matika - WordPress.com · iv INBAR bNþajb¤sSI nigepþAGnþrCati IP kmµsiT§ibBaØa IPR siT§isþIBIkmµsiT§ibBaØa ITRO GgÁkareRkAs‘URtIPaKIGnþrCati LDC RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆticbMput

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matika

Bakükat; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> vbuBVkfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ixesckþIEføgGMNrKuN >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>xi

CMBUkTI 1 savtarBak;B½n§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1CMBUkTI 2 xøwmsarsegçbtamvis½y >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7

ksiGaCIvkmµTUeTA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7Ggár >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8RKab;sVaycnÞI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8bsustV >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9EpøsVay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9eRbgrukçCati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10RsaTwketñat >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10ekAs‘U >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11RtI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11plitplsURt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11sgðarwmEdleFVIGMBIb¤sSI nig epþA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12sMelokbMBak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12esvahirBaØvtßú >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13esvasMNg; nig esvaBak;B½n§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>14

CMBUkTI 3 kic©snüarbs; WTO >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15CMBUkTI 4 RbPBedIm nig eKalkarN_rbs; WTO >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>21

ii

CMBUkTI 5 briyakasbTbBaØatifµIcMeBaHGaCIvkmµkñúgRsuk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>33CMBUkTI 6 briyakasvinieyaKfµI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43CMBUkTI 7 briyakasfµIkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ ³ karebIkTIpSar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>53CMBUkTI 8 briyakaseFVIBaNiC¢kmµfµI ³ dMeNaHRsayCamYynwgr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>63CMBUkTI 9 karkøayeTACamanPaBRbkYtRbECg nig dMeNaHRsayCamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69

]bsm<½n§ k1 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ TUeTA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>77]bsm<½n§ k2 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ Ggár >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89]bsm<½n§ k 3 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ RKab;sVaycnÞI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>101]bsm<½n§ k4 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ bsustV >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>109]bsm<½n§ k5 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ EpøsVay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>115]bsm<½n§ k6 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ eRbgrukçCati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>123]bsm<½n§ k7 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ RsaTwketñat>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>129]bsm<½n§ k8 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ ekAs‘U>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133]bsm<½n§ x RtI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>139]bsm<½n§§ K1 sib,kmµ³ plitplsURt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>147]bsm<½n§ K2 sib,kmµ ³ sgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSI nig epþA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>153]bsm<½n§ X semøókbMBak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>159]bsm<½n§ g1 esvahirBaØvtßú >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>169]bsm<½n§ g2 esvasMNg; nig esvaBak;B½n§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>175]bsm<½n§ c bTBiesaFrbs;smaCikmYyeTotrbs; WTO : RbeTsG‘Uhág;da >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>179

]bsm<½n§ TI 1 FnFanBt’man >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>191]bsm<½n§ TI 2 karKaMRTkargarCMrujBaNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>195]bsm<½n§ TI 3 muxgarrbs;kaMkugRtUl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>199]bsm<½n§ TI 4 Gas½ydæanRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>201]bsm<½n§ TI 5 snÞanuRkménbec©ks½BÞ WTO >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>203

iii

AFTA tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘anAGOA c,ab;sþIBIkMeNInnigkalanuvtþPaBrbs;TIVbGaRhVikASEAN smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGeKñy_ATC kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIvaynPNÐnigsMelokbMBak;BSE CMgWeKaqáÜtCamcontrol naykdæankm<úCaRtYtBinitüTMnijGahr½N nIh½rN nigbRgáabkarEkøgbnøM

¬naykdæankaMkugRtUlénRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ¦CAP eKalneya)ayksikmµTUeTACDRI viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal RsavRCav edIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCaCEPT Bn§KyGnueRKaHEdlmanRbsiT§PaBTUeTAc.i.f. éføFanara:b;rg nigéfødwkCBa¢ÚnC/O viBaØabnbRtRbPBedImCOMESA pSarrYménGaRhVikxagekItnigxagt,ÚgEAC shKmn_GaRhVikxagekItEBA GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuFEU shPaBGWr:ubFAOSTAT Tinñn½ymUldæanEpñksßitirbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIes,ógGaharnig

karcat;taMgEpñkksikmµFDI vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTsf.o.b. éføpÞúkelInavanigéføRbKl;enAkMBg;EpGATT kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§KynigBaNiC¢kmµGATS kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµesvakmµGDP plitplkñúgRsuksrubGNP plitplCatisrubILO GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati

Bakükat;

iv

INBAR bNþajb¤sSI nigepþAGnþrCatiIP kmµsiT§ibBaØaIPR siT§isþIBIkmµsiT§ibBaØaITRO GgÁkareRkAs‘URtIPaKIGnþrCatiLDC RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆticbMputMAFF RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaTMFA kic©RBmeRBogsrésGMe)aHMFN RbCaCatiEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMputMoC RksYgBaNiC¢kmµNAFTA kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIenAGaemrikxageCIgNGO GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alOPEC GgÁkarénbNþaRbeTsnaMeRbgecjPSI GFikarkic©muneBlpÞúkSGS Rkumh‘unRtYtBinitüTUeTASME shRKasFuntUcnigFunmFümSPS Gnam½ynigPUtKamGnam½yTBT ]bsKÁEpñkbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµTRIMs viFankarvinieyaKTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµTRIPS TidæPaBTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµénsiT§isþIBIkmµsiT§ibBaØaUK cRkPBGg;eKøsUN GgÁkarshRbCaCatiUN Comtrade Tinñn½ymUldæanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIBaNiC¢kmµUNBS kariyal½ysþg;darrbs;RbeTsG‘Uhág;daUNCTAD snñisITGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIBaNiC¢kmµnigkarGPivDÆUNEP kmµviFIrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIbrisßanUS shrdæGaemrikUSDA RksYgksikmµrbs;shrdæGaemrikVAT GakrelItémøbEnßmWTO GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak

v

eTaHbICaeyIgcUlcitþ b¤mincUlcitþk¾eday saklPavUbnIykmµKWCaEpñkmYyénCivitRbcaMéf¶rbs;eyIg. CalT§plénkarrIkcMerInxagmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún nigKmnaKmn_RBmTaMgkarebIkTUlayénesdækic©nanaenAelIBiPBelak \LÚvenHRbeTsTaMgLaykan;EtmanTMnak;TMngCamYyKñaeLIg.edayTTYlsÁal;tfPaBenH eTIbRbeTskm<úCaseRmccitþcUlCasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) . eTaHbICa dMeNIrkarénkarcUlCasmaCikenHKWCakarBi)akmYy ehIykm<úCaRtÚvTTYlykl½kçx½NÐEdlelIshYsBI bTdæansRmab;RbeTsEdlminsUvGPivDÆn¾k¾eday k¾eyIgsuxcitþTTYlykEdr. eyIgmanehtuplc,as;las;kñúgkareFVIdUecñaH. RbeTseyIgmankmøaMgBlkmµEdlekIneLIgy:agelOn b:uEnþeyIgKµankargarRKb;RKan;sMrab;BYkeKeT. ehIyenAeBlCamYyKñaenHeyIgRtUvRbQmmuxCamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECgxagesdækic©y:agxøaMgBIsMNak;RbeTsCitxagrbs;eyIg.manEt vis½yÉkCnEdlrIkcMerInmYyeTeTIbGacCYybegáItkargarEdlmannirnþPaB)an.

cMeBaaHRbeTsEdlmanTMhMtUc nigmankMritGPivDÆn¾dUcRbeTskm<úCa KnøwHsMxan;mYysMrab;eFVI[vis½yÉkCnrIkcMerIn)an KWBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. dUcEdlbTBiesaFn¾énkareFVIsmahrNkmµesdækic©énRbeTsmYycMnYn)anbgðajkñúgry³eBlBIrTsvtSknøgmkenH RbeTsEdlmanpleFobBaNiC¢kmµelI plitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) x<s;CageKmankarrIkcMerInxagesdækic©CamFüm 3/5 ° kñúgmYyqñaM enAkñúgkMLúgTsvtS1980 nig 5°kñúgmYyqñaM enAkñúgkMLúgTsvtS1990. enAkñúgkMLúgeBlenHEdr RbeTsEdlmin)aneFVIsmahrNkmµ esdækic© mankarrIkcMerInCamFüm RtwmEt 0/8°kñúgmYyqñaMenATsvtS1980 nig1/5 ° enATsvtS 1990.

b:uEnþ edIm,IeFVI[BaNiC¢kmµmanGtßRbeyaCn¾cMeBaHKñaeTAvijeTAmk eKRtUvmaneKalkarN¾rYmmYycMnYnsMrab;RKb;RKgskmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµ. eKalkarN¾TaMgenHrYmman PaBebIkcMh tmøaPaBPaBEdlGacRbemIlTukmun karminerI iseGIg nigRbB½n§edaHRsayCemøaHedayEp¥kelIbTbBaaØtþ i.edaycUlCasmaCikrbs; WTO eyIgminRtwmEtbegáInlT§PaBkñúgkarBRgIkTIpSar nig)anTTYlkareKarBRtwmRtUvBIRbeTsédKUBaNiC¢kmµ Edlman\Ti§BlenAkñúgBiPBelakb:ueNÑaHeT vaEfmTaMgpþl;CasBaaØc,as;las;mYy dl;skþanuBlvinieyaKinfa RbeTskm<úCaKWCaTIkEnøøgl¥ sMrab;RbkbrbrBaNiC¢kmµ.

buBVkfa

vi

b:uEnþsmaCikPaBenAkñúg WTO nigkareFVIkMENTMrg;rdæaPi)alEdlcaM)ac;mYycMnYn minTan;RKb;RKan;eT sMrab; TTYl)anplRbeyaCn¾BIBaNiC¢kmµ. RbeTskm<úCanwgTTYl)anplRbeyaCn¾BIsmaCikPaBénWTO RbsinebIRkumhu‘nGaCIvkmµTaMgLayyl;dwgBIviFan niigbTbBaaØtþi iénbriyakasBaNiC¢kmµfµI²edIm,I[eK TajykplRbeyaCn¾BI»kasfµI² nigTb;Tl;CamYynwg]bsKÁcMeBaHmux.

ehtuenHehIyeITbeyIigshkarCamYy kmµviFIGPivDÆn¾vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ (MPDF)

rbs;saCIvkmµ hirBaØvtßúGnþrCati (IFC) kñúgkarerobcMtak;EtgesovePAmKÁúeTsenH nigKMnitpþÜcepþImepSg²eTot edIm,IBnül; dl;vis½yÉkCnBIGgÁkar WTO . dUcEdlGs;elak elakRsI nwgXIjenAeBlGanesovePAmKÁúeTsenH esovePAenHEckecjCaBIrEpñkFM². EpñkTImYyerobrab;BI viFannigbTbBaaØtþiirYm.ÉEpñkTIBIr BinitüBIlT§PaB én\Ti§Blrbs;smaCikPaB WTO mkelIvis½yesdækic©mYycMnYn. EpñkenHsMxan;Nas; eRBaHvapþl;Bt’manBITidæPaBTUeTAénTIpSarnimYy² nigPaBlM)akEdlGaCIvkmµkm<úCanwgCYbRbTH RBmTaMgRbPBBt’manepSgeTotsMrab;TIpSarnimYy².

RksYgBaNiC¢kmµsUmEføgGMNrKuNdl; MPDF Edl)anshkarCamYyeyIgkñúgkarplitesovePA mKÁúeTsenH. eyIgsgÇwmfa esovePAmKÁúeTsenHnwgkøayeTACaRbPBd¾mansarRbeyaCn¾mYysMrab;shRKinrbs;eyIgEdlcg;TajykRbeyaCn¾BIsmaCikPaBrbs;km<úCaenAkñúg WTO .

cm RbsiT§eTsrdæm®nþI rdæm®nþIRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ

Exmina qñaM 2005

vii

RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO)³ esovePAmKÁúeTssMrab; GaCIvkmµenH RtUv)anpliteLIgrYmKña edayRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ nigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn; TenøemKgÁ¬MPDF¦ . Ék]tþm sux sIupan;Na rdæelxaFikar RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ nig elak Adam Sack én MPDF

)anpþl;karENnaM nigKaMRTdl;karbegáItesovePAenHeLIg.

elak eha sunaf CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarbegáItÉksarENnaMenH eRkamkardwknaMrbs; GñkRsI Trang

Nguyen. elak David Woods naykRKb;RKgrbs;Rkumh‘un World Trade Agenda Consultants

CaGñkniBn§ÉksarenH . elak twker:t sMerc nig elak yU m:ab; )ancUlrYmkñúgkarRsavRCav nigBinitüemIlÉksarenH .

GñkRsI Jennifer Herink nigGñkRsI Ann Bishop CaGñkEksMrYl nigBinitüemIleLIgvij nUvÉksarc,ab;edIm . kBaØa yU sYnTI )ancUlrYmpþl;eyabl;elIÉksareRBog nigCYykñúgkarbkERb . elak Ta sav:UraCaGñkbkERbÉksarenH ehIy GñkRsI Ta san CaGñkBinitüemIlkarbkERb TTYlxusRtUvelIkarplitnig CYyxagEpñkrdæa)al . GñkRsI Ka Kn§a TTYlxusRtUvelIEpñkrcnaGkSr nigrUbPaB . GñkRsI Nguyen

Thi My k¾)anCYysMrYlxagEpñkrdæa)alpgEdr .

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

viii

1

savtarBak;B½n§CMBUkTI 1

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa)ankøayeTACasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ enAéf¶TI 13Extula qñaM 2004. km<úCa)ancrcaGMBIl½kçx½NÐénkarcUl WTO CamYysmaCikdéTeTot Gs;ry³eBlCit 9 qñaM. eK)anTTYlsÁal;smaCikPaBkm<úCa CapøÚvkar enAExkBaØa qñaM 2003 nakic©RbCuMfñak;rdæm®nþIWTO enATIRkugkanKunénRbeTsmuicsIuk. karcUlCasmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCaenH )anTTYlsc©ab½nBIrdæsPa nig)anTTYlkarGnum½tyl;RBmBIRBwT§sPa enAExkBaØa qñaM 2004.

tamry³karcUl WTO RbeTskm<úCaTTYl)annUvTMnak;TMngEbbkic©snüa EdlGacGnuvtþ)anCamYyesÞIrEtRKb;RbeTsTaMgGs; EdlmantYnaTIsMxan;² enAkñúgvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ. kic©snüa WTO KWCakBa©b;énkarsnüa nigviFan EdlebIk[manRckcUleTAkan;TIpSarTaMgLay)an. eKGnuvtþkic©snüaenHtamry³RbB½n§edaHRsayvivaT Edlmansmtßkic©d¾FMelIEpñkc,ab; nigBaNiC¢kmµ.

RbB½n§c,ab;rbs; WTO manlkçN³sµúKsµajxøaMgNas;. RbB½n§enHmankic©RBmeRBogRbmaN 20rYmCamYynwgesckþIseRmccitþ nigGnusSarN³nana CabEnßmeTot. b:uEnþeKalkarN_énRbB½n§enHmanlkçN³samBaØNas;. eKalkarN_TaMgenHrYmman³ karminerIseGIgcMeBaHsmaCik tmøaPaBénc,ab;nigviFanBaNiC¢kmµ karykcitþTukdak;CaBiess cMeBaHbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ kareRbIR)as;Bn§KyKWsRmab;EtkarBarTIpSar nigkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmµTIpSarCaCMhan². KN³kmµaFikar nigRkumRbwkSa nanarYmmanGñktMNagrbs;smaCik WTO EdlBinitüemIlral;kic©RBmeRBogTaMgGs; nigmanTIsñak;karenATIRkughSWENv RbeTssVúIs.

\T§iBlénsmaCikPaB WTO mkelIvis½yÉkCnkm<úCa

RbkarsMxan;KW eKKb,IcgcaMfa kñúgry³eBlxøIbnÞab;BIkm<úCa)ancUlCasmaCik WTO eKnwgBuMeXIjmanplRbeyaCn_ b¤bBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxeLIy. tamBitmankarpøas;bþÚrmYycMnYn)anekIteLIg kñúgGMLúgeBléndMeNIrkarcUl WTO rIÉkarpøas;bþÚrdéTeTotnwgekItmanenAkñúgbNþaqñaMxagmux.

2

km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ

smaCikPaBkñúg WTO minFanaeCaKC½yenAkñúgBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakeLIy. pÞúyeTAvij WTO

pþl;nUvRkbx½NÐÐmYy sRmab;EkTRmg;esdækic© nigkMENTRmg;déTeTot EdlnwgCYyRbeTskm<úCa [manlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgTIpSarbreTs ehIyTnÞwmeBlCamYyKñaenH smaCikPaBenHk¾pþl;briyakasEdlTak;TajkarvinieyaKpgEdr. mYyry³kaleRkaymk nwgman»kasTIpSarfµI² sRmab;Rkumh‘unEdlmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECg nigshRKinPaBx<s;. k¾b:uEnþ eCaKC½yénkarnaMecjnwgekIteLIg)an luHRtaEtmansm<½n§PaBRbkbedayEpøpáa rvagrdæaPi)al nigEpñkÉkCn. Rkumh‘unenAkm<úCa caM)ac;RtUvkMNt;GtþsBaØaNénplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜn enAkñúgRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ WTO ehIyeFVIy:agNa [rdæaPi)alkarBarplRbeyaCn_TaMgenaH )anRKb;RKan;enATIRkughSWENv.

\T§iBlrbs; WTO nwgekIteLIgCabYnkRmit. TI 1³ kñúgry³eBlxøIbgÁÜr \T§iBlenaHKWkarGnuvtþkarsnüaEkTRmg;Rkbx½NÐc,ab; nigrdæ)alkñúgRbeTs. TaMgenHKWCal½kçx½NÐ EdlRKb;RKgRbtibtþikarGaCIvkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµ enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. TI 2³ RbsinebImankarEklMGehdæarcnasm<½n§c,ab; nigviFanBaNiC¢kmµ enaHsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO GacnwgTak;TajkarvinieyaKTaMgLay)an. TI 3³ RbsinebIRkumh‘unkm<úCamanplitPaBx<s; nigmanlT§PaBpÁt;pÁg;plitplEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ )anTan;eBlevlakñúgtémøRbkbedaylkçN³RbkYtRbECg enaHl½kçx½NÐcUleTAkan;TIpSar EdlmankMNt;enAkñúg WTO

nigkMNt;edaykic©RBmeRBogRbcaMtMbn; RBmTaMgkic©RBmeRBogEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaHdéTeTot nwgkøayeTACaktþanaM[seRmceCaKC½y sMrab;EpñkÉkCnkm<úCa. TI 4³ WTO pþl;nUv»kasmYycMnYn eBalKWBuMEmnRKan;EteFVI[smaCikrbs;xøÜnkan;EtmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgb:ueNÑaHeT EtEfmTaMgCYy dl;BYkeK[ecHTb;Tl;CamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgTIpSarrbs;xøÜnpÞal;pgEdr.

l½kçx½NÐénkarcUl WTO rYmmankarsnüarbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkare)aHCMhaneTAmux CamYynwgkmµviFIkMENTRmg;c,ab; rab;TaMgkarbegáIttulakarBaNiC¢kmµrbs;km<úCapgEdr. briyakasc,ab;nwgrg\T§iBlpÞal;BIkic©RBmeRBogepSg²rbs; WTO. ]TahrN_ viFankMNt;témøTMnijsRmab;KitBn§naMcUlnigGakrelItémøbEnßm ¬VAT¦ rbs;naykdæanKy nwgeFVI[Rkumh‘un nigGñknaMcUlGacRbmaNdwgCamunnUvtémøBn§dar nigBn§Ky. dUcKñaEdr kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIGMBIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢Ún TMnij¬PSI¦ nigkarpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl nwglubbM)at;kgVl;GMBIcMNat;kar cMeBaHTMnijenAkMBg;Epnana.RbeTskm<úCak¾RtUvbnþbegáItc,ab;rbs;xøÜnsþIBIkic©karBarkmµsiT§ibBaØa ¬IP¦pgEdr.

3

PaBTak;Tajrbs;km<úCa kñúgnamCaTIkEnøgmYyEdlGacTak;TajkarvinieyaK GaRs½yelIkarEklMGbrisßanc,ab; nigtulakar. karsnüarbs;RbeTskm<úCacMeBaH WTO kñúgEpñkesvakmµ KWCaKnøwHd¾sMxan;mYy cMeBaHskþanuBlry³eBlEvgénkarvinieyaKnaeBlGnaKt. ]bsKÁcMbgcMeBaHRkumh‘un km<úCaKWkgVH\NTan nigesvahirBaØvtßúepSg²eTot. esvaTUrKmnaKmn_ sMNg; GaCIvkmµ Gb;rM nigsuxaPi)almansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;sRmab;GnaKtrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. TaMgGs;enH Cakmµvtßúénkar snüacMeBaHWTO EdlebIkcMhvis½yTaMgenH [Rkumh‘unbreTscUlmkRbkbGaCIvkmµ. viFannana rbs; WTO

k¾dak;vin½ypgEdr elIRbePTéneRKOgelIkTwkcitþdl;karvinieyaK Edlkm<úCaGacpþl;)an.

bBaðacUleTAkan;TIpSar

Rkumh‘un nigGñknaMecjkm<úCaGacrMBwgfa BYYkeKnwgmansuvtßiPaBCagmun kñúgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarbreTs. WTO dak;kRmit[smaCikrbs;xø Ün kMNt;GRtaBn§KyGtibrma b¤GRtaBn§KykMhitEdlmankRmitxus²BIKñay:ageRcIn. sRmab;RbeTs]sSahkmµPaKeRcIn elIkElgEtvis½yksikmµ nigvaynPNÐ GRtaBn§KyGtibrmaenHmankRmitTabNas;. cMeBaHTIpSarénRbeTskMBugGPivDÆsMxan;²mYycMnYnrbs;km<úCa Bn§Kyrbs; WTO enAmankRmitx<s;. b:uEnþ enAtamRBMEdn eKeRcInGnuvtþGRtaBn§EdlmankRmitTab. manRbkard¾sMxan;mYy EdlRkumh‘unkm<úCaTaMgLay RtUv yl;dwgenaHKWIPaBxusKñarvagBn§KykRmitGtibrmanana EdleK[eQµaHpgEdrfa :Bn§katBVkic©} nig GRtaBn§EdleKGnuvtþCak;Esþg. GRtaBn§RbePTTI 1 ¬Bn§katBVkic©¦ KWCaGRtaBn§EdlRbeTsCa smaCikGgÁkar WTO

RtUvEtRbtibtþitam cMENkÉGRtaBn§RbePTTI 2 ¬Bn§EdleKGnuvtþ¦ kñúgkrNI PaKeRcIn minEmnCaGRtaBn§EdleKRtUvEtRbtibtþitamenaHeLIy.

kñúgzan³CaRbeTsRkIRkmYy nigkñúgzan³CasmaCikrbs;smaKmRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKñy_¬ASEAN¦BaNiC¢kmµrbs;km<úCaPaKeRcIn )anRbRBwtþeTAtaml½kçx½NÐénPaBGnueRKaH. kmµviFInana dUcCaRbB½n§GnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµTUeTA ¬GSP¦ nigKMnitpþÜcepþIm {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} ¬EBA¦ rbs;shPaBGWr:ub Edlpþl;karrYcBn§ nigBuMmankMNt;kUtacMeBaHbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆtictYcbMput¬LDCs¦ mantémøxøaMgNas;sRmab;RbeTskm<úCa. k¾b:uEnþkmµviFITaMgenaH min)anTTYlkarFana enAkñúgWTO eT ehIyeRcInEtGnuvtþkñúgRkbx½NÐénviFansþIBIRbPBedIm EdlmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj.

savtarBak;B½n§

4

enAkñúgdMeNIrcUl WTO RbeTskm<úCa)aneFVIkMENTRmg;rcnasm<½n§Bn§Kyrbs;xøÜnpÞal;. kMENTRmg;nana enAqñaM 2001 )ankat;bnßyBn§kRmitmFüménBn§Ky nigkat;bnßycMnYnEdnkMNt;Bn§Kyb¤cMnYnkRmiténGRtaBn§BI 12 kRmit mkenARtwm 4 kRmit. karsnüaGMBIBn§Kyrbs;km<úCa sßitenAkñúgkRmitTaMgenH b¤x<s;CagenH. GaRs½yehtuenH plb:HBal;Cak;EsþgénkarcUlGgÁkar WTO enAqñaM2004 cMeBaHBn§Ky mantictYcbMput. Rkumh‘unkñúgRbeTs)anrgnUv\T§iBlénkarRbkYtRbECg EdlCalT§plénkMENTRmg;Bn§KyenHrYceTAehIy. enAmanEpnkareFVIkMENTRmg;Bn§KybEnßmeTot b:uEnþkMENTRmg;TaMgenaH BuMEmnCaEpñkNamYyénkic©snüarbs; WTO eLIy. ebIsinCaeKmincg;[cMNUlCatiFøak;cuH edaysarkarkat;bnßyBn§KyTaMgenH enaHeKRtUvedaHRsaybBaðart;Bn§.

eTaHbICakarcUlCasmaCik WTO pþl;karFanafa Bn§Kyx<s;bMputEdlGñknaMecjkm<úCaRtUvbg;enATIpSarbreTs EdlRbeTsTaMgLay)ansnüaenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog WTO k¾eday k¾BYkeKenAEtRtUvRbQmmuxeTAnwg]bsKÁCaeRcIneTot. kUtasRmab;vaynPNÐnwgRtUvGs;suBlPaBenAcugqñaM 2004.enAkñúgvis½yksikmµ viFanrbs; WTO sþIBIkUtaBn§KymanlkçN³sµúKsµajCaxøaMg ehIykarrMelaPeTAelIRbB½n§enH EtgekItmanCaTUeTA. bBaØtþinanarbs; WTO enAkñúgEpñkenH nwgmanerobrab;enAkñúgesovePAmKÁeTsk_enH ehIynwgmansar³sMxan;sRmab;ksiGaCIvkmµrbs;km<úCa.

viFanrbs; WTO k¾manrYmbBa©ÚlpgEdr nUvr)aMgepSgeTotEdlminEmnCaBn§Ky. r)aMgTaMgenaHTak;TgeTAnwgbTdæannana ¬r)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ (TBT) nigbTbBaØtisþIBIsuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar¦ nigviFansþIBIRbPBedIm nwgmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHRkumh‘unnanarbs;km<úCa.

plb:HBal;én WTO mkelIRkumh‘unkñúgRsuk

smaCikPaBkñúg WTO GacminbegáIt[mankarRbkYtRbECgxøaMgkøaenAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRbeTs edaypÞal;eT. eTaHCay:agenHkþI Rkumh‘unCaeRcInnwg)andwgfa sm<aFénkarRbkYtRbECgnwgekIneLIg enAeBlEdlmankarEkTRmg; nigebIkcMhesdækic©km<úCa. WTO TTYlsÁal;fa eBlxøH rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvEtpþl;nUvkarkarBardl;plitkrkñúgRbeTs EdlTTYlrgnUvplb:HBal;ya:gF¶n;F¶r. WTO pþl;karkarBartampøÚvc,ab;cMeBaHRkumh‘unkñúgRbeTs ehIyc,ab;enHGacGnuvtþ)an GaRs½yelIbBaðafa etIkarRbkYtRbECgenaH CakarRbkYtRbECgRbkbedayyutþiFm’ b¤GyutþiFm’. k¾b:uEnþ l½kçx½NÐnanasRmab;karkarBar


5

tampøÚvc,ab;EbbenHmanlkçN³hµt;ct; ehIyeKcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþviFanTaMgenH edayRbugRby½tñ. CaBiessrdæaPi)alRtUvbgðaj[eXIjfa karnaMcUlkMBugCH\T§iBlGviC¢man cMeBaHRkumh‘unkñúgRbeTs.

kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO nigkarsnüanana cMeBaHlT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarGacpøas;bþÚr)anRbsinebIkic©RBmeRBogTaMgenaHeFVI[b:HBal;dl;TMnij]sSahkmµ plitplksikmµ nigesvanana. smaCikWTO eFVIkarcrcaCafµIGMBIBaNiC¢kmµ kñúgry³eBl 2-3 qñaMmþg ehIyrebobvar³GPivDÆn_enA TIRkugdUha(Doha -rdæFanIénRbeTskata¦ KWCarebobvar³cugeRkaybg¥s;kñ úgry³eBlknøgeTAfµ I²enH.enAkñúgkic©RbCMuenATIRkugdUha eKrMBwgfa mankarpøas;bþÚrcMbgGMBIbriyakasRbkYtRbECg cMeBaHksiGaCIvkmµBiPBelak. eKk¾rMBwgpgEdrfa nwgmankic©RBmeRBogfµImYyrbs; WTO sþIBIkarsRmbsRmYlBaNiC¢kmµ EdledaHRsaykarEkl;MGEbbTkargarnaMecjnaMcUl niglubbM)at;karykR)ak;bnÞúkeRkApøÚvkarenAtamRBMEdn.

kic©RbCuMTIRkugdUha (Doha) k¾mankarpøas;bþÚrdéTeTot Edlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHRkumh‘unnaMecjksikr nigEpñkÉkCnkm<úCa pgEdr. GaRs½yehtuenH CakarsMxan;Nas; EdlEpñkÉkCnRtUveFVIkargary:agCitsñiT§CamYyraCrdæaPi)al edIm,IkMNt;GaTiPaBnanaénkarcrca nigRtUvbBa¢ÚnGaTiPaBTaMgenaH Ca bnþenAkñúg WTO. edIm,I[cMNgTak;TgenHmanRbsiT§PaB Rkumh‘unÉkCn caM)ac;RtUvyl;GMBIdMeNIrkarrbs;RbB½n§ WTO nigRtUvyl;dwgGMBIviFIepSg² sRmab;FanasuvtßiPaBénplRbeyaCn_TaMgLay.

savtarBak;B½n§

6

7

xøwmsarsegçbtamvis½yCMBUkTI 2

\T§iBlrbs; WTO mkelIvis½ynaMecjsMxan;² mYycMnYnenAkm<úCa nwgmanPaBxusEbøkBIKñaCaxøaMg. cMeBaH]sSahkmµmYycMnYn kargarkMENTRmg;elIEpñkbTbBaØtþiry³eBlxøI Gacmansar³sMxan;Nas;. b:uEnþ sRmab;]sSahkmµdéTeTot kargarsMxan; KWkarpøas;bþÚrl½kçx½NÐénkarcUlTIpSar enAkñúgry³eBlEvg. ]bsm<½n§nanaenAkñúgesovePAmKÁeTsk_enH nwgeFVIkarBinitüemIledayRtYs² elI»kasnana cMeBaH]sSahkmµkm<úCamYycMnYn EdlekIteLIgedaysarsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO. vis½ymYycMnYnEdleK)aneRCIserIsykmksikSakñúgÉksarenH KWRKan;Etcg;bgðajnUvTidæPaBrYmmYyénEpñksMxan;²rbs;esdækic© EdlRbkbedayplitPaBx<s;Etb:ueNÑaH. kareRCIserIs]sSahkmµmYy BuMEmnmann½yfa]sSahkmµenaHTMngCamaneCaKC½ykñúgkarnaMecj Cag]sSahkmµepSgeTot Edlmin)aneRCIserIsmkniyayenaHeT.

xageRkamenHKWCaxøwmsarsegçb dkRsg;ecjBIesovePAmKÁeTsk¾tamvis½y enAkñúg]bsm<½n§epSg².

ksiGaCIvkm μTUeTA

RbeTskm<úCamanFnFanksikmµCaeRcIn ehIymanskþanuBleRcIn sRmab;ERbkøaysm,tþiksikmµTaMgenaH eTACaGaCIvkmµnaMecjRbkbedayeCaKC½y. cMeBaHplitplsMxan;²mYycMnYn kar)at;bg;KuNPaBrbs;TMnijksikmµ tamry³karrt;Bn§ KWCabBaðacMeBaHmuxd¾FMbMput. karcMNayx<s;enAkñúgRbeTsehdæarcnasm<½n§minl¥ GRbsiT§PaBEpñkrdæ)al k¾dUcCakgVHkarvinieyaKelIsmtßPaBEkécñ TaMgGs;enHminbgálkçN³l¥cMeBaHkareFVIGaCIkmµtampøÚvkareLIy. ksikr nigGñklk;duM eRcInEteRCIs erIsykCeRmIsgaybMput KWlk;eTA[BaNiC¢krmkBIRbeTsCitxagénRbeTskm<úCa EdlmanlT§PaBr:ab;rgcMNayeRkApøÚvkarkñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijecjBIRbeTskm<úCa sRmab;Ekécñ niglk;bnþ. kMENTRmg;c,ab;EdlTamTaredaysmaCikPaBkñúg WTO RBmTaMglT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarEdlmanPaBGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµ

8

GacCYy)ankñúgkrNIenH. b:uEnþ briyakasBaNiC¢kmµsakl GacEklMG)anCakRmit²b:ueNÑaH edayeyagtambTbBaØtþinanarbs; WTO. eKRtUvEtyl;dwgCacaM)ac; GMBIr)aMgBn§Kyd¾x<s; rbbkUtad¾sµúKsµajnigkartRmUv[mansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar edIm,Icab;yk]tþmPaBén»kasfµI². RkumksiGaCIvkmµKb,IBinitüemIl[)anhµt;ct; nUvskþanuBlénkic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) edIm,IEklMGl½kçx½NÐnanakñúgeBlGnaKt.

Ggár

km<úCaman»kastictYcNas; kñúgkarvilRtlb;eTAkan;zan³CaRbeTsnaMecjGgárd¾FMmYy. sBVéf¶enHRbeTséfkMB ugna Mm uxeK kñ úgkarna MecjGgárenAelITIpSarBiPBelak ehIyRbeTsevotNamk¾CaRbeTsnaMecjGgárd¾FMmYyEdr. brimaNRsUvCaeRcInRtUv)aneKrt;Bn§eTAkan;RbeTsevotNam edIm,IykeTAkin rYcehIynaMecjbnþ. km<úCamaneragm:asuInkinRsUvEtmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlGacplitGgáreTAtambTdæanénkarnaMecj)an ehIyplitplrbs;eragcRkenH k¾)anbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa manKuNPaBl¥ maneKTTYlsÁal;enAtamTIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmInpgEdr.

ebImankarvinieyaKbEnßmeToteTAelIm:asuInkinRsUvEdlmanlkçN³TMenIb enaHkm<úCanwgGacpÁt;pÁg;GgárEdlmanKuNPaBl¥Biesskan;EteRcIneTAkan;TIpSarGnþrCati. RbkarenHnwgbegáInnUvkarTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCatifa Ggárkm<úCaGaceqøIytbeTAnwgbTdæankRmitx<s;. WTO enABuMTan;ebIkcMh nigenAminTan;pþl;PaByutþiFm’ cMeBaHTIpSarGgárGnþrCatienAeLIyeT b:uEnþkic©RBmeRBognanaEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH dUcCaKMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;shPaBGWr:ub {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} RtUv)aneKemIleXIjfaCakarebIkTVar[RbCaCatiRkIRkbMputenAelIBiPBelakEdlkMBugplitGgár.

RKab;sVaycnÞI

kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMcugeRkayenH karrIkceRmInd¾FMbMputenAelITIpSarRKab;sVaycnÞIenAkñúgBiPBelak KWkarelcmuxénRbeTsevotNamEdl)ankøayCaRbeTsplit nignaMecjRKab;sVaycnÞIFMCageK.smtßPaBEkécñenARbeTsevotNammanTMhMFM eFVI[GñkTTYlykeTAEkécñbnþeRtomxøÜnCaeRsc kñúgkarpþl;éføx<s; cMeBaHRKab;sVaycnÞIEdlCavtßúFatuedIm. ksiplsVaycnÞIrbs;km<úCamYyEpñkFMRtUv)aneKTij


9

eday[R)ak;pÞal;éd nigdwkCBa¢ÚneRkApøÚvkar b¤rt;Bn§qøgEdneTAkan;RbeTsevotNam. BaNiC¢krevotNamTaMgLay h‘anTijkñúgtémømYyx<s;CagtémøTijcUlrbs;Rkumh‘unEkécñkm<úCamYy EdlmansmtßPaBplitsRmab;TIpSarBiPBelakdUceKEdr. karKYbpSMKñaénkarcMNayx<s;enAkñúgRbeTs nigkarTamTar[mankarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar enAkñúgkardwkCBa¢Únplitplqøgkat;Epnana CamUlehtueFVI[plitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIenAkm<úCa CYbkarlM)ak nigKµanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgx<s;. b:uEnþTIpSarRKab; sVaycnÞIenAelIBiPBelakmanTMhMFM ehIyl½kçx½NÐénkareFV IBaNiC¢kmµenAEtebIkcMh. skáanuBlbEnßmsßitenAelIkarBRgIkTIpSarRKab;sVaycnÞI EdldaMedaykareRbICIFmµCati.

bsustV

mankarsikSa nigkarBiesaFepSg²bBa¢ak;fa RbeTskm<úCaman»kasy:ageRcInkñúgkarnaMecjbsustV dUcCa eKa RkbI RCUk nigbsubkSI. bc©úb,nñenH kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµeKaRkbI eRcInRbRBwtþeTAtamry³karrt;Bn§. RbsinebIbMb:ncMNIGahar[)anRtwmRtUv eKGaclk;eKaRkbIkm<úCa eTAkan;TIpSarkñúgtMbn; b¤mYyRbEhlCaGaclk;eTA[TIpSarmCÄwmbUBa’ EdlkMBugEtmantRmUvkarekIneLIgpgEdr. eK)annaMecjeKaRkbIxøH² eTAkan;TIpSarenARbeTsm:aeLsuI. kñúgry³b:unµanqñaMfµI²enH CMgWelIstVBahn³ )aneFVI[BaNiC¢kmµbsustVBiPBelak mankarERbRbYl dUecñHkareqøIytbeTAnwgbTdæansuxPaB mansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;BaNiC¢kmµenH. eKGacseRmckic©karenH)antamry³karGPivDÆesvaEpñkbsustV nigbegáInlT§PaBkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;fñaMeBTüsRmab;bsustV. kareFVIGaCIvkmµeTAelIvis½ybsustV k¾tRmUv[mankarEklMGlT§PaBplitcMNIstV EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgpgEdr. eRkABIenH l½kçx½NÐBaNiC¢kmµcMeBaH bsustV manlkçN³ebIkcMh.

EpøsVay

ksikrkm<úCadaMEpøeQIEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;CaeRcInRbePT ehIyEpøeQITaMgenaHmYycMnYnmantRmUvkarx<s;enAkñúgTIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmIn. GñkTijenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsrIkceRmIn h‘anTijEpøeQIEdldaMedayeRbICIFmµCati kñúgtémøx<s;. tRmUvkarEpøsVay)anekIneLIgy:ageRcIn enAkñúgry³eBl 10qñaMcugeRkay edayBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakekIneLIgeTVmYyCaBIr. RbeTskMBugGPivDÆmYycMnYn kMBugBüayamnaMecjEpøeQIRKb;rdUvCaeRcInRbePT nigmanKuNPaBx<s; eTAkan;TIpSarbreTs. l½kçx½NÐénkar

xøwmsarsegçbtamvis½y

10

eFVIBaNiC¢kmµEpøeQI mankarebIkTUlayy:ageRcIn b:uEnþbTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGaharmanlkçN³ hµt;ct;.enAkm<úCaeKKYrerobcMkardaMsVay[)anRbesIrCagmun EdlBuMEmnsRmab;EtkarnaMecjEt b:ueNÑaHeTb:uEnþk¾RtUveqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarkñúgRbeTs edayrab;TaMgtRmUvkarrbs;vis½yeTscrN_pgEdr.

eRbgrukçCati

RbeTskm<úCa)annaMcUleRbgrukçCatiCaeRcInRbePT b:uEnþkm<úCamanmanbTBiesaFkñúgkarnaMecjdUgeRbg ¬palm oil¦. eK)annaMecjRKab;;FBaØCatipþl;eRbgBIRbeTskm<úCa b:uEnþtamRckminpøÚvkar edIm,IbMeBj[smtßPaBEkécñFM² CaeRcInenAbNþaRbeTsCitxag. TIpSareRbgrukçCatienAelIBiPBelakmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj bNþalmkBIkarRbkYtRbECgrvagplitpléntMbn;manGakasFatubgÁÁ Ür nigplitpléntMbn;RtUBic. l½kçx½NÐénkarcUleTAkan;TIpSar TMngCaRtUveKEklMG ehIykar]btßmÖFneTAelIplitkmµRtUvcuHfy EdlCavi)akénkarcrca nakic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) rbs; WTO. b:uEnþ TIpSarenAbnþekIneLIg eRBaHmankareRbIR)as;fµI² EdlTak;TgnwgtRmUvkarplitples,ógGaharEdlpþl;suxPaBl¥ nigplitplEkécñEpñk]sSahkmµ kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyplitplKImIEdlmanRbPBBIeRbg\n§n³. tRmUvkareRbgrukçCati kMBugmankarekIneLIgenAelITIpSarRbeTscin ehIyRbeTssmaCikGas‘anmYycMnYn k¾ebIkcMhCabgÁÜr sRmab;naMcUleRbgdUgeTAkan;TIpSarrbs;BYkeKpgEdr. RbeTskm<úCaman»kassRmab;naMecjeRbgdUgbEnßmeTot nigplitedIm,ICMnYseRbgrukçCatinaMcUlmYycMnYn RbsinebIeKGackat;bnßycMNaykñúgdMeNIrkarplitkñúgRbeTs)an.

RsaTwketñat

RsaTwketñatKWCaplitplmYy kñúgcMeNamplitplCaeRcIn EdlGacplit)anBIedImetñat.Rkumh‘unmYy EdlmanTItaMgsßitenACitTIRkugPñMeBj kMBugplitdMNab;EpøeQI TwkexµH mYk nigk®nþkRBmTaMgRsamYycMnYn nigePsC¢³cRmuHnana EdlplitBIplitplepSg²énedImetñat. ePsC¢³EdlmanCatiRsvwg rbs;Rkumh‘unenH KWRsaTwketñatEdlmanKuNPaBBIrEbb ¬manCatiRsvwgkRmit 8° nig 10°¦RsaTwketñatlaymñas; nigRsaTwketñatmanrsCatixJ I. plitplTaMgenHGacEsVgTIpSarenAtamhaglk;ePsC¢³nana. TIpSarGasIueRcInEtkarBarePsC¢³surakñúgRbeTs b¤karBaredaysarmUlehtusasna. enARbeTsrIkceRmIn mankarkarBartictYc b:uEnþcMeBaHes,ógGahar caM)ac;RtUvEteKarBtam


11

bTdæansuvtßiPaBGahar. karykR)ak;bnÞúkrdæ)alminpøÚvkar nigkgVHxatEpñkehdæarcnasm<½n§enAkm<úCaeFVI[b:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶rdl;smtßPaBRbkYtRbECg. l½kçx½NÐrbs; WTO nwgeFVI[mankarpøas;bþÚrtictYcEtb:ueNÑaH elIkElgEtkñúgbribTénbTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y ¬SPS¦.

ekAs‘U

bnÞab;BIsemøókbMBak; nigEs,keCIg ekAs‘UFøab;CaplitplnaMecj Edlmansar³sMxan;bMputrbs;km<úCa. CaTUeTA KuNPaBénekAs‘Ukm<úCamankRmitx<s; b:uEnþkm<úCaBuMsUv)anlk;ekAs‘UeTAkan;GtifiCnenAbreTsedaypÞal;eLIy ehIyeKEtglk;kñúgtémø 15-20° TabCagtémø enAkñúgTIpSarBiPBelak. ]sSahkmµekAs‘Ukm<úCamYyPaKFMRKb;RKgedayrdæ. enATUTaMgBiPBelak ]sSahkmµenHrgnUvplb:HBal;y:ageRcIn edaysarGnþraKmn_rbs;rdæaPi)al ehIyenAGasIumankarRbwgERbgdak;kMhitkarRbkYtRbECg tamry³sm<½n§GaCIvkmµFM². enAkñúgkarcrca WTO RbeTskm<úCa)anGHGagfaeKnwgeFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµRTBüsm,tþi]sSahkmµekAs‘UsaFarN³PaKeRcInenAqñaM 2006. b:uEnþ viFanrbs; WTO nigl½kçx½NÐénkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarmansar³RbeyaCn_tictYcb:ueNÑaH luHRtaEt Rkumh‘unekAs‘Ukm<úCa plitekAs‘UtamKuNPaBCaGnþrCati.

RtI

RbeTskm<úCaman»kas nigGacmanskþanuBly:ageRcIn kñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmµelIFnFanRtIrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgTIpSarnaMecj. tRmUvkarcMeBaHRtIEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; nigplitplRtIkMBugekIneLIgenAkñúgTIpSarBiPBelak kñúgeBlEdlkarpÁt;pÁg;mankRmit. eKebIkTUlayTIpSary:ageRcIn b:uEnþkm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvCMnH]bsKÁnana dUcCabTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGaharcMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as; kardak;pøaksBaØa karplitEdlmannirnþrPaB nigkareRbIR)as;]btßmÖFnCaTUeTA edIm,I[xøÜnGacRbemIlemIlkan;Etc,as;las;kñúgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarBiPBelak. RbeTskm<úCakMBugxatbg;nUvtémøy:ageRcInnUvplensaTsmuRTbNþalmkBIkarepÞrRtI nigbgÁa eTAkan;navabreTsedaypÞal;. b:uEnþkarcMNaykñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún nigpÞúkTMnijenAkm<úCa mankRmitx<s;CaxøaMg EdlBi)ak[BaNiC¢kmµRsbc,ab;Gac)anTTYlplcMeNj.karcrcakñúgkic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) rbs; WTO enAkñúgkarRtYtBinitü]btßmÖFnelIkarensaTKb,IebIkcMh»kasfµI² bEnßmeTot RbsinebIkic©RbCMuenaHTTYl)aneCaKC½y.


