-ama (a.a #&a!-6# ,u!l# u,-u! m&,'*asl!a, &,' ls-#! +a,' sa,'a- %asa#$ S&la, -u )u'a .'u,a!a, u,-u! m&m&,as!a, ua( +a,' .a(a- m&,''a!!a, -u#%, s&*,''a .a(a- m&,'*asl!a, ls-#!$Girokompas dan alat pengontrolU#a,um )u'a .a(a- .'u,a!a, s&%a'a '#6!6m(as .a, ala- (&,'6,-#6l (a.a (&sa7a- #ua,' a,'!asa$ U#a,um +a,' .'u,a!a, u,-u! !&(lua, , m&ml! -,'!a- #a.6a!-4 +a,' #&,.a*$ArkeologiPa#a lmu7a, )u'a -&la* m&ma,4aa-!a, u#a,um u,-u! m&,&,-u!a, usa %a-ua, .a, la(sa, -a,a*$oto !ontgenS&,+a7a u#a,um ,-#a- .a(a- .'u,a!a, s&%a'a %a*a, (&m%ua-a, .6!s.a u#a,um +a,' %'u,a .alam 46-6 #6,-'&,$P. Ti!a' Tma* .alam %a*asa I,''#s .s&%u- s&%a'a T, .&,'a, s+m%6l !ma S,$ Nama la-, .a# -ma* a.ala* 2S-a,,um3 .ma,a !a-a , %*u%u,'a, .&,'a, !a-a 2s-a',um3 +a,' .alam %a*asa ,''#s %s,6,m .&,'a, !a-a 2.#((,'3 +a,' a#-,+a m&,)a. 5a# @ %asa*/ (&,''u,aa, !a-a , .*u%u,'!a, .&,'a, l6'am -ma* +a,' mu.a* m&,5a#$Tma* mu(a!a, l6'am (u-* !&(a!a,/ l6'am +a,' mu.a* .-&m(a .a, %s4a- 4l&s%&l/ m&ml! s-#u!-u# !#s-al,/ a!a, -&-a( %s4a- mu.a* (a-a* )!a ..,',!a,$ L6'am -ma* m&ml! .ua %&,-u! al6-#6( +a-u ^=Tma* .a, ^=Tma*$ ^=Tma* %asa .s&%u- s&%a'a -ma* a%u=a%u !a#&,a 7a#,a,+a a%u=a%u/ .a, m&ml! s-#u!-u# !#s-al !u%! m#( .am6,./ sl56,/ .a, 'ma,um$ Al6-#6(^=Tma* a.a .%a7a* su*u 13/209 .a, -.a! m&ml! s4a-l6'am sama s&!al$ Da-as su*u , -ma* a.a .alam %&,-u! ^=Tma*/ -ma* )&,s ,la* +a,' !-a l*a- s&*a#=*a#$ Tma* , %asa .s&%u- s&%a'a -ma* (u-* .s&%a%!a, 7a#,a,+a (u-* m&,'!la(/ .a, m&ml! s-#u!-u# !#s-al -&-#a'6,al$ T,'!a- #&ss-a,s -#a,s46#mas .a# -ma* (u-* !& -ma* *-am .a(a-.-,'!a-!a, .&,'a, (&,5am(u#a, l6'am la, (a.a -ma* s&(- s&,'/ %smu-*/ a-au 'allum$Tma* a.ala* u,su# .&,'a, )umla* s6-6( s-a%l +a,' -%a,+a! .ma,a )a,'!aua, s6-6( , mula .a# 112 *,''a 126$ Da# s6-6(=s6-6( -s&%u- +a,' (al,' %a,+a! )umla*,+a a.ala* s6-6( 120S, .ma,a !6m(6ss,+a m&,5a(a 1@3 .a# )umla* s6-6( S, +a,' a.a/ 116S,/ .a, 11GS,$ Is6-6( +a,' (al,' s&.!- )umla*,+a a.ala* 115S,$ U,su# -ma* +a,' m&ml! )umla* s6-6(+a,' %a,+a! , s,' .!a-!a, .&,'a, ,6m6# a-6m S, +a-u 50 +a,' mu(a!a, 2ma'5 ,um% .alam (-a !&s-a%la, 4s!a ,u!l#$ B&%a(a s6-6(%s4a- #a.6a!-4 .a, %&%a(a +a,' la, %s4a- m&-as-a%l 0.&,'a, lam%a,' m1$1$ S4a-=S4a- Tma*Tma* %asa -%&,-u! 6l&* H s6-6( +a,' s-a%l$ A.a 1G s6-6( la,,+a +a,' .!