12

plitplsURt

tRmUvkarsURt nigplitplsURt sRmab;TIpSarBiPBelakmanbrimaNtic b:uEnþmantémøx<s; Nas;.plitkmµsréssURtmancMENkticCag 0/2° énTIpSarsrésvaynPNÐBiPBelak. éføsURt eqAx<s;Cagéføkb,aseqA 20 dg ehIyplitplsURtBIsréssURt nigsMBt;sURtEdleKniym KWCaplitpll¥Biess. sURteqArbs;km<úCamanKuNPaBx<s; b:uEnþkarplitmancMnYnticNas;. Gñkt,ajBwgEp¥kelIkarnaMcUleRkApøÚvkar EdleFVI[manlkçN³sµúKsµajcMeBaHkarbBa¢ak;GMBIRbPBedIménplitplsURt Edl)aneFVIenAkm<úCa. RbsinebIeKGacbgðajbTdæan nigRbPBTMnij enaHkm<úCanwgman»kasTIpSarCaeRcIn enAkñúgRbeTsmanesdækic©rIkceRmInnanaenAGasuI EdlGnuBaØat[naMcUledayrYcBn§.bc©úb,nñenH RbeTskm<úCa mansmtßPaBtictYcNas; kñúgkic©dMeNIrkartamEbbesdækic©xñatFM nigpÁt;pÁg;TMnijmanKuNPaBx<s; kñúgbrimaNsmRsb sRmab;karnaMecj. enAkñúgbriyakasTaMgenH viFan WTO

man\T§iBltictYcb:ueNÑaH mkelIplitplsURt.

sgðarwmEdleFVIGMBIb¤sSI nig epþA

bc©úb,nñenH plitkmµeRKOgsgðarwmrbs;km<úCaBuM)anerobcM sRmab;karnaMecjeLIy. GaCIvkmµEdlmanlkçN³RKYsarenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj nigenATIRkugFM²ÉeTot kMBugpliteRKOgsgðarwmEdlmanKuNPaBl¥bgÁÜr GMBIeQIxøwm b¤sSI niglaycRmuHKñarvagb¤sSI nigepþA. eTaHCakm<úCamanvtßúFatuedImnigmanGñkCMnajkþI k¾eKpliteRKOgsgðarwmsRmab;lk;bMerI[EtesckþIRtUvkar enAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRbeTsb:ueNÑaH. k¾b:uEnþTIpSarenAelIBiPBelak sRmab;eRKOgsgðarwmeFVIGMBIepþA nigb¤sSIEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;enAmanTMhMFM nigkMBugEtekIneLIg. enAqñaM 2003 shrdæGaemriknaMcUlCag 400 lan duløar.plitkrFM²TaMgGs; KWsuT§EtCaplitkr EdlmanRbPBmkBIbNþaRbeTsenAGasuI CaBiessKWRbeTscinrIÉRbeTsevotNam k¾kMBugEtkøayeTACaplitkrd¾FM y:agqab;rh½spgEdr. kareRCotcUlrbs;RbeTscin eTAkñúgTIpSareRKOgsgðarwménshrdæGaemrik )anbgá[manskmµPaBkarBar BITIRkugv:asuInetan. karN_enHGacpþl;»kas sRmab;plitkrÉeTot². b:uEnþ enAkñúgeBlenH RbeTskm<úCaBuMmankarerobcMplitkrsmRsb ehIyk¾Kµanehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbv½nþsmRsb sRmab;eFVIBaNiC¢kmµxñatFMeLIy. RbkarenHGactRmUv[mankarcUlrYmBIédKUbreTs.


13

sMelokbMBak;kñúgzan³Cavis½ynaMecjcMbgrbs;km<úCa vis½ysemøókbMBak;BwgEp¥ky:agxøaMg elIkarGPivDÆnaeBl

GnaKtenAkñúg WTO. l½kçx½NÐBiessGnuvtþcMeBaHvis½yvaynPNÐ nigvis½ykat;edrkñúgBiPBelaksRmab;ry³eBl 40 qñaM )anbBa©b;enAkñúgExmkra qñaM 2005. edayKµankarFanakñúgkarpþl;kUtanaMcUleTAkan;TIpSarshrdæGaemrik eK)armÖfa RbeTskm<úCak¾dUcCaRbeTsdéTeTot nwgRtUvlubbM)at;edayRbeTscin EdlmanéføcMNayplitkmµTab. enAkñúgPaBBit sßanPaBenHmanlkçN³sµúKsµajCagenHeTAeTot. eKsegáteXIjmansBaØaénRbtikmµxøaMgmYy Tak;TgnwgkarRKbdNþb;énRbeTscineTAelITIpSarsemøókbMBak;énshrdæGaemrik. l½kçx½NÐBiessénkarcUl WTO rbs;RbeTscin sRmab;karnaMcUlvaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak;rbs;xøÜn tRmUv[mankarRtYtBinitüBIbNþaRbeTsnaMcUl. enAmanmeFüa)ayepSgeTot rbs; WTO EdlGacnwgRtUveRbIR)as;pgEdr edIm,IbegáItCa]bsKÁcMeBaHkMeNInCabnþbnÞab; enAkñúgkareRCotcUlTIpSarBIplitkrcin. Ep¥kelIlT§PaBTaMgenaH Rkumh‘unGñknaMecjnigGñklk;raynana enATIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmIn caM)ac;RtUvbegáInRbPBGñkpÁt;pÁg;rbs;BYkeK. RbeTskm<úCaman]tþmPaBmYycMnYn eRBaHfa km<úCamansavtarl¥sþIBI siT§kargar nigGacmanlT§PaBnaMcUleTAkan;TIpSarFM² kñúglkçN³GnueRKaH. b:uEnþRbeTskm<úCa caM)ac;RtUvbMeBjl½kçx½NÐRbPBTMnij sRmab;lT§PaBnaMcUleTAkan;shPaBGWr:ubedayrYcBn§. RbkarenHmann½yfa km<úCaRtUvbegáIt[manvis½yvaynPNÐenAkñúgRbeTs b¤ vivDÆviFIsa®sþénkarplitsMelokbMBak; tamry³kic©shkarCamYyédKUBIbNþaRbeTsGas‘an. RbkarKYr[elIkTwkcitþþ KWplitkrsemøókbMBak;cin kMBugbegáInkarvinieyaKrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

esvahirBaØvtßú

kgVHlT§PaBkñúgkarTTYlesvahirBaØvtßú EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg KWCa]bsKÁrcnasm<½n§cMeBaHkarGPivDÆ nigkarvinieyaKEdlepþateelIBaNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa. sm,TanEdleK)anpþl;[ cMeBaHesvaFnaKar nigFanar:ab;rgenAkñúgkarcrcarbs; WTO kñúgry³eBlxøI minRtUv)aneKrMBwgfaman\T§iBleRcIneLIy. enAkñúgry³eBlEvg RbsinebIkm<úCaeFVIkMENTRmg;nana EdlbNþal[mankarpøas;bþÚrkic©RbtibtþiGaCIvkmµ nig\riyabfsaFarN³cMeBaH\NTan enaHGacnwgTak;TajRkumh‘un esvahirBaØvtßúbreTs [cUlmkvinieyaK nigbegáInesvananarbs;FnaKar nigRkumh‘unFanar:ab;rgbc©úb,nñ. b:uEnþ Rkumh‘unTaMgenHTMngCa


14

mincab;GarmµN_eT luHRtaEthaniP½ynana EdlTak;TgnwgkareFVIGaCIvkmµenAkm<úCa RtUv)aneKkat;bnßyCasßaBr.

esvasMNg; nig esvaBak;B½n§

edIm,IGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§sRmab;[mankarGPivDÆ EdlepþatelIkarnaMecj RbeTskm<úCaRtUvkarvis½ysMNg; EdlmanlT§PaBkñúgkarpþl;esvaTMenIb manRbsiT§PaB nigmanPaBRbkYtRbECg.eyagtam]bsKÁnanakñúgRbeTsbc©úb,nñ skmµPaBmYYycMnYnnwgbnþRKb;RKgedaybreTs. enATnÞwmKñaenaHedIm,I[manlkçN³RbkYtRbECg Rkumh‘unsMNg;RtUvkaresvaEdlmansmtßPaB dUcCaRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnRkumh‘unvisVkmµ nigRkumh‘unsßabtükmµ. karsnüaGMBIEpñkesvarbs;km<úCacMeBaH WTO GnuBaØat[mankarebIkTUlayCabgÁÜr cMeBaHRkumh‘unbreTs. b:uEnþ Rkumh‘unsMNg;caM)ac;RtUvFanasmÖar³brikçareTAtaml½kçx½NÐEdlmanlkçN³GMeNayplbMput. ]TahrN_ kñ úgkrNIsuIm:g; karnaMcUl mantémøx<s;ehIykarGUsbnøayeBlevlakñúgkarRbKl;TMnij KWbNþalmkBIPaBsµúKsµajTUeTAénEpñkrdæ)al.GaRs½yehtuenH sMNg;KWCaEpñkmYymansar³sMxan;énesdækic© Edll½kçx½NÐBaNiC¢kmµ rbs;vis½yenHBak;B½n§nwgTMnijpg nigesvapg ehIyvamanlkçN³caM)ac;kñúgkarkMNt;lT§pl.


15

kic©snüarbs; WTOCMBUkTI 3

enAkñúgExkBaØa qñaM 2003 rdæm®nþImkBIRbeTsCasmaCikcMnYn 147 rbs; WTO )anTTYlykl½kçx½NÐénkarcUlCasmaCik WTO rbs;RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. ry³eBl 9 qñaM Kitcab;;BIkardak; BaküdMbUgkm< úCa)anGnuvtþral;l½kçx½NÐTa MgGs; ehIysmaCikPaBCak;EsþgRKan;EttRmUv[mankarpþl;sc©ab½nelIkic©RBmeRBogenH BIrdæsPakm<úCaEtb:ueNÑaH. km<úCa)anTTYlsc©ab½nenH kalBIéf¶TI 13 ExkBaØa qñaM 2004 ehIysmaCikPaBénRbeTskm<úCakñúg WTO )ancUlCapøÚvkar kñúgry³eBl 30 éf¶eRkayBIenaH eBalKWenAéf¶TI 13 Extula qñaM 2004.

eTaHCasRmab;RbeTsNak¾eday dMeNIrkarcUlCasmaCik WTO KWCadMeNIrkarEdlmanry³eBlEvg nigsµúKsµaj. WTO BuMEmnCakøwbEdlrdæaPi)alGaccUlrYm edayRKan;Etbg;R)ak;enaHeT.karcUlCasmaCikenH KWCakic©snüaEdlmancMNgc,ab;CapøÚvkar rvagsmaCikTaMgGs; CamYysmaCik fµI.kic©snüaenHbBa¢ak;GMBIl½kçx½NÐÐlMGiténBaNiC¢kmµrvagsmaCiknana nigbBa¢ak;GMBIkaryl;dwgelITidæPaBCaeRcInénc,ab; nItikmµ dMeNIrkartulakar nigl½kçx½NÐvinieyaKnana.

kic©snüaenHpþl;[km<úCa nUvplRbeyaCn_ nigsuvtßiPaBTaMgGs; Tak;TgeTAnwgviFan nigvin½y EdlbegáItCaRbB½n§c,ab;rbs; WTO EdlEcgGMBIskmµPaBrbs;smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn. kic©snüa enHpþl;nUv\riyabfc,as;las; nigGac):an;RbmaNTukCamun)an cMeBaHplitpl nigesvananarbs; km<úCaenAkñúgTIpSarrbs;smaCikTaMgGs;déTeTot.

karsnüabnþeFVIkMENTRmg;bEnßmeTot

cMeBaHsmaCikcas;rbs; WTO kic©snüarbs;km<úCa pþl;nUvkarFana elIkarebþCJacitþbnþeFVIkMENTRmg;esdækic© karRbtibtþitamviFan nigvin½yTaMgLayrbs; WTO tameBlevla nig pþl;l½kçx½NÐénkarcUleTAkan;TIpSar nigkarvinieyaKEdlGac):an;RbmaNTukCamun)an. m:üagvijeTot BaNiC¢kr nigvinieyaKinénPaKITaMgsgxag Kb,IemIleXIjnUvbriyakasebIkTUlay nigkan;EtmansuvtßiPaBkñúgkareFVVIGaCIvkmµ.

16

kic©snüa WTO KWCakic©snüaEdlmanlkçN³CakatBVkic© nigGacGnuvtþ)an. Rkumh‘unnanarbs;km<úCamanCMenOfa enAeBlGnaKt nwgmansmaCik WTO mYyeTotGacrMelaPelIkic©snüakñúgkarrkSaTMnak;TMngsmRsb cMeBaHkarnaMecjrbs;km<úCa. RbsinebImanerOgdUecñHekIteLIg BYkeKmansiT§iesñI[rdæaPi)alEsVgrkdMeNaHRsay tamry³TMnak;TMngeTVPaKI ehIyRbesIrbMputenaH KWTTYlkarvinicä½ymYy tamry³RbB½n§edaHRsayvivaTrbs; WTO ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 1¦.

édKUBaNiC¢kmµenAkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYn)ankøayeTACasmaCik WTO rYcehIy kñúgenaHman RbeTséfcin nigTIpSarmYycMENkFMrbs;Gas‘an. b:uEnþ TIpSarénRbeTsCitxagrbs;km<úCa BuMEmnsuT§EtsßitenAkñúgRkbx½NÐénkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmµrbs; WTO eLIy. RbeTsevotNam nigLav kMBugsßitkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarcUlCasmaCik WTO.

kñúgzan³CasmaCikfµImYy RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvbgðajkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMxagmuxenHGMBIkarGnuvtþkic©snüaTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn cMeBaHsmaCik WTO déTeTot. enHKWCabBaðamYy EdleK RtUvRbQmmux.eTaHbIkm<úCamanzan³CaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆTabbMputk¾eday GñkcrcaTaMgLayrbs;km<úCa )anRbwgERbgy:agxøaMgkøa enAkñúgdMNak;kalcugeRkayéndMeNIrkarcUlCasmaCik WTO edIm,IeKarBtamkarsnüaEdlmankarTamTarxøaMgbgÁÜr.

eKBi)akBüakr\T§iBlénsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO mkelIkm<úCaNas;. karsnüanana GacbegáIt[mankic©RbwgERbg EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvis½ymYycMnYn b¤dak;kMhitPaBbt;EbnenAkñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)ayfµI². b:uEnþ karsnüaTaMgenaH KYrEtCMrujrdæaPi)al [GnuvtþviFankarEkTRmg;EdlmanGMeNaypll¥cMeBaHGaCIvkmµ ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 5¦.


17

kic©snüarbs; WTO

RbGb;TI 1³ siT§ irbs;km< úCa kñ úgkarRbQmmuxCamYysmaCikÉeTotrbs; RbGb;TI 1³ siT§ irbs;km< úCa kñ úgkarRbQmmuxCamYysmaCikÉeTotrbs; RbGb;TI 1³ siT§ irbs;km< úCa kñ úgkarRbQmmuxCamYysmaCikÉeTotrbs; RbGb;TI 1³ siT§ irbs;km< úCa kñ úgkarRbQmmuxCamYysmaCikÉeTotrbs; RbGb;TI 1³ siT§ irbs;km< úCa kñ úgkarRbQmmuxCamYysmaCikÉeTotrbs; WTO

kic©snüarbs; WTO GnuvtþcMeBaHsmaCikTaMgGs;. edIm,IGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜnenAkñúgkic©snüa enHmannItiviFIsRmab;RbeTskm<úCa EdlmanlkçN³dUcKñaEdr cMeBaHédKUBaNiC¢kmµTaMgLayrbs;km<úCaenAkñúg WTO. kñúgeBlGnaKt RbsinebIRkumh‘un nigGñknaMecjkm<úCa yl;faBMumancMNat;karmkelIplitplrbs;xøÜneTAtamviFanrbs; WTO eTenaH BYkeKGaccat;viFankar)an.

eTaHbICa manEtrdæaPi)alb:ueNÑaH EdlGaceFVICatMNagpøÚvkarenAkñúg WTO sßitenAkñúgTIRkughSWENvkþI k¾Rkumh‘unnanaGacesñI[RksYgBaNiC¢kmµedaHRsayBakübNþwgCMnYsxøÜn)an. CadMbUgeKedaHRsaybBaðaenH CamYyrdæaPi)alTaMgenaHedaypÞal; b:uEnþkñúglkçN³eRkApøÚvkar CYnkal tamry³ebskCnkarTUtenAkñúgRbeTs.

RbsinebITMnak;TMngEbbenHBMu)anseRmclT§pleTenaH rdæaPi)alGacelIkykbBaðaenH eTAkan;WTO. viFIedaHRsaymYy KWeFVIeLIgtamry³karelIkykbBaðaenaH eTAedaHRsayeRkApøÚvkar CamYyebskCnkarTUtrbs;smaCik WTO EdlBak;B½n§ enAhSWENv. viFImYyEbbeTot KW dak;bBaðaenaHenAkñúgrebobvar³rbs;KN³kmµaFikarRtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUvtamkic©RBmeRBog b¤bBaØtþi WTO EdlBak;B½n§. ]TahrN_ eKGacelIkbBaðaEdlTak;TgnwgbTdæanbec©keTs Edlbgá]bsKÁdl;karnaMecjrbs;km<úCa enAkñúgTIpSar WTO CamYyKN³kmµaFikarvivaTbec©keTsEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ. ebIIbBaðaenaHTak;TgnwgRbtibtþikarkUta elIplitplksikmµ eKRtUvelIkeLIgeTAKN³kmµaFikarksikmµ.

RbsinebIviFIsa®sþTaMgenaHminGacdMeNIrkar)an b¤RbsinebIbBaðaenaHmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶r nigbnÞan;km<úCaGaccUlxøÜneTAkan;RbB½n§edaHRsayTMnas;pøÚvkarrbs; WTO. enHKWCaRbB½n§tulakarrbs; WTO

ehIynItiviFIrbs;;RbB½n§enH manEcgenAkñúgGnusSarN³énkaredaHRsayTMnas; ¬DSU¦.

CMhanTImYy KWRtUvesñIsMukarBieRKaHeyabl;eTVPaKICapøÚvkar CamYysmaCikBak;B½n§edayCUndMNwgdl; WTO GMBIkartv:a. RbsinebIkarBieRKaHTaMgenHminpþl;plkñúgrvag 60 éf¶eTenaH km<úCaGacesñI[manKN³vinicä½y. karvinicä½yEbbenH PaKeRcIneFVIeLIgelImUldæanénkarbkRsaybBaØtþic,ab;rbs; WTO ehIytamFmµtaTamTareBlevlaBIR)aMmYy eTAR)aMbYnEx.

18

enAeBlEdlmankarRbkaslT§plrbs;KN³vinicä½y PaKInImYy²manCeRmIs edImI,eFVIkarbþwg]T§rN_ eTAkan;sßab½n]T§rN_rbs; WTO. kareFVIEbbenHGacRtUvkareBlbEnßmBI 60 eTA 90 éf¶ ehIyPaKITaMgBIrcaM)ac;RtUvTTYlyksalRkménbNþwg]T§rN_enaH. ]bmafa ebIeKBinitüeXIjfaBakübNþwg rbs;km<úCamanlkçN³RtwmRtUv enaHPaKIcaj;kþIcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþsalRkmenaH EdltamFmµtaKWRtUvlub bM)at;viFankarBaNiC¢kmµEdlbgáTMnas;enaHecj. RbsinebIBMueFVIdUecñHeTenAmanbBaØtiþepSgeTotkñúgGnusSarN³énkaredaHRsayTMnas; (DSU) EdltRmUv[pþl;sMNgBaNiC¢kmµ b¤pþl;siT§i[km<úCadksm,TanBaNiC¢kmµ BIPaKImçageTot.

dMeNIrkarTaMgmUlenHGaccMNayeBlevlayUrNas; CYnkalRtUvcMNayeBlrhUtdl; 18 ExcMeBaHRkumh‘un nigGñknaMcUl. b:uEnþeKGacedaHRsayvivaT)an tamry³kic©RBmeRBogeTAvijeTAmkeTaHCaenAeBlNak¾eday enAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarGnuvtþnItiviFIenH. krNIenH eRcInekItman ehIyenHKWCaeKalbMNgrbs; DSU.

karGnuvtþtam DSU CaCagRbkan;ykviFIsa®sþEdlBMusUvmanlkçN³pøÚvkar tRmUv[mankarBicarNal¥itl¥n;. minRtwmEtcMNayeBlevlayUrb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþkic©karenHk¾GactRmUv[cMNayR)ak;eRcInpgEdr eRBaHfatamFmµta RtUvmantMNagKtiyutþEdlmanbTBiesaF. b:uEnþ sRmab;bNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabbMput eKGacrksµakþIKtiyutþedaymincaM)ac;cMNayeRcIn tamry³mCÄmNÐlRbwkSac,ab;rbs; WTO EdlmanmUldæanenATIRkughSWENv.

rdæaPi)alBMuEmnsuT§EtGacdak;bNþwgsaTukçBaNiC¢kmµnImYy² tamEbbenHeLIy. kñúgry³eBldb;qñaMknøgmkenH WTO )anedaHRsaykrNI DSU cMnYnCag 300 krNI. mankrNIPaKeRcInRtUv)aneKedaHRsay edaymincaM)ac;qøgnItiviFIGVITaMgGs;. eK)anbegáItKN³vinicä½yRbmaN EtCag130 b:ueNÑaH.

rdæaPi)alkm<úCa CaBiessRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ caM)ac;RtUveFVIkarseRmccitþfaetIRtUvedaHRsaybBaðaNaxøH ehIyeFVIy:agdUcemþc. BakübNþwgrbs;vis½ykmµnþsal b¤vis½yksikmµnwgRbmUlpþúMPaKeRcInenAPñMeBj. enHKWCamUlehtumYyEdlfa karbegáItsmaKmBaNiC¢kmµnwgmansar³sMxan; edIm,IeFVI[EpñkÉkCn TTYlsÁal;skþanuBleBjeljénsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO.


19

RbeTskm<úCa KWCaRbeTsQanmuxmYyenAkñúg WTO

RbeTskm< úCa KWCaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆTabbMputdMbUgbg¥s; EdlseRmclT§plkñ úgkarcrcacUlCasmaCik WTO. bNþaRbeTsRkIRkdéTeTotEdl)ancUleTACasmaCik WTO manlkçN³gayRsYlCag eRBaHBYkeKFøab;CasmaCikrbs;GgÁkardMbUgrbs; WTO KWkic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBI Bn§Kynig BaNiC¢kmµ (GATT). smaCikrbs; GATT mansiT§ikñúgkarkøayeTACasmaCiksßabnikén WTO fµIenAqñaM 1995.

maK’ad¾lM)akrbs;km<úCa kñúgdMeNIrkarcUlCasmaCik mann½yfa eKminGaccat;Tukkm<úCa faCaRbeTsmYyEdlTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO edayBuMmankareFVIviPaKTanpÞal;enaH eT.eTaHbICakm<úCa CaRbeTstUcmYyenAkñúgBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakkþI km<úCamansiT§ienAkñúgkarbeBa©j mti nigman\T§iBlcMeBaHkarseRmcrbs; WTO CaBiesskñúgkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµ dUcCakic©RbCuM naeBlfµI²enHenATIRkugdUha (Doha) CaedIm.

karsnüamYycMnYnrbs;km<úCa enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogCamYy WTO manbBa¢ak;enAkñúgCMBUkbnþbnÞab;.CarYmmankarsnüacMnYn 3. TI 1³ RbeTskm<úCa)anerobrab;lMGitGMBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñ énBaNiC¢kmµnigeKalneya)ayesdækic©rbs;xøÜn ehIy)anbegáItkmµviFIkMENTRmg;mYy. kmµviFIenHnwgeFVI[RbeTskm<úCae)aHCMhaneq<aHeTArkkarGnuvtþeBjeljCamYYy WTO kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMxagmux. TI 2³karcrcabegáIt[mankBa©b;énBn§Ky {Gtibrma} elIkarnaMcUlTMnij. ¬CMBUkTI 7 Bnül;GMBIGRtakMhitGRtanuvtþ nigGRtaGnueRKaHénBn§Ky¦. kBa©b;enHKWCaEpñkmYyénkic©snüa ehIyeK)anP¢ab;vaeTAkñúgl½kçx½NÐnanaénsmaCikPaB kñúgnamCakmµviFIBn§Ky. TI 3³ kmµviFImYyeTotdak;ecjnUvl½kçx½NÐ cMeBaHkarpÁt;pÁg;esvamkkan;km<úCa rYmmanl½kçx½NÐsRmab;karvinieyaK nig karbegáItRkumh‘unpþl;esvabreTs.

kic©snüarbs; WTO

sUmepJIkarsaksYrdMNwgepSg² GMBIskmµPaBTak;Tgnwg WTO sþIBIkarlM)aknanaTak;TgnwgkarnaMecj mkkan;kariyal½ykic©kar WTO énnaykdæanGas‘an nigGgÁkarGnþrCatién RksYgBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanGas½ydæan³ 20 A mhavifI RBHneratþm PñMeBj TUrs½BÞelx 855 23 22 15 26 TUrsarelx855 23 210 728.

20

karcUl WTO minFananUveCaKC½yenAkñúgBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakeLIy. vaCameFüa)aymYyEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edayrdæaPi)al EpñkÉkCn nigPaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot Edlpþl;»kassmRbkbnigpþl;kic©karBar. \LÚvenH km<úCacaM)ac;RtUvRbtibtþitamkarsnüa nigkatBVkic©EdleK)anRbkan;ykTnÞwmKñanwgkarTajykplCaGtibrma BI»kasTaMgenaH.


21

RbPBedIm nigeKalkarN_rbs;; WTOCMBUkTI 4

WTO KWCaGgÁkar EdlbnþevnBIkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµBImun EdlehAfa kic©RBmeRBogTUeTA sþIBIBn§Ky nigBaNiC¢kmµ (GATT) EdleK)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1948. WTO mansmaCikPaB eRcInCagGATT nigRKbdNþb;elIkmµvtß úeRcInCag. b:uEnþ KW GATT enHehIy Edl)anbegáIteKalkarN_BhuPaKIenAkñúgRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµenH. RbGb; TI 3 )anbgðajCasegçbGMBIRbvtþi rbs; GATT nig WTO.

WTO KWCasßab½nmYy nigCasMNuMénviFanTaMgLay EdlehAfa {c,ab; WTO}. smaCiknImYy²kñúgcMeNamsmaCikCit 150 rbs; WTO RtUvRbtibtþitamviFanTaMgenH nigRtUvpþl;[smaCikdéTeTotnUvplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµCak;lak;EdlBYkeK)ansnüa.

GgÁsMxan;énc,ab;rbs; WTO rYmmankic©RBmeRBog nigesckþIseRmccitþCag 60. TaMgGs;enHRtUvsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs;RkumRbwkSa nigKN³kmµaFikarnanaénTIsñak;karkNþalrbs; WTO

enATIRkughSWENv RbeTssVúIs. WTO Kµankariyal½yenAtamRbeTs b¤kariyal½yRbcaMtMbn;eT.karcrcakñúgRTg;RTayFM dUcCakic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha - rdæFanIénRbeTskata¦ CaedIm tRmUv[manevTikacrcaBiessrbs;xøÜn. smaCikrbs; WTO fñak;rdæm®nþICYbRbCMuKña y:agehacNas; BIrqñaMmþg.eBleRkABIenH RbtiPUfñak;CatiTaMgLay EdltamFmµta CaGñkkarTUt nigCam®nþIBaNiC¢kmµ CatieFVIkargarRbcaMéf¶. RbGb;TI 2 xageRkam bgðajrcnasm<½n§énsßab½ntMNagrbs; WTO.

22

RkumRbwkSasMrab;BaNiC¢kmμesvakmμ¬RtYtBinitükic©RBmeRBog GATS”¦

KN³kmµaFikarnanarYmman ³

snñisITfñak;rdæm®nþI¬RbRBwtþeTAerogral; BIrqñaM mþg¦

RkumRbwkSaTUeTA¬RbCMusamBaØCaeTogTat; nigRbCuMvisamBaØ¦

BinitüemIleKalneya)ayBaNiC¢km μ¬BinitüemIl 6-8 RbeTskñúgmYyqñaM¦

KN³km μaFikarcrcaBaNiC¢km μ¬RtYtBinitüemIlkic©RbCMuenAdUha Doha¦

karedaHRsayvivaT¬sßab½nedaHRsayvivaTCYbRbCMuKña eBlcaM)ac;¦

RkumRbwkSasMrab;BaNiC¢kmμTMnij¬RtYtBinitükic©RBmeRBogTMnijTaMgGs;¦

KN³kmµaFikarnanarYmman ³

RkumRbwkSasRmab;TidæPaBénc,ab;km μsiT§ibBaØa

EdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢km μ¬RtYtBinitükic©RBmeRBog “TRIPS”¦

ksikmµlT§PaBcUlTIpSar

esvahirBaØvtßúkarsnüaCak;lak;

RbGb;TI 2 ³ rcnasm< ½n§rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakRbGb;TI 2 ³ rcnasm< ½n§rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakRbGb;TI 2 ³ rcnasm< ½n§rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakRbGb;TI 2 ³ rcnasm< ½n§rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakRbGb;TI 2 ³ rcnasm< ½n§rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak


karvaytémørbs;KyviFansþIBI RbPBedIm

viFankarRbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø

viFankarGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½ykarraraMgEpñkbec©keTs

23

RbGb;TI 3 ³ Rbvtþisegçbrbs; RbGb;TI 3 ³ Rbvtþisegçbrbs; RbGb;TI 3 ³ Rbvtþisegçbrbs; RbGb;TI 3 ³ Rbvtþisegçbrbs; RbGb;TI 3 ³ Rbvtþisegçbrbs; WTO

1946-47 karcrcarvagRbeTscMnYn 50 ]btßmÖKaMRTedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,IbegáItGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati ¬ITO¦ dMNalKñaCamYyFnaKarBiPBelak nig mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati. esckþIRBagmYysþIBI ITO RtUv)anbegáIteLIg.

RsbCamYyKñaenHEdr RbeTscMnYn 23 )anseRmccitþeFVIkarcrcakarkat;bnßyBn§naMcUlkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn nigedIm,IGnum½tesckþIRBagviFanBaNiC¢kmµmYycMnYn rbs;ITO. sm,TanTak;TgnwgBn§naMcUl nigviFanrYmKñaEdlehAfa kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§Ky nigBaNiC¢kmµ ¬GATT¦.

1948 éf¶ TI 1 Exmkra³ GATT cUlCaFrmanelImUldæanbeNþaHGasnñ. kñúgcMeNamsmaCik 23 RbeTs kalBIdMbUg manRbeTscMnYn 11 CaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ.

Exmina³ snñisITGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarpþl;kargar enATIRkugLahav:an énRbeTsKuy)a Gnum½tFmµnuBaØrbs; ITO b:uEnþFmµnuBaØenaH caM)ac;RtUvTTYlsc©ab½nBIGgÁkarnItibBaØtþifñak;Cati.

1950 rdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrikRbkasfa xøÜnnwgminEsVgrkkarpþl;sc©ab½nelIFmµnuBaØrbs;ITO eLIy eRBaHmankarRbqaMgenAkñúgsPa. GaRs½yehtuenH ITO k¾RtUv)aneKrMlayecal.

1948-95 GATT enAEtCakic©RBmeRBog {beNþaHGasnñ} mYydEdl.

1948-86 enAkñúg GATT mankic©RbCMucb;eBjelj cMnYnR)aMBIrelIk.

RbPBedIm nigeKalkarN_rbs;; WTO

24

1964 eK)anbUkbEnßm :EpñkTI IV : én GATT edIm,Ipþl;RbRBwtþikmµBaNiC¢kmµGnueRKaH cMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ CaBiess edIm,IGac[eKTTYlplRbeyaCn_ BIBn§naMcUl enAkñúgkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµ edaymincaM)ac;pþl;karGnueRKaHsgvij.

1973 eK)anbEnßm :RbeyaKbgálkçN³gayRsYl} eTAkñúg GATT edIm,IbegáItKeRmagkarGnueRKaHEpñkc,ab; cMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. KeRmagkarTaMgenH dUcCa GSP CaedImmanlkçN³pÞúyKñaCamYyviFansþIBI MFN.

1986 kic©RbCMuenARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay) )anRbRBwtþeTAenATIRkug Punta del Exte. GaNitþrbs;kic©RbCMuenHmanTMhMFMCageBlNa²TaMgGs; rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgviFannanaTak;TgnwgBn§naMcUl nigGVIEdlminEmnCaBn§naMcUlpgEdr. b:uEnþ kic©RbCMuenHk¾)an BRgIkRbB½n§ eFVIBaNiC¢kmµeTAkan;vis½yfµI²énBaNiC¢kmµpgEdr dUcCa esvakmµ nigsiT§i sþIBIkmµsiT§i bBaØa.eRkABIenH vaCakic©RbCMuEdlerobcMsaCafµITaMgRsug nUvRbB½n§edaHRsayvivaT nig begáItGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµfµImYy sRmab;CMnYs GATT Edl man :lkçN³ beNþaHGasnñ}.

1993 éf¶ TI 20 ExFñÚ³ Qandl;mankic©RBmeRBogsþIBIÉksarTaMgGs;énkic©RbCMuenA RbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay). GtßbTc,ab; nigkarsnüafñak;Cati sþIBITMnij RBmTaMgesvakmµEdlmancMnYn 23 000 TMB½r.

qñaMqñaMqñaMqñaMqñaM TIkEnøg nig eQµaHTIkEnøg nig eQµaHTIkEnøg nig eQµaHTIkEnøg nig eQµaHTIkEnøg nig eQµaH RbFanbTénkarRbCM uRbFanbTénkarRbCM uRbFanbTénkarRbCM uRbFanbTénkarRbCM uRbFanbTénkarRbCM u c Mn YnRbeTscMnYnRbeTscMnYnRbeTscMnYnRbeTscMnYnRbeTs1947 hWSENv Bn§naMcUl 231949 TIRkugGaensIu Annecy ¬)araMg¦ Bn§naMcUl 131951 TIRkugT½rkay Torquay ¬Gg;eKøs¦ Bn§naMcUl 381956 hSWENv Bn§naMcUl 261960-61 hSWENv ¬kic©RbCMuenA Dillon¦ Bn§naMcUl 261964-67 hSWENv ¬kic©RbCMuenA Kennedy¦ Bn§naMcUl nigviFanTb;Tl;

karlk;bgçÚcéfø 621973-79 hSWENv ¬kic©RbCMuenAtUküÚ¦ Bn§naMcUl-viFansþIBIr)aMg

minEmnBn§naMcUl .l. 102


25

1995 ::kic©RBmeRBogTIRkugm:ar:aeks (Marrakesh) : ¬RbeTsm:ar:uk¦ sþIBIkarbegáItGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak )ancUlCaFrman.

1995-2005 karGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBogPaKeRcIn sþIBIkic©RbCMuenARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay) rYmmankic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmµ vaynPNÐ kmµsiT§ibBaØa karvaytémøBn§Ky nig]bsKÁminEmnCaBn§naMcUldéTeTot.

1997 Qandl;mankic©RBmeRBogbEnßmGMBIesvahirBaØvtßú nigesvaTUrKmnaKmn_CamUldæan.

1999 kic©RbCMufñak;rdæm®nþIén WTO enATIRkugesGafl (Seattle) shrdæGaemrik BMuGacRbkasebIkkic©RbCMuBaNiC¢kmµfµImYy)aneLIy.

2001 RbeTscinkøayCasmaCikénGgÁkar WTO bnÞab;BIqøgkat;karcrcaGs;eBl 15 qñaM.

2001 snñisITfñak;rdæm®nIþénGgÁkar WTO RbkasebIkkic©RbCMuenATIRkugdUha (Doha).

2004 RbeTskm<úCakøayCasmaCikTI 148 rbs;GgÁkar WTO.

EbbbTTaMgGs;enH)ankøayeTACabnÞúkmYyd¾F¶n; cMeBaHbNþasmaCik WTO EdlCaRbeTstUctac nigRkIRk. edIm,ICYysMralbnÞúk ehIyély:agNa[mankarcUlrYmRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB GgÁkarWTO nigTIPñak;garGnþrCatidéTeTot )anpþl;CMnYybec©keTsEdlrYmmanvKÁbNþúHbNþal m®nþIBaNiC¢kmµf ñak ;CatipgEdr. b: uEn þC Mn YyEdlmanenaH minRKb;RKan;sRmab;C YyRbeTskm< úCa[cUlrYmenAkñúgEpñkTaMgGs;rbs; WTO eLIy. RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;GaTiPaBénkmµvtßúrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgsmaCikPaB kñúg WTO RBmTaMgbBaðanana Edlkm<úCaelIkeLIgcMeBaHGgÁkarenH.

RbeTskm<úCa man»kascUlrYmkñúgRkummYy CamYyRbeTsdéTeTotkñúgkardwknaMkarcrca. RkuménRbeTsCasmaCik WTO EdlmankarGPivDÆTabbMput1 eFVIkarCamYyKñaenAeBlEdlBYkeKman


1 GgÁkarshRbCaCati)aneGayeQµaHRbeTscMnYn 32 kñ úgcMeNamRbeTscMnYn 50 faCaRbeTs{GPivDÆticbMp;ut} EdlCasmaCikrbs; WTO : Gg;ehÁaLa bg;køaEds ebnaMg b‘½rKINahVasU b‘UrunDI km<úCasaFarNrdæGaRhVik kNþal qad kugehÁa DüIb‘UTI háMb‘Í hÁIeN hÁIeNb‘Ísav éhTI eLhSÚtU m:adaháasáa m:aLavIm:al;DIv m:alI m:UrItanI m:UhSMb‘Ík mIy:an;m:a en):al; nIehSrIy:a rV:an;da esenháal esra:eLGUn ekaHsULÚm:Un tg;hSanItUehÁa GUhÁg;da hSMbIu .

26

eKaledAdUcKña. ]TahrN_ kalBIeBlfµI²enH RbeTsTaMgenaH)aneFVIkarCamYyKña edIm,IeFVI[viFanrbs;WTO manlkçN³kan;Etc,as;las; sþIBIRbRBwtþikmµBaNiC¢kmµBiess nigdac;edayELksRmab;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ ¬sUmGanEpñkEdlniyayGMBIkarminerIseGIg¦. CagenHeTAeTot smaCik WTO EdlmankarGPivDÆTabbMput nigsmaCik WTO RkIRkÉeTot )aneFVIkarCamYYyKñaCaRkumFMmYy (“G90”) kñúgkic©crcaenAkñúgkic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) edayepþatCaBiess eTAelIvis½yksikmµ.

karcUlrYmrbs;rdæaPi)al

manEtrdæaPi)alEtb:ueNÑaH EdlGaccUlrYmenAkñúgkargarbs; WTO eRBaHfardæaPi)al)an ÉkPaBcMeBaHParkic©tamkic©snüaénsmaCikPaB WTO rbs;xøÜn. b:uEnþ EpñkÉkCncaM)ac;RtUvseRmccitþ faetIBYkeKRtUveFVIdUcemþc edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜnenATIRkughSWENv ehIyelIksMeNIsmRsbdl;sßab½nnanarbs;rdæaPi)alenATIRkugPñMeBj. rdæaPi)alKb,IRbkan;ykCMhrenAkñúg WTO EdlqøúHbBa¢aMgnUvplRbeyaCn_saFarN³TUeTA. b:uEnþ GIVEdlsMxan;CagTaMgGs;enaH KWrdæaPi)al RtUvtMNag[tRmUvkarrbs;Rkumh‘unÉkCnEdlBüayamBRgIkxøÜneFVIBaNiC¢kmµ nigvinieyaK. RbsinebI rdæaPi)almintMNag[Rkumh‘unTaMgenHeTenaH smaCikPaBrbs; WTO nwgBuMsUvmantémøGVIeLIy.

karseRmccitþrbs; WTO QrelImUldæanénkarmUlmtiKñaCaÉkcä½nÞ mann½yfa karseRmccitþ mYyGacnwgGnuvtþ)an ebIKµansmaCikNamYy b¤RkuménsmaCik RbqaMgnwgesckþIseRmccitþenaHeT.karFana[mankarmUlmtiKñaCaÉkc½änÞ GacCadMeNIrkarmYyEdlmanry³eBlEvg niglM)ak. b:uEnþ KµansmaCik WTO NamYy eTaHbICasmaCikenaHCaRbeTstUctackþI RtUv)aneKemIlrMlgeT,Iy RbsinebIrdæaPi)alrbs;RbeTsenaHyl;fa mankarKMramkMEhgF¶n;F¶r cMeBaHplRbeyaCn_Cati. mann½yfaenAeBlNaEdlmankarseRmccitþrYcehIy karseRmcenaHnwgman\T§iBly:agxøaMgmkelI sßab½nrdæ nignItibBaØtþirbs;Cati. esckþIseRmccitþEdleFVI[mankarKMramkMEhgd¾F¶n;F¶rdl;plRbeyaCn_Cati rbs;RbeTsCasmaCik TMngCaminekItmaneT RbsinebIeKeFVIesckþIseRmccitþ tamry³kare)aHeqñat edayykmtiPaKeRcIn.


27

eKalkarN_cMbg²rbs; WTO

eKalkarN_manlkçN³samBaØmYycMnYntUcEdlmanmUldæanenAkñúgviFanrbs; WTO b:HBal;dl;km<úCa nigdl;smaCikdéTeTotTaMgGs;³

1> c,ab; nig bTb,BaØtiþnanaRtUvmantmøaPaB

tmøaPaB KWCaeKalkarN_cMbgrbs; WTO. sRmab;BaNiC¢kr KµanGVIEdlmansar³sMxan;Cagkaryl;dwg nigTMnukcitþrbs;BYkeK eTAelIbriyakasc,ab; EdlBYkeKdMeNIrkareLIy eTaHCaenAkñúg RbeTsnigenAeRkARbeTskþI. tamFmµta kic©RBmeRBog WTO RtUvEtmantmøaPaB ehIytRmUv[ rdæaPi)alnigGaCJaFrdéTeTote)aHpSaynUvc,ab; viFan nigkic©RbtibtþinanaEdlGacmanplb:HBal; dl; BaNiC¢kmµb¤karvinieyaK. RbkarenHnwgmanBiPakSalMGitenAkñúgCMBUkbnÞab;.

bBaØtiþEbbenHmansar³sMxan; TaMgcMeBaHRkumh‘unEdlkMBugdMeNIrkarkñúgRbeTs nigTaMgRkumh‘unEdlmanbMNgcg;cUlrksuIenAkñúgRbeTs. Rkumh‘unTaMgGs;EdldMeNIrkarenAkm<úCa KYrdkBiesaFkñúgkarebIkcMhRkbx½NÐRKb;RKgedaybTbBaØtþi cMeBaHGaCIvkmµ. RbsinebIKµankarpøas;bþÚrTaMgenHeTcMNayEdl eKemIlmineXIj nigkarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkarnana nwgkan;EteFVI[man]bsKÁcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆnigcMeBaHRkumh‘unGnþrCatiFM² EdleRKagnwgmkebIGaCIvkmµenAkm<úCa EdltamFmµta BYkeKKµanqnÞ³TTYlyknUvkareFVIEbbenHeT. karebIkcMhTIpSarenAkñúg WTO tRmUv[mankar ebIkcMhEpñkbTbBaØtiþnigkarRKb;RKgedayc,ab;.

kñúgzan³CasmaCik WTO RbeTskm<úCa)ansnüaedayxøÜnÉgfa kñúgry³eBl 30 éf¶ km<úCanwgpþl;mtieyabl;elIviFanfµI²TaMgT,ay Edlb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµTMnij BaNiC¢kmµesvakmµ b¤dl;karkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaØa EdlbNþalmkBIviFankarfµI² EdleK)anesñIeLIg. viFankarfµInwgKµanRbsiT§PaB eLIydrabNaeKmine)aHpSayviFankarTaMgenaHenAkñúgraCkic©. c,ab; viFan nigRkwtüepSg² k¾dUcCa viFan rdæ)alnigviFantulakarTaMgGs;EdlTak;TgeTAnwgBaNiC¢kmµ caM)ac;RtUvdak;pSaykñúgEvbsay pøÚvkarwww.moc.gov.kh ¬bTbBaØtiþþBaNiC¢kmµ¦ nig www.cambodia.gov.kh ¬c,ab; nig viFan TUeTA¦.

kic©RBmeRBog WTO cMnYn 3 tRmUv[mankEnøgpþl;B½t’manEdlbegáIteLIgedayrdæaPi)al edI,m,I


28

[Rkumh‘unbreTs b¤Rkumh‘unkñúgRbeTsGacEsVgrk)an nUvB½t’mansþIGMBIc,ab; viFan nigkic©Rbtibtþi bc©úb,nñ.TaMgGs;enH GnuvtþcMeBaHbTbBaØtiþþEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;esvakmµ (TBT) ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 13 kñúgCMBUkTI8¦ nigsuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar ¬sUmGanRbGb; k1>1 enAkñúg]bsm<½n§ k1¦.

RbeTskm<úCaRtUvEtpþl;dMNwgdl; WTO edaypÞal; GMBIviFankarnanaEdlsßitkñúgRkbx½NÐénkic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO. eKGacrkemIlkic©RBmeRBog nigkarCUndMNwgGMBIviFanTaMgGs;enH rbs;smaCikWTO TaMgGs; enAelIEvbsay www.wto.org.

2> PaBminerIseGIg

eKalkarN_sMxan;TI 2 énviFanrbs; WTO KW karminerIseGIg . eKGnuvtþeKalkarN_enH CaBIrkRmit. kRmitTI 1³ karminerIseGIg mann½yfa eKminGacerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgTMnijkm<úCa enAkñúgTIpSarnaMecj eFobnwgTMnijdUcKña EdlnaMmkBIRbeTsRbkYtRbECgnanaeLIy. kRmitTI 2³ enAeBlNaEdlTMnijenaHcUleTAdl;TIpSarnaMecj eKminGacerIseGIgcMeBaHTMnijkm<úCa xusBITMnijEdlplitenAkñúgsamIRbeTseLIy.

TRmg;TI 1 sþIBIkarminerIseGIg RtUveK[eQµaHfa {RbeTsEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµbMput} ¬MFN¦. mann½yfa enAkñúgTIpSarénsmaCik WTO eKminRtUvcat;TukTMnijkm<úCa xusBITMnijrbs;smaCik WTO déTeToteLIy. b:uEnþ eKBMusUveKarBeKalkarN_enHeLIy tamry³TMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; nigTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 4 ¦.

TRmg;TI 2 énkarminerIseGIg ehAfa {RbRBwtþikmµCati}. enHKWCakic©karBarEdlmansar³sMxan;mYy cMeBaHsßanPaBEdlTMnijnanaGaccUleTAkan;TIpSarmYy b:uEnþbnÞab;mkeKeFVImin[manlkçN³RbkYtRbECg eRBaHfaTMnijTaMgenaHRtUvCab;Bn§Cab;bnÞúk b¤kic©RbtibtþiEpñkrdæ)alBiess EdleKminGnuvtþcMeBaHplitplRbePTdUcKñaEdlplitkñúgRbeTs. karFanaGMBIRbRBwtþikmµCati nwgCYyTMnijkm<úCaenAkñúgTIpSarnaMecj. RsbCamYyKñaenH eKRtUveRbIR)as;RbRBwtþikmµCatienAkñúgRbeTskm<úCapgEdrEdlGacnwgdak;kMhiteTAelIsmtßPaBGaCIvkmµkñúgRbeTs kñúgkarsRmbxøÜnCamYYykarRbkYtRbECg elIkarnaMcUl.


29

RbGb;TI 4 ³ kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; nigBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaHRbGb;TI 4 ³ kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; nigBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaHRbGb;TI 4 ³ kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; nigBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaHRbGb;TI 4 ³ kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; nigBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaHRbGb;TI 4 ³ kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; nigBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaHCabBaðaRbQmmYycMeBaH CabBaðaRbQmmYycMeBaH CabBaðaRbQmmYycMeBaH CabBaðaRbQmmYycMeBaH CabBaðaRbQmmYycMeBaH WTO

enAeBlmankarcrcaenAkñúg GATT kñúgTsvtS 1940 Canic©kalEtgEtmankarrMBwgTukfaRbeTsmYycMnYnnwgrYmKñalubbM)at;r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµkñ úgRbeTsrbs;xø Ün. shPaBGWr: ub KWCa]TahrN_cMbgmYy kñúgkarlubbM)at;r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ kñúgbNþaRbeTsCasmaCik. karKNna)anbgðajfakarkat;bnßy r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ kñúgcMeNamRkumRbeTsRbhak;RbEhlKña nwgeFVI[esdækic©rbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH rIkceRmInrYmKña nigkan;EtmanlkçN³rwgmaMbEnßmeTot ehIyeKmanCMenOfa nwgbegáInkarnaMcUleRcInCagFmµta. eTaHbICamankarerIseGIgcMeBaHRbeTsEdlminsßit enAkñúgRkumkþIRbeTsnImYy² nwg)anTTYlplcMeNj.

kñúgkarGnuBaØat[mankic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; dMbUg GATT ehIybnÞab;mk WTO

)andak;l½kçx½NÐmYycMnYn. ]TahrN_ kic©RBmeRBogRbcaMtMbn;TaMgenaH RtUvGnuvtþ[)aneRcIn cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµTaMgT,ay kñúgcMeNamPaKIenAkñúgtMbn; nigminKYrbegáInr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµcMeBaHsmaCik WTO

déTeLIy.

b:uEnþKYr[esaksþay eKkRmGnuvtþ)antaml½kçx½NÐTaMgenaHNas; mYycMENkFM KWbNþalmkBIbBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxcMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµksikmµ. RbEhlCaCagdb;qñaMknøgeTA ktikasBaØaTaMgenH )anrIksayeTAdl;cMNucmYy EdlsmaCik WTO esÞIrEtTaMgGs; )ancab;GarmµN_CamYyktikasBaØaTaMgenHehIyeKmineCOfa manRbeTsCaeRcIneKarB)antaml½kçx½NÐ rbs; WTO eLIy.

sRmab;RbeTskm<úCa kic©RBmeRBog AFTA Cakic©RBmeRBogsþIBItMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIrbs;Gas‘an TMngnwgkøayCakic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµsMxan;RbcaMtMbn; enAkñ úgGnaKtd¾xø Ixagmux.KµanehtuplNa EdlRtUveCOfa AFTA GacTTYlyk)an enAkñúg WTO eTaHtic b¤eRcInCagkic©RBmeRBogRsedogKña kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHeLIy dUcCa Mercosur enAGaemrikLaTIn b¤ NAFTA

¬shrdæGaemrik kaNada nig muicsiuk¦.

kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn;PaKeRcIn Bak;B½n§nwgkarkat;bnßyGRtaBn§naMcUl


30

mkRtwmkRmitsUnü tameBlevlaEdl)ankMNt;. b:uEnþ RbeTsmYycMnYn cUlrYmEtelIkarebIkTIpSarcMeBaHTMnij nig esvakmµBIRbeTskMBugGPivDÆEtb:ueNÑaH. enaHKWkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH. shrdæGaemrik nigshPaBGWr:ubpþl;lT§PaBGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµtamry³kmµviFI GSP ¬RbB½n§GnueRKaHBn§TUeTA¦ ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 7¦. RbeTsrIkceRmIndéTeTot dMeNIrkarRbB½n§EdlmanlkçN³dUcKñaenHehIy RbeTskMBugGPivDÆTMngCanwgbegáInkarpþl;PaBGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµnana eTA[RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ dUcKña.

eKk¾GnuBaØat[manPaBGnueRKaHTaMgenH enAkñúgrgVg; WTO pgEdr. GacmanPaBGnueRKaHEdlmanlkçN³erIseGIg b:uEnþ tamry³karpþl;l½kçx½NÐTIpSarEdlmanGMeNaypl cMeBaHRbeTsRkIRkmankarrMBwgTukfa enAeBlNamYy RbeTsTaMgenaHnwgrIkceRmIn ehIykøayCaTIpSard¾RbesIr b:uEnþRbeTsnIimYy² Kb,ITTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday mankarsgS½yCaeRcIn GMBIplRbeyaCn_énkarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµsRmab;ry³eBlEvg. cMNucxVHxatmYyénkmµviFITaMgenH KWkmµviFImanlkçN³Cakarsµ½RKcitþ rbs;RbeTsnaMcUl. eKGacTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_ edaymincaM)ac;BwgEp¥k WTO. CagenHeTAeTotedayehtufa kRmiténGRtaBn§naMcUlenAkñúgTIpSarsMxan;²)anfycuH enaH]tþmPaBeRbobeFobénPaBGnueRKaHk¾cuHfypgEdr. mankarRBYy)armÖpgEdr GMBIkarvinieyaK EdlgakeTArkvis½yEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaH niggakecjBIvis½yEdlmanGnaKtl¥RbesIrsRmab;ry³eBlEvg. eKeXIjmankarbnÞúcbg¥ak; cMeBaHBhuPavUbnIykmµ elIkarvinieyaK. enAkñúgry³eBlEvg RbeTsRkIRkminKYrBwgEp¥kTaMgRsug elIkic©RBmeRBogEdlman lkçN³GnueRKaH sRmab;CMrujBaNiC¢kmµnaMecjrbs;xøÜneLIy.

3> esrIPavUbnIykmμBaNiC¢kmμCaCMhan²

eKalkarN_TI 3 KWkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµCaCMhan² tamry³karcrca. WTO

BuMEmnCakic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIeLIy. dUcmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgCMBUkbnþbnÞab; eKeXIjmanEdnénviFankarsRmab;karBarTIpSar Tl;nwgkarRbkYtRbECg BIsMNak;karnaMcUl. b:uEnþeKaledACamUldæanénWTO KWRtUvbegáItBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarvinieyaK tamry³karbegáInkarebIkTUlayTIpSar.


31

rdæaPi)almanesrIPaBkñúgkarebIkTUlayTIpSarrbs;xøÜn EdlmanlkçN³ÉkraCBI WTO. bnÞab;BIkarcUlkñúgGgÁkar WTO RbeTskm<úCaGaceFVIesrIPavUbnIykmµbEnßmeTot kñúgkRmitEdlrdæaPi)alyl;fasmRsb.

kñúgry³eBlRbEhl 10 qñaMmþg GATT nig WTO EtgEtRbkaserobcMkic©RbCuMBaNiC¢kmµ BhuPaKIEdlbNþaRbeTsCasmaCikcUlrYmenAkñúgkarcrcaTUeTAd¾TUlMTUlay edIm,IebIkTIpSarrbs; RbeTsnImYy²b¤BRgIkEdnRKbdNþb;énviFannana. GgÁkar WTO RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykic©RbCuMenA RbeTs G‘UrUháay(Uruguay) Edlmanry³eBlBIqñaM 1986 dl; 1994.

RbeTskm<úCanwgman»kascUlrYmeBjelj enAkñúgkic©RbCuMbc©úb,nñenATIRkugdUha (Doha -rdæFanIénRbeTskata¦ Edlmanrebobvar³sRmab;karcrcad¾TUlay. kic©RbCuMenHKWCakarbnþdMeNIrkaresrIPavUbnIykmµTIpSar cMeBaHTMnij]sSahkmµ TMnijksikmµ nigesvakmµnana. eKrMBwgfa nwgmankarQandl;kic©RBmeRBog WTO fµ I² sþIBIkarsRmYlBaNiC¢kmµ. RbkarenHGacmanplRbeyaCn_CaBiesscMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa ehIyCaBiess RbsinebImankarpþl;mUlniFisRmab;RTRTg;kMENTRmg;Ky EdlCaeKaledAcMbgénkarpþÜcepþImKMnitenH. kic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) k¾GacQaneTAdl;karbEnßmviFanWTO nanaEfmeTotpgEdr ¬]TahrN_ sUmGan]bsm<½n§ {x} sþIBIbBaða]btßmÖFnelIRtI¦ nigedIm,IBRgwgl½kçx½NÐnana EdlRtUvGnuvtþcMeBaHbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ.

kic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) TTYlrgkaryWty:av GUsbnøayGs;eBly:agyUr edaysarEtmanPaBxusKñakñúgvis½yksikmµ. kic©RbCuMenH TMngCanwgRtUveFVIenAqñaM 2006-2007. RbkarenHmann½yfaEpñkÉkCnenAkm<úCa enAmanP½BVsMNag kñúgkarkMNt;eKaledAsRmab;karcrca b¤y:agehacNas;edIm,IBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyrdæaPi)al sþIBIyuT§sa®sþEdlRtUvGnuvtþ.

4> RbRBwtþikmμBaNiC¢kmμBiess nigdac;edayELk

eKalkarN_TI 4 KW {RbRBwtþikmµBaNiC¢kmµBiess nigdac;edayELk} sRmab;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ.kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg TsSnaTanenHGnuBaØat[manl½kçx½NÐgayRsYlcMeBaHRbeTsRkIRk. RbkarenHGacmann½yfa minGnuvtþbBaØtþimYycMnYnénkic©RBmeRBogfµIcMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ ehIyk¾ mann½ypgEdrfa Cakarpþl;eBlevlasRmab;GnuvtþbBaØtþiTaMgenaH dl;RbeTsRkIRk eRcInCageBlevla EdlRtUvpþl;[


32

RbeTsrIkceRmIn. enHKWCaTidæPaBmYyd¾mansar³sMxan;énkic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha).

kñúgnamCaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆTabbMputmYy RbeTskm<úCanwgBinitüeXIjfa xøÜnsßitkñúgbBaØtþiEdlmanRbRBwtþikmµBaNiC¢kmµBiessCaeRcIn. ]TahrN_ km<úCaGacrYcputBIkartRmUv[GnuvtþbBaØtþi WTO

mYycMnYn kñúgeBlGnaKt b¤)anTTYleBlevlabEnßmeTot sRmab;GnuvtþbBaØtþiTaMgenaH mindUcsmaCikÉeTot²eT. CagenHeTAeTot enAkñúgkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµ tamFmµtaeKmintRmUv[km<úCaeFVIviPaKTanCacMbg kñúgkarpþl;lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarfµI Edlpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;smaCikÉeToteLIy. bBaðasRmab;Rkumh‘unÉkCnenAkm<úCaKW etIl½kçx½NÐEbbenH kñúgry³eBlEvgGacCYy b¤eFVI[b:HBal;dl;karGPivDÆsmtßPaBRbkYtRbECgd¾rwgmaM kñúgvis½yksikmµkmµnþsal nigesvakmµ Edrb¤eT?


33

CMBUkTI 5

kñúgGMLúgeBléndMeNIrkarcUlCasmaCik nigenAkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMdMbUg énsmaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkar WTO GtßRbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;;bMput cMeBaHRbeTsEdlsßitkñúgdMNak;kalGPivDÆ dUcRbeTskm<úCay:agehacNas; KWkarpþl;nUvbriyakassmRsbcMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarvinieyaK. edIm,IQandl;kic©RBmeRBogEdlRbeTsCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO déTeTotGacTTYlyk)an RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvGnum½tc,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþþCaeRcIn EdleqøIytbeTAnwgkatBVkic©rbs; WTO. rdæaPi)alk¾)anbegáItpgEdrnUvkmµviFInItikmµBiessrhUtdl;qñaM 2007 edIm,IbBa©b;dMeNIrkarenH.

karGUsbnøay kñúgkarbegáItrdæaPi)alenAkm<úCa bnÞab;BIkare)aHeqñatenAqñaM 2003 k¾)anGUsbnøaykmµviFInItikmµenHpgEdr. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday kmµviFInItikmµfµIenHnwgeFVIeGay mankarpøas;bþÚry:agFMcMeBaHRkbx½NÐénkareFVIGaCIvkmµrbs;Rkumh‘unkñúgRbeTs. c,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþþmantémøEtkñúgeBlNaEdleK Gnuvtþb:ueNÑaH ehIyeKGacGnuvtþ)an tamry³RbB½n§rdæ)al nigRbB½n§tulakarEdlGaceCOTukcitþ)anebIkcMh nigmanyutþiFm’. RbkarenHKWCaviBaØasarsMxan;mYysRmab;km<úCa kñúgzan³CasmaCikrbs;WTO. smaCikÉeTot EdlRkumh‘unrbs;BYkeKmanbMNgeFVIBaNiC¢kmµ b¤vinieyaKkñúgRbeTskm<úCanwgBinitütamdany:aghµt;ct;elIbBaðaenH. R)akdNas; RbsinebIEpñkÉkCnenAkm<úCacg;eXIjplRbeyaCn_BitR)akd BIkarcUlkñúgGgÁkar WTO caM)ac;RtUvXøaMemIl nigkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;BYkeKedayxøÜnÉg.

WTO nwgman\T§iBlmkelIc,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþ þnanarbs;km<úCaelIEpñkcMnYn 4 KW³ briyakasGaCIvkmµTUeTA BaNiC¢kmµTMnij BaNiC¢kmµesva nigkarkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaaØ. PaKeRcIn bTbBaØtþiBaNiC¢kmµelIesvakmµ manplb:HBal;cMeBaHl½kçx½NÐvinieyaK ehIyeyIgnwgelIkykbBaðaenHmkBinitüemIl enAkñúgCMBUkbnÞab;.

briyakasc,ab;fµI sRmab;GaCIvkmµkñúgRbeTs

34

bTbBaØtþiénBaNiC¢km μTUeTA

kñúgcMeNamÉksarsMxan;² énc,ab;GaCIvkmµTUeTAenAkm<úCa EdleK)ansnüaenAkñúgrebobvar³sRmab;Gnum½tc,ab; edIm,IGnuelamtam WTO man³

• c,ab;sþIBImCÄtþkarEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ• c,ab;sþIBIkar)at;bg;smtßPaBsgbMNul• c,ab;sþIBIkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmµ• c,ab;sþIBIPtisnüaBaNiC¢kmµ• c,ab;sþIBITIPñak;garBaNiC¢kmµ• c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáIttulakar BaNiC¢kmµ• RkmnitiviFIrdæb,evNI• Rkmrdæb,evNI• RkmnItiviFIRBhµTNÐ• RkmRBhµTNÐ• c,ab;sþIBIkarRbkYtRbECg• c,ab;sþIBImUlb½Rt nigkarbþÚrR)ak;

enHKWCarebobvar³d¾F¶n;mYy sRmab;rdæaPi)al nigrdæsPaCati. cMeBaHGaCIvkmµnana eTaHCaRkumh‘unkñúgRbeTs b¤Rkumh‘unbreTskþI bBaðasMxan;KWGaRs½yelIkarGnuvtþviFankarfµI². ktþad¾sMxan;sRmab;kic©karenaH KWkarbegáIttulakarBaNiC¢kmµmYyEdlmanRbsiT§PaB nigTTYl)ankareKarB.

l½kçx½NÐmYyeTotsRmab;karBRgIkGaCIvkmµ CaBiessenAkñúgbribTénkarpþl;hirBaØvtßú KWkareRbIR)as;bTdæanKNenyüTMenIb. WTO BuM)andak;ecjnUvbTdæanTaMgenaHeT k¾b:uEnþGgÁkarenH)anGnum½tvin½ynana enAqñaM 1998 EdltRmUv[bTbBaØtiþþKNenyümantmøaPaB. vin½yTaMgenHk¾rYmmanpgEdrnUvEbbbTkargar nigl½kçx½NÐnana Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;GaCJabNÑ dl;KNenyükr nigsßanPaBsmtßPaBrbs;BYkeK.


35

karerobcMRKb;RKgBaNiC¢km μTMnij

manbBaØtþiCaeRcInenAkñúg WTO Edlb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµTMnijqøgEdn. bTbBaØtiþ þmYycMnYnmansar³sMxan;sRmab;Rkumh‘unnaMecjkm<úCa ehIyeK)anelIkykmkBiPakSaenAkñúgCMBUkTI 7. bTbBaØtþiÉeTotmansar³RbeyaCn_cMeBaHRkumh‘unEdlnaMTMnijcUl. bTbBaØtþi 3 manplb:HBal;dl;EbbbTnaMcUlenAtamRBMEdn³ karkMNt;témøBn§Ky karpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl nigGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij.

kgVl;d¾sMxan;rbs;Rkumh‘unnaMcUlkm<úCa KWkarkMNt;témøKitBn§xus²Kña EdlKy)aneFVIcMeBaHTMnijnaMcUl edIm,IkMNt;Bn§ nigkMNt;GakrelItémøbEnßm (VAT). BaNiC¢krTaMgLaytv:afa cMeBaH

briyakasbTbBaØatifµIcMeBaHGaCIvkmµkñúgRsuk

RbGb;TI 5 ³ kic©RBmeRBogénkarkMNt;témøKitBn§Kyrbs; RbGb;TI 5 ³ kic©RBmeRBogénkarkMNt;témøKitBn§Kyrbs; RbGb;TI 5 ³ kic©RBmeRBogénkarkMNt;témøKitBn§Kyrbs; RbGb;TI 5 ³ kic©RBmeRBogénkarkMNt;témøKitBn§Kyrbs; RbGb;TI 5 ³ kic©RBmeRBogénkarkMNt;témøKitBn§Kyrbs; WTO

GgÁkar WTO erobcMRKb;RKgkarkMNt;témøBn§Ky edIm,IkMNt;Bn§naMcUlEdleFVIeLIg edayesvaKy. CasMxan; karkMNt;témøenHKYrCatémøRbtibtþikarelITMnijnaMcUl mü:agvijeTotKWCaéfø EdlGñknaMcUl)anbg;tamvik½yb½Rt. KymansiTi§bEnßmcMNay b¤bnÞúkmYycMnYneTAelITwkR)ak;vik½yb½RtRbsinebIminTan;)anKitbBa©ÚlnUvkarcMNay b¤bnÞúkTaMgenaH. cMNucTaMgenHmanbBa¢ak;lMGitenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog EdlrYmmankMéreCIgsar nigkMérPñak;gar karevcx©b; nigcMNaykugETn½r Bn§sYysarGakrnigéføGaCJabNÑ. eKk¾GacbUkbBa©ÚlpgEdr nUvéfødwkCBa¢Ún éføFanara:b;rg nigbnÞúkBak;B½n§rhUtmkdl;kMBg;EpnaMcUlpgEdr.

kic©RBmeRBog WTO rYmmanbBa¢I sþIBIsßanPaBnana EdlKyGacbdiesF cMeBaHtémøRbtibtþikarEdleK)anRbkas. enAeBlEdlKyeFVIdUecñH manbTdæancMnYnR)aMdéTeTot sRmab;kMNt;témøKitBn§KWtémøRbtibtþikarEdl)ankMNt;cMeBaHkarpÞúkTijdUcKñakalBIelIkmun. enAeBlEdlmankarGUsbnøayeBlevla kñúgkarkMNt;témøBn§Ky Rkumh‘unnaMcUlGacmansiT§iykTMnijBIKy edaybg;R)ak;Fana b¤bg;R)ak;kk;.

Rkumh‘unnaMcUlRtUvmansiT§iesñIsMu[KyBnül;Calayl½kçN_GkSr GMBIviFIEdlKyKNnatémøKitBn§mkelIBYkeK. BYkeKk¾RtUvmansiT§ipgEdr kñúgkarbþwgeTArdæ)alKy b¤eTAkan;GgÁkarÉkraCNamYy edayKµankarP½yxøac b¤edayKµanrgkarpakBin½yeLIy. B½t’mansm¶at;EdleK)anpþl;[rdæ)alKy nwgminRtUv)aneKykeTApSBVpSayeLIy.

36

TMnijdUcKña eKmin)ankMNt;témøKitBn§dUcKñaeT ehIymanPaBsmehtusmpltictYcb:ueNÑaH enAkñúgkarvaytémø EdleK)aneFVIcMeBaHkardwkTMnijeRcIn nigdwkTMnijtic. sMxan;bMputenaHKW rbbKypøÚvkar bc©úb,nñeRbIR)as;témøGb,brma nigtémøsib,nimµitÉeTot² CaCagtémøEp¥kelIvik½yb½Rt. smaCik WTO

k¾)anelIkbBaðaTaMgenHpgEdr enAeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCa eFVIkarcrcarsMucUlCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO.

RbeTskm<úCa)ansnüaGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBogénkarkMNt;témøBn§Ky WTO ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 5¦.edayehtufa karGnuvtþGacmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj nigCadMeNIrkarmYytwgEtg km<úCa nig WTO

)anÉkPaBKña elIry³eBlGnþrkal 5 qñaM. dMeNIrkarenH nwgmanlkçN³CaCMhan² b:uEnþenAéf¶TI 1 Exmkra qñaM 2009 bBaØtþinanaénkic©RBmeRBogenHGacnwgdMeNIrkarTaMgRsugenAkm<úCa. enAeBlNa Edlc,ab;n igbTbBaØti þ þ sRmab;GnuvtþmanRbsiT§PaB Rkumh‘ unbreTs nigRkumh‘ unna Mc Ulkm< úCanwgmanRbB½n§mYyEdlmantmøaPaBsuIcgVak;Kña nigmanyutþiFm’kñúgkarkMNt;témøCamUldæansRmab;bg;Bn§.

karGnuvtþGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij ¬PSI¦ KWCakic©karEdlRbRBwtþeTArYmKña CamYynwgdMeNIrkarkMNt;témøBn§rbs;Ky. tamFmµta eKeFVI PSI enAkñúgRbeTsnaMecj b:uEnþenARbeTsCaeRcInEdlesvaKy KµanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; nigBuMKYr[Tukcitþ eKCYlRkumh‘un PSI [eFVIesvaKyTUeTAenA kMBg;EptamRckcUl dUcCakarBinitüemIlbrimaN KuNPaB nigéføTMnij. Rkumh‘unTaMgenHk¾epÞógpÞat; pgEdrnUvcMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky2 EdlRtUvGnuvtþ nigBn§KyEdlRtUvbg;. kñúgeBlkMBugsresrÉksarenHeKkMBugBicarNaelIkaredjéføkic©snüa PSI fµImYYysRmab;km<úCa Edlknøgmk RtUv)ankan;kan;kab;edayRkumh‘unRtYtBinitüTUeTA (SGS) mkBIRbeTssVúIs.


2 cMNat;fñak;Bn§naMcUl KWCaRbB½n§elxkUdEdleKkMNt;elITMnijesÞIrRKb;RbePTedIm,IkMNt;Bn§Ky. RkumplitplCaTUeTA RtUv)aneKkMNt;edayelxxøI nigsamBaØ. ]TahrN_ semøókbMBak;FmµtaRtUv)aneKcat;fñak; b¤cat;CaCMBUkelxkUd 61 nig 62. tYelxkUdenHEvg enAeBlEdlplitplmYyRtUv)aneKkMNt;kan;Etc,as;. ]TahrN_semøókbMBak; exaGav nigsMBt; rbs;®sþI nigekµgRsI RtUv)aneKdak;elxkUd 61>04 ehIysemøókbMBak;GMBIsMlI kb,asRtUv)aneKpþl;elxkUd 61>04>02>00. enARbeTs]sSahkmµmYycMnYnEdlnaMcUlplitplCaeRcIn eKGaceRbIelxkUdcMnYn 10 xÞg; sRmab; eFVIcMNat;fñak;mYy.

eKsegáteXIjmanRbB½n§elxkUdmYycMnYneTot. RbeTsCasmaCik WTO PaKeRcIn rab;TaMgRbeTskm<úCa pgEdr)aneRbIR)as; {RbB½n§sRmbtRmUvKña} sMrab;eFVIcMNat;fñak;EdlRKb;RKgedayGgÁkarKyBiPBelak enATIRkugRb‘ucEsl.

37

manPaBsmehtusmplcMeBaHmUlehtumYycMnYn sRmab;kareRbIR)as;esva PSI enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. eRkABIenH edIm,IFanafa TMnijdéTeTotEdl)anbBa¢aTij KWCaTMnijEdlRtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚnTaMgbrimaN nigKuNPaB PSI GacbBaÄb;kareFVIvikáybRtEdldak;témøelIs nigdak;témøminRKb;tamkarnaMcUl. kareFVIvikáybRtedaydak;témøelIs bgá[mancracrN_edayxusc,ab;énTwkR)ak;eTAbreTs¬karhUrTunecjeRkARbeTs¦ eRBaHfa karTUTat;RtUvRbRBwtþeTAelIstémøBitrbs;TMnijy:ageRcIn.kareFVIvikáybRtminRKb;tamtémøCak;Esþg eFV I[)at;bg;cMNUlBn§Ky nig)at;cMNUlBn§déTeTotedaysarkarvaytémøTabedayKy. kñúgkrNIénRbeTskm<úCa PSI TMngCaGacCYybegáInel,Ónkar


RbGb;TI 6 ³ kic©RBmeRBog RbGb;TI 6 ³ kic©RBmeRBog RbGb;TI 6 ³ kic©RBmeRBog RbGb;TI 6 ³ kic©RBmeRBog RbGb;TI 6 ³ kic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ ÚnTMnij sþIBIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ ÚnTMnij sþIBIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ ÚnTMnij sþIBIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ ÚnTMnij sþIBIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ ÚnTMnij (PSI)

bBaØtþinanarbs;kic©RBmeRBogrYmman³• eKGaceRbIviFIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij ¬PSI¦ CabeNþaHGasnñEtb:ueNÑaH.• minRtUvmankarRbkan;\riyabferIseGIg cMeBaHGñknaMecjepSg²eT.• tamFmµta GFikarkic©RbRBwtþeTA enAkñúgRbeTsEdlnaMTMnijecj.• c,ab; nigbTbBaØtþi sRmab;RKb;RKgRkumh‘un PSI RBmTaMgnItiviFI niglkçN³vinicä½y

TaMgGs;rbs;c,ab; nigbTbBaØtþiTaMgenaH RtUvEtmantmøaPaB.• RtUvkarBarB½t’mansm¶at;.• RtUvecosvagkarGUsbnøayeBlevlacMeBaHkarbBa¢ÚnTMnij.• Rkumh‘un PSI RtUvmanl½kçx½NÐlMGitsRmab;karepÞógpÞat;éfødwkTMnij.• ynþkaredaHRsayvivaTman 3 kRmit³- Rkumh‘un PSI RtUvEtgtaMgm®nþI sRmab;TTYlbNþwg b¤kartva: BIRkumh‘unnaMecjTaMg

Lay.- RbsinebIKµankarRBmeRBogKñaelIkartv:akñúgrvagBIréf¶eTenaH Rkumh‘unnaMecjnana

mansiT§ikñúgkarrkCMnYyBI {GgÁPaBÉkraCxagkarBinitüemIlsarCafµI}EdleFVIkarrYmKñaCamYy sPaBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati nig WTO.

enAkñúgsßanPaBF¶n;F¶rTaMgLay rdæaPi)alGacbBa¢Únkartva: eTAtamnItiviFIedaHRsayvivaTrbs;WTO.

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eFIVRbtievTKy enAkMBg;Ep nigCYykat;bnßyGMeBIBukrlYy tamry³karkMNt;CamunnUvBn§EdlRtUvbg;.

Rkumh‘unnaMecjFM² enARbeTsrIkceRmIn eRcIntv:afa GFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij PSI enARbeTsnaMecj naMeTArkkarEkbBa©úHtémøvikáybRt edayKµanehtupl nigKµankarBnül;Cak;lak; nigeFVI[GUsbnøay eBlevlaEdlbNþalmkBIkareFVIGFikarkic©Cak;EsþgénkarbBa¢ÚnTMnij.

kic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBI PSI ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 6¦ kMNt;viFanlMGitsRmab;eRbIR)as;esva PSI

CaBiess kic©RBmeRBogenHGnuBaØat[mankaredaHRsayvivaT enAeBlEdlRkumh‘unnaMcUl b¤Rkumh‘unnaMecj CYbRbTHbBaðaepSg². enAkñúgdMeNIrkarcUl WTO mansmaCik WTO mYycMnYn CYsmux[ km<úCa)anriHKn; BIRbtibtþikarrbs; SGS. mankarbBa¢ak;BIkarRBYy)armÖ sþIBIbnÞúkEdl SGS ykBI Rkumh‘unnaMcUlcMeBaHGFikarkic© PSI ¬0/8° éntémødwkTMnij¦ nigkarpakBin½y 7° elITMnijEdlBuM )aneFVIGFikarkic©.RbeTskm<úCa)ancat;viFankarnana edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH eday )anpþl;karFana cMeBaHsmaCik WTO

ÉeTotfa kareRbIR)as; PSI manlkçN³beNþaHGasnñeT ehIyenAeBlEdl smtßPaBrbs;naykdæanKyRtUv)anelIkkMBs;enaH km<úCanwgQb;eRbI PSI eTotehIy.

vin½ycMeBaHkarpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl

PaBminR)akdRbCamYyeTot cMeBaHGaCIvkmµenAkm<úCa KWRbtibtþikarrbs;RbB½n§pþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl. karpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlGacBak;B½n§nwgbnÞúkEpñkrdæ)al karGUsbnøayeBlevla nigkarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar[m®nþInana. kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg RbB½n§pþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlGacmancMnYn eTAtamkardak;kMhitkUta. GaRs½yehtuenH kmµviFIpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlTaMgGs; KWCabnÞúkelIRkumh‘unvinieyaK ksikr nigGaCIvkmµlk;duM lk;ray EdlRtUvkarvtßúFatuedIm nigbrikçarmkBIbreTs.

enAkñúg WTO mankarGnuBaØat[pþl;GaCJabNÑ ¬sUmemIlRbGb;TI 7¦ k¾b:uEnþ kargarenH RbRBwtþeTAkñúgbriyakasCak;lak; nigmanl½kçx½NÐtwgEtg. RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIll½kçx½NÐTaMgenHkñúgzan³CasmaCik WTO.

RbeTskm<úCa)anFanacMeBaH WTO fa kareRbIrUbPaBpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl mankRmit. man plitpl5 fñak; Edlkm<úCa)anRbkascMeBaH WTO fa RtUvEtmanGaCJabNÑ³


39

• »sf nigbrikçarevC¢sa®sþ• vtßúFatuedImksikmµ ¬CaBiessfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it CI¦• GavuFeRKOgpÞúH nigGavuFyuT§PNÐ• yanynþ ynþehaH eRKOgbnøas; nava TUk nigeRKOgm:asuInepSgeTot sRmab;eKaledAeyaFa• mas R)ak; t,Úgmantémø nigGlgáar eFVIGMBIsarFatuTaMgGs;enH.


RbGb;TI 7 ³ viFanpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlenAkñ úgGgÁkar RbGb;TI 7 ³ viFanpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlenAkñ úgGgÁkar RbGb;TI 7 ³ viFanpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlenAkñ úgGgÁkar RbGb;TI 7 ³ viFanpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlenAkñ úgGgÁkar RbGb;TI 7 ³ viFanpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlenAkñ úgGgÁkar WTO

kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBInItiviFIsMrab;pþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl manbBaØtþidUcxageRkam³

• caM)ac;RtUve)aHpSayB½t’mansþIBI nItiviFIsRmab;pþl;GaCJabNÑ ehIykñúgenaHRtUvman³- Rkumh‘un buKÁl b¤sßab½nEdlGacdak;BaküsMuGaCJabNÑ)an- GgÁPaBrdæ)alEdlmanPar³pþl;GaCJabNÑ- plitplEdlRtUvsMuGaCJabNÑ

• kargarÉksar KYrmanlkçN³gayRsYl ehIyminGacdak;Bin½y b¤bdiesFminpþl;GaCJabNÑeT RbsinebImankMhusGectna.

• RbsinebIkarpþl;GaCJabNÑ {manlkçN³CasV½yRbvtþi} mann½yfa KµankarerIseGIgBIsMNak;smtßkic© enaHKb,Ipþl;GaCJabNÑkñúgrvag 10 éf¶ ¬énéf¶eFVIkar¦.

• cMeBaHkarpþl;GaCJabNÑEdl {KµanlkçN³CasV½yRbvtþi} enaHKb,IecjGaCJabNÑ kñúgrvag 30 éf¶ RbsinebIGnuvtþelIeKalkarN_Gñkmkmun)anmun b¤kñúgrvag 60 éf¶RbsinebI eKBinitüBicarNaBaküsMurYmCamYyKñaEtmþg.

• ry³eBlénGaCJabNÑRtUv {smehtusmpl} ]TahrN_ dUcCasRmab;sRmYlkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijpøÚvq¶ay.

RbkarTaMgGs;enH nigral;bBaØtþiTaMgGs;énkic©RBmeRBogenH RtUvGnuvtþenAeBlEdl km<úCa)ancUlCasmaCikrbs; WTO.

40

eyagtamraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa KµankarTamTarNamYycMeBaHGaCJabNÑTaMgenH EdlraCrdæaPi)almanKMeragdak;kMNt;EpñkbrimaNelIkarnaMcUleLIy elIkElgEtcMeBaHfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigCI. b:uEnþkarpþl;GaCJabNÑenHeFVIeLIgkñúgeKaledAsuxaPi)al suvtßiPaB plRbeyaCn_rbs;GñkeRbIR)as; snþisux CatinigkarkarBarbrisßanEtb:ueNÑaH.

cMeBaHkrNIfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigCIKImI RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT dak;kRmitelIkarnaMcUledayEp¥kelIkarvaytémø tRmUvkarRbcaMqñaMrbs;ksikr k¾dUcCatRmUvkarsRmab;karBarbrisßan nigkarBicarNaGMBIEpñksuxaPi)al nigsuvtßiPaB. karecjGaCJabNÑRbRBwtþeTAedayEp¥kelIeKalkarN_ faGñkmkmunpþl;munGñkmkeRkaypþl;eRkay. kñúgkrNIcaM)ac;RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaTGacGnuBaØat[naMcUlelIskRmitkMNt;RbcaMqñaM.

Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;GaCJabNÑelIkarnaMcUl»sf rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anCUndMNwgdl; WTO fa RbB½n§enH KWCakareqøIytbrbs;km<úCa CamYynwgfñaMeBTüEkøgkøay nigkarrt;Bn§eRKOgejón.

GaCJabNÑnaMcUl Gacpþl;[EtshRKasTaMgNa Edl)ancuHbBa¢IenARksYgBaNiC¢kmµb:ueNÑaH¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§TI 3 sþ IBImuxgarrbs;kaMkugRtUl¦. RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaTecjGaCJabNÑnaMcUl sRmab;vtßúFatuedIménEpñkksikmµ rIÉRksYgsuxaPi)alecjGaCJabNÑsMrab;»sfnigbrikçar nigelIplitplbnÞab;bnSMEpñkevC¢sa®sþ.

kgVl;PaKeRcInrbs;smaCik WTO enAkñúgkarcrcacUlCasmaCik WTO epþatelIkarpþl;GaCJabNÑsMrab; »sf nigvtßúFatuedImksikmµ. CakareqøIytbnwgkartv:aEdlfa RbB½n§enHeFVI[b:HBal;dl;karnaMcUledayKµanmUlehtusmRsb rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anlubbM)at;kardak;kMhitelIbrimaNnaMcUl énvtßúFatuedImksikmµenARtwméf¶TI 1 Exmifuna qñaM 2005. eKnwgGnuvtþviFIsa®sþsþIBIkarcuHbBa¢I nigkarBinitüemIl vtßúFatuKImIEpñkksikmµ EdlmanlkçN³suIcgVak;Kña CamYy WTO.

bTbBaØtiþþGMBIkarkarBarkm μsiT§ibBaØa

cab;taMgBIkarbegáItGgÁkar WTO nigcab;taMgBIkic©RBmeeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBIbBaðakmµsiT§ibBaØaEdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ (TRIPS) )ancUlCaFrmanmk eKeXIjmansm<aFcMeBaHRbeTscUlCa


41


smaCikfµI² kñúgkarGnuvtþRbkasnIybRt siT§iGñkniBn§ nigsiT§isþIBIkmµsiT§ibBaØadéTeTot (IPR). fVIebIkm<úCaCaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆTabCageKkþI RbeTskm<úCa)anRbQmmuxCamYynwgsm<aFEbbenH eTaHbICamanbnÞúkEpñksßab½n Epñkrdæ)al nigbnÞúkGnuvtþc,ab;CaeRcIn edIm,IbMeBjkatBVkic©CaeRcInkþI.

PaKeRcIn plRbeyaCn_BIkarFanakarsnüaGMBI TRIPS ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 8¦ ekItecjmkBIvis½y]sSahkmµsMxan;²enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆ EdlrMBwgelIkarnaMecjTMnijCamYynwgdak;pøaksBaØapÞal;rbs;xøÜn b¤edIm,IplitTMnijTaMgenaHenAkñúgRbeTs. BYkeKmanRbtikmµy:agxøaMg cMeBaHkarEkøgbnøM nigkarftcMlg ¬]TahrN_dUcCaExSPaBynþ vIedGU suIDI naLikaéd nigkmµviFIkMuBüÚT½r-Software¦ karCMTas;elIkarkarBarRbkasnIybRt ¬]TahrN_ dUcCa»sf nigsarFatuKImIEpñkksikmµ¦ nigkarrMelaPelIBaNiC¢sBaØa nigeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ ¬]TahrN_dUcCaePs¢C³CaedIm¦. srubmkm©as;plitplcg;[mankarkarBarKMnitrbs;BYkeK edIm,IrkSasiT§ikñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmµelIKMnitTaMgenaHkñúglkçN³BaNiC¢kmµ.

TnÞ wmCamYyKñaenaH kareKarBc,ab;kmµsiT§ ibBaØa nigsmtßPaBkñ úgkarGnuvtþRbkarTaMgenHGacCakarTak;TajmYyy:agxøaMgcMeBaHvinieyaKin EdlmanbMNgcUlmkvinieyaKenAkm<úCa. RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlsÁal;CayUrmkehIyfa karkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaaØ GacCYykñúgkarGPivDÆ nigelIkTwkcitþkñ úgkarepÞrbec©kviTüa. RbeTskm<úCa KWCasmaCikmYyénkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatisMxan;²mYycMnYnehIy)ancat;karCabeNþIr² elIkargartak;Etgc,ab; edIm,IGnum½tsn§isBaØasþIBIkarkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaaØ.CagenHeTAeTot km<úCa)ancUlrYmenAkñúgkmµviFIshRbtibtþikarsþIBIkarkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaaØ enAkñúgRkbx½NÐénbNþaRbeTs ASEAN pgEdr.

enAmankic©karCak;EsþgCaeRcInEdleKRtUveFVI Tak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþbTbBaØtiþþsþIBIkarkarBarkmµsiTi§bBaaØ. vinieyaKinbreTsminRKan;Etcg;eXIjnUvkarGnum½tbTdæan sRmab;karBarkmµsiTi§bBaaØGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾cg;eXIjpgEdrnUvvtþmanénk,alm:asuInrdæ)al nigtulakar edIm,IbegáIt[mannItiviFIrdæ)al rdæb,evNI nigRBhµTNÐ. kñúgnamCaEpñkmYyénl½kçx½NÐcUlCasmaCikrbs; WTO RbeTskm<úCa)ansnüabBa©b; {EpnkarskmµPaB} mYy enAéf¶TI 1 Exmkra qñaM 2007 sRmab;Gnuvtþ TRIPS [)aneBjelj.

42

RbGb;TI 8 ³ kic©RBmeRBogRbGb;TI 8 ³ kic©RBmeRBogRbGb;TI 8 ³ kic©RBmeRBogRbGb;TI 8 ³ kic©RBmeRBogRbGb;TI 8 ³ kic©RBmeRBog WTO sþ IBIbBaðakmµsiT§ ibBaØaEdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ sþ IBIbBaðakmµsiT§ ibBaØaEdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ sþ IBIbBaðakmµsiT§ ibBaØaEdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ sþ IBIbBaðakmµsiT§ ibBaØaEdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ sþ IBIbBaðakmµsiT§ ibBaØaEdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ

tamFmµta eKehAvafa kic©RBmeRBog “TRIPS” EdlCaviFanrbs; WTO tRmUv[smaCikTaMgLay eKarBtambTdæanGb,brmarbs;GnþrCaticMeBaHkarkarBar³

• RbkasnIybRt• siT§iGñkniBn§• BaNiC¢kmµsBaØa• KMeragbøg;]sSahkmµ• KMeragbøg;énesoKVIrYmbBa©ÚlKña• B½t’manGaCIvkmµEdlminebIkcMh nig• sBaØasMKal;PUmisa®sþ.

kic©RBmeRBog TRIPS EsVgrktulüPaBrvagsiT§irbs;m©as;kmµsiT§bBaØa siT§irbs;GñkeRbIR)as;kmµsiT§bBaØa nigplRbeyaCn_rbs;saFarN³CnTUeTA. dUcCaviFansþIBIkarkarBarRbkasnIybRtEdl pþl;»kas[rdæaPi)alGacpþl; {GaCJabNÑcaM)ac;} GnuBaØat[eFVIGaCIvkmµelIrbkKMehIj EdlmanRbkasnIybRt edaymincaM)ac;mankarGnuBaØatBIm©as;RbkasnIybRtCaedIm. kalBIeBlfµI²knøgeTAenH WTO )anbBa¢ak;GMBIsßanPaBEdleKGacecjGaCJabNÑEbbenH edIm,IGnuBaØatdl;karplitnigFanakarpÁt;pÁg;plitpl »sfsMxan;² EdltRmUv[mankarkarBarRbkasnIybRt.

eRkABIkardak;ecjnUvbTdæanénkarkarBar TRIPS k¾)andak;ecjpgEdrnUvkatBVkic©sRmab;karGnuvtþc,ab;kmµsiT§bBaØa BIsMNak;m©as;kmµsiT§ipgEdr. cMNucenHrYmmanbBaØtþisþIBInItiviFIrdæb,evNIrdæ)al RBhµTNÐ nignitiviFIénkardak;Bin½y. TRIPS k¾GnuBaØatpgEdr [dkhUtTMnijEkøgkøay b¤EkøgbnøMenAtamRBMEdn.