&-a*u$ Tma* mu(a!a, l6'am (a! !&(u-*=(u-*a,/ mu.a* .%&,-u!/ .u5-l& .a, m&ml! s-#u!-u# !#s-al +a,' -,''$ ;!a s-#u!-u# , .(a-a*!a,/ -.&,'a# sua#a +a,' s,' .s&%u- -a,'sa, -ma* !&-!a s&%a-a,' u,su# , .%&,'!6!!a,$2$S&,+a7a Tma*S&,+a7aa, -ma* +a,' (&,-,' a.ala* 6#'a,6-,/ S,O2/ S-a,a-/ -ma* !l6#.a/ -ma* *.#.a/ .a, -ma* sul4.&$3$9a#a P&ml&*a,a B%a'a ma5am m&-6.& .(a!a u,-u! m&m%ua- -ma* .a# %) -ma* -'a,-u,' .a# )&,s %) .a, !a,.u,'a, m(u#-as .a# %) -ma*$ B)* -ma* +a,' %asa .'u,a!a, u,-u! (#6.u!s a.ala* .&,'a, !a,.u,'a, 0/G=1I 0(s&, %a-1 -ma* a-au s&.!-,+a 0/015I u,-u! %) -ma* %u(a %6,'!a*a,=%6,'!a*a, !&5l$ B) -ma* .*a,5u#!a, .a, !&mu.a, .(sa*!a, .a# ma-al=ma-al +a,' -.a! .(lu!a,/ a.a!ala,+a %) +a,' -&la* .*a,5u#!a,.l&7a-!a, .alam 24l6a-,' -a,!3 .a, --am%a*!a, Ea- !ma --&,-u s&*,''a %) -ma*,+a %sa -a(u,' s&*,''a %sa .(sa*!a, .&,'a, mu.a*$a B) -ma* !&mu.a, .!,'!a, .a, .l&7a-!a, .alam ala- (&msa* ma',&-! s&*,''a !-a .a(a- m&msa*!a, %) -ma* .a# m(u#-as +a,' %u(al6'am %&s$ B) -ma* +a,' !&lua# .a# (#6s&s , m&ml! !6,s&,-#as -ma* a,-a#a F0=FFI .a, *am(# s&mua,+a %u(a m,al 9ass--&$a 9ass--& s&la,)u-,+a .l&-a!!a, .alam 4u#,a5& %sama .&,'a, !a#%6, .alam %&,-u! 56al a-au m,+a! %um$ A.a!ala,+a )u'a .-am%a*!a, lm&s-6,& .a, (as# u,-u! m&,'*la,'!a, m(u#-as,+a !&mu.a, ma-al .(a,as!a, (a.a su*u 1D00 9$ Ka#%6, %&a!s .&,'a, 9O2 +a,' a.a ..alam 4u#,a5& m&m%&,-u! 9O/ 9O , !&mu.a, %&a!s .&,'a, 5ass--& m&m%&,-u! -ma*.a, !a#%6,.6!s.a$ L6'am -ma* +a,' .*asl!a, .(sa*!a, m&lalu %a'a, %a7a* 4u#,a5& u,-u! .(#6s&s l&%* la,)u-$ U,-u! m&m(l&* -ma* .&,'a, !&mu#,a, +a,' -,'' ma!a .a(a- .la!u!a, .&,'a, m&,''u,a!a, (#6s&s &l&!-#6lss$ D&,'a, 5a#a , !&mu#,a, -ma* +a,' .(l&* %sa m&,5a(a HH/GI$a B%a'a ma5am m&-6.& .(a!a u,-u! m&m%ua- -ma* .a# %) -ma* -'a,-u,' .a# )&,s %) .a, !a,.u,'a, m(u#-as .a# %) -ma*$ B)* -ma* +a,' %asa .'u,a!a, u,-u! (#6.u!s a.ala* .&,'a, !a,.u,'a, 0/G=1I 0(s&, %a-1 -ma* a-au s&.!-,+a 0/015I u,-u! %) -ma* %u(a %6,'!a*a,=%6,'!a*a, !&5l$ B) -ma* .*a,5u#!a, .a, !&mu.a, .(sa*!a, .a# ma-al=ma-al +a,' -.a! .(lu!a,/ a.a!ala,+a %) +a,' -&la* .*a,5u#!a,.l&7a-!a, .alam 24l6a-,' -a,!3 .a, --am%a*!a, Ea- !ma --&,-u s&*,''a %) -ma*,+a %sa -a(u,' s&*,''a %sa .(sa*!a, .&,'a, mu.a*$a B) -ma* !&mu.a, .!,'!a, .a, .l&7a-!a, .alam ala- (&msa* ma',&-! s&*,''a !