43

briyakasvinieyaKfµICMBUkTI 6

enAeBleKsaksYrBaNiC¢krkm<úCaPaKeRcInfa ehtudUcemþc)anBYkeKminvinieyaKbEnßm sRmab;karnaMecj? BYkeKsuT§Etpþl;nUv\cemøIydUc²Kñafa BIeRBaHBYkeKminTTYl)annUv\NTan Edlmanl½kçx½NÐsmRsb sRmab;vinieyaKbEnßm sßanPaBminl¥énehdæarcnasm<½n§enAkm<úCa minGac[eKRbKl;TMnij)anTan;eBlevladl;GtifiCn cMNayeRkApøÚvkareTAelIItRmUvkarEpñkrdæ)al nigGMeBIsuIsMNUkrbs;m®nþIrdæaPi)al mankRmitx<s;hYsehtu eFVI[plitkmµkñúgRbeTs minGacmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg)an. cMNayx<s; nigPaBsµúKsµajd¾eRcIn kñúgkarTijbrikçarsMxan;²BIbreTs témøGKÁisnI nigtémøeRbg\n§n³ éføx<s;CagenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsCitxagy:agxøaMg ehIyRbeTskm<úCa BuMmanRbB½n§c,ab;EdlRbsiT§PaB nig s¥ats¥MeLIy kMlaMgBlkmµmankarGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalmin)anl¥RKb;RKan;ÉBaNiC¢krCaeRcIn mancMENkTIpSard¾smrmürbs;xøÜn enAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRbeTsrYceTAehIy.

bBaðaenHk¾ekItmandUcKña sRmab;vinieyaKinbreTs Edlcg;mkvinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.BYkeKCaeRcInnak; sMLwgmkRbeTskm<úCa rYccakecjeTAvij edaysarEtRbeTsenHman ehdæarcnasm<½n§minl¥ xVHkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúkñúgRbeTs famBlmantémøx<s; ehIykarpÁt;pÁg;eTotesat k¾minCab;lab;xVHtmøaPaBEpñkc,ab; KµantulakarBaNiC¢kmµ nigKµanyutþaFikarEdlKYr[eKarB rdæ)al BukrlYyGMeBIrt;Bn§ plitplEdlmanPaBRbkYtRbECg RBmTaMgPaBsµúKsµaj nigéføcMNayx<s; Tak;TgnwgkarnaMcUlvtßúFatuedImmkkñúgRbeTs nigkarnaMplitplecjeTAeRkARbeTs. Rkuumh‘unbreTsmYycMnYnRbkan;ykviFIsa®sþ RbfuyRbfanticbMput edayebIkRtwmEtkariyal½ytMNagmYy ehIyrkRbPBpÁt;pÁg;BIRkumh‘un enAkñúgRbeTs. elIkElgEt]sSahkmµkat;edrecj Rkumh‘unFM²sMerceRCIserIsykRbeTsepSgvij sRmab;eFVIkarvinieyaK EdlmanRTg;RTayFM.

mnusSCaeRcInnwgTTYlsÁal;fa GVI²TaMgLaykMBugRtUv)anEklMG b:uEnþGñkEdlcg;mkvinieyaK nigGñkEdl)anvinieyaKrYcehIyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa kMBugEtxVayxVl;. KMeragvinieyaKTaMgLayEdl)anTTYlkarGnum½t )anFøak;cuHBI 832 lan duløar enAqñaM 1998 mkRtwm 217 lan duløar enAqñaM 2004.

44

vinieyaKEpñkksiGaCIvkmµ )anFøak;xøaMgCagenH KWFøak;BI 28° mkenARtwm 3/7° éntYelxsrub.karvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs (FDI) )anekIneLIgdl; 243 lan duløar enAqñaM 1998 ehIybnÞab;mk)anFøak;CabnþbnÞab;mkRtwm 141 lan duløar enAqñaM 2002.

braC½ykñúgkarbegáItkarvinieyaKBIbreTs b¤BIRkumh‘unkñúgRbeTs BuMEmnCakarqøúHbBa©aMgBIkgVHRTBüskmµeLIy. RbeTskm<úCamancMNucviC¢manCaeRcIn. fVIt,itEtkm<úCa CaTIpSarmYytUc ehIyTIpSarrbs;RbeTsCitxagrbs;km<úCamanTMhMFMEmn Etkm<úCaKWCasmaCikénRkumBaNiC¢kmµd¾sMxan;mYy EdlehAfa AFTA. km<úCamanFnFanFmµCati. km<úCaGacpþl;plitplksikmµ EdlmanKuNPaBx<s; ehIymanépÞdImanCICati CaeRcIneTotsRmab;bMeBjtRmUvkarplitkmµ. km<úCamankMlaMgBlkmµ CaeRcInEdlmanv½yekµg mansmtßPaBeronsURtCMnajfµI². éføBlkmµenAmankRmitTabenAeLIy ehIyRbeTskm<úCa manekrþ×eQµaHl¥ kñúgkareKarBtambTdæankargarGnþrCati ¬sUmGanRbGb; TI 9¦. km<úCaKWCakEnøgd¾l¥RbesIrmYy sRmab;GñkTijEdlmkBIshrdæGaemrik nigmkBIGWr: ub kñúgkarrkRbPBpÁt;pÁg;TMnijepSg² edIm,IecosputBIkarBwgEp¥keRcInhYsehtuelIkkarpÁt;pÁg;BIRbeTscin. RbeTskm<úCaGacCaTIkEnøgsRmab;rkRbPBsRmab;kargarkmµnþsal BIRkumh‘unTaMgLayEdlmkBIéf cin nigevotNam eRBaHéføcMNayenARbeTsTaMgenaH mankarekIneLIg.

sMNYrmYyEdlmansar³sMxan;KW³ etIeFV IdUcemþcedIm,I[karcUl WTO rbs;km<úCa GacnwgBRgIkRTBüskmµvinieyaKrbs;RbeTsCati ehIylubbM)at;ecalnUvkgVHxatrbs;xøÜn? KYrkt;sMKal;fa WTO

RKan;EtGacrYmviPaKTanb:ueNÑaH. smaCikPaBkñúg WTO nwgminksagpøÚvfñl; salaeron b¤begáItkargaredaypÞal; b¤EbgEckfñaMeBTü EdlmantémøefakenaHeLIy. WTO minGacdak;kMhit[Rkumh‘un NamYyvinieyaKeLIy. WTO RKan;EtGacCYykm<úCa [begáItbriyakasmYy sRmab;karvinieyaK Etb:ueNÑaH.

dUc)anBiPakSaenAkñúgCMBUkTI 5 plb:HBal;BIdMbUgén WTO KWsßitelIbriyakasc,ab;. RbsinebIRkumh‘unbreTsemIlmksßab½nrbs;km<úCa CaBiesssßab½ntulakar RksYgmnÞIrnanarbs;rdæaPi)al nigrdæ)alextþRkug ehIymanCMenOTukcitþelIRbB½n§ nigsßab½nTaMgenaH enaHeKnwgeXIjkan;Etc,as; GMBIplRbeyaCn_énkic©RBmeRBog WTO.


45

karbegáItesvaKaMRT

karsnüarbs;km<úCakñúgEpñkesvakmµ GacTak;TajvinieyaKKineRcInbMput. dUcGtßn½yéneQµaHrbs;xøÜn GgÁkar WTO KWCakic©RBmeRBogsþIBIIBaNiC¢kmµ BuMEmnCakic©RBmeRBogsþIBIvinieyaKeT ehIy viFanelIesvakmµesÞIrEtTaMgRsug Bak;B½n§nwgkarvinieyaK. y:agNak¾eday edIm,IeFVIBaNiC¢kmµ elI esvakmµnanadUcCaFnaKar esvaFanar:ab;rg TUrKmnaKmn_ nigsMNg; GtifiCn nigRkumh‘unesvakmµ PaKeRcInRtUvsß itenAkñ úgRbeTsEtmYy. l½kçx ½NÐEdlRkumh‘ unpþl;esvabreTs Gacbegá ItRkumh‘ unrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyenHCakmµvtßúénkarcrcacUlCasmaCik WTO.

briyakasvinieyaKfµIµ

RbRbRbRbRbGb;TI 9³ GgÁkar Gb;TI 9³ GgÁkar Gb;TI 9³ GgÁkar Gb;TI 9³ GgÁkar Gb;TI 9³ GgÁkar WTO nigbTdæankargarnigbTdæankargarnigbTdæankargarnigbTdæankargarnigbTdæankargar

TMnak;TMngrvagsiT§irbs;GgÁkar WTO nigkarTTYlsÁal;bTdæankargarGnþrCati BIsMNak;smaCik TaMgLayrbs;eK KWCabBaðamYymanyUrmkehIyenAkñúgGgÁkarenH. KMnitpþÜcepþImnana kñúgkarFana[mancMNgTak;TgCapøÚvkar EdlGacGnuvtþ)antamc,ab; )anTTYlbraC½ymYyEpñkFM edaysarRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ)anemIleXIjbBaðaTaMgenH faCameFüa)ayEkøgbnøMsRmab;karBarTIpSar enAkñúgbNþaRbeTs]sSahkmµ.

GaRs½yehtuenH karelIkElgEtmYyrbs; GATT cgRkgviFankarTb;Tl;nwgplitplnaMecjEdlplitedayBlkmµBn§naKar. eRkABIenH eyagelImUldæanc,ab; smaCikGgÁkar WTO minGacerIseGIg)aneLIy Tak;TgnwgkatBVkic© WTO rbs;BYkeKkñ úgkarRbqaMgtbnwgRbeTs Edlmin)anGnum½t b¤mineKarBtambTdæanrbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬ILO¦. BYkeKk¾minGacerIseGIgedaypþl;lkçN³ GMeNaypldl;RbeTsEdl)anGnum½t b¤Edl)aneKarBtambTdæankargarrbs; ILO

Edr. rIÉkic©RBmeRBogEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH enaHKWCaerOgmYyepSgeTot kñúgenH shrdæGaemriknigshPaBGWr:ub eRcInykbTdæankargareFVICalkçN³vinicä½y.

enAqñaM 1996 rdæm®nþI WTO )anTat;ecalnUvkareRbIR)as;bTdæankargarsRmab;eKalbMNgkarBar b:uEnþ)anÉkPaBKñakñúgkar{bnþsaCafµI} nUvkarsnüarbs;xøÜncMeBaHkarBinitüemIlbTdæanTaMgenaH.BYkeK )anGHGagfa ILO KWCasßab½nmansmtßkic©kñúgkarkMNt;; nigcat;EcgbTdæanTaMgenaH. GgÁkarWTO KµanGVIeRkABITMnak;TMngshRbtibtþikarCamYyGgÁkar ILO eLIy.

46

RbGb;TI 10 bgðajGMBIxøwmsarsegçb sþIBIIdMeNIrkarénkic©RBmeRBogTUeTA sþIBIBaNiC¢kmµelIEpñkesvakmµ (GATS) rIÉRbGb;TI 11 qøúHbBa©aMgnUvkarsnüasMxan;²mYycMnYnbEnßmeTotrbs;km<úCa. eK)anbgçM[GñkcrcaeFVIkarsnüacMeBaH GATS b:uEnþ WTO minb:HBal;dl;TidæPaBCaeRcInénesdækic©esvakmµrbs;km<úCaeLIy. rdæaPi)al)anbBa¢ak;nUvkarBnül;c,as;las; rbs;xøÜnenAkñúgEpñksMxan;² mYycMnYn.CaTUeTA RbeTsnanaeFVIkarcrcakic©snüafµIGMBIesvakmµtameBlevla edaysareK)ancrca kñúgkarbnßyBn§Kyrbs;xøÜnCaCMhan² EdlkñúgkrNImYycMnYn eKcMNayeBlGs;Cag 5 TsSvtS ÉeNaH.

enAkñúgry³eBlEvg karebIkeLIgnUvvis½yesvakmµenAkm<úCaKb,Ipþl;plRbeyaCn_eTA[Rkumh‘unkm<úCaesÞIrEtTaMgGs; CaBiessRkumh‘unnanasßitenAkñúgvis½ykmµnþsal nigvis½yksikmµ edayepþImecjBIesvahirBaØvtßúd¾manRbsiT§PaB nigmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg eTAkan;TUrKmnaKmn_ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnTMenIb karEklMGesvakmµ nigKaMRTnUvkarbegáIn]sSahkmµ nigPaBRbkYtRbECgénkarnaMecjrbs;km<úCa.


RbGb;TI 10 ³ etIkic©RBmeRBogrbs;RbGb;TI 10 ³ etIkic©RBmeRBogrbs;RbGb;TI 10 ³ etIkic©RBmeRBogrbs;RbGb;TI 10 ³ etIkic©RBmeRBogrbs;RbGb;TI 10 ³ etIkic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþ IBIesvakmµ dMeNIrkarrebobNa? sþIBIesvakmµ dMeNIrkarrebobNa? sþIBIesvakmµ dMeNIrkarrebobNa? sþIBIesvakmµ dMeNIrkarrebobNa? sþIBIesvakmµ dMeNIrkarrebobNa?

kic©RBmeRBogvinieyaKTUeTAsþIBIBaNiC¢kmµelIesvakmµ ¬GATS¦ manEcgGMBIkatBVkic© EdlsmaCikTaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUvTTYlykbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH. CaTUeTA RbeTsnanaRbkan;ykEtkatBVkic©NaEdlBYkeKcg;)an nigesvaNaEdlBYkeKcg;ebIkTUlayEtb:ueNÑaH. vinieyaKinTTYlkarFanafa BYkeKnwg)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BI\riyabf Edly:agehacNas; BYkeKnwg)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ EdlmanlkçN³GMeNaypldUcmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúg {kmµviFIesva} rbs;smaCik WTO nImYy²Edr. RbkarenHBMuEmnmann½yfa rdæaPi)alBMuGacpþl;l½kçx½NÐGMeNayplbEnßmeTotenaHeLIy rdæaPi)alnana eRcInEteRCIserIsykkareFVIEbbenH b:uEnþl½kçx½NÐEbbenHGacKµansuvtßiPaB ehIyTMngCaminGacGnuvtþ)aneT.

katBVkic©sMxan;BIrrbs; GATS EdlsmaCikRtUvbMeBjKW³• bTbBaØtþiEpñkesvakmµRtUvmantmøaPaB dUcCaRbeTskm<úCaRtUvbegáItkEnøgsaksYrB½t’man

EdlRkumh‘unesvakmµbreTs GacTTYlB½t’mansþIBIviFan nigc,ab;GnuvtþepSg².• MFN ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 4¦ b¤\riyabTKµankarerIseGIg rvagGñkpþl;esvabreTs. Gacman

karelIkElgcMeBaHviFanenH ehIykm<úCa)anGnuvtþtamkarelIkElg enaHmYycMnYn.

47

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar nig {\riyabfBaNiC¢kmµfñak;Cati} ¬\riyabfBaNiC¢kmµcMeBaHGñkpþl;esvabreTs elImUldæanesµIPaBKñaCamYyGñkpþl;esva kñúgRbeTs¦ KWCabBaðaBIrsRmab;karcrca nigCakarsnüad¾Cak;lak;rbs;Cati.

dUcCaRbeTssmaCikdéTeTotrbs; WTO Edr RbeTskm<úCaRtUvmankmµviFIesvamYy EdlcgP¢ab;CamYykic©RBmeRBogcUl WTO eTAtamvis½y faetImankarsnüaEdrb¤eT ehIyRbsinebImankarsnüarYcehIy etImankarkMhitGVIxøHEdlGnuvtþ cMeBaH\riyabfBaNiC¢kmµfñak;Cati niglT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar?

cMeBaHskmµPaBesvanImYy² nigcMeBaHkarRbkan;\riyabfBaNiC¢kmµfñak;Cati niglT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar kmµviFIenHRKbdNþb;elIkarpþl;esvabYnRbePT Edl GATS )anTTYlsÁal;. lT§PaBTaMgbYn enaHKW³1> karpÁt;pÁg;qøgEdn ¬{RbePTTI 1}¦ Edlkarpþl;esvaRtUveFVIedayqøgEdn ]TahrN_ karehA

TUrs½BÞGnþrCati b¤kareFVIeraKvinicä½yelIRbB½n§GiuneFIENt.2> kareRbIR)as;enAbreTs ¬{RbePTTI 2}¦ EdlGñkeRbIR)as;RtUvEtqøgEdnedIm,ITTYlesva

]TahrN_ eTscrN_.3> vtþmanBaNiC¢kmµ ¬{RbePTTI 3}¦ EdlRkumh‘unesvabreTsbegáItRkumh‘unCak;Esþg enAkñúg

TIpSar ]TahrN_ esvaFnaKar b¤haglk;TMnijnana.

vtþmanénbuKÁlCati ¬{RbePTTI 4}¦ EdlCnbreTspþl;esvaedaypÞal;enAkñúgTIpSar ]TahrN_TIRbwkSa GñkceRmog nigkILakr)al;Tat;CaedIm.

karsnüarbs; WTO eFVI[vinieyaKineCOTukcitþ

vinieyaKinenAkñúgvis½yesvakmµ RtUvmanCMenOTukcitþGMBIl½kçx½NÐGb,brma EdlnwgP¢ab;CamYyRbtibtþikarrbs;xøÜnenAkm<úCa. rdæaPi)alGacseRmccitþkñúgkarpþl;l½kçx½NÐRbesIrCagl½kçx½NÐTaMgLayNa Edl)anÉkPaBKñakñúg WTO b:uEnþrdæaPi)alminGacdak;l½kçx½NÐTabCagl½kçx½NÐrbs; WTO eLIy.enaHKWCameFüa)aymYykñúgkarbegáItsuvtßiPaBxøHsRmab;vinieyaKin.


48

]bsm<½n§ g1 nig g2 BinitüemIlCak;lak;fa etI GATS eFVI[manplb:HBal; dl;esvahirBaØvtßúnigesvasMNg;dUcemþcxøH. eKeXIjc,as;fa vis½yTaMgBIrenHmanlkçN³sMxan;cMeBaHkarGPivDÆ kñúgeBlGnaKtén]sShkmµEdlpþl;plitPaB nig]sSahkmµEdlmanPaBRbkYtRbECgenAkm<úCa. vis½yTaMgenaH KWCaEpñkmYyénehdæarcnasm<½n§GaCIvkmµRKwH RbsinebIKµanvis½yTaMgBIrenHeT vis½ydéTeTotk¾R)akdCaminGacrIkceRmIn)anEdr. vis½ydéTeTotcaM)ac;RtUvedIrtY[kan;EtsMxan; EdleFVI[karsnüamann½ycMeBaH WTO. vis½yTaMgenaHrYmman³ esvaTUrKmnaKmn_ Gb;rM suxaPi)al c,ab; KNenyü nigkardwkCBa¢ÚnGñkdMeNIr.

CYnkalmankaryl;RcLMfa tamry³karsnüacMeBaHkarebIkTUlayvis½yesvakmµ rdæaPi)alnwgbBaÄb;siT§irbs;xøÜnkñúgkarRKb;RKgesvaTaMgenaH ]TarhN_dUcCaplRbeyaCn_énsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBsaFarN³ b¤cMeBaHkarkarBar]sSahkmµFnaKar nigFanar:ab;rgtamry³bTbBaØtiþd¾twgrwug. rdæaPi)alrkSasiT§idac;xatkñúgkarRKb;RKg sUm,IEtenAkñúgkrNIxøHtRmUv[mankarerIseGIg rvagRkumh‘unkñúgRbeTsnigRkumh‘unbreTs. ehIyk¾BMuEmnCakrNIEdl GATS bgçM[eFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ cMeBaHesvakmµsaFarN³sMxan;²Edr. RbsinebIrdæaPi)al manbMNgrkSaTukskmµPaBesvatamEpñkTaMgRsug b¤tamskmµPaBesvaCak;lak; [sßitenAeRkamkmµsiT§isaFarN³ rdæaPi)alGaceFVIdUecñH)an. ]TahrN_dUcCaesvaEpñkGb;rM suxaPi)al nigpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥atenAGWr:ubCaedIm.


RbGb;TI 11 ³ karsnüarbs;km< úCa elIEpñkesvakmµRbGb;TI 11 ³ karsnüarbs;km< úCa elIEpñkesvakmµRbGb;TI 11 ³ karsnüarbs;km< úCa elIEpñkesvakmµRbGb;TI 11 ³ karsnüarbs;km< úCa elIEpñkesvakmµRbGb;TI 11 ³ karsnüarbs;km< úCa elIEpñkesvakmµ

PaKeRcInénGVI² Edlkm<úCa)anÉkPaBenAkñúg WTO RKan;EtqøúHbBa¢aMgnUvkMENTRmg;eKalneya)ayEdl)anGnum½t b¤Edl)anrMBwgTukEtb:ueNÑaH. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday suvtßiPaBén {karerobcMkmµviFI} nwgmansar³sMxan;y:agxøaMgcMeBaHvinieyaKin. kñúgkrNIxøH RbeTskm<úCa)anTTUcsMubMrugTuk nUvTidæPaBéneKalneya)aybc©úb,nñrbs;xøÜn Edldak;kMhitcMeBaHGñkpþl;esvabreTs.

karbMrugTukTUeTA b¤karbMrugTuktamExSTTwgrYmman³• karkarBarsiT§i nigkarkarBarl½kçx½NÐbc©úb,nñ rbs;GñkpÁt;pÁg;esvabreTs EdlkMBugdMeNIr

kar . RbkarenHmann½yfaRkumh‘unesva rbs;breTsEdl)andMeNIrkar enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaknøgmk nwgmin)at;bg;]tþmPaBEdlBYkeK)anTTYlrYcehIyenaHeT ¬eTaHbICa]tþmPaBTaMg

49

enaH Ca]tþmPaBEdlvinieyaKinfµImin)anTTYlkþI¦.• karbnþhamXat;min[CnbreTseFVICam©as;kmµsiT§ielIdIFøI.• katBVkic©cMeBaHvinieyaKinEdlEsVgrkeRKOgelIkTwkcitþ kñúgkarbNþúHbNþal dl;Blrdækm<úCa

rab;TaMgmuxtMENgRKb;RKgpgEdr. RbsinebIKµankarKitTukEbbenHeT enaHkatBVkic©enH GacrgkarRbQmmuxenAkñúg WTO.

• l½kçx½NÐsRmab;CnbreTsEdlmanbMNgeFVIkarenARbeTskm<úCa. kñúgenaHrYmmanGñkmkBinitülT§PaBeFVIGaCIvkmµ GñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarbegáItRKwHsßanBaNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa nigGñkepÞrkargarépÞkñúgRkumh‘unsaCIvkmµ ¬buKÁlikRbtibtþi buKÁlikRKb;RKg nigbuKÁlikCMnajénRkumh‘unbreTsEdleFVIkarenAtamEpñk nigsaxarbs;Rkumh‘un ¦.

• karelIkElgnanaeRkABI MFN enAkñúgvis½yesatTsSn_ ¬Audio-visual¦ nigvis½ydwkCBa¢Ún.RbkarenHmann½yfa km<úCaGacbnþmankic©RBmeRBog BiessCamYy RbeTsCitxagelIvis½ydwkCBa¢ ÚneCIgeKak navacrN_tamdgTenøemKgÁ nigvis½ysmuRT. enAkñúvvis½yesatTsSn_mann½yfa kic©RBmeRBogplitkmµExSPaBynþrYmKña nigkmµviFIKaMRTesatTsSn_GnþrCatinwgRtUv)ankarBarmin [mankarRbQmBI WTO.

enAkñúgkRmittamvis½y b¤tamExSbeNþay³

• esvaxageRkamenHRtUv)anebIkTUlay elIkElgEtl½kçx½NÐsþIBIkarcl½tbuKÁlikbreTs³o esvaÉkeTsnanao esvakMuBüÚT½r esvaCYl-Ptikar ¬rental/leasing¦ nigesvaGaCIvkmµdéTeToto sMNg; nigvisVkmµ ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ g2¦o esvakmµEckcay nigesvakmµlk;rayo karGb;rMo esvakmµbrisßano esvamnÞIreBTüo esvaEpñkkMsanþ vb,Fm’ nigkILa


50

• esvac,ab;³ karhamXat;Rkumh‘unc,ab;breTskñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ RtUvGnuvtþCabnþ rab;TaMgkarhamXat;elIkartMNagkUnkþIedaypÞal;enAtulakarpgEdr.

• TUrKmnaKmn_³ ebIkcMhesvadwkCBa¢Ún esvaTUrs½BÞcl½t esvapþl;témøbEnßm nigesvaTUrs½BÞelItu. esvaTUrs½BÞelItuCamUldæan sßitkñúgPaBpþac;muxrbs;Rkumh‘un Telecom Cambodia rhUtdl;éf¶ TI 1 Exmkra qñaM 2009.

• esvaFanara:b;rg³ ebIkTUlayy:ageRcIn elIkElgEtkarFanara:b;rgqøgEdn. karpþl;GaCJabNÑKWeFVIeLIgdUcKñanwgRkumh‘unCatiEdr. caM)ac;RtUveFVIkarepÞrhaniP½yFanara:b;rgbnþcMnYn 20°eTA[Rkumh‘unFanara:b;rgbnþ ¬km<úCa rI Cambodia Re¦ rhUtdl;éf¶ TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM 2008.brimaNTwkR)ak;Fanara:b;rgEdlmancMnYn 500 000 duløar b¤ticCagenH RtUvFanara:b;rgbnþkñuúgRbeTs rhUtdl;éf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM 2008. ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ g1¦.

• esvaFnaKar³ mankarebIkcMhesvaFnaKarBaNiC¢kmµPaKeRcIn rab;TaMgkarTTYlR)ak;beBaØIkarpþl;\NTan nigesvaTUTat;bNÑ\NTan. Rkumh‘unbreTscaM)ac;RtUvbMeBjtaml½kçx½NÐpþl;GaCJabNÑ ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ g1¦.

• eTscrN_ nigkareFVIdMeNIr³ ebIkTUlayy:ageRcIn. siT§ikñúgkarbegáItEpñkenH GnuvtþsRmab;EtsNæaKarcab;BIpáaybIeLIgeTA. karecjlixitGnuBaØat[ebIkePaCnIydæan nwgenAbnþKitKUrelIlkçN³kñúgRbeTs.

• esvadwkCBa¢Ún³ kardwkCBa¢ÚneCIgeKak RtUv)anebIky:agTUlay. esvadwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvsmuRTGnþrCati min)ansnüaeT elIkElgEtmankarGnuBaØat[GñkpÁt;pÁg;tampøÚvsmuRT {lT§PaBsmehtusmpl nigKµankarerIseGIg} cMeBaHesvaKaMRTFmµta. kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakassnüacMeBaHEtkarebIk[mankarCYsCul nigEfTaMynþehaH karrkTIpSarénesvaGakasnigRbB½n§bMrugtamry³kMBüÚT½rEtb:ueNÑaH. esvadwkCBa¢Ún tambMBg;bgðÚr Gacpþl;GaCJabNÑedayEp¥kelImUldæanénsm,TanEdlpþl;edayrdæEtb:ueNÑaH.


51

3 Bn§Tb;sáat; KWCaBn§naMcUlbEnßmEdleKdak;enAkñúgkRmitmYy edIm,ITUTat;kat;kgKñaCamYytémø]btßmÖFn.

eRKOgelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHKMeragvinieyaK

kñúgzan³CasmaCikmYyrbs; WTO RbeTskm<úCanwgRtUvrg\T§iBlBIvin½yCaeRcIn Tak;TgnwgkareRbIR)as;kar]btßmÖFn. cMNucTaMgenHmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIkar]btßmÖFn nigviFankarTb;Tl; ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 8¦. enAkñúgzan³CaRbeTsRkIRk km<úCaTMngCamineRbIR)as;]btßmÖFnedaypÞal; eFVICameFüa)aysRmab;CMrujkarvinieyaK]sSahkmµeLIy.

karkat;bnßy b¤GnueRKaHBn§Ky nigGakrelItémøbEnßm (VAT) enAtamRBMEdnelIvtßúFatuedImEdlRtUvnaMecjkñúgeBlbnÞab; RtUv)ancat;Tukfa Ca]btßmÖFncMeBaHkarnaMecjenAkñúg WTO. RbkarenHGacnaM[manvivaT eTaHCakrNIenHTMngCaminekItmanenAkm<úCakþI. m:üagvijeTot kareFVIEbbenHGacnaM[mankardak;Bn§KybEnßm b¤Bn§Tb;sáat;3 mkelIplitplkm<úCa enAkñúgTIpSarnaMecjrbs;km<úCaeTotpg.

enAkñúgdMeNIrkarcUleTAkan; WTO eK)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa kmµviFIGnueRKaHEdlmankñúgeBlbc©úb,nñmanlkçN³ {sµúKsµajy:agxøaMg xVHtmøaPaB niggayrgkarrMelaPbMBan}. CagenHeTAeTot eRKaHfñak;GMBIskmµPaBTb;sáat; ¬raraMg¦ GacekItmanenAkñúgTIpSarnaMecj EdleFVI[b:HBal;suvtßiPaB nigdl;PaBGac):an;RbmaNTukCamun)an EdlvinieyaKin nigGñkTijplitplrbs;km<úCacg;)an. RbB½n§dkykR)ak;Bn§mkvij KWCaviFImYyEdleFVI[kan;EtmansßirPaB nigRsbtamviFanrbs; WTO. m:üagvijeTotCaCag[vtßúFatuedImnaMcUlrYcBn§Ky b¤minCab;GakrelItémøbEnßm enAeBlEdlvtßúFatuedImenaHnaMcUlmkkan;RbeTskm<úCa eKGacTamTar[sgcMNayelIBn§Ky b¤GakrelItémøbEnßmTaMgenaHenAeBlnaMplitplecj. Gñkcrcarbs;km< úCabBa¢ak;enA WTO fa RbeTskm< úCabc© úb,nñenHKµanFnFanrdæ)al caM)ac;sRmab;dMeNIrkarRbB½n§dkR)ak;Bn§vijTaMgRsugeLIy. eK)anpþl;»kasdl;Gñkcrcakm<úCa rhUtdl;qñaM 2013 edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH.

dUcKñaEdr RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac; RtUvBinitüemIlxøwmsarnanaenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBIviFankarvinieyaKEdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ (TRIMs). kic©RBmeRBogenHhamXat;kic©Rbtibtþi mYycMnYn


52

Edll½kçx½NÐvinieyaKGaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;karRbkYtRbECgGnþrCati. ]TahrN_énviFankar EdlTak;TgnwgeRKOgelIkTwkcitþdl;karvinieyaK kñúgkareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedImkñúgRbeTs b¤kñúgeKaledAnaMecjCak;lak;RtUv)andak;[sßitenAeRkAc,ab;. eKeCOfa eRKOgelIkTwkcitþTaMgGs;enHeFVI[b:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. RbeTskm<úCa)anlubbM)at;viFankarmYyenAkñúgc,ab;vinieyaKrbs;xøÜn Edl)ankMNt;fa karelIkElgBn§KyelIkarnaMcUl GaRs½yelIkarnaMecjplitpl 80° ehIykm<úCa)anFanacMeBaH WTO

fa km<úCanwgminbegáIteRKOgelwkTwkcitþNaEdlpÞúynwgkic©RBmeRBog TRIMS enHeLIy.

viFannanarbs; TRIMS nigkic©RBmeRBognana GMBIkar]btßmÖFnenAkñúg WTO nwgRtUvGnuvtþkñúgkarbegáIttMbn;esdækic©BiessenAkm<úCa. smaCikdéTeTotCaeRcIn )anbegáIttMbn;TaMgenH edayKµankarlM)akGVIenAkñúg WTO eLIy.

53

briyakasfµIkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ³karebIkTIpSar

CMBUkTI 7

kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµPaKeRcInrbs;km<úCa kñúgzan³CasmaCikrbs; WTO nwgGaRs½yelIkareRbIR)as;vin½ynanarbs; WTO RBmTaMgelIkarsnüaEklMGbriyakasc,ab; nigCMrujkarvinieyaKcaM)ac; cMeBaH esvakmµEdlnwgbegá InsmtßPaBplitkmµ nigPaBRbkYtRbECg. kareFV I[RbeTsxø ÜnkøayeTACaGñknaMecjlMdab;BiPBelak BuMEmnCakargayRsYleLIy.

karrt;Bn§qøgEdnBIRbeTsevotNam nigRbeTséf ekItmanCaTUeTA nigcaM)ac;RtUvEtlubbM)at;ecaledIm,I[km<úCaGnuvtþskþanuBlrbs;xøÜneBjeljkñúgzan³CaRbeTseFVIBaNiC¢kmµ. RbsinebI plitkrnigBaNiC¢krBin itüeXIjfa v iF IeFV IBaNiC¢kmµminpø ÚvkarmanlkçN³gayRsYlCag CaBiesscMeBaHkarnaMecjvtßúFatuedImrbs;km<úCa ehIypþl;plRbeyaCn_x<s;CagBaNiC¢kmµpøÚvkar enaHviFan WTO

nwgBMusUvmanRbsiT§PaBeLIy.

karebIkTIpSarbreTs

RcknanaénbriyakasBaNiC¢kmµfµIEdleKTTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³CageKKW TImYy visalPaBénTIpSarGnþrCati Edlplitplkm<úCaGaccUleTAdl; nigTIBIr karebIcMhTIpSarkm<úCa cMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECgeRcInCagmunBIbreTs. \T§iBlTaMgenHgayRsYlRtUv)aneKbMepøIs. km<úCa)anebIkcMhTIpSarPaKeRcInrbs;xøÜnrYcmkehIy RBmTaMg)anRsUbyk\T§iBlEdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM mkehIyEdr. eKnwgBnül;bEnßmeTotfa karebIkTIpSarbEnßmcMeBaHplitplkm<úCaenA breTsenAmankRmit. GVIEdlmansar³sMxan;enaHKWfa WTO BMuEmnRKan;EtFana[TIpSarebIkcMh b:ueNÑaHeTb:uEnþRtUveFVI[TIpSarenAEtebIkcMhCanic©. vinieyaKin nigBaNiC¢krKYrmanTMnukcitþcMeBaH suvtßiPaBniglT§PaBBüakrTukCamun)anenH.

kMENTRmg;CamUldæanGMBIrcnasm<½n§Bn§Kyrbs;km<úCa ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 12 GMBIl½kçx½NÐsþIBIBn§naMcUl¦ )anRbRBwtþeTAenABak;kNþalqñaM 2001 enAkñúgGMLúgeBléndMeNIrkarcUlCasmaCik WTO.

54

kñúgeBlenH rcnasm<½n§GRtaBn§KycMnYn 12 Rkum RtUv)ankat;bnßymkRtwm 4 Rkum ¬0° 7° 15° nig35°¦. GRtaBn§Kykñ úgkRmit 40° 50° 90° nig 120° RtUv)anlubbM)at;Ta MgRsugehIyGRtamFüménBn§GnuvtþFmµta RtUv)ankat;bnßyBI 17/4° mk 16/5°. dMNak;TIBIrénkMENTRmg;Bn§Ky nwgkat;bnßyGRtamFüménBn§GnuvtþFmµtaKWTabCag 15° CaBiess KWtamry³karkat;bnßybEnßmeTot énGRtaBn§elIvtßúFatuedImnaMcUl sRmab;]sSahkmµkñúgRbeTs. b:uEnþ dMeNIrkarénkMENTRmg;Bn§KyenH BuMmanpSarP¢ab;CamYykic©RBmeRBog WTO eLIy.

RbGb;TI 12 ³ niymn½ymYycMnYnénbec©ks½BÞBn§KyRbGb;TI 12 ³ niymn½ymYycMnYnénbec©ks½BÞBn§KyRbGb;TI 12 ³ niymn½ymYycMnYnénbec©ks½BÞBn§KyRbGb;TI 12 ³ niymn½ymYycMnYnénbec©ks½BÞBn§KyRbGb;TI 12 ³ niymn½ymYycMnYnénbec©ks½BÞBn§Ky

1> Bn§naMcUlGtibrmarbs; WTO (WTO bound tariff) CaBn§KykRmitx<s;bMput EdleK)anFana nigGacGnuvtþenAkñúg WTO.

2> GRta MFN CakRmitBn§ EdlGnuvtþcMeBaHsmaCik WTO TaMgGs; nigcMeBaHRbCaCatidéTEdl)anTTYl MFN edayKµanl½kçx½NÐ ¬]TahrN_ RbeTsCaeRcIn)anGnuvtþGRta MFN

cMeBaHkm<úCa taMgBIeBlEdlkm<úCaenAminTan;køayCasmaCik WTO mkemø:H¦. GRtaMFN GacCaGRtaBn§naMcUlGtibrmarbs; WTO ¬GRtaBn§naMcUlGtibrmaTaMgGs;rbs;WTO RtUvEtCaGRta MFN¦ b¤GacCaGRtaGnuvtþ. GRtaenaHk¾GacCaGRtamYyEdlsmaCikTaMgLayénkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; kMNt; ¬]TahrN_ AFTA¦cMeBaH édKUBaNiC¢kmµTaMgGs;enAeRkARkumenHpgEdr.

3> GRtaGnuvtþ (Applied rate) CaGRtaBn§KyCak;EsþgEdleKkMNt;eRbIenAtamRBMEdn.eKGaceRbIR)as;GRtaGnuvtþelImUldæan MFN b:uEnþvak¾GacCaGRtaGnueRKaH b¤GRtaEdleKykBIsmaCikénkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn;pgEdr.

4> GRtaGnueRKaH (Preferential rate) CaGRtaTab b¤esµIsUnü KWCaGRtaEdleKGnuvtþcMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆTaMgGs; b¤EtmYycMnYn. ]TahrN_c,as;las;bMputKW GSP

¬RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA¦ b¤KMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;shPaBGWr:ubTak;Tgnwg {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} ¬EBA¦ sRmab;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK.


55

RbeTskm<úCapþl;GRtaGnueRKaHkñúgkRmitmYycMnYn ¬TabCagkRmitFmµta¦ [édKUGas‘an4 tamry³taragBn§GnueRKaHTUeTA ¬CEPT¦. BuMenaHesat GRtaGnuvtþTaMgGs;KWCaGRta MFN EdlmanGRtadUcKña sRmab;RbeTsTaMgGs;. GRta CEPT TaMgenH KWCaGRtaEdleKGnuvtþCak;EsþgcMeBaHTMnijnaMcUl. karcrcarbs; WTO sþIBIGRtaBn§Gtibrma5 CaEpñkmYyénkic©RBmeRBogcUlCasmaCik.

karbegáInBn§KynaeBlGnaKt

bc©úb,nñ RbeTskm<úCa)ancgGRtaBn§KyGnuvtþ cMeBaHplitplCaeRcInrbs;xøÜn enAkñúg WTO.mann½yfa BaNiC¢krGacBwgEp¥kEtelIGRtaBn§Kyrbs; WTO b:ueNÑaH. cMeBaHplitplÉeTot² GRtaGtibrmarbs; WTO mankRmitx<s;CagtictYc ebIeFobnwgGRtaGnuvtþ. cMeBaHplitplEdlgayrgkarb:HBal;mYycMnYn GRtaGtibrmamankRmitx<s;Cagy:ageRcIn ebIeFobnwgGRtaGnuvtþbc©úb,nñ. ]TahrN_GRtaBn§GtibrmacMeBaHGgáresµInwg 40° eFobnwgGRtaGnuvtþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ EdlmanRtwmEt 7° b:ueNÑaHcMeBaHeRbgrukçCatiCaeRcIn GRtaGtibrmamankRmitBI 30° b¤ 40° kñúgxN³Edl GRtaCak;EsþgykRtwm7°. GRtaBn§GtibrmacMeBaHePsC¢³EdlmanCatiGal;kulKW 40° eFobnwg GRtaGnuvtþ 35°.cMeBaHsac;RkNat;vaynPNÐ GRtaGnuvtþFmµtamankRmit 7° rIÉGRtaBn§Gtibrma mankRmitesµInwg 7°10° nig 12/5°.

RbeTskm<úCarkSaTuknUvesrIPaBmYycMnYnkñúgkarbegáInGRtaBn§rbs;xøÜn kñúgkrNIIcaM)ac; edayBuMcaM)ac;RbfuyRbfanRbQmmuxCamYy WTO eLIy. CamYyKñaenH enAkñúgeBlEdlkm<úCarkSaGRtaGtibrma nigGRtaGnuvtþmankRmitRbhak;RbEhlKña RbeTskm<úCakMBugpþl;[BaNiC¢kr nigvinieyaKinnUvkRmitsuvtßiPaBmYyd¾mansar³sMxan;. enAkñúgkRmit EdlBn§KyelITMnijeRbIR)as;CamUldæan RtUv)anrkSa[mankRmitTab GtifiCnnwg)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ CaBiess KWBlrdæRkIRk.4 smaCikGas‘an³ Rb‘uyeN km<úCa \NÐÚensuI Lav m:aeLsuI mIy:an;m:a PIlIBIn sigðburI éf nigevotNam.5 {GRtaBn§Gtibrma} mann½yfa Rkumh‘unnaMecj b¤Rkumh‘unnaMcUlenAkm<úCamankarFanamYy EdlBn§KyRtUv

GnuvtþGRta Bn§cMeBaHTMnijrbs;xøÜn minx<s;CagGRtaBn§GtibrmaenaHeLIy . GacmanlT§PaBEdlfaGRtaGnuvtþenHmankMritTabCag GRtaBn§Gtibrma b:uEnþRbkarenHBuMEmnCaEpñkmYyénkic©snüa WTO eLIy . RbsinebIRkumh‘unnaMecjkm<úCayl;fa xøÜnRtUv)aneKykBn§naMcUlelIsBIkMritGtibrmarbs; WTO enaHeKGacnwgbgçMeGayesvaKyBak;B½n§bnßynUvGRtaTaMgenaH . m:üagvijeTot BYkeKKb,Itv:amkkan;RksYgBaNiC¢kmµenATIRkugPñMeBjEdlGacBaMnaMbBaðaenHenAelImUldæanrvagrdæaPi)al nigrdæaPi)al .

briyakasfµIkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ³ karebIkTIpSar

56

karcUlCasmaCik WTO BuMEmnmann½yfaGRtaBn§KyEdlGnuvtþenAkm<úCaFøak;cuHeRcIn ehIybNþal[manbnÞúHénkarRbkYtRbECgBIbreTsenaHeT. RtUvcgcaMfa karnaMcUlBuMEmnCaerOgGaRkk;eLIy.karnaMcUlGnuBaØat[GaCIvkmµ nigksikrkm<úCaFana)an nUvkRmittémøTMnijmUlFn nigvtßúFatuedIm]sSahkmµ¼ksikmµ )ansmrmü. mankrNIjwkjab;Nas; Edlkm<úCaKµansmtßPaBplitTMnijcaM)ac;TaMgenaH. RbEhlCasMxan;CagenHeTAeTotenaH KWkarnaMcUl GacnaMTMnijeRbIR)as;EdlmantémøefaksRmab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk. GaRs½yehtuenH karnwkKitfa eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ RKan;EtCakic©RbwgERbgkñúgkarkat;bnßykarnaMcUl ehIyBRgIkkarnaMecj KWCakaryl;eXIjminRtwmRtUveT eTaHbICaenAkñúgb¤minenAkñúg WTO kþI.

bnÞúkbEnßmelIkarnaMcUl

viFan WTO dak;kMhity:aghµt;ct; elIbnÞúknanaénBn§Ky EdleKGackMNt;elITMnijnaMcUleRkABIBn§Ky. RbeTskm<úCaseRmcminykBn§GVI b¤bnÞúkGVIbEnßmeLIy. bnÞúkbc©úb,nñcMnYn 0/02 duløarnig 0/04 duløar EdlkMNt;ykelIeRbgsaMg b¤eRbgm:as‘UtmYylIRtnwgRtUvrMkilbBa©ÚleTAkñúgGRtaBn§KysmasmYYyfµI.

R)ak;bnÞúkEdl)ankMNt;ykcMeBaHesvapøÚvkarenAtamkMBg;EpepSg² EdlTak;TgnwgkarnaMcUlnigkarnaMecj KYrEtsmamaRtnwgcMNayénesva. GaRs½yehtuenH GaCJaFrkm<úCa CaBiesskaMkugRtUlnignaykdæanKy minRtUvykR)ak;bnÞúkedayGRtaefrcMeBaHkarbBa¢Ún¼dwkTMnijeLIy. edayehtufatamFmµta kargarlixitsñamTak;TgnwgkardwkTMnijNamYymanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña edayminTak;TgnwgbrimaN b¤témø eKKYrkMNt;ykéføbnÞúkEdlmanlkçN³bTdæan. WTO )aneFVIkarkt;sMKal;GMBIéføbnÞúkfa mantémøesµInwg 15 000¹ ¬4 duløar Gaemrik¦ EdleKkMNt;ykcMeBaHRbtievTn_naMcUl¼naMecjnImYy².

Bn§épÞkñúgminRtUverIseGIgRbqaMgnwgTMnijnaMcUleLIy. enAkm<úCa eKkMNt;ykGakrBiess6

elIePsC¢³ plitplfñaMCk; eRbgsaMg nigeRbgrMGilEdlmanGRtaesµInwg 10°. eKGnuvtþGRtaTaMgenH

6 GakrBiess KWCaBn§Rbeyal EdlRtUvkMNt;ykelIRkumTMnijkñúgRbeTs nigTMnijnaMcUlelIRbePTplitplmYycMnYntUc. GakrBiessenAkm<úCa RtUv)anCMnYsmYyEpñkFMedayGakrelItémøbEnßm.


57

cMeBaHplitplkñúgRbeTspgEdr. cMeBaHyanynþ nigeRKOgbnøas;yanynþ GakrBiess mankRmitBI5° dl; 110°. enAqñaM 2002 km<úCa)anGnuvtþGakrBiessesµInwg 3° elIplitpl naMcUlk¾dUcplitplEdlplitkñúgRbeTsEdlmanCatiGal;kul nigelIplitplfñaMCk;Edr.

rbbGakrelItémøbEnßm (VAT) EdlkMBugGnuvtþenAkm<úCa k¾cMNuHelIl½kçx½NÐdUcKñaEdr edIm,IkMu[manPaBerIseGIgrvagplitplkñúgRbeTs nigplitplnaMcUl ¬karRbkan;\riyabfBaNiC¢kmµfñak;Catii¦nigrvagGñkpÁt;pÁg;breTsnana.

»kasnanaénlT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar sRmab;Rkumh‘unkm<úCa

edayehtufa \T§iBlénkarcUlCasmaCik WTO mkelIkarebIkcMhbEnßménTIpSarkm<úCa mankRmittictYc \T§iBlénlT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarbEnßmeTot sRmab;Rkumh‘unnaMecjkm<úCa k¾TMngCamankRmittictYcEdr. RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_rYcehIy BIcMNgTak;TgBaNiC¢kmµ EdlmanlkçN³GMeNayplCaeRcIn. enAkñúgxN³EdlBYkeKBuM)anTTYll½kçx½NÐEdlmanPaBGnueRKaHmankrNItictYcNas;EdlRkumh‘unnaMecjrbs;km<úCaRtUvbg;Bn§KyelIsBIGRta MFN EdleKGnuvtþkñúgRbeTs.

karerobrab;xagelIenHminEmnCakarbdiesFGMBItémøénsmaCikPaBrbs; WTO EdlCayanmYysRmab;begáInskþanuBlnaMecjrbs;km<úCaeLIy. b:uEnþCaTUeTA plRbeyaCn_Edl)anmkBI\riyabfBn§Kykan;EtRbesIrenAkñúgTIpSarsMxan;² mankRmittictYcb:ueNÑaH. dUckrNIRkumh‘unbreTsnaMecjmkkan;km<úCaEdr ]tþmPaBrbs;plitkrkm<úCakñúgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarnaMecjsMxan;² KWkarFanaelIBn§KyGtibrmaEdlsmaCik WTO TaMgGs;)ansnüa. GaRs½yehtuenH enAkñúgRbeTsesÞIrEtTaMg 150Rkumh‘unkm<úCanwg)anTTYlkarFanacMeBaHGRtaBn§KyGtibrma Edlsmtßkic©Ky)ankMNt; ykBIxøÜn.

PaBCak;EsþgénkarGnuvtþ KWl½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢kmµ EdlRkumh‘unkm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvRKb;RKg manlkçN³sµúKsµajy:agxøaMg. dUcEdl)anBiPakSknøgrYcmkehIy RbB½n§eFVIBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak\LÚvenHmanlkçN³dac;BIKñatamkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; kic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI nigkic©RBmeRBogGnueRKaH. kñúgzan³CaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆTabCageK nigCasmaCikmYyéntMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrI rbs;Gas‘an RbeTskm<úCaTTYlGtßRbyaCn_CaeRcInBIkarerobcMEbbenH. kfax½NÐxageRkamBnül;GMBIkarerobcMTaMgenH EdlCakarerobcMmansar³sMxan;bMput.


58

1> kRmiténkarcgP¢ab;GRtaBn§Gtibrma nigGRtaBn§Gnuvtþ1> kRmiténkarcgP¢ab;GRtaBn§Gtibrma nigGRtaBn§Gnuvtþ1> kRmiténkarcgP¢ab;GRtaBn§Gtibrma nigGRtaBn§Gnuvtþ1> kRmiténkarcgP¢ab;GRtaBn§Gtibrma nigGRtaBn§Gnuvtþ1> kRmiténkarcgP¢ab;GRtaBn§Gtibrma nigGRtaBn§Gnuvtþ

eTaHbICaRbeTskm<úCa)ansnüakñúg karcgP¢ab;Bn§KyTaMgmUlrbs;xøÚnenAkñúg WTO nwgeFVI[manPaBxusKñatictYcrvagGRtaBn§KyGtibrma nigGRtaBn§Gnuvtþ Edlkm<úCakMNt;ykBIRkumh‘unnaMcUlkþIRbeTskMBugGPivDÆCaeRcInEdlCasmaCikrbs; WTO BuM)aneFVIdUecñHeT. cMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆPaKeRcInEdlmunenHCasmaCikrbs; GATT BYkeKrgsm<aFtictYc kñúgkarcgP¢ab;GRtaBn§KyGtibrma.

]TahrN_ enAmuneBlkic©RbCuMenARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay) RbeTs\NÐa)ankMNt;Bn§ GtibrmaticCag 75° énBn§Kyrbs;xøÜn eTaHbIenHCakarEklMGFMmYyrbs;xøÜn elIsßanPaBenH énbNþaqñaM 1980kþI. kRmitmFüménBn§naMcUlEdlRbeTs\NÐa)ankMNt;KW 51° ¬116° sRmab;plitplksikmµ nig38° sRmab;plitpl]sSahkmµ¦. GRtamFüménBn§Gnuvtþrbs;\NÐa mankMriitRbEhl 30°.RbeTséfmanrcnasm<½n§Bn§KysµúKsµaj ehIyBn§GtibrmamankRmit TabCag 75°. GRtaBn§KyGtibrmaCamFümKW 28° kñúgxN³EdlGRtaBn§KyGnuvtþFmµta mFümmankRmitRbEhl 15°.

pÞúyeTAvijenARbeTsevotNam nigLav Edlbc©úb,nñkMBugcrcaGMBIsmaCikPaB WTO TMngCatRmUv[cgP¢ab;Bn§Kyrbs;xøÜn RbsinebIminTaMgGs;eTk¾PaKeRcInEdr ehIynigEktRmUvGRtaBn§KyGtibrma [mankRmitRbhak;RbEhlnwgGRtaGnuvtþ. kñúgkarcUleTAkan; WTO RbeTscin)ankMNt;Bn§KyTaMgRsugrbs;xøÜnkñúgkRmitmFüm esµInwg 15° ¬Gtibrma 65°¦ cMeBaHplitplksikmµ nig 8/9° ¬Gtibrma 47°¦ cMeBaHTMnij]sSahkmµ.

2> 2> 2> 2> 2> kmµviFIkmµviFIkmµviFIkmµviFIkmµviFI GSP

cMeBaHTIpSarénRbeTs]sSahkmµsMxan;² CaBiessTIpSarshrdæGaemrik GtßiPaBénplRbeyaCn_BIBn§§naMcUl eRkamRbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA (GSP) nwgbnþmansar³sMxan;cMeBaH Rkumh‘un naMecjkm<úCa.

eKminGacFana)annUvplRbeyaCn_GMBI GSP enAkñúg WTO eLIy ehIykarpþl;plRbeyaCn_ enaHeRcInEtcMNuHeTAelIesckþIseRmcCaGtþenam½trbs;RbeTsnaMcUl. CaBiess cMeBaHkmµviFIrbs;shrdæGaemrik EdlplRbeyaCn_GacminRtUv)aneKpþl;cMeBaHplitpl Edlgay {rgkarb:HBal;}ehIyenHCa bBaðamYysRmab;GñkplitsemøókbMBak; nigEs,keCIgenAkm<úCa. kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøg


59

eTAenH karGegátemIlbTdæankargarGnþrCati )ankøayeTACalkçN³vinicä½yskmµmYy sRmab;kmµviFIrbs;shrdæGaemrik nigkmµviFIrbs;shPaBGWr:ub. RbeTskm<úCaEdlmanekrþ×eQµaHl¥ kñúgkarRTRTg;bTdæankargarRtwmRtUv BuMsUvmanGVIEdlRtUvxøaceLIy. shrdæGaemrik k¾GnuvtþlkçN³vinicä½y EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkar karBar IPR pgEdr.

manktþadéTeTotEdleFVI[manplb:HBal; KWplRbeyaCn_Biess EdleKpþl;[bNþaRbeTsRbyuT§RbqaMgkarCYjdUreRKOgejón b¤RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgePrvkmµ ehIysRmab;krNIshPaBGWr:ub KWkarkarBarbrisßan.

eTaHbICaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆTaMgGs; manlkçN³sm,tþiGacTTYlkmµviFI GSP PaKeRcInkþIeKeXIjmankarekIneLIgnUvTsSn³enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmµEdlKitfa RbCaCatiRkIRkCageK KYrTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_eRcInCageK. ]TahrN_ eK)anelIksMeNIfa kmµviFI GSP rbs;shPaBGWr:ubsRmab; qñaM2006-2015 kMNt;eKaledAeTAkan;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK ehIyRtUveFVIkmµviFITaMg enaH[manlkçN³samBa Ø. CaBiess RbkarenHGacCYyRbeTskm< úCa d UcEdl)anKN³kmµkarshPaBGWr:ubelIksMeNIfa kmµviFIfµIk¾elIkkMBs;karGnuvtþviFanRbPBedImpgEdr ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ XsþIBIvis½ykat;edr¦.

bNþaRbeTsEdlpþl;kmµviFI GSP KWGU®sþalI ebLarus b‘ulhÁarI kaNada shKmn_GWr:ub Cb:unesLg;fµI n½rEvs shPaBsUevot sVIús TYrKI nigshrdæGaemrik. brimaNTMnijnaMcUl enAkñúgkmµviFIrbs;shPaBGWr:ubmantémøRbEhl 66 Ban;lan duløar enAqñaM 2002 rIÉshrdæGaemrik )annaMcUl RbEhl20 Ban;lan duløar. enAqñaM 2001 témønaMecj GSP rbs;km<úCamanTwkR)ak;cMnYn 1 142 lan duløarGaemrik éncMnYnTwkR)ak;naMecjsrubcMnYn 1 374 lan duløar Gaemrik.

esovePAENnaMsþIGMBIkmµviFI GSP sMxan;² pþl;nUvB½t’mansegçbGMBIRbeTs nigplitplnanaenAkñúgkmµviFITaMgenaH nigpþl;viFansþIBIRbPBedImEdlGacGnuvtþ)antamFmµta KWCaTidæPaBBi)akbMput énl½kçx½NÐ GSP. eKGacrkB½t’manenaHenAkñúgEvbsayénsmaKmBaNiC¢kmµ nigGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati(UNCTAD) tamGas½ydæan³

http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=1421&lang=1


60

3> 3> 3> 3> 3> shPaBGWr: ub ¬shPaBGWr: ub ¬shPaBGWr: ub ¬shPaBGWr: ub ¬shPaBGWr: ub ¬EU¦¦¦¦¦– “GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuFGV I²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuFGV I²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuFGV I²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuFGV I²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF”

kalBIeBlfµI²enH Rkumh‘unnaMecjkm<úCamYycMnYnsßitenAkñúgRkbx½NÐénRbkan;\riyabfBaNiC¢kmµEbbGnueRKaHfµImYy enAkñúgshPaBGWr:ub cMeBaHGVIEdlehAfa {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} ¬EBA¦sRmab;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK. karerobcMenHpþl;lT§PaBrYcBn§ niglT§PaBnaMcUledayKµankUta cMeBaHTMnijnaMcUlesÞIrEtTaMgGs; BIbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK.KYr[esaksþay viFansþIBIRbPBedImEdleRbIsRmab;naMcUl EBA CaviFanEdlmankardak;kMhit CaBiesscMeBaH]sSahkmµsemøókbMBak;rbs;km< úCa EdlBu M)aneFV IsmahrNkmµ ehIybc© úb,n ñenHBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelI vtßúFatuedImnaMcUlBIbreTs.

bNþaRbeTs]sSahkmµdéTeTot)anpþl;kmµviFIdUcKñaenH EdlCaGMeNaypl cMeBaHbNþaRbeTsGPivDÆTabCageK eTaHbICashrdæGaemrikBMupþl;\riyabfEbbenHkþI. enAkñúgesckþIRbkasénkic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) mankarsnüarbs;smaCik WTO TaMgGs; {cMeBaHeKaledArYcBn§ lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSaredayKµankUta cMeBaHplitplmkBIbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK}.

4> 4> 4> 4> 4> ASEAN nignignignignig AFTA

RbeTskm<úCa KWCasmaCikénkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµtMbn;EtmYyb:ueNÑaH eBalKW AFTA.R)akdNas;Edlfa l½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢kmµEdleKRbtibtþienAkñúgbNþaRbeTsGas‘an nwgmanplb:HBal;y:ageRcInmkelIlT§plGnuvtþrbs;km<úCa cMeBaHkarnaMecjplitplkñúgRbeTs. AFTA nwgtRmUv[RbeTsRb‘uyeN \NÐÚensIu m:aeLsuI PIlIBIn swgðburI nigéf lubbM)at;Bn§KyPaKeRcInbMputRtwmqñaM 2010.bNþaRbeTshtßelxIÉeTotrbs; AFTA r Ymman km< úCa Lav mIy:an;m:a evotNam RtUvlubbM)at;Bn§naMcUlelIplitplEdlmanEcgenAkñúg {taragKitBn§} edaymanry³eBlGnþrkal xus²KñaGnuvtþcMeBaHplitplEdlgaymanplb:HBal;rhUtdl;qñaM 2015 ¬Gacmankarbt;EbnmYycMnYn¦.

enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog{qab;RbmUlpl} RbeTséfpþl;karrYcBn§cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa ¬Lav nigmIy:an;m:apgEdr¦ cMeBaHplitplmYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamplitplCab;Bn§ 43 mux CaBiess elIplitplRtI sac; RkNat; nigsemøókbMBak;.


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AFTA minRtwmEtGnuvtþcMeBaH Bn§Kyb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾GnuvtþpgEdrnUvviFankarminEmnBn§Ky KWc,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØa esvakmµ bTdæanviFanénRbPBedIm karsRmYlBaNiC¢kmµ nigEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ déTeTot.enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn AFTA manviFankareRcInCagviFan nigkarsnüarbs; WTO.

5> RbeTscin5> RbeTscin5> RbeTscin5> RbeTscin5> RbeTscin

tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIrvagcin nigGas‘ankMBugRtUv)ancrcakñúgeBlfµI²enH. enAkñúgkmµviFI {qab;RbmUlpl} RbeTscinpþl;lT§PaB[km<úCarYcBn§ ¬rYmTaMgLav nigmIy:an;m:a¦ elIplitplcMnYn 297 mux.taragenHrYmmanCacMbg plitplksikmµ nigesvakmµ b:uEnþk¾manbBa©ÚlpgEdr nUvplitpl semøókbMBak;Es,keCIg nigeRKOgsgðarwm.

6> 6> 6> 6> 6> kic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKIkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKIkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKIkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKIkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI

cab;taMgBIqñaM 1993 mk RbeTskm<úCa)aneFVIkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI cMnYn 24 EdlrYmman\riyabfBn§Ky MFN CamYynwgRbeTscMnYn 13 KW cin \NÐÚeNsuI m:aeLsuI evotNam Lav rusSIshrdæGaemrik shPaBGWr:ub PIlIBIn nigéf. kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg kic©RBmeRBogCamYysmaCikbc©úb,nñrbs; WTO manmYyEpñkFM CMnYsedayl½kçx½NÐcUlCasmaCik WTO. kic©RBmeRBog vaynPNÐnigkic©RBmeRBogsemøókbMBak;CamYyshrdæGaemrik nigCamYyshPaBGWr:ub manbBa¢ak; enAkñúg]bsm<½n§sþIBI ]sSahkmµsemøókbMBak;.

Rkumh‘unnaMecjenARbeTskm<úCacaM)ac; RtUvcat;viFankarCamYynwgl½kçx½NÐxus²Kña énkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarenAkñúgBiPBelak. kic©RbtibtþikñúgeBlknøgeTA CaTUeTAKWCakardwkplitplminTan;)anEkécñeTAkan;RbeTsCitxag ehIyGnuBaØat[plitkr nigBaNiC¢krenATIenaHedaHRsayPaBsµúKsµajénkarlk;bnþeTAeTot. RbsinebIRbeTskm<úCamanbMNgFananUvtémøbEnßmBIkarlk;edaypÞal; rYmmanplitplEdl)anEkécñ enaHRkumh‘unkñúgRbeTscaM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgGMBITIpSar CaeRcInCagmun.

b:uEnþKYr[esaksþay karkMNt;GRtaBn§Ky eRcInEtCaEpñktUcmYYyénbBaðaRtUvRbQmmux GMBIkaryl;dwgl½kçx½NÐTIpSar dUcmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgCMBUkTI 8.


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Bn§Ky bnÞúk nigkarkMhitepSg²elIkarnaMecj

enAkñúgkarcrcacUlCasmaCik WTO eK)ansaksYrRbeTskm<úCaGMBIBn§naMecj bnÞúk nigkMhitepSg². CaTUeTA ktþaTaMgGs;enHmin)anTTYlkarelIikTwkcitþBI WTO eLIy eTaHbICavaBMumanlkçN³pÞúyKñac,as;las;eFobnwgviFanrbs; WTO kþI edayehtufaktþaTaMgenaHTMngCaeFVI[b:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. ]TahrN_énviFankarTaMgenaH GacraraMgRkumh‘unplitkrbreTsedayGyutþiFm’nigminsmehtunUvlT§PaBTTYlvtßúFatuedIm. b: uEnþ RbeTskm<úCamin)anÉkPaB elIkarpøas;bþ Úrkic©Rbtibtiþbc©úb,nñrbs;xøÜneLIy eRkABIGnuvtþktþaTaMgenaHenAkñúgl½kçx½NÐénbBaØtþirbs; WTO.

plitplsMxan;² EdlRtUvbg;Bn§naMecj nigGRtabg;Bn§naMecj³

• stVBahn³ nigRCUksRmab;bgáat;BUC 10°• RtIrs; nigplitplRtI 10°• gav RKuM nigplitplrbs;va 10°• ekAs‘UFmµCati nigkaksMNl;ekAs‘U 10°• eQIminTan;Ekécñ b¤eQIBak;kNþal Ekécñ 10°• eQIGar eQIeRCok nigkþarbnÞH 5°

mankUtanaMecj nigmankarhamXat;nana edIm,ItRmUvtameKaledAneya)ayepSg². eyagtamkarelIkElgrbs; WTO plitpl»sf nigsmÖar³evC¢sa®sþ tRmUv[manlixitGnuBaØat rIÉkarnaMecjeRKOgejón nigfñaMBulRtUv)anhamXat; ¬karelIkElgrbs; WTO KWeFVIsRmab;karBarsuxPaBmnusS¦.karnaMecjeQImUl nigeQIGarRtUv)anhamXat; ehIyplitpleQIsßitenAkñúgkUta edIm,IkarBarkar)at;bg;FnFanFmµCati. GavuF eRKOgpÞúH yuT§PNÐ meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún nigeRKOgcRkeyaFa RtUvsMuGaCJabNÑEdlBuMEmnmanlkçN³sV½yRbvtþieLIy eRBaHsmÖar³TaMgenH b:HBal;CasMxan;elIEpñksnþisux. karnaMecjvtßúburaNEdlmanGayuelIsBI 100 qñaM RtUv)anhamXat; edIm,IkarBarektnPNÐCati.

kardak;kMhitkUtaelIkRmiténkarnaMecjGgárRtUv)anlubbM)at;enAqñaM 2001. b:uEnþkm<úCa)an R)ab; WTO

fa km<úCamanbMNgrkSaTuksiT§ i kñ úgkardak;kMhitsarCafµIeLIgvij kñúgkrNIEdlmankgVHes,ógGaharF¶n;F¶r.


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briyakaseFVIBaNiC¢kmµfµI³ dMeNaHRsayCamYy nwgr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky

CMBUkTI 8

enAeBlNaEdlBn§KymanlkçN³GMeNaypl nigRtUv)ankMNt;fa Ca»kasl¥sRmab;TIpSarman]bsKÁdéTeTot kñúgrUbPaBCar)aMg{minEmnBn§Ky} EdlnwgeFVI[manplb:HBal;dl;plitpl km<úCaeTaHCaplitplTaMgenaHTTYl)aneCaKC½y b¤minTTYleCaKC½yk¾eday. smaCikPaBkñúg WTO

KYrbgðajfa vamansar³RbeyaCn_kñúgkaredaHRsayCamYynwgr)aMgTaMgenH.

kñúgkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO km<úCacaM)ac;RtUvRbkan;yknUvl½kçx½NÐénkic©RBmeRBogmYycMnYnsþIBIviFankarminEmnBn§Ky. viFankarmYycMnYndUcCa karvaytémørbs;Ky karpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlnigGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij manbBa¢ak;enAkñúgCMBUkTI 5 nigCaviFanEdlmansar³sMxan; sRmab;brisßanc,ab;enAkm<úCa. b:uEnþviFanTaMgenH nigviFandéTeTot k¾GnuvtþcMeBaHédKUBaNiC¢kmµcMbg²rbs;km<úCaenAkñúg WTO pgEdr. viFanTaMgGs;enaH KYrdak;kMhitdl;smtßPaBénrdæaPi)alnanarbs;WTO kñúgkarTb;sáat;edayGyutþiFm’ cMeBaHkarnaMcUlrbs;km<úCa.

WTO cat;karCamYyCamYynwgkarRbtibtþiTaMgenH edayecjc,ab;hamXat;karkMNt;kUtaelIkarnaMcUl nigkarnaMecj. Bn§KyKWCaTRmg;pøÚvc,ab;cMbgmYyénkarkarBar b:uEnþmankarelIkElg sMxan;²cMnYn 2 enAkñúgvis½ykat;edr nigvis½yksikmµ. rhUtdl;cugqñaM 2004 shrdæGaemrik shPaBGWr:ub nigkaNadaGacrkSaTukkUtaelIvaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak;. k¾b:uEnþenAcugqñaM 2004 kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO

sþIBIvaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak;nwgbBa©b;kardak;kUtaenAkñ úgvis½yenH EdlmanGayu 40 qña Mb¤eRcInCagenH. plb:HBal;énkarpøas;bþÚrenHmkelIvis½ykat;edrkm<úCa manBiPakSaenAkñúg ]bsm<½n§ X.]bsm<½n§ X.]bsm<½n§ X.]bsm<½n§ X.]bsm<½n§ X.

lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarksikmμ nigkUtaBn§Ky

kareRbIR)as;kUtadéTeTotEdleKGnuBaØat KWkUtaelIvis½yksikmµ. eKdak;eQµaHkUtaTaMgenHfa{kUtaBn§Ky} eRBaHvaGnuBaØat[naMbrimaNmYycMnYncUlTIpSaredaybg;Bn§KyTab b¤minCab;Bn§Ky.ral;karnaMcUlEdlminsßitenAkñúgkUtaBn§Ky RtUvbg;Bn§x<s;CagFmµta KWCaGRtaBn§y:agx<s; EdleFVI[

64

karnaMcUlminGacRbkYtRbECgnwgeK)an.

kardak;[manRbB½n§kUtaBn§Ky enAkñúg WTO KWedIm,IFanafa Bn§KyEdlmankRmitx<s; minGaclubbM)at;karnaMcUlTaMgRsugenaHeLIy. bc©úb,nñ mankUtaBn§KyRbmaNCa 1400 EdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;RbeTsCasmaCik WTO RbEhl 43 RbeTs. RbeTskm<úCamineRbIkUtaBn§KyenAkñúg WTO eLIyb:uEnþRkumh‘un nigGñkksiGaCIvkmµnaMecjenAkm<úCa nwgCYbRbTHbBaðaTaMgenHCajwkjab; edaypÞal;b¤edayRbeyal.

karRKb;RKgkUtaBn§KymanlkçN³sµúKsµaj. dUcRbB½n§kUtaPaKeRcInÉeTotEdr kUtaenHgayeFVI[mankarrMelaPbMBan cMENkÉviFanrbs; WTO xitxMTb;sáat;karrMelaPTaMgenH. bBaða nigkartv:aTak;TgnwgkUtaBn§Ky RtUv)aneKBieRKaHCaeTogTat;enAkñúgKN³kmµaFikarksikmµrbs; WTO. karcrcaenAkñúgkic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) xagmuxenH manbMNgdak;ecjnUvvin½yfµI².

smaCikrbs; WTO manviFIsa®sþxus²Kña kñúgkareRbIR)as;kUtaBn§Ky. kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;EsþgkUtaBn§Kyrbs; WTO RbEhlBak;kNþalmin)aneFVI[b:HBal;karnaMcUleLIy. kñúgkRmitGRtakUtaBn§Ky BMumankardak;kMhitelIbrimaNnaMcUleT. kUtadéTeTotRtUv)anRKb;RKgelImUldæan mkmun)anmunmkeRkay)aneRkay EdlGnuBaØat[mankarnaMcUleTAkan;TIpSarBIRKb;RbPB enAkñúgGRta kUta rhUtdl;Gs;kUta. enAeBleKeRbIk UtaGs; mankardak;[Cab;Bn§eRkAkUta. RbB½n §T I 3 Tak;TgnwgkarecjGaCJabNÑelImUldæanGñkmkmun)anmun GñkmkeRkay)aneRkay rIÉRbB½n§ TI 4 Tak;TgnwgkarecjGaCJabNÑelImUldæanénRbvtiþcMENkTIpSar. viFIsa®sþTI 5 KWkaredjéføcMENkénkarnaMcUl b¤GaCJabNÑnaMcUl.

kUtaBn§Kyk¾RtUveKeRbICaTUeTApgEdr enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogGnueRKaH nigkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrI.

sþg;dabec©keTs kñúgnamCar)aMgBaNiC¢kmμmYy

EpñkTI 2 Edlr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky GaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;karnaMecjrbs;km<úCa KWkareRbIR)as;sþg;dabec©keTs. RbkarenH TMngCabBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxd¾FMmYysRmab;RbeTskm<úCa eRBaHfa


65

RbeTskm<úCa EsVgrkkareFVI[mUldæannaMecjmaneRcInEbb nigEsVgrkTIpSarrbs;xøÜn. bTdæanCatiminRtwmEtmankarlM)akenAkñúgkarbMeBjb:ueNÑaHeT nItiviFIGnuvtþcMeBaHkarnaMcUleTotesat k¾GacmanlkçN³sµúKsµajpgEdr. CMhandMbUg KWkaryl;dwgGMBIbTdæanEdleKeRbIenAkñúgTIpSarnana ehIyCMhanbnÞab; KWkareFVIy:agNa[plitplkm<úCaGaceqøIytb)an eTAnwgbTdæanTaMgenaH.

tamFmµta kic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatiTTYlsÁal;PaBxusKñarvagbTdæan katBVkic© nigbTdæansµ½RKcitþ.enAkñúg WTO tamFmµta bTdæankatBVkic©Tak;TgnwgbTbBaØtiþbec©keTs. k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarrbs;TIpSarBitR)akd Rkumh‘un nigGñknaMecjkm<úCacaM)ac;RtUveqøIytbeTAnwgbTdæanBak;B½n§TaMgLay eTaHbICabTdæanTaMgenaHCabTdæansµ½RKcitþ b¤bTdæankatBVkic©kþI. kñúgkareFVIEbbenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgGMBInItiviFImYycMnYn Tak;TgnwgkareFVIetsþ karpþl;viBaØabnbRt nignItiviFIvaytémøelIPaBRtwmRtUvepSg² k¾dUcCakarerobcMTTYlsÁal;eTAvijeTAmk. ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ TI 3 sþIBImuxagarrbs;kaMkugRtUl¦.

karRbRBwtþelµIsGacmancMnYneRcIn ehtuenHkic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ (TBT) KWCakic©karBarmYyEdlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHplitplkm<úCa. kic©RBmeRBogenHdak;ecjnUvviFannanasRmab;dak;kMhit nigRKb;RKgbTdæanepSg² ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 14¦. mankic©RBmeRBogdUcKñaenH sRmab;kMNt;bTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGaharpgEdr. cMNucenHmanBnül;enAkñúg ]bsm<½n§k1 sþIBIvis½yksiGaCIvkmµ.

kareRbIR)as;viFanRbPBedImenATIpSarbreTs GacmanlkçN³sµúKsµajy:agxøaMg. CaTUeTAeKeRbIviFanTaMgenaH sRmab;kMNt;GtþsBaØaN\riyabfBn§KyelITMnijnaMcUl sRmab;RbeTskm<úCaehIyPaKeRcIn CaGRtaBn§GnueRKaH. bBaðanwgekInmankan;EteRcInEfmeTot cMeBaHTMnijEdlRtUvkarvtß úFatuedIm nigEpñkepSg²eTot EdlmanRbPBmkBIRbeTsCaeRcIn b¤RtUvkarvtß úFatuEdlplitenARbeTsepSg²KñamYycMnYn. krNIenHeRcInekItman cMeBaHplitplsemøókbMBak;rbs;km<úCa.

shrdæGaemrik shPaBGWr: ub nigTIpSarFM²déTeTotPaKeRcIn GnuvtþviFanxus²Kña cMeBaHRbB½n§RbPBedIménTMnij. karcrcakMBugRbRBwtþeTAGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM enAkñúg WTO edIm,IEklMGviFansþIBIRbPBedIménTMnij. enAeBlQanCitdl;TIbBa©b; karcrcaTaMgenHmankarrGak;rGYl edaysar

briyakaseFVIBaNiC¢kmµfµI ³ dMeNaHRsayCamYynwgr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky

66

mankaryl;xusKñaelIbBaðavaynPNÐ semøókbMBak; nigvis½yplitdéTeTot. vin½yrbs; WTO sþIBIviFanRbPBedIm manerobrab;enAkñúgRbGb;TI 13 xageRkam.

RbGb;TI 13 ³ kic©RBmeRBog RbGb;TI 13 ³ kic©RBmeRBog RbGb;TI 13 ³ kic©RBmeRBog RbGb;TI 13 ³ kic©RBmeRBog RbGb;TI 13 ³ kic©RBmeRBog WTO elIviFansþIBIRbPBedIm elIviFansþIBIRbPBedIm elIviFansþIBIRbPBedIm elIviFansþIBIRbPBedIm elIviFansþIBIRbPBedIm

kic©RBmeRBogenHRtUv)aneKRBageLIgelIsmµtikmµfa nwgmankic©RBmeRBogmYyeTotsþIBIviFanénkarRsuHRsYlKña sþIBIRbPBedImenAkñúgsmaCikPaBTaMgGs;rbs; WTO. eKminTan;eXIjman viFanEbbenHenAeLIyeT. kñúgeBlenH vin½yrbs;kic©RBmeRBogEdlminGnuvtþcMeBaHrbbGnueRKaH BaNiC¢kmµtRmUv[manviFansþIBIRbPBedImdUcCa³

• caM)ac;RtUvkMNt;n½y[c,as;las; nige)aHpSay[)anqab;rh½s• minKYreFVI[Gak;dMeNIrkar b¤manplb:HBal;GviC¢mandl;BaNiC¢kmµ• KYrRKb;RKg[sIucgVak;Kña manGBüaRkwtPaB nigmanPaBsmehtusmpl• KYrGnuvtþedayKµankarerIseGIg

RbGb;TI 14 ³ kic©RBmeRBogRbGb;TI 14 ³ kic©RBmeRBogRbGb;TI 14 ³ kic©RBmeRBogRbGb;TI 14 ³ kic©RBmeRBogRbGb;TI 14 ³ kic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ ¬sþIBIr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ ¬sþIBIr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ ¬sþIBIr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ ¬sþIBIr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ ¬TBT¦¦¦¦¦

eKaledAénkic©RBmeRBog TBT KWeFVIy:agNa [bTdæankatBVkic©bec©keTs nigbTdæansµ½RKcitþRBmTaMgnItiviFIsRmab;vaytémøPaBRtwmRtUvtambBaØtþi nigbTdæanTaMgenaH minkøayeTACar)aMgEdlmincaM)ac;cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ. kic©karenHrYmmankatBVkic©evcx©b; KUssMKal; nigdak;pøaksBaØa. bec©ks½BÞ{bTbBaØtþibec©keTs} KWCabTdæancaM)ac;EdlTMnijnaMecjBIkm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvEt eKarBtam . {RkmsþIBIkic©Rbtibtþil¥} EdlP¢ab;CamYykic©RBmeRBogenaH manEcgGMBIbTdæansµ½RKcitþ.

enAxN³EdlkareRbIbTbBaØtþibec©keTs EdleKTTYlsÁal;faCabTdæanGnþrCati kic©RBmeRBogWTO snµt;fa bTdæanTaMgenaH nwgminbegáIt]bsKÁmincaM)ac; cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµeLIy. bTdæanEdlbegáIteLIgedayGgÁkarxageRkamenH manEcgGMBIcMNucTaMgenH³

• GgÁkarsþg;daGnþrCati ¬ISO¦• KN³kmµkarbec©keTseGLicRtUnikGnþrCati ¬IEC¦


67

• shPaBTUrKmnaKmn_GnþrCati ¬ITU¦• KN³kmµkarsuvtßiPaBGahar ¬sßitenAeRkamGgÁkarcMNIGahar nigksikmµénGgÁkarsh

RbCaCati (FAO)¦

eKGacTTYlyk)annUvbTbBaØtþibec©keTs EdleRcInEttwgEtgCagbTdæanGnþrCati RbsinebIbTbBaØtþiTaMgenaHeqøIytbnwglkçN³vinicä½ymYycMnYnEdlmanEcgenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenH. bTbBaØtþibec©keTs nigbTdæansµ½RKcitþ³

• caM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþedayKµankarerIseGIgcMeBaHplitplBIbreTs• minRtUvGnuvtþtwgEtgxøaMgcMeBaHplitplnaMcUl CagplitplkñúgRbeTseLIy• caM)ac;RtUvEp¥kelImUldæanB½t’man RbkbedaylkçN³viTüasa®sþ nigbec©keTs.

kic©RBmeRBogenHk¾)andak;vin½ynana sþIBI nItiviFIvaytémøcMeBaHPaBRtwmRtUvtampgEdr. nItiviFITaMgenaH caM)ac;RtUvEtmantmøaPaB nigmanB½t’mansRmab;[GñkpÁt;pÁg;breTsGacrk)anedaygayRsYl. nItiviFITaMgenaHminRtUvbgákarlM)ak cMeBaHTMnijnaMcUlCagplitplkñúgRbeTseLIy.eKminKb,I kMNt;éføbnÞúkxusTMng ehIykarerobcMsakl,gminKb,IbgákarlM)ak cMeBaHGñkpÁt;pÁg;b¤Rkumh‘unnaMcUlbreTseLIy. eKk¾RtUvGnuBaØat[Rkumh‘un nigGñknaMecjeFVIkarbþwgtva:pgEdr.

RbsinebIGaceFVI)an eKRtUvesñI[smaCikénGgÁkar WTO [TTYlyklT§plénkarvaytémørbs;smaCikdéT tamry³karTTYlsÁal;kic©RBmeRBogeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IbgáarnUvbnÞúkvaytémøeTVdg cMeBaHRkumh‘unnaMcUlbreTs.

Rkumh‘unnaMecjkm<úCa GacrkkEnøgTak;TgrkB’t½manfñak;Cati rkemIlcMNuclMGiténviFanénbTbBaØtþibec©keTs viFanbTdæanEdlmanlkçN³sµ½RKcitþ nigviFanvaytémøPaBRtwmRtUvtamkic©RBmeRBog TBT tamGasydæan ³ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tbe/tbe.htm.

briyakaseFVIBaNiC¢kmµfµI ³ dMeNaHRsayCamYynwgr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky

68

éføQñÜlviBaØabnbRtRbPBTMnij

bBaðaBak;B½n§mYyenAkm<úCa KWkarecjviBaØabnbRtRbPBedIm rbs;RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ (C/O). manRkumh‘unnaMecjkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn tv:aGMBIkarGUsbnøayeBlevla nigR)ak;bnÞúkeRkApøÚvkarEdl eKRtUvbg;ed Im, IFananUvkarTTYlnUvv iBa ØabnbRtTa MgenH. tampø Úvkar karecjviBa ØabnbRtRbPBedImtRmUv[bg;R)ak;sRmab;EtsemøókbMBak; n igEs,keCIgEtb: ueNÑaH. C/O TRmg; A (GSP)

énsemøókbMBak;Cag 2000 sRmab; nigEs,keCIgCag 200 KU eKyktémø 50 duløar Gaemrik. karecjC/O TRmg; N (MFN Fmµta) eKykéfø 30 duløar sRmab;semøókbMBak;elIsBI 2000 sRmab; nigsRmab;Es,keCIgelIsBI 200 KU. cMeBaHkarbBa¢ÚnTMnijEdlmanbrimaNticCag 2000 sRmab; nigticCag 200KU éfø C/O KW 15 duløar ¬GSP¦ nig 10 duløar ¬MFN¦.

karecjviBaØabnbRtRbPBedIménTMnijksikmµ mintRmUv[manbg;R)ak;QñÜleT. plitpldéTeTot RtUvmankarbBa¢ak;GMBIRbPBedIm edIm,I[)anTTYl GSP b¤[)anTTYlnUvkarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµepSg²eTot. b:uEnþedaysarEtviFanRbPBedImnana enAminTan;mankarRsuHRsYlKñal¥enAeLIy enAkñúgcMeNamsmaCikGgÁkar WTO CaBiess cMeBaH\riyabfBn§KyGnueRKaH eKsegáteXIjfa bTdæanEdl)anGnuvtþ b¤PsþútagEdltRmUv[man BMusUvmanPaBsIucgVak;KñaeLIy.


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karkøayeTACamanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgnigdMeNaHRsayCamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECg

CMBUkTI 9

ebIniyayBIkarRbkYtRbECg RKb;smaCik WTO TaMgGs; sYrsMNYrdUc²Kñafa³ etIeyIgmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgEdrb¤eT eFobnwgGñkpÁt;pÁg;déTeTot enATIpSarbreTs? RbsinebIKµanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgeT etIeKRtUveFVIdUcemþc[eyIgmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECg? TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH etIeyIgGacsRmbxøÜn CamYynwgkMlaMgénkarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgTIpSarrbs;eyIgpÞal; Edrb¤eT? RbsinebIminGacsRmbxøÜn)aneT etIeyIgGacedaHRsaybBaðaenH y:agdUcemþc? CMBUkenHnwgelIkykbBaðaTaMgBIrenH mkbgðaj.

bTBiesaFEpñkGaCIvkmµ k¾dUcCaTsSn³TUeTApgEdr )anbBa¢ak;fa RbsinebIesdækic©mYy minelIkTwkcitþ[mankarRbkYtRbECgépÞkñúgeTenaH eKTMngCaminGacnwgmanplitpl nigesvakmµ EdlmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgCamYyTIpSarxageRkA)aneT. CakarBitNas;Edlfa enHKWCakarniyay[samBaØ.b:uEnþ edIm,IBRgIksßanPaBenH karcUlkñúgGgÁkar WTO GacCMruj[manviFanRbesIrCagenH nigeFVI[mansßab½nEdlKYr[Tukcitþ)anCagmun CMrujkarvinieyaK nigmanl½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢kmµEdlGac):an;RbmaNTukCamun)an ehIyedaysarehtuenH vak¾nwgbMpus[mankarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgRbeTspgEdr.

kareFVIEbbenH KWCaRbkarl¥sRmab;GtifiCn nigsRmab;vinieyaKin. b:uEnþ sRmab;plitkrkñúgRbeTseKBM usVaKmn_karRbkYtRbECgEdlekIteLIgenaHeT ehIyenAeBlEdlplitkrenAkñ úgRbeTsmankarRBYy)armÖ Gñkneya)ayk¾mankarRBYy)armÖdUcKñaEdr. GgÁkar WTO TTYlsÁal;bBaðaenHehIypþl;meFüa)aymYycMnYnsRmab;ecosvagbBaðaenH. sRmab;RbeTskm<úCa k¾dUcCasmaCikdéTeTotrbs; WTO Edr karvinicä½yGMBIkal³eTs³EdlRtUveRbIR)as;meFüa)ayTaMgenaH EtgEtCaRbkard¾l¥RbesIrmYy ¬tulüPaBrvagplRbeyaCn_rbs;GtifiCn Gñkbg;Bn§ nigplitkr EdlmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECg Tl;nwgplRbeyaCn_rbs;m©as;eragcRk naykRKb;RKg nigkmµkr enAkñúgGaCIvkmµkñúgRbeTs¦.

70

bBaðasþIBIPaBRbkYtRbECgenAkm<úCa kMBugsßitenAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgenAeLIy. mUldæanénkarnaMecjmanlkçN³tUcceg¥ót ehIymanlkçN³samBaØ ¬edaymanEtkarnaMecjplitplén]sSahkmµkat;edr RsUv nigekAs‘U Etb:ueNÑaH¦ nigeBareBjedayGMeBIrt;Bn§. b:uEnþ karnaMecj nigkarnaMcUlCapøÚvkar)anekIneLIgy:ageRcIn ehIymanlkçN³suIcgVak;KñaenAkñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM knøgeTA b¤kñúgry³eBlEvgCagenH ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 15 ¦.


RbGb;TI 15 ³ lT§plGnuvtþEpñkBaNiC¢kmµrbs;km< úCaRbGb;TI 15 ³ lT§plGnuvtþEpñkBaNiC¢kmµrbs;km< úCaRbGb;TI 15 ³ lT§plGnuvtþEpñkBaNiC¢kmµrbs;km< úCaRbGb;TI 15 ³ lT§plGnuvtþEpñkBaNiC¢kmµrbs;km< úCaRbGb;TI 15 ³ lT§plGnuvtþEpñkBaNiC¢kmµrbs;km< úCa

karnaMcUl nignaMecjrbs;km<úCa )anekIneLIgy:ageRcInenAkñúgry³eBlR)aMqñaMcugeRkayenH.Tinñn½yrbs;mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCatixageRkam min)anrab;bBa©ÚlnUvkarnaMecjbnþeLIy. RbkarenHmann½yfa Ca]TahrN_ eKmin)anrab;bBa©Úlsac;RkNat; nigsrésGMe)aHEdleK)annaMcUl sRmab;plit semøókbMBak; EdleKnwgnaMecjCabnþeTAeTot enaHeT.

eyagtamnaykdæanKy nigrdæakr plitplcMnYn 11 mux kñúgcMeNamplitplnaMecj 15mux enAqñaM 2003 CaplitplEdlmanRbPBBIvis½ykat;edr. TMnijsMxan;²déTeTot KWekAs‘UEs,keCIg nigmas.

karnaMcUlcMbgrbs;km<úCa ¬ebIKittamtémørbs;Ky¦ enAqñaM 2003 KWRkNat;vaynPNÐbnÞab;mk plitpleRbg\n§n³ )arI »sf eRKOgpÁMúsemøókbMBak; sIum:g; nigyanynþ.