-a .a(a- m&msa*!a, %) -ma* .a# m(u#-as +a,' %u(al6'am %&s$ B) -ma* +a,' !&lua# .a# (#6s&s , m&ml! !6,s&,-#as -ma* a,-a#a F0=FFI .a, *am(# s&mua,+a %u(a m,al 9ass--&$a 9ass--& s&la,)u-,+a .l&-a!!a, .alam 4u#,a5& %sama .&,'a, !a#%6, .alam %&,-u! 56al a-au m,+a! %um$ A.a!ala,+a )u'a .-am%a*!a, lm&s-6,& .a, (as# u,-u! m&,'*la,'!a, m(u#-as,+a !&mu.a, ma-al .(a,as!a, (a.a su*u 1D00 9$ Ka#%6, %&a!s .&,'a, 9O2 +a,' a.a ..alam 4u#,a5& m&m%&,-u! 9O/ 9O , !&mu.a, %&a!s .&,'a, 5ass--& m&m%&,-u! -ma*.a, !a#%6,.6!s.a$ L6'am -ma* +a,' .*asl!a, .(sa*!a, m&lalu %a'a, %a7a* 4u#,a5& u,-u! .(#6s&s l&%* la,)u-$ U,-u! m&m(l&* -ma* .&,'a, !&mu#,a, +a,' -,'' ma!a .a(a- .la!u!a, .&,'a, m&,''u,a!a, (#6s&s &l&!-#6lss$ D&,'a, 5a#a , !&mu#,a, -ma* +a,' .(l&* %sa m&,5a(a HH/GI$D$ K&'u,aa, Tma*L6'am -ma* %a,+a! .('u,a!a, u,-u! s6l.4I1/ ,.us-# (la-,' 016I1/ u,-u! %a*a, .asa# !ma 013I1/ !u,,'a, < (u,''u 05/5I1/ ,.us-# '&las 02I1/ .a, %%a'a ma5am a(l!as la, 0113. Hubun%ann.a -"n%an flui-a f&r!asi8lu.a 46#mas +' %a.a .alam sua-u %a*a, ma-al .a(a- m&m% (u%a*a, .alam 46#masma-al -u s&,.#$ Hal , .a(a- m&,'a!%a-!a, -,'',+a -&!a,a, 4lu.a +' musa! s+s-&m 4s! ma-al$96,-6*,+a a.ala* 4u.a 46#mas +' %l&%*a, m&,'a!%a-!a, s-#&ss %la !&-a*a,a, #&!a*a, m&,,'!a- s&sua -&!a,a, *.#6s-a-s/ .a, )u'a m&m%!a, -&,s6,/ s*&a#/ .a, 56m(#&ss6, s&5a#a %samaa,$ A!a, sul- m&,&,-u!a, (.#ma .a# u) s*&a# .a, -&,sl& (a.a %a-ua, +' )u'a m&ml! 4lu.a 46#mas/ ma!a .a(a- .'u,a!a, u) -#aJal 0-#aJal -&s-1$ D&,'a, m&m% ?a#as (a.a -&!a,a, *.#6s-a-s$ 0(samaa, M6*#1 Tab"l unsurBAB 4Tu(uan 51. Untuk !"n%"ta'ui ba'an !at"rial )"!b"ntukan2. M"n%"ta'ui unsur -ansifat0sifat4. A%ar !"n(a-i ba'an )"rti!ban%an )"!ba,aK"si!)ulan 5Da# s ma!ala* .a a-as .a(a- !-a sm(ul!a, %a*7a lmu %a*a,sua-uma-alsa,'a-(&,-,'.-&l-a'a#-.a!-)a.!&sala*a,4a-al.alam *al (&m%a,'u,a,/ (-am%a,'a, .a, ,.us-# m'as$M&,.&4,s!a, sua-u u,su#& +' %*a#'a/ l6'am mula/ mau(u,%%a*a+a$ Kritik 6 Saran 5Sa+a m&,56%a m&m%!a, (&,)&lasa, ma!ala* -&,-a,' 2 Ba*a, Ma-al 2 +a,' mu,'!, .a(a- %'u,a %a' (&m%a5a/ D&m !&s&m(u#,aa, ma!ala* , !#-! .a, sa#a, !am *a#a(!a,/ s&!a, .a, -ma !as*$Da4-a# (us-a!a: O!&E6,&$56m777$)ual%a-u%a#a$56m(u%alla-a5!$%l6's(6-*--(:@@7a,%&sa!$76#.(#&ss$56m@2010@11@0F@-&m%a'a=-am%a,'=s4a-=.a,=!&'u,aa,@