BaNiC¢kmµpø Úvkarrbs;km<úCa ³ lT§plkalBIeBlfµI² BaNiC¢kmµpø Úvkarrbs;km<úCa ³ lT§plkalBIeBlfµI² BaNiC¢kmµpø Úvkarrbs;km<úCa ³ lT§plkalBIeBlfµI² BaNiC¢kmµpø Úvkarrbs;km<úCa ³ lT§plkalBIeBlfµI² BaNiC¢kmµpø Úvkarrbs;km<úCa ³ lT§plkalBIeBlfµI² ¬landuløarGaemrik¦

RbPB: IMF Article IV Consultations with Cambodia, 2004

19991999199919991999 20002000200020002000 20012001200120012001 20022002200220022002 20032003200320032003naMecjnaMecjnaMecjnaMecjnaMecj 997 1>283 1>462 1>638 1>960naMcUlnaMcUlnaMcUlnaMcUlnaMcUl 1>490 1>849 2>010 2>228 2>524

71

enAkñúgRbeTs eKminsUveCOelIsmtßPaBrbs;km<úCa enAkñúgkareFVIiBhuvb,kmµcUleTAkan;TIpSarTMenIb nigcUleTAkan;TIpSarBiPBelakBitR)akdenaHeT. CnbreTsPaKeRcInmankarPJak;ep¥Il cMeBaHninñakarrbs;Blrdækm<úCa EdlbdiesFplitplrbs;km<úCa nigemIlRsalsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜn kñúgkarRbkYtRbECg. RbsinebIBlrdækm<úCaKµanCMenOelIplitplrbs;xøÜn ehtuGVI)anCaGñkTijmkBIbreTsRtUveCOCak;eTAelITMnijrbs;km<úCa?

tamBitRbeTskm<úCamanlT§PaBeRcInNas;. enAelITIpSarBiPBelak eKeXIjplitplrbs;km<úCadUcCaGgár EpøeQI eRKOgeTs sENþkdI nigRtIEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;bMput. km<úCaplitmuxTMnijes,ógGaharCaeRcIneday\teRbIsarFatuKImI. RbkarenHGaceFVI[TMnijTaMgenaH Gacmantémøx<s;GaccUldl;TIpSarTMenIb Caplitpl{srIragÁ}sRmab;TIpSarFM². enAtamdgpøÚvsMbUredaysib,krpliteRKOgsgðarwm nigTMnijsib,kmµd¾l¥viciRt ehIyplitplTaMgenaHmanskþanuBlsRmab;karnaMecjx<s;Nas;. vis½yeTscrN_kMBugmankarrIkcMerIn edaysarsm,tþivb,Fm’Catid¾mantémø y:ageRcIn rbs;km<úCa.

plRbeyaCn_énkarGnuvtþbTdæankargar

R)ak;QñÜlBlkmµenAkm<úCamankRmitTab b:uEnþRbeTskm<úCa)anksagekrþ×eQµaHl¥ cMeBaHkarGnum½tnigkareKarBsþg;dakargarGnþrCati. TaMgenHKWCaktþaEdlmansar³sMxan; cMeBaHvinieyaKinEdlcUlmkkm<úCa b:uEnþeKminKYrrMBwgelIktþaenHxøaMgeBkeT. CaTUeTA esdækic©km<úCa KWCaesdækic©EdlmanéføedImTab EdlsßitenAkñúgtMbn;mYyEdlkMBugmancMNayekIneLIg b:uEnþmanGRtakMeNInesdækic© x<s;. km<úCaKWCaRbeTsmYyEdlmanTItaMgKYr[cab;GarmµN_cMeBaHkarvinieyaK nigcMeBaHGñkTijenAbreTs kñúgkareFVIBhukmµRbPBénkarpÁt;pÁg; nigkarplit. km<úCa KWCaRbeTsEdlTTYlplénkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµµGnueRKaHCaeRcIn.

tamBitkm<úCaman]bsKÁCaeRcIn ehIyeyIg)anelIkykbBaðaenHmYycMnYnmkBiPakSarYcehIyenAkñúgCMBUkmun². vinieyaKKinCaeRcIn minmkvinieyaKenARbeTskm<úCaeT. elIkElgEtkrNIxøH²CaTUeTA RbeTskm<úCaminmanskmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµCadMukMPYneT. manEt]sSahkmµkat;edrEtb:ueNÑaH EdleK)anerobcMsRmab;karnaMecjBitR)akd. eKBMueXIjfa RbeTskm<úCamansmtßPaBeRcIn kñúgkarplit nigcMeBaHkarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBcaM)ac;sRmab;tP¢ab;plitplkm<úCa [cUleTAkan;TIpSarbreTseLIy. karevc

karkøayeTACamanPaBRbkYtRbECg nig dMeNaHRsayCamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECg

72

x©b; kardak;pøakeQµaH nigkardak;pøaksBaØamanlkçN³minRKb;RKan;. ehdæarcnasm<½n§ k¾manmin RKb;RKan;.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday karcUlCasmaCik WTO RKan;EtGacbBa¢ak;)anfa RbeTskm<úCaGacCaEpñkmYyénesdækic©BiPBelakb:ueNÑaH. tamkalvivtþéneBlevla cMeBaHGaCIvkmµCaeRcIn KWCakarkMNt;TisedAyuT§sa®sþ nigmhicätasarCafµI. karkarBarmUldæanQreCIgenAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRbeTsEdlman TMhMtUccaM)ac;RtUvbMElg[eTACayuT§sa®sþvinieyaK EdlmankarRbfuyRbfanx<s; ¬Gacniyayfa CamYyvinieyaKinbreTs¦ rYmpSMCamYykarGPivDÆplitpl nigTIpSar.

karsMrYlkarlM)akmYycMnYn cMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg

kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg WTO manTMenarBIrEbgEckBIKña rvagkarRbkYtRbECg {yutþiFm’} nig{GyutþiFm’}. CagenHeTAeTot eKGnuvtþrbbepSgKña cMeBaHplitpl]sSahkmµ nigplitplksikmµ.rhUtmkdl;eBlenH vis½yvaynPNÐ nigvis½ykat;edr manviFanBiesspÞal;rbs;xøÜn EdlviFanTaMgGs;enH nwgRtUvlubbM)at;enAcugqñaM 2004. RbeTscinsßitenAkñúgry³eBlGnþrkal 8 qñaM kñúgnamCasmaCikmYy rbs; WTO EdlRtUvcMNuHl½kçx½NÐtwgEtgCagsmaCikdéTeTot.

meFüa)ayd¾gaymYyénkar karBarBaNiC¢kmµ KWkarbegáInBn§Ky. eKk¾GacbegáInBn§KyGtibrmapgEdr. b:uEnþ nItiviFIenHmanlkçN³Evgq¶ay. nItiviFIenH GacBak;B½n§nwgkarcrcad¾twgEtgCamYyédKUBaNiC¢kmµTaMgLay edIm,IbnÞabGRtaBn§Gtibrma (bound rate) elIplitpldéTeTotRtUvEtCakarb:Hb:UvCamYynwgkarbegáInGRtaBn§Ky.

enAeBlEdlBYkeKmanCMenOfa caM)ac;RtUvcat;viFankarRbqaMgnwgkarnaMcUl tamFmµta smaCik WTO

BwgEp¥kelImeFüa)aykarBarBaNiC¢kmµcMbgmYy kñúgcMeNammeFüa)aybI. kñúgenaHmeFüa)ayBIrGacRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaskmµPaBRbqaMgtbnwgkarRbkYtRbECgEdlmanlkçN³GyutþiFm’. meFüa)ayTImYy KWkareRbIR)as;Bn§KyRbqaMgtbnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø. Bn§TaMgenH KWCaBn§EdlbUkbEnßmelIBn§KyedIm,IRbqaMgnwgkarlk;TMnijefakCagtémøFmµta7 k¾b:uEnþkarlk;kñúgkRmitefakCagFmµtaBuMEmnCabBaðaxusc,ab;enAkñúg WTO eLIy. b:uEnþ RbsinebIGñkpÁt;pÁg;breTs seRmccitþkat;bnßyéfø rbs;xøÜntamFmµtaGtifiCnenAkñúgTIpSarnaMcUlnwg)anTTYlplcMeNj. b:uEnþkic©RBmeRBogRbqaMgnwgkarlk;


7 TMnijEdlRtUv)anlk;bgçÚcéfø CaTUeTA KWCaTMnijEdleKlk;enAkñúgTIpSarnaMcUlenAkñúgtémøTabCagTIpSarnaMecj.

73


bgçÚcéførbs; WTO ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 16¦ pþl;siT§i[rdæaPi)aldak;Bn§KybEnßm kñúúgl½kçx½NÐhWµgm:at;edIm,Ikat;kgCamYynwg\T§iBlénkarlk;bgçÚcéfø EdleFVI[b:HBal;dl; ]sSahkmµkñúgRbeTs.

RbGb;TI 16 ³ viFanrbs;RbGb;TI 16 ³ viFanrbs;RbGb;TI 16 ³ viFanrbs;RbGb;TI 16 ³ viFanrbs;RbGb;TI 16 ³ viFanrbs; WTO sþIBIBn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø sþIBIBn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø sþIBIBn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø sþIBIBn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø sþIBIBn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø

viFanrbs; WTO sþIBIkardak;[manBn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø manlkçN³sµúKsµajNas;.viFanTaMgenaH pþlEdnkMNt;sMrab;kic©karBar]sSahkmµkñúgRbeTs nigecosvagkarrMelaPbMBannana.

eKGaccat;Tukfa TMnij {RtUv)anlk;bgçÚcéfø} enAeBlEdléfønaMecjmankRmitTabCagéfølk;enAkñúgTIpSarrbs;RbeTsplit. RbsinebIKµantRmUvkarkñúgRbeTs enaHeKGaceRbobeFobtamEbbdéTeTot b¤eKGacKNnaéfølk;kñúgRbeTs {tamkarsnµt;}.

eKGacdak;[manBn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø RbsinebI ]sSahkmµkñúgRbeTs EdlplitTMnijdUcKñargkarb:HTgÁic b¤Gacrgkarb:HTgÁicy:agF¶n;F¶r. CagenHeTAeTot eKRtUvEsVgrkcMNgTak;Tgrvagehtuplénkarlk;bgçÚcéfø nigplb:HBal;.

viFantamnItiviFI TamTarfa enAkñúgkaresIubGegátbNþwgtva: GMBIkarxUcxattamry³karlk;bgçÚcéfø PaKIBakB½n§TaMgGs;mansiT§ikñúgkarerobcMbNþwgrbs;xøÜn rab;TaMg]sSahkmµnaMecjEdleK)anecaTRbkan;GMBIkarlk;bgçÚcéføpgEdr. b:uEnþ ]sSahkmµnaMecjk¾mankatBVkic© eFVIshRbtibtþikarCamYyGaCJaFresIubGegátpgEdr edaypþl;B½t’mancaM)ac;sþIBImUldæan sRmab;KNnaR)ak;lMeGogénkarlk;bgçÚcéfø ¬pldkénéfønaMcUl nigéfølk;enATIpSarkñúgRbeTs enAkñúgRbeTsnaMecj¦.

eKGacdak;viFankarbeNþaHGasnñ munnwgkMNt;CabBa©b; énkarlk;bgçÚcéfø nigR)ak;lMeGogénkarlk;bgçÚcéfø sRmab;GñknaMecjplitplBak;B½n§nImYy². GñkpÁt;pÁg;Gacecosvagkarbg;Bn§ RbqMagnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø edayyl;RBmbegáInéfønaMecjrbs;xøÜn. RbsinebImankardak;[Cab;Bn§Cak;lak;eKKb,I BinitüemIlBn§TaMgenaHsaeLIgvij. RbeyaKcugeRkayEcgfa Bn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéføRtUvcb;Ca sV½yRbvtþienAkñúgry³eBlR)aMqñaMeRkay.

TRmg;mYyeToténkarRbkYtRbECg EdlmanlkçN³GyutþiFm’ KWkareRbIR)as;kar]btßmÖFn enAkñúgRbeTsnaMecj. enAkñúg WTO eKhamXat;kar]btßmÖFnedaypÞal; dl;karnaMecjTMnij]sSahkmµeTaHbICaeKminTan;)anhamXat;karpþl;kar]btßmÖFncMeBaHTMnijksikmµk¾eday. eKGnuBaØat[mankar

74


RbGb;TI 17 ³ kar]btßmÖFn nigBn§Tb;Tl;RbGb;TI 17 ³ kar]btßmÖFn nigBn§Tb;Tl;RbGb;TI 17 ³ kar]btßmÖFn nigBn§Tb;Tl;RbGb;TI 17 ³ kar]btßmÖFn nigBn§Tb;Tl;RbGb;TI 17 ³ kar]btßmÖFn nigBn§Tb;Tl;

kar]btßmÖFnedaypÞal;GaRs½yelIlT§plénkarnaMecjplitpl nigkarrYcBn§Tak;TgnwgkarnaMecjRtUv)anhamXat;. Kb,IbM)at;ecalnUvkar]btßmÖFnTaMgGs;enH BMuenaHesateT karGnuvtþEbbenaHnwgGacRbQmmuxnwgRbB½n§edaHRsayvivaTrbs; WTO.

CaeKalkarN_ eKGacGnuBaØat[mankar]btßmÖFndéTeTot. b:uEnþeKGacEckkar]btßmÖFnCaBIrRbePT³ kar]btßmÖFnEdl {GacecaTRbkan;)an} nigkar]btßmÖFnEdl {minGacecaTRbkan;)an}.kar]btßmÖFnEdlminGacecaTRbkan;)an rYmmankar]btßmÖFn {minCak;lak;} EdlCaTUeTA manenAkñúgesdækic© ehIyminpþl;GMeNayplcMeBaH]sSahkmµNamYy b¤Rkumh‘unNamYyeT. eRkABIenH karpþl;CMnYy]btßmÖKaMRTcMeBaHtMbn;EdlKµanlkçN³GMeNaypl b¤karpþl;CMnYydl;shRKasFuntUcnigmFüm karsikSaRsavRCavrbs;EpñkÉkCn nigkarKaMRTcMeBaHkarvinieyaKelImeFüa)ayplitkmµEdlmineFVI[ manplb:HBal;GviC¢mandl;brisßan k¾TMngCaminGacecaTRbkan;)anEdr.

]TahrN_ RbsinebIkar]btßmÖFnmYymanlkçN³Cak;lak;cMeBaH]sSahkmµmYy Rkumh‘unmYyb¤RkummYyénshRKasenaH eKGacecaTRbkan;)an. RbkarenaHmann½yfa smaCik WTO GacRbQmmuxTl;nwgkar]btßmÖFnenaH enAkñúgviFanedaHRsayvivaT b¤RbsinebImanplb:HTgÁicF¶n;F¶r cMeBaH]sSahmµkñúgRbeTs enaHRtUvdak;[manBn§Tb;Tl;.

l½kçx½NÐ nignItiiviFIEdlmanenAkñúg {kic©RBmeRBog]btßmÖFn} rbs; WTO sRmab;dak;[manBn§Tb;Tl;elITMnijnaMcUl Edl)anTTYlkar]btßmÖFn manlkçN³dUcKñay:ageRcIn eFobnwgkardak;[manBn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéføEdr ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 15¦. bBaðaKnøwHKWfa enAeBlmankarhamXat;cMeBaHkar]btßmÖFn etIkar]btßmÖFnenaHCa {kar]btßmÖFnEdlGacecaTRbkan;)an} b¤Ca {karbMeBjxatEdlminGacecaTRbkan;)an}. bnÞab;mkmankarcaM)ac; kñúgkarkMNt;fa etIkar]btßmÖFnelITMnijnaMcUl eFVI[xUcxatdl;]sSahkmµkñúgRbeTsEdlplitplitpldUcKña Edrb¤eT? KWenAeBlenaHehIyEdleKGacKNna nigdak;[manBn§Tb;Tl;.

]btßmÖFncMeBaHRbePTdéTeTot EdleKarBtaml½kçx½NÐmYycMnYn rYmmankar]btßmÖFnEdlmanCaTUeTAenAkñúgesdækic© ehAfakar]btßmÖFnminCak;lak;. m:üagvijeTot kar]btßmÖFnTaMgenaHBuMEmnsMedAeTAelI]sSahkmµ b¤Rkumh‘unCak;lak;NamYyeLIy ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 17¦.

75

mankar]btßmÖFnmYycMnYnEdlsßitenAcenøaHRbePTTaMgBIrenH ehIykar]btßmÖFnTaMgenaH GacRbQmmuxenAkñúg WTO. plitplEdlTTYlplBIkar]btßmÖFn EdlGacecaTRbkan;)anTaMgenHk¾GacrgkarBin½yenAkñúgTIpSarnaMcUl tamry³Bn§Tb;Tl; EdlbEnßmeTAelIBn§KyFmµtapgEdr. Bn§Tb;Tl;Kb,Ikat;kgRCHRsLH nUv\T§iBlénkar]btßmÖFn elIkarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgTIpSarnaMcUl. viFansRmab;dak;[manBn§TaMgenH manEcgenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO.

mankarkarBartictYcTb;Tl;nwgkarRbkYtRbECgEdlmanlkçN³yutþiFm’

meFüa)aykarBarBaNiC¢kmµcMbgTIbI KWviFankarkarBar. kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBIkar karBar¬sUmGanRbGb; 18¦ GnuvtþcMeBaHTMnijEdlGaceFVIBaNiC¢kmµkñúglkçN³yutþiFm’ b:uEnþTMnij TaMgenaHekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½senAkñ úgTIpSar ehIyTMnijTaMgenaHeFV I[b:HBal; dl;TMn ijkñ úgRbeTsEdleKmin)anrMBwgTukCamun b¤BuMenaHesat TMnijenaHeFVI[mankarKMramkMEhgcMeBaH]sSahkmµkñúgRbeTs. vin½y kñúgkareRbIR)as;nUvviFankarkarBarmanlkçN³hµt;ct;Nas; ehIyBn§Ky b¤kUta RKan;EtCameFüa)ay beNþaHGasnñEtb:ueNÑaH.

RbGb;TI 18 ³ kareRbIR)as;viFankarkarBarRbGb;TI 18 ³ kareRbIR)as;viFankarkarBarRbGb;TI 18 ³ kareRbIR)as;viFankarkarBarRbGb;TI 18 ³ kareRbIR)as;viFankarkarBarRbGb;TI 18 ³ kareRbIR)as;viFankarkarBar

rdæaPi)alGacdak;[manviFankarkarBar EdlCaFmµta eKdak;[manBn§Ky b:uEnþeKk¾Gacdak;kUtapgEdr enAeBlEdleKGackMNt;fa TMnijnaMcUlekIneLIgkñúgel,ÓnmYyEdlbgá b¤EdlKMramkMEhg[mankarb:HBal;F¶n;F¶rcMeBaHplitkrkñúgRbeTs.

PaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs;KYrmanlT§PaBbgðajTsSn³rbs;xøÜn enAkñúgkaresIubGegátmYy ehIyKYrBicarNaGMBIplRbeyaCn_rbs;saFarN³CnTUeTA dUcCaBicarNaGMBIplb:HBal;rbs;va mkelIéføTMnijeRbIR)as;CaedIm. RbsinebImankardak;viFankar enaHcaM)ac;RtUvTamTar[]sSahkmµEdlTTYlkarkarBar EktRmUvtambriyakasEdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg eRkayeBllubbM)at;karkarBar.tamFmµta eKdak;viFankarkarBarsRmab;ry³eBlbYnqñaM. eKGacGUsbnøayry³eBlenH dl;R)aMbIqñaMb¤db;qñaM sRmab;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ.


76

RbsinebImankarkat;bnßykUta eKKb,IEbgEckkUtaTaMgenaHtamEbb EdlKµankarerIseGIgcMeBaH Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;nana. b:uEnþ RbsinebIkarnaMcUlBIRbeTsmYy b¤BIRbeTseRcIn ekIneLIgedayKµantulüPaB enaHeKGacdak;kMhitedayeRbIrUbPaBkUta cMeBaHRbeTsTaMgenaHEtb:ueNÑaH.

eKtRmUv[RbeTsmYyEdldak;viFankarkarBar pþl;plRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµ EdlmanlkçN³Ca sMNgb:Hb:Uv dl;RbeTsEdlrgeRKaH. kñúgkrNIEdlKµankarÉkPaBKñaelIsMNg RbeTsnaMecjman siT§itictYc kñúgkardkplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµ ecjBIRbeTsnaMcUl.

tamFmµta RbeTskMBugGPivDÆminKb,ITTYlviFankarkarBareLIy RbsinebIcMENkénTIpSarBak;B½n§rbs;BYkeK enAkñúgRbeTsnaMecjmanTMhMticCag 3°.

enAxN³EdlRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ kMBugEtbegáInkareRbIR)as;meFüa)ayTaMgenH cMNayrbs;Rkumh‘unkñúgkarEsVgrknUvmeFüa)ayTaMgenH nigcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkardak;ecjnUvmeFüa)ayTaMgenH GacmankRmitx<s;y:agxøaMg. CaerOy² enAkñúg WTO eKcaM)ac;RtUvkarBarmeFüa)ayTaMgenaHeRBaHvaCameFüa)ayEdleRcInEtRtUvRbQmmuxnwgkarbþwgpþl; tamry³bNþwgedaHRsayvivaT. enAkñúgRbeTsRkIRk Canic©kal eKRtUvKitGMBIplRbeyaCn_rbs;GtifiCn Fana[BYkeKmanlT§PaBTijTMnijkñúgtémøefak.

enAkñúgkarcrcacUlCasmaCik WTO RbeTskm<úCa)anR)ab;smaCikdéTeTotfa km<úCamanbMNgdak;[manc,ab; bTbBaØtiþ nigynþkarcaM)ac;nana sRmab;eRbIR)as;viFankarRbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéføviFankarTb;Tl; nigviFankarkarBarenAGnaKt. b:uEnþkartak;Etgc,ab;enH enAminTan;dak;CUnsPaCatiGnum½tenAeLIyeT.


77

ksiGaCIvkmµµ³ TUeTA]bsm<½n§ k1

RbeTskm<úCamanFnFanksikmµCaeRcIn nigmanskþanuBl kñúgkarERbkøayFnFanTaMgenH[eTACaGaCIvkmµsRmab;naMecjd¾eCaKC½y. sRmab;plitplsMxan;²mYycMnYn kar)at;bg;KuNPaBénTMnijksikmµ edaysarkarrt;Bn§ KWCabBaðacMeBaHmuxd¾FMbMput. cMNaykñúgRbeTsx<s; ehdæarcnasm<½n§minl¥GRbsiT§PaBEpñkrdæ)al nigkgVHkarvinieyaKelIIsmtßPaBEkécñ TaMgGs;enHeFVI[b:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµpøÚvkar. ksikr nigGñklk;duMeRcInEtRbkan;ykCeRmIsEdlgayRsYlbMput KWlk;plitpl[BaNiC¢krmkBITIpSarCitxag EdlmanlT§PaBr:ab;rgcMNayeRkApøÚvkarkñúgkarbBa©ÚnTMnijecjBIkm<úCa edIm,IEkécñniglk;Cabnþ. kMENTRmg;c,ab; EdlsmaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkar WTO tRmUv[man niglT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarkñúglkçN³GnueRKaH GacEklMGsßanPaBenH. b:uEnþ briyakaseFVIBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak kMBugRtUv)anEklMGCabeNþIr²b:ueNÑaH edayeyagtamviFanrbs; WTO. edIm,Icab;yk]tþmPaBén»kasfµI²caM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgGMBIr)aMgBn§Kyx<s; PaBsµúKsµajénrbbkUta nigl½kçx½NÐtRmUv[mansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar. RkumksiGaCIvkmµ KYrBinitü[)anhµt;ct;cMeBaHskþanuBlénkic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha)

edIm,IEklMGl½kçx½NÐCabEnßmeTot.

]bsm<½n§ k2-k8 BiPakSaGMBI»kasnana sRmab;plitplksiGaCIvkmµmYycMnYn. RbFanbTrYmKWWTO GacCYy)an b:uEnþ\T§iBlrbs; WTO kñúgry³eBldMbUg mantictYcb:ueNÑaH. eCaKC½y nwgBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgeTAelIkarpøas;bþÚrFM² GMBI\riyabfBaNiC¢kmµRbéBNI nigkic©RbtibtþiEpñkGaCIvkmµ.

mtieyabl;GMBIksiGaCIvkmµxageRkamenH CaTUeTA Bak;B½n§eTAnwgbBaða 3 y:ag³ kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµminpøÚvkar nigkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµedayxusc,ab; PaBRbkYtRbECg KuNPaB RBmTaMgrebob Edl WTO

GaceFVI[manplb:HBal;dl;RbtibtþikarnImYy². ]bsm<½n§enHk¾erobrab;lMGitbEnßmeTot GMBIviFIGnuvtþviFanrbs; WTO cMeBaHkareFVIksikmµenATUTaMgBiPBelak nigGMBIviFIcrcakñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ enAkñúg{kic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha)} Gacmansar³RbeyaCn_cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa.

78

EpñkminpøÚvkar³ kar)at;bg;skþanuBlnaMecj edaysarkarrt;Bn§

bBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxF¶n;F¶rbMput cMeBaHvis½yksikmµenAkm<úCa KWkar)at;bg;y:ageRcInnUvTMnijksikmµEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; edaysarkarrt;Bn§. vtßúFatuedIménvis½ynaMecjEdlmantémøx<s; kMBugEt)at;bg; edaysarmUlehtusamBaØmYycMnYn³ bNþaRbeTsCitxagmansmtßPaBEkécñmuxTMnijCaeRcInehIyRbeTsTaMgenaH eRcInCYbbBaðakgVHvtßúFatuedIm cMENkÉ esvanKr)al nigesvaKy enAtamRBMEdnBMumanPaBrwgmaM niggayBak;B½n§CamYykarGnuuvtþnItiviFI nigkarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar.

cMNay nigbnÞúkEpñkrdæ)alénkarnaMecjpøÚvkar mankRmitx<s;hYs. GaRs½yehtuenH BuMmanGVIEdlRtUvPJak;ep¥IleT Edlfaksikr nigGñklk;duMkm<úCaCaeRcIncUlcitþeRbImeFüa)ayBaNiC¢kmµ minpøÚvkar.]TahrN_ GñkEkécñGgár sENþkesog RKab;l¶ b¤RKab;sVaycnÞIenARbeTsevotNam eRtomCaeRsckñúgkarbBa© ÚnTUk b¤rfynþdwkTMnijmkkan;km<úCa edIm,IRbmUlTij TUTat;Casac;R)ak; ehIyra:b;rgral;cMNayeRkApøÚvkar kñúgkardwkCBa©ÚnTMnijqøgEdneTAkan;RbeTsrbs;xøÜn.

GñkEkécñenARbeTsCitxag manesckþIrIkray kñúgkarpþl;éføx<s;cMeBaHvtßúFatuedIm. b:uEnþ BYkeK)anFanaRckpøÚveTAkan;vtßúFatuedImEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; EdleRkayBIEkécñrYc Gaclk;)antémøx<s;enAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRbeTs nigenATIpSarnaMecjrbs;BYkeK. CaerOy² Blrdækm<úCaRtUvbg;éføx<s; cMeBaHplitplnaMcUl EdlmanedImkMeNItecjBIplitplEdldaMenAtamERscMkar rbs;RbeTsxøÜneTAvij.kar)at;bg;plitkmµksikmµ edaysarkarrt;Bn§ nigedaysarGMeBIBukrlYy EdlbgákarlM)akkñúgkarkat;bnßycMNayplitkmµ niglM)akdl;karnaMecj.

bBaðaTaMgenH KWCa]bsKÁmYyy:agFM cMeBaHRbeTsmYyEdlcUlCasmaCik WTO edayyl;eXIjfa eKnwgkøayeTACatYGgÁmYytUc b:uEnþmanTTYleCaKC½y enAkñúgBaNiC¢kmµksikmµBiPBelak.RbeTskm<úCaGacnwgsßitenA CaEpñkmYyénExSRcvak;plitkmµ/ExSRcvak;TIpSar EdlTIbMputplitplRtUv)aneKnaMecjBIRbeTséf evotNam b¤cineTAvij. eTaHbICakrNIenHekItmank¾eday plitplksiGaCIvkmµkm<úCa KYrmantémøsmrmü. kñúgry³eBlEvg muxTMnijes,ógGaharrbs;km<úCa caM)ac;RtUvmankarTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgTIpSarGnþrCati faCaplitplEdlmanKuNPaB Edlksikr nigGñkEkécñenAkm<úCa Gaclk;kñúgtémøsmRsb.


79

CMBUkxagedIm)anBiPakSaGMBImuxgarEdlGgákar WTO GacbMeBj kñúgkarCMruj[mankMENTRmg;Epñksßab½n nigtmøaPaBenAkñúgbTbBaØtþiBaNiC¢kmµnana. rdæaPi)almankmµviFIfµI² kñúgbMNglubbM)at;GMeBIrt;Bn§. kMENTRmg;KyTamTareBlevlaEvg b:uEnþGacTTYlnUvkarelIkTwkcitþ nigkar]btßmÖKaMRTBIsMNak;TIPñak;garGnþrCati. viFanfµI² sþIBIkarsRmYlBaNiC¢kmµ EdlkMBugcrcaenAkñúgkic©RbCuMenATIRkug dUha(Doha) GacCYybEnßmeTotcMeBaHkMENTRmg;enaH ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 4¦.

enATIbBa¢b;caM)ac;RtUvEteFVI[ksikrkm<úCaTTYlsÁal;fa BYkeKnwgmanCIvPaBFUFar tamry³karRbmUlpþMú nigrkTIpSarplitplrbs;xøÜntambNþajpøÚvkar CaCagbNþajminpøÚvkar.

karcMNaynana énkarvinieyaK nigmeFüa)ayplitkm μ

eTaHbICaman b¤KµanGMeBIrt;Bn§kþI enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAEtKµankarEkécñvtßúFatuedImeLIy eRBaHRbeTsenHmansmtßPaBbnþicbnþÜcEtb:ueNÑaH. karvinieyaKenAmankRmitTaby:agxøaMg. bc©úb,nñenHsmtßPaBEdlman eRcIn)anTTYlhirBaØvtßúedaypÞal;BIm©as;eragm:asIunkinRsUv nigBIm©as;eragcRkTaMgLay. edayehtufa esvahirBaØvtßúmanlkçN³minRKb;RKan; nigtRmUv[mankarcMNayx<s; ksikrEtgCYbkarlM)akkñúgkarrkhirBaØvtßú b¤BuMmanlT§PaBTal;EtesaHkñúgkarrkhirBaØvtßú sUm,IEtsRmab;karvinieyaKtictYcEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;begáInTinñpl b¤sRmab;eFVIBhuvb,kmµelIdMNaMfµI²kþI. R)ak;km©IénFnaKarBaNiC¢kmµ RbsinebIGacrk)an eKRtUvbg;;karR)ak;BI 12-24° kñúg1qñaM ÉGRtakarR)ak; sRmab;mIRkUhirBaØvtßú nigR)ak;km©IeRkApøÚvkarvij GaceLIgdl;eTA 50°. CMBUkTI 6 Bnül;GMBIskþanuBlénplb:HBal;rbs; WTO mkelIbriyakasvinieyaK rYmmanplb:HBal;mkelIEpñkesvahirBaØvtßú pgEdr.kñúgry³eBlxøI eKcaM)ac;RtUvEsVgrkmeFüa)ayfµI² sRmab;begáInTun. b:uEnþ ]bsKÁcMbgmYy kñúgkarFanasuvtßiPaB cMeBakarpþl;;hirBaØvtßú enAkm<úCa KWGvtþmanénkmµsiT§idIFøIsRmab;ksikr.

karvinieyaKkñúgRbeTselIvis½yksiGaCIvkmµ GacnwgTTYl)ankarsVaKmn_. b:uEnþKYr[esaksþayéføcMNayénGaCIvkmµenAkm<úCaeFVI[vinieyaKin)ak;Twkcitþ dUc)anbgðajenAkñúgkarsikSaGMBI {ExSRcvak;témømYycMnYn}. ]TahrN_ bBaðasRmab;GñkEkécñ KWéføeRbg\n§n³ nigéføGKÁIsnImankRmitéføhYs.bBaðasRmab;ksikr KWTMnijnaMcUlRsbc,ab;TaMgLay k¾dUcCaktþaplitkmµdéTeTot EdlrYmman RKab;BUCCIKImI fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it mantémøx<s;hYsehtu. dUcenHehIy eTIbeKrt;Bn§TMnijTaMgenaH.

]bsm<½n§ k1 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ TUeTA

80

éføeRKOgcRkksikmµFmµtak¾xusKñay:ageRcIn ebIeFobnwgKURbECgenAbNþaRbeTsCitxagpgEdr.Bn§KysRmab;Rtak;T½r nigm:asuInedIredaym:as‘UtmankRmitTabCabgÁÜr. b:uEnþeRKOgbnøas;cMeBaHmuxTMnijdEdlenHGacCab;Bn§KyeTVdg ehIyCab; {GakrBiess} 25° bEnßmeTot. Bn§pøÚvkarsrub EdleKykenAtamRBMEdnGaceLIgdl; 50° ebIKitbBa©ÚlTaMgtémøGakrbEnßm (VAT) pg. tamFmµta Bn§RbePTenHTaMgLay KYrRtUvbBa©b;RBmeBlKñanwgkarcUl WTO. b:uEnþkarrkSaBn§Kyx<s;EdlRtUv)anhamXat;cMeBaHRKOgbnøas;enAEtCabBaðadEdl RbsinebIKµankMENTRmg;Bn§Ky CabEnßmenaHeT. bc©úb,nñ eKrt;Bn§eRKOgbnøas;mkBIRbeTsevotNam b:uEnþBn§KycMeBaHeRKOgbnøas;énm:asuInm:as‘UtdUcKña EdlcUlmkBIcinnigCb:un GacmankRmitBI 5-20°.

bBaðakMNt;témøKitBn§ rbs;KycMeBaHkarnaMcUlvtßúFatuedImksikmµ nigkarnaMcUleRKOgcRk k¾CacMeNaTTUeTApgEdr. CYnkaleKkMNt;témøKitBn§tamkarnwkeXIj nigmanlkçN³twgEtgcMeBaHRkumh‘unnaMcUldEdl eTaHbICamankarbBa¢ÚnTMnijxuseCIgKñakþI. cMeNrteTAkarGnum½tvin½ynanarbs; WTO

¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 5¦ nwgedaHRsaynUvbBaðaTaMgenH)an.

GakrelItémøbEnßm (VAT) k¾begáItCabBaðasRmab;karvinieyaKelIeragcRkEkécñpgEdr. RksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßúmankatBVkic©bEgVrGakrelItémøbEnßm elIkarnaMcUleRKOgcRkkñúgry³eBl 3 ExedayKitBIeBlnaMcUl b:uEnþCanic©Cakal eKBuM)anGnuvtþtamkarkMNt;enHeLIy.

KuNPaB nigtRmUvkarénTIpSarnaMecj

tamkarBnül;enACabnþ enAkñúg]bsm<½n§enH GgÁkar WTO GackarBarRkumh‘unnaMecjrbs;km<úCa[Tb;Tl;nwgkareRbIR)as;bTdæansuvtßiPaBcMNIGaharEbbrMelaP enAtamTIpSarbreTsTaMgLay. b:uEnþRbkarenHBuMmann½yfa karrMBwgTukGMBIKuNPaBrbs;GñkTijenAtamTIpSarFM² BuMmankRmitx<s;enaHeT.

RbeTskm<úCaGacplitksipl EdlmancMNat;fñak;;elx 1. tamry³karvinieyaK nigkarkat;bnßykarrt;Bn§y:ageRcIn RbeTskm<úCaGacmansmtßPaBbMeBjtamtRmUvkar EdlRtUvKñaCamYynwgmUldæanTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµ sRmab;kic©snüary³eBlEvg. plitkrBitR)akdenAkm<úCa kMBugGnuvtþrYcehIynUvviFIsa®sþRtYtBinitüKuNPaB nigkmµviFICMnYybec©keTs b¤manKMeragEklMGbTdæannana.


81

GtifiCnenAshrdæGaemrik shPaBGWr : ub Cb: un nigTIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmIndéTeTot)anTamTarkan;EtxøaMg nUvcMNIGahar {EdlmansuvtßiPaB} KµanCatiBulenAkñúgenaH ehIy)anTTYlkarkarBarsmRsb RbqaMgnwgCMgW nigkarTukdak;minRtwmRtUv. BYkeKk¾cg;)anpgEdr nUvplitplEdlminCab;Bak;B½n§nwgPaBsahavéRBépScMeBaHstVBahn³ b¤minbMpøajbrisßanedIm,Iplit. BYkeKCaeRcIneRtomlkçN³CaeRsc kñúgkarbg;éføx<s; sRmab;karbriePaKplitpl {EdldaMedayeRbICIFmµCati}¬eTaHbICaes,ógGaharEbbenH Canic©Cakal BMuEmnsuT§EtmanrsCatiq¶aj;kþI ¦.

Tak;TgenAnwgbBaðaenH km<úCaGacman]tþmPaBCagGñkpÁt;pÁg;déTeTot. eRBaHmanGñkpÁt;pÁg;tictYcbMputEdlGaceFVIdUecñH)an. ksikrmanTMenarmineRbIR)as;CIKImI b¤fñaMsMlab;stVl¥iteLIy. edaymankartamdan nigbBa¢ak;)ansmRsb plitplrbs;ksikrkm<úCamanskþanuBlkñúgkardak;lk; Ca plitplEdldaMedayeRbICIFmµCati ehIynwglk;)anéføx<s;CabEnßm edaysarmanrs;Catiq¶aj;. RbkarenHBuMmann½yfa plitplTaMgenaHTMngCamancMENkFMmYyénTMnijnaMcUlenAkñúgTIpSarNamYyeLIyb:uEnþkic©karenH BitCaebIk»kas[mankarFananUvmUldæansRmab;TIpSarEdlmantémøx<s;.

RbkarenHk¾GaRs½ypgEdrelIkarrkTIpSar karevcx©b; kardwkCBa¢ÚnCak;Esþg nigkarrkSaTuknUvplitplgayxUcKuNPaB. RbeTskm<úCamansmtßPaBtictYc kñúgkarevcx©b;[RtUvtambTdæanEdleKTamTarenAkñúgTIpSarTMenIb. CagenHeTAeTot RbeTskm<úCaKµanXøaMgRtCak;FMu²eLIy ehIyk¾KµankardwkCaBa©ÚnEdlbMBak;eday]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBenAeRkATIRkugPñMeBj nigTIRkugRBHsIhnu ¬EdltRmUv[mankarelIkkMBs;¦Edr. karvinieyaKkñúgRbeTs edIm,IbegáItehdæarcnasm<½n§EbbenH GacmanRbPBmkBIkarrkTIpSarkm<úCasRmab;ry³eBlEvg kñúgzan³CaGñkplites,ógGaharmanKuNPaBx<s;.

BaNiC¢kmμksikmμBiPBelak³ GyutiþFm’ b:uEnþkMBugrgkarEklMG

tamFmµta enAeBlEdl»kassRmab;eFVIBaNiC¢kmµTMnij]sSahkmµ manlkçN³c,as;las;ehIykarRbkYtRbECgmanlkçN³yutþiFm’CabgÁÜrenaH eKminGacniyayEbbenHcMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµksikmµeLIy. CaTUeTA r)aMgcUleTAkan;TIpSarmankRmitx<s; kar]btßmÖFnenARbeTsrIkceRmIn )anbgá[manplb:HBal;GviC¢many:agxøaMgcMeBaHTIpSar ehIy»kasnaMecjsRmab;GñkpÁt;pÁg;es,ógGahar k¾RtUveKarBtam bTdæansuvtßiPaBEdlkan;EtsµúKsµajEdr.


82

bBaðasMxan;KWfa kñúgry³eBlCit 50qñaM TMnijksikplminRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgvin½yFmµtarbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakeLIy. GgÁkar GATT EdlCaGgÁkaredImrbs; WTO rkSaTukl½kçx½NÐBiessmYycMnYn Edl)anGnuBaØat[mankMeNInelIkar]btßmÖFn nigmankarkarBarTIpSar y:ageRcInEdlminGac):an;RbmaNTukCamun)an. lT§pl KWeFVI[TIpSarBiPBelakmanlkçN³ sib,nimµitTaMgRsugcMeBaHplitplsMxan;²CaeRcIn.

viFanBiessTaMgenH)anGnuBaØat[shKmn_GWr:ub begáItRbB½n§sµúKsµajrbs;xøÜn sRmab;karBar TIpSarkar]btßmÖFncMeBaHksikrkñ úgRbeTs nigkar]btßmÖFncMeBaHkarnaMecj EdleKehAfa {eKalneya)ayksikmµTUeTA} (CAP). enAshrdæGaemrik kar]btßmÖFnTaMgenHmanenAkñúgkmµviFIbMeBjxatksikmµEdlmanry³eBlEvg. RbeTsCb:un sVú Is nigbNþaRbeTsság;DINav RBmTaMgRbeTsrIkceRmInPaKeRcIndéTeTot manlT§PaBkñúgkarkarBary:ageRcIncMeBaHvis½yksikmµ.

eKalkarN_sMxan;² 3 énkMENTRmg;BaNiC¢kmμksikmμ

nacugbBa©b;énkarRbCuMcugeRkay sþIBIBaNiC¢¢kmµBiPBelak KWkarRbCuMEdlRbRBwtþeTA enAkñúgRbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay) nigkarbegáIteLIgnUvGgÁkar WTO enAqñaM 1995 sßanPaBbgákarxUcxatRtUv)aneKeFVI[mansißrPaB nig)ancab;epþImEklMG. kMENTRmg;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg eRkam eKalkarN_ 3sMxan;².

TImYy ral;kardak;kMhitEpñkkUtaesÞIrEtTaMgGs; nigkmµviFIdUcKñaenH EdlmanmunqñaM 1995RtUv)anbMElgeTACaBn§Ky. Bn§Kybc©úb,nñmYyPaKFMCaBn§KykatBVkic©Gtibrma ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 7¦elITMnij]sSahkmµrbs;smaCik WTO nImYy². GaRs½yehtuenH y:agehacNas; Rkumh‘unnaMecj)andwgBitR)akd GMBIBn§Kyx<s;bMputEdlplitplrbs;xøÜnRtUvCab;Bn§.

KYr[esaksþay kñúgkareFVIkarbMElgenH Bn§KymYycMnYnkøayeTACamankRmitx<s;hYsehtu ehIykñúgkrNImYYycMnYnmankRmitx<s; rhUtTal;EteKminGacnaMTMnijcUleTATIpSarenaH. kñúgkrNIenHbNþaRbeTsBak;B½n§mankatBVkic©kñúgkarpþl;lT§PaBGb,brma sRmab;cUleTAkan;TIpSar edayykBn§KytamGRtaTab b¤pþl;lT§PaBsmmUlnwgkRmiténkarnaMcUlmunqñaM 1995. karerobcMTaMgenH)anbNþal[man {kUtaBn§Ky} EdlmanBnül;enAkñúgCMBUkTI 8.


83

eKalkarN_TI 2 énkMENTRmg; Tak;TgnwgkarKaMRTksikrkñúgRbeTs. enHKWCaEpñkFMbMputénkar]btßmÖFnEpñkksikmµenATIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmIn. kmµviFITaMgenHRtUv)anEbgEckCa 3 fñak;. RbePTénkar]btßmÖFnTI 1 RtUv)ancat;Tukfa min)aneFVI[mankarb:HBal;CaGviC¢man cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatieLIy CaBiess karTUTat;pÞal;eTA[ksikr edIm,IRTRTg;R)ak;cMNUlrbs;BYkeK minGaRs½y elIGVIEdlksikrpliteLIy b¤minBwgEp¥keTAelIéfølk;eLIy ¬enHCakarTUTat;EdlminCab;Tak;Tgb¤karTUTat;KµankarpSarP¢ab;¦. kar]btßmÖFnEbbenHk¾rYmmanpgEdr nUvKMerag]btßmÖKaMRTdl;kmµviFIsikSaRsavRCav kmµviFIbrisßan nigkmµviFICMnYy]btßmÖKaMRTRbcaMtMbn;pgEdr. eKGnuBaØat[mankar]btßmÖFnTaMgenH ehIyCYnkaleKehAfakarTUTat;RbGb;ébtg.

RbePTTI2 énkarKaMRTkñúgRbeTs dak;[maneKalneya)ayksikmµTUeTA rbs;shPaBGWr:ub(CAP) maneQµaHehAfa kar]btßmÖKaMRTRbGb;BN’exov. RbGb;BN’exovRtUv)aneKKitfa rYmmankarTUTat;eTA[ksikrkñúgl½kçx½NÐfa BYkeKplitkñúgkMMritbrimaNmYYyCak;lak;. karTUTat;TaMgenH man\T§iBltictYcb:ueNÑaH eTAelIBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati ehIybc©úb,nñenH enAkñúg WTO eKGnuBaaØt[mankarbMeBjxatEbbenH.

témøénkmµviFIKaMRTkñúgRbeTsTaMgGs;déTeTot sRmab;smaCik WTO nImYy² RtUv)aneKKNnaehIybnÞab;mkRtUvlubbM)at;CabnþbnÞab;enAkñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM. kmµviFIsnüakat;bnßy {RbGb; BN’elOg}RtUv)anerobcMenAkñúg WTO ehIyenHKWCakatBVkic©.

eKalkarN_TI 3 énkMENTRmg; KWkarsnüalubbM)at;kar]btßmÖFnedaypÞal;elIkarnaMecj. kar]btßmÖFnTaMgenHRtUv)ansnµt;fa bgá[mankarxUcxateRcInbMput cMeBaHTIpSarTMnijBiPBelak. RbeTsTaMgLayNa EdleRbIR)as;kar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj enAcugbBa©b;énkic©RbCuMenARbeTsG‘UrUháay(Uruguay) RtUv)andak;[mankatBVkic© nigkat;bnßykar]btßmÖFnTaMgenaH CadMNak;² kñúgry³eBl 5qñaM. tamFmµta bc©úb,nñenH RbeTsCasmaCik WTO mankatBVkic©lHbg;siT§ielIkareRbIR)as;karbMeBjxatelIkarnaMecjkñúgeBlGnaKt. enHKWCakrNIsRmab;RbeTskm<úCa.


84

vin½ynanasþIBIbTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar

karpøas;bþÚrcMbgmYyeTot KWkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIbTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar EdlehAfa kic©RBmeRBogGnuvtþviFankarGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y8 EdlbMeBjbEnßmelIkic©RBmeRBog TBT. kic©RBmeRBogenHpþl;karkarBar cMeBaHkarrMelaPTaMgLay EdlCar)aMgminsmRsbcMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ dUcCakarrMelaPviFankarTak;TgnwgsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBmnusS rukçCati nigstV. kic©RBmeRBogenH caM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþenAkm<úCa ehIyvaCakic©RBmeRBogEdlmansar³sMxan;kñúgkargarGnuvtþ cMeBaHRkumh‘unnaMecjenAkñúgvis½yksiGaCIvkmµ. bBaØtþisMxan;²manEcgenAkñúgRbGb; k1>1 xageRkam rYmCamYynwgkic©snüalMGitEdlRkumh‘unkm<úCaGacrkB½t’mansþIBIviFankar SPS enAkñúgTIpSarnaMecjrbs;xøÜn. ¬sUmGan pgEdrnUv]bsm<½n§ TI3 sþIBImuxgarrbs;kaMkugRtUl¦.

8 {Gnam½y} niyaysMedAeTArksuxPaBstV nigmnusS rIÉ {PUtKamGnam½y} KWCaBaküEdleRbIcMeBaHsuxPaB rukçCati.


RbGb; k1>1 ³RbGb; k1>1 ³RbGb; k1>1 ³RbGb; k1>1 ³RbGb; k1>1 ³ kic©RBmeRBog kic©RBmeRBog kic©RBmeRBog kic©RBmeRBog kic©RBmeRBog SPS rbs; rbs; rbs; rbs; rbs; WTO sþIBIbTdæansuvtß iPaBes,ógGahar sþIBIbTdæansuvtß iPaBes,ógGahar sþIBIbTdæansuvtß iPaBes,ógGahar sþIBIbTdæansuvtß iPaBes,ógGahar sþIBIbTdæansuvtß iPaBes,ógGahar

kic©RBmeRBogenHelIkTwkcitþ[eRbIR)as;bTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar EdleKTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCati. bu:EnþsmaCikGgÁkar WTO Gacdak;viFankarEdlnaMeTArkkRmitx<s;Cagmun énkarkarBarsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBrbs;mnusS stV b¤rukçCati RbsinebIBinitüeXIjfamaneRKaHfñak;BitEmn. esckþIENnaMsRmab;vaytémøeRKaHfñak; manEcglMGitenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenH. eKGacdak;ecj nUvviFankarbeNþaHGasnñ eFVICaviFankarRbugRby½tñ enAkEnøgNaEdleKeCOfa maneRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaBsaFarN³kñúgry³eBlxIø b:uEnþKµanPsþúgtagEpñkviTüasa®sþ.

xusBIbTbBaØtþibec©keTsenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ eKGacdak;viFankar SPS cMeBaHRbeTsCak;lak;NamYy CaCagGnuvtþelImUldæan MFN. enHKWCakrNIBiess RbsinebICm¶WEdlmanRbPBmkBIstV b¤BIrukçCatiNamYy KMramkMEhgsmaCik WTO. b:uEnþ eKminKYrerIseGIgedayGtþenam½tb¤KµanehtuplsmRsb cMeBaHbNþaRbeTsEdlmanl½kçx½NÐdUcKñaeLIy.

eKtRmUv[smaCik WTO TaMgGs; CUndMNwgcMeBaH WTO GMBIviFankar SPS fµI² k¾dUcCa[e)aHpSayviFankarTaMgenaHenAkñúgRbeTspgEdr. smaCik WTO TaMgGs;RtUvpSBVpSayesckþI

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CUndMNwgTaMgenaH. cMeBaHkrNIRbeTskm<úCa KN³kmµaFikarCatiEpñkk,Ünc,ab;kMBugsßitenAkñúgdMeNIrkarbegáIt bNÑal½ymYysRmab;pþl;esckþICUndMNwgEbbenH.

bNþajénkEnøgsaksYrB½t’man SPS EdlsmaCik WTO begáIt Gacmansar³RbeyaCn_cMeBaH Rkumh‘unnaMecjkm<úCa. eKGacrkbBa¢IGas½ydæanTak;TglMGitnana sRmab;saksYrB½t’manenAkñúg Evbsay³ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/sps_e.htm

CaCeRmIsTIBIr eKGacrk)anbBa¢IenaH enAÉKN³kmµaFikarCatiEpñkk,Ünc,ab;³Gas½ydæan³ naykdæanGFikarkic©elIkarnaMcUl naMecj nigbRgáabGMeBIEkøgbnø M

RksYgBaNiC¢kmµelx 50 pøÚvelx 144 RkugPñMeBj

TUUrsar³ 855 23 42 6166

GIuEml³ [email protected]

edIm,IrkB½t’manbEnßmGMBIcMNucTak;Tg sUmGan]bsm<½n§TI 3.

etI WTO mansar³sMxan; cMeBaHRkumh‘unnaMecjksiplkm<úCa Edrb¤eT?

Rkumh‘unkm<úCaGacsnñidæanfa KµanviFan nigKµankic©RBmeRBogNamYy kñúgcMeNamviFan nigkic©RBmeRBogd¾sµúKsµajTaMgenH nwgeFVI[mankarpøas;bþÚreRcIn cMeBaHlT§plnaMecj naeBlGnaKt rbs;BYkeKeLIy. b:uEnþsmµtikmµEbbenH minRtwmRtUveT.

CakarBitEdlfa TIpSarkñúgtMbn;BIrEdlmansar³sMxan;KW Lav nigevotNam BuMEmnCasmaCik rbs;WTO eLIy. b:uEnþ RbeTsTaMgenHkMBugeFVIkarcrcasMucUlCasmaCik ehIyk¾RbQmmuxnwgsm<aF dUcKñakñ úgkarCMruj[mankMENTRmg;enAtamRBMEdnrbs;BYkeK nig[mankMENTRmg; enAkñ úgsßab½nCatirbs;RbeTsnImYy² dUcEdleK)ankMNt;cMeBaHkm<úCadUecñaHEdr.

CakarBitpgEdrfa brimaNy:ageRcInénBaNiC¢kmµksikmµbc©úb,nñ RtUv)aneFVICamYybNþasmaCikénshKmn_Gas‘an. b:uEnþ AFTA nwgdak;nUvsm<aFdUcKña b¤Gacmansm<aFtwgEtgCagenH mkelIsmaCikrbs;xøÜn CaCagtRmUv[ WTO eFVIkMENTRmg;. smaCikPaKeRcInrbs;Gas‘an k¾CasmaCikrbs;


86

WTO Edr ehIycaM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIlvin½yrbs; WTO eTaHbICaenAkñ úgtMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIkþ I.RbeTscink¾RtUveFVIdUcenHEdr ehIyl½kçx½NÐénkarcUlCasmaCik WTO sRmab;RbeTsenH manlkçN³twgEtgCaxøaMg. cMNab;GarmµN_rbs;smaCik WTO EdlCaRbeTsrIkceRmIn eTAelI vDÆnPaBénkMENTRmg; nigeTAelIkarGnuvtþkarsnüaenARbeTscin nwgenAEtbnþmanPaBRsYcRsal;.

eTaHCay:agNaeday WTO kMBugCMruj[mankarpøas;bþÚrCabeNþIr² cMeBaHRbeTsrIkceRmInTaMgLay Edlvis½yksikmµRbkbedaykar]btßmÖFnrbs;eK )anrujRcanGñknaMecjEdlmansmtßPaBRbkYtRbECgTaMgLay min[manlT§PaBcUlkñúgTIpSarsMxan;²)an Gs;ry³eBlrab;TsSvtSmkehIy.RbtibtþikarTaMgenH EtgEteFVI[ksikrEdlmanRbsiT§PaB xÞatecjBITIpSarbreTs nigeFVI[éføksiplenAelITIpSarBiPBelakFøak;cuH. ksikrRkIRkenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆ KWCaGñkEdlrgeRKaHeRcInCageKbMput. ]TahrN_EdlmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶r dUcCasárs plitplTwkedaHeKa sac;eKa kb,as nigRsUvsaLIBuMEmnCavis½yskmµenAkm<úCaeLIy. pÞúyeTAvij manTMnijksikmµmYycMnYnEdlrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )aneFVIGnþraKmn_ b:uEnþmineFVI[manplb:HBal;CaGivC¢mancMeBaHTIpSardéTeLIy.

CagenHeTAeTot Rkumh‘unnaMecjksikmµkm<úCa )anTTYl\T§iBlBIkic©RBmeRBogGnueRKaH nigkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIenAeRkAtMbn;enHrYceTAehIy. RBmeBlEdlkic©RBmeRBogTaMgenH rIksaykan;EtFM ehIysßitenAkñúgsßanPaBEdlRbeTskm<úCa TMngCanwgTTYlplRbeyaCn_xøH² BIkic©RBmeRBogTaMgenH viFIEdl WTO RtYtBinitükic©RBmeRBogTaMgenaHGacmansar³sMxan;.

skþanuBlénkar)at;bg;karGnueRKaHnanarbs;Rkumh‘unnaMecjksikmµEdlkMBugrIkceRmIn )ankøayeTACabBaðaBi)akedaHRsaymYyenAkñúgkic©RbCuMfµI²enATIRkugdUha (Doha) énkarcrcarbs; WTO. b:uEnþRkumh‘unnaMecj kñúgvis½yksiGaCIvkmµkm<úCa enAmanlT§PaBTTYlplRbeyaCn_CaeRcInbEnßmeTotBIkarkat;bnßyBn§naMcUlsMxan;² enAkñúgBiPBelak CaCagkarkarBarkarGnueRKaHnana.

kic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) KYremIleXIjkarkat;bnßykmµviFIRTRTg;ksikmµkñúgRbeTs CabnþeTAeTot. sMxan;bMputKW bc©úb,nñenH mankarebþCJacitþ kñúgkarcrcaelIkarlubbM)at;TaMgRsug nUvkar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj niglubbM)at;karKaMRTEdlmanlkçN³minyutþiFm’cMeBaHkarnaMecj. RbkarenHnwgebIklT§PaB[Rkumh‘unnaMecj EdlmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECg GaccUleTAkan;TIpSarCaeRcIn CaCagTIpSarEdlTTYlkarKaMRTBIhirBaØb,Tanrbs;rdæaPi)al.


87

TaMgGs;enHKYreFVI[ WTO køayeTACaFatuKnøwHmYy enAkñúgyuT§sa®sþBaNiC¢kmµ nigyuT§sa®sþvinieyaK énvis½yksiGaCIvkmµ eTaHbICaplb:HBal;ry³eBlxøIrbs; WTO mkelIkarnaMecj manTMhMtictYckþI.

]bsm<½n§xageRkamenHqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIj»kasnana EdlmanenAkñúgvis½yplitplksiGaCIvkmµmYycMnYn nigEpñkmYycMnYnrbs; WTO EdlnwgCYyRTRTg; b¤bgákarlM)akcMeBaHRkumh‘unnaMecjkm<úCa.

RbPB nigB½t’manEdlmanRbeyaCn_

1> {karvaytémøsßanPaBksi]sSahkmµenAkm<úCa} Exmkra qñaM 2003. kmµviFIRTRTg;PRASAC II

2> {eq<aHeTAkan;yuT§sa®sþkMeNIn EdldwknaMedayvis½yÉkCnsRmab;RbeTskm<úCa} ExmifunaqñaM 2003. FnaKarBiPBelak nigdMeNaHRsayGPivDÆBiPBelak LLC (Global

Development Solutions LLC)

3>viFanrbs; WTO sþIBIBaNiC©kmµksikmµ³ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/

agric_e.htm

4> {ksikmµ nig WTO karbegáItRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµsRmab;kic©GPivDÆ} qñaM 2004. FnaKarBiPBelak nig Oxford University Press

5> karcrcarbs; WTO sþIBIksikmµ ¬kic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha)¦³ http://www.wto.org/

english/tratop_e/agric_e/negoti_e.htm

6> bTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar -karCUndMNwgcMeBaH WTO: sUmGanRbGb; k1>1.7> kmµviFIBn§Kyrbs; WTO nigBn§KyEdl)anGnuvtþ³ sUmGan]bsm<½n§ sþIBIRbPBB½t’manTUeTA.8> plitkmµksiGaCIvkmµGnþrCati nigkarBüakrBaNiC¢kmµrbs;RksYgksikmµ énshrdæ

Gaemrik (USDA): www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Baseline/trade04.htm

9> bBa¢IBüakrTIpSarksikmµ rbs;KN³kmµkarksikmµshPaBGWr:ub qñaM 2003-2010http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/publi/caprep/prospects2003/index_en.htm


88

89

ksiGaCIvkmµ³ Ggár]bsm<½n§ k2

RbeTskm<úCamansMNagtictYc kñúgkarvilRtlb;eTAkan;sßanPaBrbs;xøÜn CaRbeTscMbgmYyEdlnaMecjGgár. bc©úb,nñ RbeTséfQanmuxenAkñúgTIpSarBiPBelak ehIyRbeTsevotNam k¾CaGñkpÁt;pÁg;GgármYyd¾FMmYyEdr. brimaNRsUvkm<úCay:ageRcInRtUv)aneKrt;Bn§ eTAkan;RbeTsevotNam edIm,Ikin nignaMecjbnþ. maneragcRkkinRsUvkm<úCaEtmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlGacdMeNIrkareTAtambTdæan naMecjehIyplitplrbs;eragcRkenH)anbgðajvtþman enAkñúgTIpSarénbNþaRbeTsrIkceRmInpgEdr.

CamYynwgkarvinieyaKbEnßmeToteTAelIeragcRkkinRsUvTMenIb RbTskm<úCaGacpþl;brimaNRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBl¥BiessbEnßmeTot eTAkan;TIpSarGnþrCati kñúgeBlEdlmanbec©kviTüakMBugEtrIkceRmIn. RbkarenHnwgbegáInkarTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCatifa plitplkm<úCaGacbMeBj)an tambTdæankRmitx<s;. WTO minTan;)anebIkcMh nigpþl;PaByutþiFm’cMeBaHTIpSarGgárGnþrCatienAeLIyeT.b:uEnþkarerobcMEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH dUcCaKMnitpþÜcepþIm {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} rbs;shPaBGWr:ub RtUv)aneKemIleXIj faCakarebIkTVarcMheTARkRbeTsRkIRkbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak EdlplitGgár.

TIpSarGgárBiPBelak

kar):an;sµanrbs;RksYgksikmµGaemrik (USDA) bgðajfa plitkmµRsUvBiPBelakmancMnYn 405lanetan ¬smmUlnwgcMnYnEdl)ankin¦ sRmab;qñaM 2004-2005. tYelxenH elIsBI tYelxdUcKña qñaM2003-2004 cMn Yn 5° ehIyRbeTscinmancMENkFMbMp utenAkñ úgkMeNInenH. b: uEn þkarBüakrenAsRmab;qñaM 2004-2005 enAmankRmit 1° TabCagtYelxplitplenAqñaM 1999-2000.eKrMBwgfa BiPBelakRtUvkarGgárRbEhl 417 lanetan edaymanbrimaNsþúkcugqñaMrbs; BiPBelakcMnYn71 lanetan EdlfycuHcMnYn 15° BIqñaM 2003 dl; 2004. kMeNInplitkmµGgár rbs;RbeTscincMnYn 12° KWCaelIkTImYyehIy cab;BIqñaM 1997-1998 ehIyeK)anrMBwgfa nwgmanplb:HBal;;y:ageRcIneTAelIBaNiC¢kmµ nigéføGgárenATIpSarBiPBelak.

90

eK):an;sµanfa enAqñaM 2004 manplitkmµGgárBiPBelakRtwmEt 6° ¬RbmaNCag 25 lan etan¦b: ueNÑaHEdlRtUv)aneKeFV IBaNiC¢kmµ. bERmbRmYld¾tictYcénplitkmµkñ úgRbeTs enAkñ úgbNþaRbeTseRbIR)as;GgárFM² GacCH\T§iBly:agF¶n;F¶reTAelIBaNiC¢kmµ nigéføGgár enAelITIpSarBiPBelak.tarag k 2>1 bgðajBIRbeTsnaMcUlGgárFMbMput kñúgqñaM 2002. sßitienH rYmmanRsUv GgársMrUb Ggár)ak;nigGgársMrit. RbePTGgárnaMcUleRcInCageKKW indica ehIyRbeTs Cb:un naMcUlGgár RbePT japonicaBIshrdæGaemrik.

tarag k2>1tarag k2>1tarag k2>1tarag k2>1tarag k2>1 karnaMecjGgárcMbgenAqña M 2002karnaMecjGgárcMbgenAqña M 2002karnaMecjGgárcMbgenAqña M 2002karnaMecjGgárcMbgenAqña M 2002karnaMecjGgárcMbgenAqña M 2002

RbeTsRbeTsRbeTsRbeTsRbeTs brimaN ¬KitCaBan;etan¦brimaN ¬KitCaBan;etan¦brimaN ¬KitCaBan;etan¦brimaN ¬KitCaBan;etan¦brimaN ¬KitCaBan;etan¦shPaBGWWr:ub (15) 2>120\NÐÚeNsuI 1>970nIehSrIy:a 1>250hVIlIBIn 1>200bg;køaEds 940eGor:g; 870esnIhÁal; 790Gaemrikxagt,Úg 760Gar:ab‘ÍsaG‘UDIt 670Cb:un 650eRbsuIl 560Kuy)a 550m:aeLsuI 500shrdæGaemrik 410

RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004


91

tamkar):an;sµanrbs; USDA cMeBaHkarnaMcUlkñúgqñaM 2004 bgðajnUvkarERbRbYlKYr[kt;sMKal;eFobnwgqñaM 2002 edayRbeTsbg;køaEdsnaMcUlcMnYn 500 000 etan m:aeLsuI 600 000 etanGar:ab‘ÍsaG‘UDItnaMcUl 1/15 lan etan \NÐÚeNsuInaMcUl 1 lan etan nigmuicsuIknaMcUl 55 000 etan.RbeTscinnaMcUlGgártictYc ehIyeKrMBwgfa enAqñaM 2004 cinnwgnaMcUlGgár 700 000 etan eTaHbICaTinñpl nigépÞdIdaMduH)anekIneLIgkþI.

karBüakrrbs; USDA sRmab;qñaM 2005 bgðajnUvkarERbRbYlbEnßmeTot. eKrMBwgfa RbeTscin naMcUlEt 600 000 etan b:ueNÑaH karnaMcUlrbs;PIlIBInnwgekIneLIgBI 300 000 etan kñúgqñaM 2004dl; 600 000 etan Kuy)anwgbegáInkarnaMcUlBIcMnYn 550 000 etan dl; 700 000 etan ehIykarnaMcUl GgáreTAkan;shrdæGaemrik GacekIneLIgcMnYn 10 000 etan eTAdl;cMnYntYelxx<s;bMput EdlRtUvCa480 000 etan.

b:uEnþ eKKYrKUsbBa¢ak;fa RbeTsTaMgenH KWCaRbeTsnaMcUlGgárFMbMput. RbeTsrIkceRmInTaMgGs;nigRbeTskMBugGPivDÆCaeRcIn KWCaRbeTsnaMGgárcUl. GaRs½yehtuenH RbsinebIRbeTskm<úCamanlT§PaBEkécñ nignaMecjCabEnßmnUvGgárRbePTepSg²rbs;xøÜn EdlmanKuNPaBx<s; km<úCaGacnwgrkeXIjcenøaHTIpSar enAkEnøgCaeRcIn. eyagtam FAOSTAT EdlCamUldæanTinñn½yrbs;GgÁkarcMNIGaharénGgÁkarshRbCaCati enAqñaM 2002 RbeTssVúIs)annaMcUlGgár cMnYn 94> 000 etan kaNada250 000 etan GU®sþalI 62 000 etan nig n½rEvs 19 000 etan. cMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;GtifiCnkan;EtmanlkçN³xus²Kña enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgGs;enH. eKcUlcitþGgár Basmati páamøiHéf ehIyGgárRbePTepSg²eTot k¾kan;EtmanRbCaRbiyPaBxøaMgeLIg²Edr. RbePTGgárFmµCati k¾kMBugTak;TajGtifiCnTaMgLay nigTak;TajshKmn_CnCatiGasuIFM² enAkñúgRbeTsrIkceRmIn EdlkMBugEsVgrkRbePTGgárRbéBNIrbs;xøÜnpgEdr. CagenHeTAeTot GtifiCnenARbeTs]sSahkmµ TMngCaeRtomlkçN³ kñúgkarpþl;témøx<s; cMeBaHRbePTGgárEdlmaneQµaHl,I.

etInrNaxøH CaGñkedIrtYsMxan;²?

RbeTséfenAEtCaRbeTsnaMGgárecjFMCageKbMput enAelIBiPBelak EdlmancMENkesµInwg25° énBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak edaynaMecjGgárRbePT indica nigpáamøiHEdlmanKuNPaBviess.

]bsm<½n§ k2 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ Ggár

92

RbeTsevotNamKWCaRbeTsnaMGgárecjlMdab;TI2 enAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1990 ehIyeRkaymkRbeTs\NÐakøayCaRbeTsnaMGgárecjlMdab;TI 2. tarag k2>2 bgðajRbeTsEdlnaMGgárecjeRcIn enAkñúgqñaM 2002.

USDA ):an;sµanfa karnaMecjGgárrbs;RbeTséfnwgeLIgdl;cMnYn 9 lanetan enAqñaM 2004.eKrMBwgfakRmiténkarnaMecjenaHnwgcuHfyenA qñaM 2005 eRBaHmankardwkCBa¢ÚnekIneLIg BIRbeTsmIy:anm:a¬PUma¦ shrdæGaemrik GU®sþalI evotNam shPaBGWr:ub Gasg;TIn nigG‘UrUháay.

KYrkt;sMKal;fa enAqñaM 1964-1965 RbeTskm<úCanaeBlenaH RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa Ca {CRgukRsUvGasuIGaeKñy_} Edl)annaMGgárecjelIsBI 500 000 etan.

ninñakaréføGgárenAelITIpSarGnþrCati

eTaHbICabrimaNsþúk nigbrimaNpÁt;pÁg;fycuHkþI éføGgárenATIpSarBiPBelakmansßirPaBkñúgry³eBl 3-4 qñaMknøgeTA. enAkñúgeBlkMBugsresresckþIENnaMenH Ggár)ak; 5° )aykatak mantémø 234duløar¼etan ¬KittaméfønaMecjenARtwmkMBg;EpecjdMeNIr¦ rIÉGgár)ak; 5° rbs;evotNam man témø226 duløar¼etan. enAqñaM 2004 edaymankarrwtbnþwgkarpÁt;pÁg; éføGgárrbs;shrdæGaemrik


tarag tarag tarag tarag tarag k 2>2k 2>2k 2>2k 2>2k 2>2 RbeTsnaMGgárecjeRcInenAqña M 2002RbeTsnaMGgárecjeRcInenAqña M 2002RbeTsnaMGgárecjeRcInenAqña M 2002RbeTsnaMGgárecjeRcInenAqña M 2002RbeTsnaMGgárecjeRcInenAqña M 2002RbeTsRbeTsRbeTsRbeTsRbeTs brimaN ¬KitCalanetan¦brimaN ¬KitCalanetan¦brimaN ¬KitCalanetan¦brimaN ¬KitCalanetan¦brimaN ¬KitCalanetan¦ tMélenAkñ úgTIpSarBiPBelak ¬°¦tMélenAkñ úgTIpSarBiPBelak ¬°¦tMélenAkñ úgTIpSarBiPBelak ¬°¦tMélenAkñ úgTIpSarBiPBelak ¬°¦tMélenAkñ úgTIpSarBiPBelak ¬°¦

éf 7/34 27/7\NÐa 5/05 18/35shrdæGaemrik 3/27 12evotNam 3/24 12cin 2/07 7/5):aKIsßan 1/68 6/1BiPBelak 27/52 100


93

mankRmitx<s;y:agxøaMgeFobnwgéføGgárenAGasuIGaeKñy_. GgársMritRKab;EvgFmµta manRbPBmkBIPaKxagt,ÚgénshrdæGaemrik ¬)ak;cMnYn 4°¦ mantémø 397 duløar¼etan enAExkkáda qñaM 2004.

GgárpáamøiHéfmantémø 395 duløar¼etan kñúgGMLúgeBldUcKña. Ggár Basmati rbs;\NÐa mantémøx<s;bMputenAkñúgTIpSarGgár eKlk;kñúgtémø 850 duløar¼etan.

l½kçx½NÐrbs; WTO nigl½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢kmμenAkñúgTIpSarGgárBiPBelak

WTO BuMsUvTTYl)aneCaKC½yeT kñúgkarerobcMsNþab;Fñab; nigkñúgkarebIkTUlayTIpSarGgár [dUcTIpSarPaKeRcIndéTeTot. vis½yenHTTYlkarkarBar nigkar]btßmÖFny:ageRcIn GaRs½yehtuenHBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatimankRmitTabeFobnwgtRmUvkar. CagenHeTAeTot l½kçx½NÐcUleTAkan;TIpSar Gacpøas;bþ Úry:agqab;rh½s nig)anpøas;bþ ÚrCajwkjab;. kfax½NÐbnÞab; nwgBiBN’naGMBIbriyakaseFVIBaNiC¢kmµTak;TgnwgviFanrbs; WTO EdlmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúg]bsm<½n§ k1 nigenAkñúgCMBUkdMbUg²énmKÁeTsk_enH.

l½kçx½NÐlM)akbMputenAkñúgTIpSarGgár GaRs½yCaxøaMgnwgPaBgayERbRbYlénplitpl Tak;Tgnwgneya)ay. rdæaPi)alnanamincg;[eKemIleXIjxøÜnfa kMBugEteFVI[RbéBNIénkareFVIERs EdlCaerOy²eRcInEtrkSaTukGtßn½yEpñksasna CYbnwgeRKaHfñak;eLIy. BYkeKk¾BuMmankareRtomxøÜn edIm,I emIleXIjsnþisuxes,ógkRmitCatirbs;xøÜn kñúgn½yepSgBIkarmansmtßPaBdaMduHRKb;RKan; enAkñúgRbeTssRmab;pÁt;pÁg;RbCaBlrdærbs;eKenaHeT.

ehtuenHtamFmµta Bn§KyGtibrmacMeBaHGgárenATIpSarsMxan;² mankRmitx<s;Nas; ehIyeRcInmankRmitelIsBI 100°. \riyabfBaNiCkmµBiess sRmab;lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar RtUveKGnuvtþCaBiesscMeBaHRbeTsCb:un kUer: PIlIBIn nigétv:an;. RbeTsTaMgGs;enH)anecosvag {kardak;Bn§Ky}elIvis½yGgáredaypþl;lT§PaBnaMcUltamry³kUtaBn§KycMnYn 8° énkareRbIR)as;rbs;xøÜn ¬enAkñúgry³eBl EdlCamUldæanrbs; WTO¦.

Bn§KyEdleKGnuvtþ mankarERbRbYlya:gxøaMgeFobnwgGRtaBn§GtibrmaEdlekIneLIg b¤fycuHedayGaRs½yelITIpSarkñúgRbeTs nigTIpSarGnþrCati.


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eRkABIRbeTsTaMg 4 Edl)anbBa¢ak;xagelI eK)anRbtibtþikUtaBn§naMcUl eTAtamkarsnüarbs;WTO enAkñúgTIpSardUcteTA³ kULúMb‘Í kUsþarIka \NÐÚeNsuI m:aruk éf nigeveNsu‘yeGLa. RbeTscink¾)anebIkcMhkUtaBn§Kyy:ageRcInpgEdr enAeBlEdlRbeTsenH)ancUl WTO enAkñúgqñaM 2002.kUtarbs;cinGnuBaØat[naMcUldl; 4 lan etan¼qñaM kñúgGRtaBn§ 1°. kUtadéTeTotmanlkçN³minsUvGnueRKaHeT sUm,IEtBn§Ky {kñúgkUta} kþI EdlsRmab;kULMúb‘ÍmankRmitesµInwg 80° \NÐÚeNsuI 90° nigm:aruk 117°. enAkñúgkal³eTs³TaMgenH meFüa)ayEtmYyKt; kñúgkarFanalT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarRbkbedaylkçN³RbkYtRbECg KWcUltamry³Bn§GnueRKaH.

kUtaBn§KydéTeTot manenAkñúgkic©snüaEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH eBalKWkmµviFI GSP rbs;shPaBGWr:ub nigrbs;shrdæGaemrik.

cMeBaHvis½yGgár karlM)ak niglT§PaBERbRbYlBuMEmnekItmanEtcMeBaHl½kçx½NÐénkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarEtb:ueNÑaHeT rbbnaMcUleRcInEtRKb;RKgedayshRKasBaNiC¢kmµrbs;rdæpgEdr. TaMgGs;enHGacKµantmøaPaB eFVIGVItamTMenIgcitþ ehIyCYnkaleTot RbkbedayGMeBIBukrlYy. karcrcaenATIRkug dUha(Doha) manbMNgdwknaMkarEklMG tamry³karcrcaelIbBaðaRKb;RKgkUtaBn§Ky nigRbtibtþikarrbs;shRKasBaNiC¢kmµrbs;rdæ.

man]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecjtictYc b:uEnþmankartv:aGMBIkarbgçÚcéføenAkñúgTIpSar tamry³CMnYyes,ógGahar

TMngCaKYr[PJak;ep¥Il EdlCaTUeTA vis½yGgárminrgplb:HBal;BIkareRbIR)as;]btßmÖFn elIkarnaMecjeT. RbeTs\NÐaeRbIR)as;]btßmÖFnTaMgenH b:uEnþmanGñkpÁt;pÁg;tictYcb:ueNÑaH )anGnuvtþEk,rkRmitGtibrma EdleK)andak;kMNt;enAcugbBa©b;énkic©RbCuMenARbeTsG‘UrUháay. m:üagvijeTot shrdæGaemrikeRbIR)as;kmµviFI\NTan]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj edIm,ICYyRkumh‘unnaMecjGgár ehIyCYnkalrgkarecaTRbkan; BITMnijEdleKpþl;kñúgbrimaNeRcInsn§wksn§ab; dUcCaCMnYyes,ógGaharCaedIm.

karKaMRTkñúgRbeTsy:ageRcInRtUv)anpþl;eTA[GñkeFVIERs enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsrIkceRmIn. edIm,IRTRTg;R)ak;cMNUlEpñkksikmµ enAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdlGgárenAkñúgBiPBelakmantémøTab shPaBGWr:ubCb:un kUer: nigmuicsIuk )aneRbIR)as;karbg;R)ak;cMNUlmankMNt;mYyeTA[ksikr edayminKitBIbrimaNplitpl kñúgbMNgkat;bnßyplitkmµ. enHCaviFImYy EdleKGnuBaØat[eRbI)an enAkñúg WTO.


95

shrdæGaemrikmankmµviFIRTRTg; enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn EdleKcat;Tukfa RtUvra:b;;rgeday {RbGb;BN’ébtg}. kmµviFImYycMnYnénkmµviFITaMgenH )anrgkarRbQmmux tamry³nItiviFIedaHRsayvivaTrbs;WTO.

suvtßiPaBes,ógGahar nigviFan SPS kMrkøayCabBaðacMbg enAkñúgBaNiC¢kmµGgárNas;. b:uEnþviFanrbs; WTO sþIBIkarkarBarkmµsiT§bBaØa GacmanTMnak;TMngy:agxøaMgCamYyRbeTsplitGgár mYycMnYnedaysarmUlehtuBIry:ag. TI 1 mankgVl;GMBIeRKaHfñak;énkarlYccMlgCIvsa®sþ Edlrcnasm<½n§EsnénGgárRbePTBiess dUcCa basmati páamøiHrbs;éf nigGacCa nagmøiH nigGgárRbePTdéTeTotEdlplitenAkm<úCa GacRtUv)aneKcMlgtam ehIyeKpSBVpSayfa CaRbePTGgármanRbPBedImenATIkEnøgdéT. TI 2 KµankarRtYtBinitücMeBaHkareRbIR)as;eQµaHplitpl EdlminplitenARbeTsedIm ]TahrN_ basmati EdlmanRbPBedImBI\NÐa nig):aKIsßan. shPaBGWr:ubkMBugRbwgERbgdwknaMkic©karenH edIm,IFanakic©karBarcMeBaHsBaØaNEpñkPUmisa®sþ EdlmanlkçN³dUcKñanwgkic©karBarEdl)anEcgenAkñúgviFanrbs; WTO cMeBaHRsa dUcCa Burgundy nig Champagne EdlmanRbPBmkBItMbn;Cak;lak; enARbeTs)araMg. sMeNIenH)anTTYlnUvkarRbqaMgy:agxøaMgkøa BIRkumh‘unnaMecjksikmµCaeRcIn edaycat;TukfaCaTRmg;énkarkarBarTIpSaredayKµanehtuplRtwmRtUv.

l½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢km μenAkñúgtMbn;

l½kçx½NÐnaMGgárcUleTAkan;TIpSarGas‘an swgEtmanlkçN³sµúKsµajdUcKñanwgl½kçx½NÐenAkñúgWTO Edr. enAkñúg AFTA eKcat;GgárCaRbePTplitplEdlgaymanplb:HBal; sRmab;RbeTs\NÐÚeNsuI m:aeLsuI PIlIBIn evotNam nigkm<úCa.

RbeTs\NÐÚeNsuI)ankMNt;éføGgársRmab; MFN kñúgtémø 430 rUBI¼KILÚRkam. kñúgnamCaRbeTsnaMcUlGgárd¾FMmYy m:aeLsuI)anpþl;lT§PaBnaMcUlGgár tamGRtaBn§KyGnueRKaH EdlmanRbsiT§PaBTUeTA (CEPT) esµIsUnüPaKry ¬eTaHbICaRkumh‘unnaMcUlRtUvmankarGnuBaØatBI GaCJaFr m:aeLsuIedIm,IFanaGnuvtþnUvGRtaenHkþI¦. swgðbUrIBu MmankarkMNt;Bn§naMcUlelIGgáreLIy. RbeTséfmanGRtaBn§naMcUlCakatBVkic© Gtibrma 3 )at¼KILÚRkam nigmanGRtaGnuvtþsRmab; CEPT kñúgkRmit 5°.RbeTsevotNam rkSaGRtaBn§KykatBVkic ©Gtibrmarbs; MFN kñ úgkRmit 40° b¤ 50°


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¬cMeBaH)aykatak¦ nigmanGRta CEPT qñaM 2004 rbs;xøÜnEdlGnuvtþkñúgkRmit 15° ehIykat;bnßymkRtwm 5° kñúgqñaM 2005.

enARbeTscin mindak;GgárcUleTAkñúgbBa¢Iénkic©RBmeRBog {qab;TTYlpl} eLIy.

eRkABIkarkarBartamry³Bn§Ky RbeTsmYycMnYnenAkñúgtMbn;enHeRbIR)as;kar]btßmÖFn nigkarTijrbs;rdæaPi)al edIm,IrkSatémøkñúgRbeTs cMeBaHksikrplitdMNaMRsUvnana kñúgenaHmanRbeTs éf\NÐa nigevotNam.

RbeTskm<úCaenAkñúgTIpSarGgárGnþrCati

kñúgry³eBlxøIxagmuxenH RbeTskm<úCaminTMngCa)anTTYlzan³ EdlxøÜnmanenAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1960nigkalBImunenaHeLIy. Cakarcab;epþ Im eKeXIjmankUtaBn§KyeRcInhYs EdlRKbdNþb;eTAelIl½kçx½NÐcUleTAkan;TIpSarbc©úb,nñ EdleK)anEbgEck edayEp¥kelImUldæanénlT§plGnuvtþkñ úgeBlknøgeTAfµ I² b: uEnþminEmnenAkñ úgGtItkalCayUrmkenaHeT. GaRs½yehtuenH eTaHbICaRbeTskm<úCa)anbegáInsmtßPaBEkécñcaM)ac; kñúgzan³CaGñkpÁg;pÁg;GgárEkécñeRcInkþI k¾GnaKtrbs;RbeTskm<úCa GacmankarkMhitEdr.

kmµviFIGnueRKaHmYycMnYn nwgpþl;»kasnana sRmab;RbeTskm<úCa. b:uEnþCak;Esþg enAkñúgkarerobcMEBA rbs;shPaBGWr:ub GgárKWCaTMnijmYykñúgcMeNamTMnij 3 RbePT EdlRtUvGUsbnøay eBlevlakñúgkarGnuvtþ[rYcBn§TaMgRsug nigminCab;kUta. enAkñúgGMLúgeBlenH rhUtdl;ExkBaØa qñaM 2009karBRgIkkUtaBn§KyesµIsUnünwgRtUveKeRbIR)as; edIm,IEklMGCabeNþIr²nUvlT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar.

shPaBGWr:ub)anraykarN_fa cab;BIqñaM 2006 dl; 2007 eTA karkat;bnßyBn§Ky sRmab;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK (LDC) enAkñúgkmµviFI {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} nwgcab;epþImbegáInsMTuHénkarnaMcUlGgár. 80° énkareRbIR)as;Ggárbs; EU ¬1/7 lan etan én 2/1 lanetan¦ nwg)anmkBIkarnaMcUlBIbNþaRbeTs LDC ¬rYmCamYynwgGgár Basmati mkBI\NÐa nig ):aKIsßan¦enAqñaM 2009-2010. GaRs½yehtuenH RbeTsnanak¾dUcCaRbTskm<úCaEdr RtUv)aneKrMBwgfaminRtwmEteFVI[b:HTgÁicdl;GñkEdlEtgEtpÁt;pÁg;dl; EU dUcCaRbeTséfb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾nwgeFVI[b:HBal;


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dl;plitkrkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYneTotpgEdr.

Rkumh‘unéfEdlnaMecjGgáreTAkan; EU )anTTYlkUtay:ageRcInEdlrYcBn§ KWrYcBn§elIGgársMritGgársMrUb nigGgár)ak;. eRkABIkUta RbeTséfbg;eBjéfønUvGRtaBn§KysRmab;ttiyRbeTs. GRtaTaMgenH)anpøas;bþÚrenAéf¶TI 1 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2004 bNþalmkBIkMENTRmg;énkarerobcMTIpSarGgár rbs;shPaBGWr:ub enAeRkam CAP. cab;taMgBIéf¶enaHmk Bn§RtUv)ankMNt;esµInwg 65 GWr:U¼etan sRmab;GgársMrUb nig 175 GWr:U¼etansRmab;GgársMrit. b:uEnþ enAkñúgviFanrbs; WTO karERbRbYlTaMgenHGaRs½yeTAelIkarcrcarvagshPaBGWr: ub nigGñkpÁt;pÁg;cMbg²rbs; EU eBalKW\NÐa ):aKIsßanshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTséf. shPaBGWr:ub)anQaneTAdl;kic©RBmeRBogmYy CamYy\NÐa nig ):aKIsßankalBIExkkáda qñaM 2004 EdlGnuBaØat[Ggár Basmati rYcBIkarbg;Bn§. kñúgeBl sresrÉksarmKÁeTsk_nH BuMTan;mankic©RBmeRBogCamYyRbeTséf b¤shrdæGaemrikenAeLIyeT. Cak;c,as;Nas;Edlfa karkat;bnßyBn§Ky b¤karBRgIkkUtarYcBn§sRmab;RbeTséf Gacb:HBal; skþanuBlénkarnaMecjGgárrbs;km<úCaeTAkan;shPaBGWr:ub.

eKGacnwgrMBwgfa shrdæGaemrik nigbNþaRbeTs]sSahkmµdéTeTot nwgBRgIkkic©RBmeRBogEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH sRmab;bNþaRbeTsRkIRkbMputenAelIBiPBelak b:uEnþTIpSarnana dUcCaTIpSarCb:un nigTIpSarshrdæGaemrik enAEtmankarlM)akenAkñúgvis½yGgárenHenAeLIy.

RsbeBlCamYyKñaenH Ep¥keTAelIkarvivtþéncMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;GñkTTYlTan karrkTIpSarRbePTGgárEdlmanKuNPaBBiess TMngCapþl;lkçN³GMeNaypl cMeBaHkarGPivDÆplitplrbs;km<úCa RbsinebIKuNPaBRbePTGgárrbs;km<úCaRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;eRcInEfmeTot. TIpSarEdlmantémøx<s;TaMgenH minsUvBwgEp¥keTAelIkarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµeT ehIyminsUvrgplb:HBal;BI;GsßirPaBénéføenAelITIpSarBiPBelakeLIy. karrkTIpSarsRmab;Ggárkm<úCa kñúgnamCaRbePTGgárEdlplitedayFmµCati k¾GacbegáIn»kas[km<úCapgEdr.

etIRbeTskm<úCamanlT§PaBTTYlplRbeyaCn_BI»kasTaMgenHEdrb¤eT?

mankarsresry:ageRcInGMBIsßanPaBvis½yGgárrbs;km<úCa dUcCakarTamTarTMenIbkmµ karviinieyaKelIsmtßPaBm:asIunkinRsUv karbegáItehdæarcnasm<½n§smRsbsRmab;kardwkCBa©Ún nigkarsþúkTuk


98

karerobcMksikr nigkarRbmUlplRsUv karlubbM)at;R)ak;bnÞúkxusc,ab; karGPivDÆkargar rkTIpSarnigkarGPivDÆRbePTGgár.l. b:uEnþ RbeTskm<úCa KWCaRbeTsplitRsUvd¾FMmYy Edl)an plitGgárcMnYn4/1 lan etan enAqñaM 2002.

TMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµCamYynwgRbeTsCitxag BitCamansar³sMxan;Nas;. viTüasßanRsavRCavnigbNþúHbNþaledIm,IGPivDÆkm<úCa (CDRI) ):an;sµanfa RsUvCit 500 000 Ban;etan RtUv)aneKrt;Bn§qøgEdneTAkan;RbeTséf nigeTAkan;RbeTsevotNamenAqñaM 2002. enAqñaM 2004 BaNiC¢krkm<úCaenAtamTl;Edn)anTTYléføRsUv 135 duløar¼etan BIQµÜjevotNam Edl)annwgkMBugbegáInkarTijy:ageRcIn. QµÜjTaMgenHRbmUl nigdwkCBa¢ÚnplitpltamTenøemKgÁ ehIybg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar edIm,InaMplitplenaHeTAkan;RbeTsevotNam.

CDRI )an[dwgfa cMNUlBn§Edl)an)at;bg;BIkarrt;Bn§Ggár mancMnYn 7/5 lan duløar. plb:HBal;Epñkesdækic©mankRmiteRcInCagenH EdlbNþalmkkar)at;bg;témøbEnßmBIkarkinRsUv nigcMNayénkarnaMGgárcUlmkkan;RbeTskm<úCabnþbnÞab; edIm,IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkar.

RbkarenH enABMuTan;Kitdl;karlubbM)at;karhUrRsUvecjeRkApøÚvkareTAeRkARbeTs kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñpg. Kb,ITb;sáat;kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµRsUv b¤kareFIVBaNiC¢kmµGgárEdl)anTTYlkarEkécñrYc. RbsinCaRbeTsevotNam nigRbeTséfc,amyk)annUvTIpSarBiPBelak enaHGacmanyfaPaBEdlfa ksikrkm<úCanwgRbKl;[RbeTsTaMgenaH eFVIkarEkécñRsUv-Ggárkm<úCa EdlmantémøeRcIn. eTaHCay:agenHkþIkm<úCaRtUvEtmanviFankarsmRsb edIm,I;begáInlT§PaBEkécñ sRmab;TIpSarkñúgRbeTs.

karnaMecjedaypÞal; nUvGgárEkécñrYceRscrbs;km<úCa GacnwgekIneLIgya:gyWt²b:ueNÑaH.eragcRkkinRsUvEtmYyKt; EdlmanlT§PaBplitsRmab;karnaMecj KWeragcRkGgÁrksikmµrugerOg Edl)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvskþanuBlRKab;Ggárkm<úCa BiessKWRbePTRKab;GgárEdlCnCatiGasuI enAeRkARbeTsRtUvkar. bnÞab;BIkarnaMecjeTARbeTscin hugkug GU®sþalI GaløWm:g; Gu ItalI nig)araMgGacnwgmankic©snüanaMecjCabnþ CamYynwgshrdæGaemrik.

Rkumh‘unenH)an):an;sµanfa eKRtUvkareragcRkfµIcMnYn 4-5 eTot edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtRmUvkar TIpSar.eKk¾RtUvkar[karRbmUlplRsUv EdlmankarerobcM)anRbesIrCagenHpgEdr. smaKmksikr


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EdlRtUv)anbegáItrYcehIy tMNag[RKYsarcMnYn 6 000 eFVIksikmµelIépÞdI 6 000 h>t kMBugpÁt;pÁg;[eragcRkkinRsUvEtmYy. tYelxenHKYreLIgdl; 8 000 RKYsar elIépÞdI 8 000 h>t. tamry³kareRbIR)as;BUCRsUvrbs;Rkumh‘un EdleK)anGPivDÆCaBiess nigpþl;plCaGgárEdlmankøinRkGUb eKniyayfa smaKmksikrnwgbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;xøÜneTVdg. eKTijRsUvkñúgtémø 210 duløar¼etan rIÉ GgárEkécñrYc mantémøBI 480-530 duløar¼etan.

karCYyksikr [ecosvagkareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigsarFatuCIKImI eFVI[Rkumh‘unGaccuHbBa¢Iplitplrbs;xøÜn faCaplitplFmµCati)an. RKab;BUCRsUvRtUv)andak;tMkl;enAviTüasßanRsavRCavRsUvGnþrCati ehIyKYrEt)anITTYlkarkarBar IP ¬ sBVéf¶ EU kMBugeRbIR)as;etsþ DNA edIm,IbBa¢ak;RbePTGgárnaMcUlnana¦. karcuHbBa¢IpøakBaNiC¢sBaØa sRmab;GgáreQµaHnagmøiH KYrbegáInskþanuBl enAkñúgkarBRgIk TIpSar ehIykMBugmankic©RbwgERbgenAkñúgkarFanakarcuHbBa¢I SPS sRmab;TIpSarshPaBGWr:ub.

karkarBarvis½yGgárkñúgRbeTs

Ep¥keTAelIkRmiténkarrt;Bn§eTAkan;TisTaMgsgxag karkarBarvis½yGgárkñúgRbeTs KWCabBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxCaxøaMg. b:uEnþ CaeKalkarN_ RbeTskm<úCaenAmanlT§PaBCaeRcIn sRmab;kMhitlT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar tamry³karkMNt;Bn§KykatBVkic©Gtibrma cMeBaHplitplGgár esÞIrEtTaMgGs;kñúgWTO kñúgkRmit 40°. rIÉBUCRsUvRtUvbg;Bn§katBVkic©naMcUlGtibrma 5°. enAkñúg kmµviFIrbs; AFTA

Edlb:HBal;eTAdl;karnaMcUlplitkrGgárenARbeTsCitxag RKab;BUCCab;Bn§ katBVkic©GtibrmaesµInwgsUnüPaKry b:uEnþplitplGgárdéTeTotCab;Bn§katBVkic©Gtibrma 7°. GRta rbs; AFTA esµInwg 7°kMBugRtUv)anGnuvtþkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ eFVICaBn§ MFN sRmab;GñkpÁt;pÁg;TaMgGs;. GakrelItémøbEnßmmantémøesµI 10° k¾RtUvbg;pgEdr.

RbPB nigB½t’man EdlmanRbeyaCn_

manRbPBB½t’manepSg² sþIGMBI sßanPaBénTIpSarGgár éføGgárelITIpSarGnþrCati l½kçx½NÐkUtabBaðakmµsiT§ibBaØa RBmTaMgkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµkñúgtMbn; nigkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµeTVPaKI Edlman\T§iBldl;vis½yGgár. RbPBTaMgenaHmanCaGaT×³


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1> GUrIhSa³ B½t’manGMBITIpSar. http://www.oryza.com/index.shtml

2> viTüasßanRsavRCavdMNaMRsUvGnþrCati³ http://www.irri.org/

3> Evbsay Riceonline: http://www.riceonline.com/home.shtml

4> esvaRsavRCavEpñkesdækic©rbs; USDA: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Topics/view.asp?T=101218

5> karRbemIlemIlTIpSarksikmµrbs;TIpSar EU qñaM 2002-2009³ http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/publi/caprep/prospects2002/fullrep.pdf

6> {eq<aHeTAkan;yuT§sa®sþkMeNIn EdldwknaMedayvis½yÉkCnsRmab;RbeTskm<úCa-PaKTI1 karviPaKGMBIExSRcvak;;témø} Exmifuna qñaM 2003 FnaKarBiPBelaknigdMeNaHRsay GPivDÆenAkñúgBiPBelak LLC.

7> cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬sMrab;GRtaBn§¦ ³ 1006


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karGPivDÆFMbMput enAkñúgTIpSarsVaycnÞIenAkñúgBiPBelak kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMcugeRkayenHKWvtþmanénRbeTsevotNam kñúgzan³Caplitkr nigCaRbeTsnaMecjd¾FMmYy. smtßPaBEkécñenARbeTsevotNammanTMhMFM EdlBYkGñkEkécñeRtomlkçN³ kñúgkarTijRKab;sVaycnÞIeqAkñúgtémøx<s;.bBaðaenH)aneFVI[plsVaycnÞImYyEpñkFMrbs;km<úCaRtUv)aneKTijCasac;R)ak; ehIydwkCBa¢ÚneRkApøÚvkaredayrt;Bn§qøgEdneTAkan;RbeTsevotNam. éføEdlBaNiC¢krevotNamTijRKab;sVaycnÞI BIRbTskm<úCamantémøx<s;Nas; EdleFVI[Rkumh‘unEkécñRKab;sVaycnÞImYyenAkm<úCaKµanlT§PaBplit sRmab;TIpSarBiPBelakeLIy. karrYmpSMKñarvagcMNaykñúgRbeTsy:ageRcIn nigkarTamTar[mankarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar kñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnplitpleTAkan;kMBg;Ep nigqøgtamkMBg;Ep CakarlM)ak EdleFVI[plitkmµsVaycnÞIkm<úCa minGacmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECg. b:uEnþ TIpSarBiPBelaksRmab;RKab;sVaycnÞITaMgsMbkenAmanTMhMFM ehIyl½kçx½NÐBaNiC¢kmµénvis½yenH enAebIkcMhenAeLIy. skþanuBlbEnßmGaRs½yelIkarrkTIpSarRKab;sVaycnÞIFmµCati.

TIpSarBiPBelak sRmab;RKab;sVaycnÞI

enAqñaM 2003 manr)aykarN_niyayfa RbeTsevotNam)anpþÜlRbeTs\NÐaBItMENg CayUrmkehIy kñúgzan³CaRbeTsnaMecjRKab;sVaycnÞIFMbMputrbs;BiPBelak. karvinieyaKrbs;evotNamy:ageRcInkñúgkarEkécñsVaycnÞI nigplitkmµsVaycnÞI eFVI[mankar)armÖGMBIkarpliteRcInhYs enAelIBiPBelak. sRmab;ry³eBlEvg éføplit)anFøak;cuH ninñakareq<aHeTArksmtßPaBEkécñeRcIn )aneFVI[témøRKab;sVaycnÞIeqAeLIgéfø y:agehacNas;k¾sRmab;ry³eBlbeNþaHGasnñEdr.

tarag k3>1 bgðaj[eXIjbERmbRmYl énplitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIminTan;Ekécñ kñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdledIrtYsMxan;² edayeRbobeFobqñaM 2003 nigqñaM 1995. ebIeFobnwgTMhMdIdaMsVaycnÞIRbeTsevotNamsßitkñúglMdab;TI 5 b:uEnþevotNammanTinñplx<s; ¬2 470 KILÚRkam¼h>t¦. pÞúyeTAvij

ksiGaCIvkmµ³ RKab;sVaycnÞI

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TinñplenARbeTs\NÐamankRmitRbEhl 630 KILÚRkam¼h>t b:ueNÑaH. ¬]sSahkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIrbs;GU®sþalI eTIbRtUv)anbegáItkalBIeBlfµI²enH maneKaledAplit[)anTinñpleRcIn Cag 4 000KILÚRkam¼h>t edIm,I[manlkçN³RbkYtRbECg¦. épÞdIdaMsVaycnIÞ rbs;evotNam RtUv)anBRgIkBI 35000 h>t eTA 80 000 h>t enAqñaM 2003.

tarag tarag tarag tarag tarag k 3>1k 3>1k 3>1k 3>1k 3>1 plitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIplitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIplitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIplitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIplitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIRbeTsplitRbeTsplitRbeTsplitRbeTsplitRbeTsplit birmaNqña M2003 ¬KitCaetan¦birmaNqña M2003 ¬KitCaetan¦birmaNqña M2003 ¬KitCaetan¦birmaNqña M2003 ¬KitCaetan¦birmaNqña M2003 ¬KitCaetan¦ birmaNqña M1995 ¬KitCaetan¦birmaNqña M1995 ¬KitCaetan¦birmaNqña M1995 ¬KitCaetan¦birmaNqña M1995 ¬KitCaetan¦birmaNqña M1995 ¬KitCaetan¦evotNam 637>200 202>000\NÐa 460>000 321>500eRbhSIl 178>400 185>000nIehSrIy:a 186>000 95>000tg;hSanI 123>000 63>500kUtDIv½r 90>000 39>000hÁIen-b‘Ísav 80>000 29>000m:UhSMb‘Ík 58>000 33>500


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dUcKñaEdrRbeTsevotNamkMBugnaMcUly:ageRcIn edIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkarénsmtßPaBEkécñpÞal; Edl)anekIneLIg. eKlM)ak)a:n;sµankRmiténkarnaMcUlTaMgenHNas; eRBaHfa karnaMcUlTaMgenaH rYmmankardwkCBa¢ÚneRkApøÚvkary:ageRcInBIRbeTskm<úCapgEdr. smaKmsVaycnÞIevotNam pþl;dMNwgfa tYelx


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enAqñaM 2003 KW 220 000 etan EdléføsRmab;GñkpÁt;pÁg;ekIneLIg 20° eFobnwgqñaM 2002.edaysarmankMeNInesckþIRtUvkary:ageRcInBIRkumh‘unEkécñrbs;evotNam sBVéf¶ eKkMBugEsVgrkkarpÁt;pÁg;sVaycnÞIRss;BIplitkrsVaycnÞIenATVIbGaRBicEfmeTot.

karnaMecjnUvRKab;sVaycnÞIbkrYc manbgðajenAkñúgtarag k3>2 EdleRbobeFobnwgqñaM 1995.eKeXIjc,as;nUvkRmitnaMecjy:agTabénsVaycnÞIEkécñrYc rbs;GñknaMecjBITIVbGaRBic.

taragtaragtaragtaragtarag k 3>2k 3>2k 3>2k 3>2k 3>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMecjRKab;sVaycnÞ IKµansMbkRbeTssMxan;²naMecjRKab;sVaycnÞ IKµansMbkRbeTssMxan;²naMecjRKab;sVaycnÞ IKµansMbkRbeTssMxan;²naMecjRKab;sVaycnÞ IKµansMbkRbeTssMxan;²naMecjRKab;sVaycnÞ IKµansMbkRbeTsna MecjRbeTsna MecjRbeTsna MecjRbeTsna MecjRbeTsna Mecj qñaM 2003 ¬):an;sµanBIqñaM 2003 ¬):an;sµanBIqñaM 2003 ¬):an;sµanBIqñaM 2003 ¬):an;sµanBIqñaM 2003 ¬):an;sµanBI qña M2002qña M2002qña M2002qña M2002qña M2002 qña M1995qña M1995qña M1995qña M1995qña M1995

Exemsa-Fñ Ú¦ ¬KitCaetan¦Exemsa-Fñ Ú¦ ¬KitCaetan¦Exemsa-Fñ Ú¦ ¬KitCaetan¦Exemsa-Fñ Ú¦ ¬KitCaetan¦Exemsa-Fñ Ú¦ ¬KitCaetan¦ ¬KitCaetan¦¬KitCaetan¦¬KitCaetan¦¬KitCaetan¦¬KitCaetan¦ ¬KitCaetan¦¬KitCaetan¦¬KitCaetan¦¬KitCaetan¦¬KitCaetan¦evotNam 80>000 62>000 20>000\NÐa 72>000 122>000 70>000eRbhSIl 30>000 32>000mU:hSMb‘Ík 631 2>000tg;hSanI 399 0kUtDIv½r 211 0hÁIen-b‘Ísav 0 155

RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 and industry news reports

GtifiCnsMxan;²énRKab;sVaycnÞIEkécñrYc KWRbeTs]sSahkmµ EdleKniymbriePaKCaGaharbEnßm CamYynwgePsC¢³nana. TIpSarkñúgRbeTs enAkñúgRbeTsdaMsVaycnÞITMngCamanTMhMtUc edaysareK[éføx<s;kñúgkarnaMecj. ]TahrN_TIpSarenARbeTsevotNameRbIR)as;Et 5° énplitplsrubb: ueNÑaH. shrdæGaemrikCaRbeTsnaMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞ I BIRbeTs\NÐaeRcInCageKbMput. b: uEnþmankarmnÞilxøH²fa TIpSarnwgminrIksayedayKµanEdnkMNt;enaHeT edaysarmankarykcitþTukdak;BIsMNak;GñkplitRKab; almond kñúgRbeTsTaMgLayenaH EdlkMBugxitxMdeNþImmkvij nUvcMENkénTIpSarGaharRKab;RbePTsENþkdI b¤sVaycnÞI. tarag k3>3 bgðajRbeTsnaMcUlsMxan;² enAqñaM 2002.

]bsm<½n§ k3 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ RKab;sVaycnÞI

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tarag k3>3tarag k3>3tarag k3>3tarag k3>3tarag k3>3 RbeTssMxan;²naMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞ IenAqña M 2002RbeTssMxan;²naMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞ IenAqña M 2002RbeTssMxan;²naMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞ IenAqña M 2002RbeTssMxan;²naMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞ IenAqña M 2002RbeTssMxan;²naMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞ IenAqña M 2002RbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc Ul qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦shrdæGaemrik 95>400huløg; 20>600cRkPBGg;eKøs 10>400GU®sþalI 8>700kaNada 8>100GaLWm:g; 7>400Cb:un 6>700)araMg 5>000BiPBelak 209>400


RbeTs]sSahkmµTaMgGs; naMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞI ehIysBVéf¶enHRbeTsevotNamkMBugTTYl)ankEnøgQreCIgenAkñúgTIpSarEdlmanlkçN³BuMEmnCaRbéBNImYycMnYn enAkñúgGWr:ubxagekIt GasuIkNþalCb:un nigGas‘an. RbeTscink¾CaRbeTsnaMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞIpgEdr.

enAcugqñaM 2003 éfønaMecjenARbeTs\NÐa ¬Edlvas;sÞg;edayéføedIm Fanar:ab;rg nigéfødwk CBa¢Únb¤ c.i.f enAcRkPBGg;eKøs¦ mantémø 3 155 GWr: U dl; 4 557 GWr:U¼etan GaRs½yelIKuNPaB.tYelxenHbgðaj[eXIjnUvkarekIneLIgmYycMENk eFobnwgbNþaExmun² b:uEnþ)anqøúH[eXIjnUvkarFøak;cuHéntémøenAelITIpSarBiPBelakkñúgry³eBlEvg.

l½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢kmμ³ TIpSarsVaycnÞIBiPBelak

edayehtufaplitpltMbn;RtUBik mankarRbkYtRbECgedaypÞal;tictYc enAkñúgtMbn;ksikmµEdlmansItuNðPaBTab RKab;sVaycnÞIBuMEmnCakmµvtßúénkarkarBarTIpSar enAkñúgTIpSar]sSahkmµFM²eLIy. shrdæGaemrik shPaBGWr:ub kaNada GU®sþalI RbeTsTaMgGs;enHpþl;lT§PaBcUleTAkan;


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TIpSarrbs;BYkeK eday[rYcBn§cMeBaHRKab;sVaycnÞIKµansMbk. GaRs½yehtuenH RbeTskm<úCanwgBuM)anTTYl]tþmPaB cUleTAkan;TIpSarNamYy BIGñkpÁt;pÁg;kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenAkñúgTIpSarTaMgenHeLIy.

b:uEnþkm<úCanwg)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIlT§PaBGnueRKaH eTAkan;TIpSarRbeTscin tamry³kic©RBmeRBog {qab;TTYlpl} rvagGas‘an nigcin. kic©RBmeRBogenHpþl;nUvlT§PaB[km<úCanaMcUlRbeTscinedayrYcBn§ kñúgxN³EdlRkumh‘unnaMecjTaMgGs;rbs;evotNamRtUvbg;Bn§ 20°. b:uEnþ Rkumh‘unnaMecjrbs;evotNam enAEtGacRbkYtRbECg)an tamry³karTTYl)ankarpÁt;pÁg;eRkApøÚvkarénRKab;sVaycnÞIRss; nigtamry³karrt;Bn§qøgEdnBIRbeTsevotNameTARbeTscin. GRtaBn§Kyrbs;km<úCacMeBaHkarnaMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞI {KµansMbk b¤mansMbk} RtUv)ankMNt;kñúg kRmit 7°.

enATINaEdlman]bsKÁkñ úgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSar ]bsKÁTaMgenaH Tak;TgnwgviFankarsuvtß iPaBnigbTdæanes,ógGahar. mankarRBYy)armÖCaBiess GMBICatiBulenAkñúgRKab;sVaycnÞI CabBaðamYyEdleKGacecosvag)an tamry³karRbmUlpl nigkarhalRKab;sVaycnÞIedaymankarRtYtBinitüsmRsb. dUcCaplitpldéTeTotCaeRcInEdr RKab;sVaycnÞIEdldaMedaybec©keTsksikmµFmµCatiRtUv)aneK sVaKmn_ b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUvEtmankarbBa¢ak;c,as;las;.

RbeTskm<úCa enAkñúgTIpSarRKab;sVaycnÞIBiPBelak

eK)an):an;RbmaNfa épÞdIdaMdMNaMsVaycnÞIenAkm<úCamanTMhM 8 000 h>t. karRbmUlplRKab;sVaycnÞI RtUv)an):an;RbmaNfa mancMnYn 40 000 etan EdlmanTinñplCamFümesµInwg 500KILÚRkam¼h>t. épÞdIdaMsVaycnÞICaeRcIn CaksidæantUc² ehIycMkardMNaMFM²mancMnYnticb:ueNÑaH.

]TahrN_énplitplFMmYy EdlGacnwgnaMecjCapøÚvkaredaypÞal; KWshCIBrYmKñamYy rvag ksikrCam©as;cMnYn 10 nak; enAextþkMBg;cam. enAelIépÞdI 2 000 h>t eKdaMsVaycnÞI Edlman TinñplTabhYssRmab;eFV I[karvinieyaKkñ úgkarEkécñGacdMeNIrkar)an. m©as;ksidæanTaMgenaHman TsSn³faBYkeKGacnwgTTYlplBImYyeTABIIretankñúgmYyhikta. CamYysmtßPaBplit 30 000 etan¼qñaMedIm,I[manlkçN³RbkYtRbECgcMeBaHRKab;sVaycnÞIEkécñ.

BitR)akdehIyfa manEtRkumh‘unEkécñnaMecjEtmYyKt;enAkm<úCa enAextþkMBg;cam. eragcRkenH


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mansmtßPaBplitcMnYn 6 000 etan¼qñaM Edlpþl;RKab;sVaycnÞIcMnYn 1 000 etan. eragcRkkMBugRbwgERbgeqøIytbeTAnwgkic©snüanaMecj edaysarEtmankgVHxatRKab;sVaycnÞIRss;. kñúgenaH rYmmankarlk;eTAkan;shrdæGaemrikEdleKTTYl)anbBa¢aTijcMnYn 70-80 etan sRmab;qñaM 2004. eragcRkmanviBaØabnbRtbBa¢ak;kardaMedayFmµCati cMeBaHkarbBa¢aTijBIshrdæGaemrik.

plitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIRss;rbs;km<úCa kMBugEtpÁt;pÁg;[eragcRkEkécñcMnYn 80 enAevotNamehIyTMngCapÁt;pÁg;[eragcRkdéTeTotenARbeTséf. enAqñaM 2004 BaNiC¢krevotNam)abpþl;témø750 duløar¼etan ¬eLIgBI 450 duløar ¼etan enAqñaM 2002¦ ehIyeKrMBwgfa témøRKab;sVaycnÞInwgekIneLIgeTot. BaNiC¢kmµenHPaKeRcInRbRBwtþeTAminpøÚvkar eBalKW BaNiC¢krevotNam)anbBa¢aTijbBa¢ÚnrfynþdwkTMnijeTAkan;cMkarnana TijCasac;R)ak; nigTTYlbnÞúkbg;éføcMNayeRkApøÚvkarTaMgLaykñúgkardwkqøgkat;RBMEdnvilRtlb;mkkan;evotNamvij. karcat;EcgEbbenH manlkçN³smRsbcMeBaHplitkrkm<úCa EdlecosputBIkarcMNay nigBn§nanaEdlmankñúgRbeTs RBmTaMgTTYl)anéføx<s;cMeBaHplitplrbs;xøÜn.

cMeBaHeragcRkenAkMBg;camenH kareFVIEbbenHkMBugsMlab;GaCIvkmµrbs;BYkeK. Rkumh‘unenH minGacbg;éføTijRKab;sVaycnÞIRss; tamtémødUcQµÜjevotNameT RbsinebIeragcRkenHcg;manlkçN³RbkYtRbECg enAelITIpSarGnþrCatienaH. TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH eragcRkcaM)ac;RtUvbg;éføeRbg\n§n³ nigéføGKÁIsnIx<s; karR)ak;x<s; nigkarvinieyaKBIdMbUgelITunbgVil nigBn§déTeTot RBmTaMgbnÞúkpøÚvkarnigeRkApøÚvkar EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IdwknaMplitpleTAkan;RkugRBHsIhnu nigqøgkat;kMBg;EpRBHsIhnu Edlmantémø 1 350 duløar kñúgmYykugtWn½r.

xøwmsarsegçb

bBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxCaeRcIn cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa kñúgzan³CaRbeTsnaMecjd¾maneCaKC½yénRKab;sVaycnÞIbkrYc GaRs½yelITIpSarkñúgRbeTs BuMEmnGaRs½yelITIpSarnaMecjeLIy. RbsinebI eKminGacedaHRsaybBaðacMeBaHmuxTaMgenH)aneT enaHRbeTskm<úCanwgenACaRbeTsnaMecjd¾FMmYyénTIpSarRKab; sVaycnÞImansMbk eTaHrUbPaBpøÚvkarkþI b¤eRkApøÚvkarkþI EdlRbQmmuxnwgsßanPaBdUcKñacMeBaHplitkr sVaycnÞI enATVIbGaRBikdUecñaHEdr.


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RbPBnana nigB½t’manEdlmanRbeyaCn_

1> {RKab;sVaycnÞI eRbg nigeRKOgeTssamBaØ³ karsikSalT§PaBRbtibtþienARbeTskm<úCaelI karEkécñsRmab;GPivDÆkarnaMecj} Extula qñaM 2003 A.G. Mathew mCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati.

2> B½t’man]sSahkmµ éfølk;.l.³ http://www.cashewindia.com/html/process.htm

cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬cMeBaHGRtaBn§Ky¦³ 0801


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109

ksiGaCIvkmµ³ bsustV]bsm<½n§ k4

karsikSa nigbTBiesaFepSg²bgðajfa km<úCaGacman»kaseRcInkñúgkarnaMecjbsustV dUcCa eKaRkbI RCUk nigbkSI. kalBIeBlfµI²enH BaNiC¢kmµeKa-RkbI eRcInEtRbRBwtþeTAtamry³karrt;Bn§.RbsinebImankarciBa¢wm)anFMFat;l¥ eKGaclk;eKa-RkbIkm<úCa enAkñúgtMbn;EdlkMBugmantRmUvkarTIpSarekIneLIg ehIyTMngCaGacnwgbMeBjtRmUvkarekIneLIgenAkñúgmCÄwmbUB’apgEdr. mankarnaMecjeKaxøH²lk;eTA[RbeTsm:aeLsuI. kalBIb:unµanqñaMknøgeTAfµIenH CMgWstVBahn³)aneFVI[BaNiC¢kmµbsustVBiPBelakmanGsßirPaB ehIykareKarBtambTdæansuxPaBmansar³sMxan;Nas;. RbkarenHGacseRmc)antamry³karGPivDÆesvabsueBTü nigbegáInlT§PaB)anTTYl»sfbsueBTü. kareFVIGaCIvkmµbsustVk¾tRmUv[mankarEklMGlT§PaBplitcMNIstV EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgpgEdr. eRkABIenH l½kçx½NÐBaNiC¢kmµsRmab;bsustVmanlkçN³ebIkcMhCabgÁÜr.

TIpSarbsustVBiPBelak

TIpSareKaRkbIrs; rbs;BiPBelakmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj nigEbgEckeTAtamtMbn;. Cak;c,as;Nas;BaNiC¢kmµeKa-RkbIrs; nigsac;eKamanGnþrkmµdUcBaNiC¢kmµmkelIcMNIstVEdr. BaNiC¢kmµeKa-RkbITaMgGs;kan;EtTTYlrgplb:HBal;BIbnÞúHénCMgWstVdUcCa Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

¬BSE EdleKEtgehACaTUeTAfa {CMgWeKaqáÜt}¦ nigCMgWGutkþam kalBITsvtSknøgeTA. bTdæansuxPaBkøayeTACamanlkçN³kan;EtsMxan;eLIg² edaymankarhamXat;karnaMcUlCajwkjab; ehIyCYnkalhamXat;edayKµankarbBa¢ak;mUlehtuc,as;las;. mankrNIvivaTmYycMnYn enAkñúg WTO rYmmansac;eKaEdlcBa©wmedaykarcak;G½rmUn rvagshrdæGaemrik nigenAshPaBGWr:ub.

]TahrN_ BaNiC¢kmµenAkñúgtMbn;kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIGaemrikxageCIg (NAFTA)

manTMhMFM b:uEnþTIpSarenH KWCaTIpSarerobcMsRmab;EtxøÜnÉgEtb:ueNÑaH. enAqñaM 2002 shrdæGaemrik)annaMcUl nUveKacMnYnCag 2/5 lank,al EdlPaKeRcInnaMcUlmkBIkaNada nigmuicsuIk. dUcKñaEdr enAqñaM2002 BaNiC¢kmµstVrs; enAshPaBGWr:ubmankRmitx<s;Nas; RbmaNCa 3/3 lank,al b:uEnþmanmYy

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EpñkFM KWCaBaNiC¢kmµrvagbNþardænana. karnaMcUlTMnijmkBIbNþaRbeTsnana eTAkan; shPaBGWr:ubenAqñaM2002 mancMnYnRtwmEtCag 500 000 k,alb:ueNÑaH.

TIpSarEdlKYr[mancMNab;GarmµN_xøaMg KWTIpSarGas‘an TIpSarenAtMbn;GasuIdéTeTot nigTIpSarenAmCÄwmbUBa’. tarag k4>1 nig tarag k4>2 bgðajTIpSarFM²bMput kñúgcMeNampSarTaMgenH enAqñaM 2002.

naMcUleKa-RkbIenAqña 2002 naMcUleKa-RkbIenAqña 2002 naMcUleKa-RkbIenAqña 2002 naMcUleKa-RkbIenAqña 2002 naMcUleKa-RkbIenAqña 2002tarag k4>1tarag k4>1tarag k4>1tarag k4>1tarag k4>1 Gas‘an nigtMbn;Gasu IdéTeTotGas‘an nigtMbn;Gasu IdéTeTotGas‘an nigtMbn;Gasu IdéTeTotGas‘an nigtMbn;Gasu IdéTeTotGas‘an nigtMbn;Gasu IdéTeTot tarag k4>2 mCÄwmbUB’atarag k4>2 mCÄwmbUB’atarag k4>2 mCÄwmbUB’atarag k4>2 mCÄwmbUB’atarag k4>2 mCÄwmbUB’aRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc Ul 2002 ¬k,al¦2002 ¬k,al¦2002 ¬k,al¦2002 ¬k,al¦2002 ¬k,al¦ RbeTsnaMcUlRbeTsnaMcUlRbeTsnaMcUlRbeTsnaMcUlRbeTsnaMcUl 2002 ¬k,al¦2002 ¬k,al¦2002 ¬k,al¦2002 ¬k,al¦2002 ¬k,al¦Rb‘ueNdarusSaLwm 23>300 )aEr:n 8>146\NÐÚensuI 171>100 GuWRsaEGl 52>730m:aeLsuI 97>000 hS½kdg; 40>200hVIlIBIn 117>100 KuyEv:t 7>400éf 183>000 lIbg; 222>680cin 11>500 Gar:ab‘ÍsaG‘UDIt 39>000hugkug 48>000 Gar:ab;rUm eGmIra:t 4>600Cb:un 14>500 eGhSIúb 153>000m:akav 5>300eN):al; 12>000RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004

stVeKa-RkbIrs;enARbeTskm<úCaPaKeRcIn RtUv)aneKeRbICakMlaMgGUsTaj. karnaMcUlstVTaMgenHKWmaneKalbMNgepSg²KñaCaeRcIn kñúgenaHrYmman edIm,I;yksac; TwkedaH nigbgáat;BUC. enAkñúgcMeNamGñkpÁt;pÁg; RbeTsGU®sþalIKWCaRbeTsEdldeNþImTIpSar)anFMCageKenAGasuI nigenAmCÄwmbUB’a eday)annaMecjeKa-RkbIrs; kñúgqñaM 2002 RbEhl 948 000 k,al. enAeBlmankarriHKn;CasaFarN³GMBIsßanPaBsuxPaBrbs;stVEdl)andwkeTAkan;mCÄwmbUB’a ]sSahkmµGU®sþalIrMBwgfa TIpSarenATIenaHnwgekIneLIg.


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enAkñ úgcMeNamRbeTsCitxagrbs;RbeTskm<úCa BaNiC¢kmµeKa-RkbI)anekItmanRcInrYcehIy.tYelxCapøÚvkarmin)anqøúHbBa©aMgkarBit[)aneBjeljeT b:uEnþ FAOSTAT )anraykarN_fa enAqñaM 2002RbeTsmIy:an;m:a)annaMecjcMnYn 113 000 k,al cin 58 000 k,al Lav 35 300 k,alnigRbeTskm<úCa 10 600 k,al.

l½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢km μbsustVenATIpSarGnþrCati

enAkñúgxN³EdlBaNiC¢kmµsac;eKaRKbdNþb;eTAedaykUtaBn§Ky nigGmedayl½kçx½NÐBiesssRmab;cUleTAkan;TIpSar CaBiessl½kçx½NÐEdl)anBiPakSaeTVPaKI enAkñúgTIpSarGasuIsMxan;² edayshrdæGaemrik nigGU®sþalI BaNiC¢kmµbsustVkan;EtRtUv)aneKebIkcMhbEnßmeTot. b:uEnþ bNþaRbeTsnaMcUlcMbg² eRcInEtmanviFankarEdlmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj nigviFankartRmUv[man SPS.

TIpSarGas‘anCaTUeTACaTIpSarrUcBn§. krNIenHGnuvtþcMeBaHm:aeLsuI nig\NÐÚeNsuI rIÉRbeTsPIlIBIn eKkMNt;Bn§KyesµInwg 3°. GRtaBn§Fmµtarbs;éf esµInwg 5° RtUv)ankat;bnßymkRtwmkRmitsUnücMeBaHeKa-RkbIrs; ehIynwgkarnaMcUlstVRCUkenAkñúgkmµviFIGnueRKaHeTVPaKI. Bn§pøÚvkarenAtamRBMEdnevotNam esµInwg 5°. RbeTskm<úCa)annaMcUledayrYcBn§ eTAkan;TIpSarRbeTscintamry³kic©RBmeRBog {qab;TTYlpl}. l½kçx½NÐenATl;EdnpÞal;rbs;RbeTskm<úCasRmab;karnaMcUleKa-RkbIrs;tRmUv[manGRtaBn§ MFN 15° nigGRtasRmab;qñaM 2004 én AFTA CEPT esµInwg 10°.

TIpSarmCwÄmbUB’ak¾ebIkcMheRcInpgEdr eTaHbICaRbeTsmYycMnYn manGRtaBn§KykatBVkic©Gtibrmax<s;enAkñúg WTO kþI dUcmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgtarag k4>3.

bEnßmeTAelIesckþIRBYy)armÖGMBICMgW BSE nigCMgWGutkþam BaNiC¢kmµeKa-RkbIrs; k¾rgplb:HBal;pgEdr edaysarvivaT sþIBIkareRbIR)as;G½rm:UneFVI[qab;FM. kñúgry³eBlmYyTsSvtSr_knøgeTA shrdæGaemrik kaNada GU®sþalI nigbNþaRbeTsdéTepSgeTot )aneFVIkartv:acMeBaHkarhamXat;rbs;shPaBGWr:ub ¬EU¦ cMeBaHstVBahn³ ¬nigsac;eKa¦ EdlplitenAshrdæGaemrik edayeRbIR)as;G½rm:UnEbbenH. GgÁvinicä½yrbs; WTO )anrkeXIjfa karhamXat; BuMmanEp¥kelIPsþútagEdlmanlkçN³viTüasa®sþNamYy b¤karvaytémøhaniP½yEdlGaceCOTukcitþNamYyeLIy ehIyesñI[ EU

]bsm<½n§ k4 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ bsustV

112

taragtaragtaragtaragtarag k4>3k4>3k4>3k4>3k4>3 GRtaBn§KyGtibrmarbs;GRtaBn§KyGtibrmarbs;GRtaBn§KyGtibrmarbs;GRtaBn§KyGtibrmarbs;GRtaBn§KyGtibrmarbs; WTO nig GRtaBn§GnuvtþsMrab;TIpSarmCÄwmbUB’anig GRtaBn§GnuvtþsMrab;TIpSarmCÄwmbUB’anig GRtaBn§GnuvtþsMrab;TIpSarmCÄwmbUB’anig GRtaBn§GnuvtþsMrab;TIpSarmCÄwmbUB’anig GRtaBn§GnuvtþsMrab;TIpSarmCÄwmbUB’aRbeTsRbeTsRbeTsRbeTsRbeTs GRtakat§Gtibrmarbs; GRtakat§Gtibrmarbs; GRtakat§Gtibrmarbs; GRtakat§Gtibrmarbs; GRtakat§Gtibrmarbs; WTO GRtaGnuvtþGRtaGnuvtþGRtaGnuvtþGRtaGnuvtþGRtaGnuvtþ)aEr:n 35% 5%

GuIRsaEGl 128% GRtaesµI 0 sMrab; 120>000 k,al43% sMrab;stVBahn³sMrab;bgáat;BUCsuT§

hSkdg; 5% + 10JD/k,al 5% + 10JD/k,alKuyEv:t 100% + 15% Bn§Rbfab;Rta 5%

lIbg; kMBugcrcacUlCasmaCik 0Gar:ab‘ÍGaGUDIt kMBugcrcacUlCasmaCik lGar:ab;rYmeGmIr:at 15% 5%

eGhSIúb 10% minR)akd RbPB ³ WTO tariff schedules and customs departments

elIkElgkarhamXat;enaH. kargarenHminRtUv)aneKGnuvtþeLIy ehIyshrdæGaemrikk¾)andak;viFankarBaNiC¢kmµsgswgRbqaMgtbnwgTMnijrbs;shPaBGWr:ub. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk shPaBGWr:ub)antv:afa mankarENnaMfµI² kñúgkarhamXat;[manlkçN³RsbeTAtamkatBVkic©rbs; WTO b:uEnþshrdæGaemrikminyl;RBmeLIy. enHBuMEmnCabBaaðEdlmanplb:HBal;mkelIkarnaMecjeKa-RkbIrbs;km<úCaeLIy.

RbeTskm<úCa kñúgzan³CaRbeTsnaMecjeKa-RkbI

sßitiqñaM 2002 rbs;RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT )anbgðajtYelxsrubéncMnYnstVBahn³bc©úb,nñ EdlCitesµInwg 2/9 lank,al enAextþcMnYn 8 nigRkbI mancMnYn 625 000 k,alenAextþcMnYn 4. tRmUvkarkñúgRbeTs RtUv)anbMeBjBIRbPBkMlaMgGUsTaj nigstVBahn³ekµg². mancMnYnstVBahn³y:ageRcIn EdlGacnaMecj)an.

PaKeRcInénstVBahn³rbs;km<úCa RtUv)aneKdwkqøgkat;RBMEdnevotNam nigRBMEdnéfCahVÚgtUc²


113

kñúglkçN³eRkApøÚvkar. bBaðaenHekIteLIgedaysarkarnaMcUleKa-RkbICa pøÚvkarrbs;km<úCa )anrgplb:HBal;kalBIry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgeTA edaysarkarP½yxøacGMBICMgWGutkþamenAkñúgTIpSarTaMgBIrenH.mankar)a:n;sµanmYybgðajfa tYelxnaMecjeKa-RkbIeRkApøÚvkarmancMnYnesµInwg 80 000-150 000 k,alkñúgmYyqñaM². eRkABIkarxatbg;R)ak;cMNUlcMeBaHrdæaPi)alkm<úCa plitkrk¾)at;bg;pgEdrnUvtémø bEnßmtamry³karbMb:n[Fat;enAeBlqøgEdn.

edIm,IGPivDÆ[køayeTACaRbeTsnaMecjd¾sMxan;mYy vis½yeKa-RkbIrbs;km<úCa RtUvmankarerobcMl¥. vis½yenHk¾caM)ac; RtUveqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarkñúgRbeTspgEdr GMBIcMNIstVEdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgsRmab;b Mb :nbsustV. RbPBCaskþan uBléncMNIFmµCatimanKuNPaBx<s; Edlbc© úb,n ñenHRtUv)aneKnaMcUlTaMgGs;enH suT§EtmanenAkñ úgRbeTskm<úCa. cMNITaMgenaHrYmmanplitplRtIGnupléndMNaM GMeBA nigdMLÚgmI RBmTaMgsENþkesog sENþkdI nigeBatpgEdr.

ktþaEdlRtUveFVIbEnßmeTotKW karbnþEklMGesvabsueBTü nigkarbegáInvtþman»sf nigv:ak;saMg.RbsinebIBuMman»sf nigv:ak;saMgTaMgenHeT eKminGacRKb;RKgCMgWqøgraldal dUcCa CMgWGutkþam)aneT.

Tak;TgeTAnwgplitpldéTeTotsRmab;naMecj PaBRbkYtRbECgenATIpSarbsustV enAbreTsGacrgplb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶r edaykartRmUveKbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkarkñúgRbeTs elIkardwkCBa¢ÚnstVBahn³nigkardwkstVTaMgenaHqøgmkkMBg;Ep. Ca]TahrN_ eK)anraykarN_fa kardwkCBa¢ÚnstVBahn³ RtUv)aneKRbmUlmkBIkEnøgxus²Kña RtUvqøgkat;karXat;cMnYn 19 kEnøg BIsMNak;nKr)al nigeyaFa ehIyéføsrubEdleKRbmUlmancMnYn 250 duløar.

b:uEnþeTaHCay:agNak¾eday Rkumh‘un m:ug b¤T§I CaRkumh‘unksiGaCIvkmµkm<úCad¾FMmYy EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgkarbegáItl½kçx½NÐcaM)ac; sRmab;karlk;stVBahn³eTA[RbeTsm:aeLsuI. karnaMecjTaMgenH RtUv)aneKraykarN_fa mancMnYn 1 000 k,al¼Ex. mü:agvijeTot RbeTskm<úCaenAminTan;)aneFVIGaCIvkmµenATIpSard¾FMrbs;Gas‘anenAeLIyeT kñúgxN³EdlRbeTsCitxag)andeNþImyk]tþmPaBén»kasd¾l¥²TaMgenH.

]bsm<½n§ k4 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ bsustV

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1> karsikSaksiGaCIvkmµrbs; SME enAkm<úCa Exemsa qñaM 2004. kmµviFIGPivDÆvis½yÉkCnenAtMbn;emKgÁ (Mekong Private Sector Development Facility).

2> bBaða EU: http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/animal/liveanimals/bovine/imports_en.htm

3> esvasikSaRsavRCavEpñkesdækic© {karRbemIlemIlGMBIEpñkksikmµ} ExFñÚ qñaM 1997www.ers.usda.gov

4> B½t’man]sSahkmµTUeTAGMBIstVBahn³ www.cattletoday.com

5> cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬sRmab;B½t’manGMBIBn§Ky¦³ 0102 ¬stVeKars;¦.


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ksiGaCIvkmµ³ EpøsVay]bsm<½n§ k5

ksikrkm<úCa daMdMNaMhUbEpøepSg²KñaCaeRcIn EdlmanKuNPaBx<s; kñúgcMeNamenaH EpøeQImYycMnYn mantRmUvkarx<s; enAkñúgTIpSarénbNþaRbeTsrIkceRmIn. GñkTijenARbeTsrIkceRmInh‘an[éføx<s; cMeBaHEpøeQIEdlmankarbBa¢ak;fa daMtamFmµCati. ]TahrN_ tRmUvkarEpøsVay)anekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s enAkñúg ry³eBl10 qñaMcugeRkayenH ehIyBaNiC¢kmµEpøsVay )anekIneLIgeTVdg. RbeTskMBugGPivDÆmYycMnYn kMBugEtBüayam naMcUlEpøeQItamrdUvkaly:ageRcIn EdlmanKuNPaBxus²Kña eTAkan;TIpSarbreTs. eTaHbICabTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGaharmanlkçN³twgEtgkþI l½kçx½NÐeFVIGaCIvkmµEpøeQImankarebIkTUlayy:agxøaMg.enARbeTskm<úCa eKKYrerobcMplitkmµEpøsVay[)anl¥bEnßmeTot BuMEmnsRmab;EtkarnaMecjb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarkñúgRbeTspgEdr kñúgenaHrYmmantRmUvkarxagvis½yeTscrN_.

karpþl;mtieyabl;nana eTAelIskþanuBlénRbeTskm<úCa kñúgzan³CaRbeTsnaMecjEpøsVay GacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHpldMNaMEpøeQIdéTeTotmYycMnYn.

TIpSarEpøsVayBiPBelak

manRbeTsCaeRcInenAtMbn;RtUBik nigeRkAtMbn;RtUBik daMdMNaMsVay. y:agehacNas;manRbeTscMnYn 25 EdlplitEpøsVayelIsBI 100 000 etan¼qñaM. tarag k5>1 bgðajeQµaHRbeTsEdlsMbUrEpøsVaybMput. plitkmµsrubrbs;BiPBelakenAqñaM 2003 mancMnYn 25/5 lanetan. bc©úb,nñplitkmµEpøsVay rbs;km<úCamancMnYnRbEhl 35 000 etan.

b:uEnþ enAqñaM 2002 manEtCag 2/5° EdlesµInwg 670 000 etan énplitplBiPBelakb:ueNÑaHEdleK)aneFVIBaNiC¢kmµCaGnþrCati. tarag k5>2 bgðajeQµaHRbeTsnaMecjcMbg² enAqñaM 2002.CabEnßmelIenH KYrkt;sMKalfa RbeTseGsuIbCaGñknaMecjTwkEpøsVay ÉRbeTséfnaMecjdMNab;EpøsVay7 400 etan.

116

tarag k5>1tarag k5>1tarag k5>1tarag k5>1tarag k5>1 RbeTsplitEpøsVayeRcInenAqña M RbeTsplitEpøsVayeRcInenAqña M RbeTsplitEpøsVayeRcInenAqña M RbeTsplitEpøsVayeRcInenAqña M RbeTsplitEpøsVayeRcInenAqña M ¬2003¦¬2003¦¬2003¦¬2003¦¬2003¦RbeTsplitRbeTsplitRbeTsplitRbeTsplitRbeTsplit 2003 ¬KitCaetan¦2003 ¬KitCaetan¦2003 ¬KitCaetan¦2003 ¬KitCaetan¦2003 ¬KitCaetan¦\NÐa 10>500>000cin 3>400>000éf 1>750>000muicsIukU 1>503>000):aKIsßan 1>036>000eRbhSúIl 845>000hVIlIBIn 890>000\NÐÚensuI 730>000nIehSrIy:a 730>000eGhSIúb 326>000evotNam 306>000RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004

tarag tarag tarag tarag tarag ³ k5>2k5>2k5>2k5>2k5>2 RbeTsnaMecjEpøsVayeRcIn qña M ¬2002¦RbeTsnaMecjEpøsVayeRcIn qña M ¬2002¦RbeTsnaMecjEpøsVayeRcIn qña M ¬2002¦RbeTsnaMecjEpøsVayeRcIn qña M ¬2002¦RbeTsnaMecjEpøsVayeRcIn qña M ¬2002¦RbeTsnaMecjRbeTsnaMecjRbeTsnaMecjRbeTsnaMecjRbeTsnaMecj qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦eRbsuIl 104>000muicsIukU 195>000):aKIsßan 48>000\NÐa 41>500hVIlIBIn 36>000eb:rU 35>000eGkVaD½r 30>000GaRhVikxagt,Úg 17>000kUDIv½r 10>500éf 8>700RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004


117

BaNiC¢kmµEpøsVayBiPBelak )anekIneLIgeTVdg kñúgry³eBl 10 cugeRkay edaysaréfødwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakas)ancuHefak ehIybec©keTsevcx©b; nigbec©keTsTukdak;RtUv)anEklMG. TMnijmYyEdlknøgmk RtUveKeFVIBaNiC¢kmµy:ageRcInkñúgcMeNamRbeTsCitxag \LÚvenH KWCaTMnijEdlGnþrCatieRbIR)as;y:ageRcIn enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsrIkceRmIn k¾dUcCaenATIpSarénRbeTsRkIRkEdr. RbeTs]sSahkmµTaMgGs;naMcUlEpøsVay kñúgxN³EdlmanRbCaCatienAmCÄwmbUBa’CaeRcIn k¾briePaKEpøsVaypgEdr. taragk5>3 bgðajeQµaHRbeTsnaMcUlEpøsVayeRcIn.

tarag k5>3tarag k5>3tarag k5>3tarag k5>3tarag k5>3 RbeTsnaMcUlEpøsVayeRcIn ¬qña M 2002¦RbeTsnaMcUlEpøsVayeRcIn ¬qña M 2002¦RbeTsnaMcUlEpøsVayeRcIn ¬qña M 2002¦RbeTsnaMcUlEpøsVayeRcIn ¬qña M 2002¦RbeTsnaMcUlEpøsVayeRcIn ¬qña M 2002¦RbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc Ul qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦shrdæGaemrik 263>000shPaBGWr:ub 197>000Gar:ab;rUmeGmIra:t 45>000cin 37>000Gar:ab‘ÍsaG‘UDIt 34>500m:aeLsuI 31>000swgðburI 13>700Cb:un 9>000sVIús 4>000RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004

enAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdlnaMecjEpøsVay eKeXIjmancMNab;GarmµNcMeBaHkarGPivDÆTIpSarbc©úb,nñ nigTIpSarfµI². GtifiCnenARbeTsCaeRcIn h‘an[éføx<s; cMeBaHGVIEdleKncat;Tukfa CaGaharRbNIt. RbeTsPIlIBIn)annaMcUledayeCaKC½yeTAkñúgTIpSarGWr:ubnUv {EpøsVayFMrbs;PIlIBIn} ehIy)anTTYléføx<s; enAkñúgTIpSarsMxan;² nighagcMNIq¶aj;enAEblsuik GIutalI niglucsMbYr. PIlIBInk¾)anEsVgrkCMnYy BIshrdæGaemrikpgEdr kñúgkareFVIlT§kmµbrikçarbBa©aMgkmµrsµIsRmab;sMlab;stVl¥it edIm,IbegáInkarnaMecjrbs;xøÜneTAkan;TIpSarshrdæGaemrik.

]bsm<½n§ k5 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ EpøsVay

118

RbeTseRbsuIlkMBugBüayambegá Inkic©RbwgERbgrbs;xø Ün kñ úgkarelIkMBs;kareRCotcUleTAkan;TIpSarGaemrikxageCIg. kalBIeBlfµI²enH enAcRkPBGg;eKøsmansþúkEpøsVayFmµCati mkBI bYKINahVasUeFVICaplitpltaMgBiBN’. RbeTs\NÐa)anbegáInkarBRgIkTIpSarrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg RbeTs cin. evotNamkMBugbegáItTIpSarEpøeQIlk;duM enAEk,rRBMEdncinrbs;xøÜn edIm,IbegáInkarnaMecjplitplnana dUcCaEpøsVayCaedIm. enAshrdæGaemrik mYyEpñkedIm,IelIkTwkcitþplitkrTaMgLayénrdæpøÚrIda eK)anbegáItkmµviFICMrujEpøsVayCatimYy Edl]btßmÖKaMRTedayRkumh‘un nigGñknaMcUlEpøsVay.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday EpøsVaynana Edldak;lk;enAelITIpSarRbeTsrIkceRmInFM²manKuNPaBxus²Kña. mYyEpñk karN_enaHsbBa¢ak;BIKMrUtamrdUvénEpøsVaytamrdUv xN³EdlEpøsVayenAGDÆeKalxagt,Úg manmuxenAtamhagnana enAkñúgeBlxusKña BIEpøsVayEdlmkBIGDÆeKalxageCIg ehIymYycMENkKWEpøsVayTaMenaHmanRbePTxusKñay:ageRcIn. EpøsVayEdlmansac; nigmanrs;Catil¥minsUvsMbUreLIy. CagenHeTAeTot karBRgIkskþanuBlTIpSarsRmab;EpøsVay EdldaMedayFmµCatiBuMEmnsuT§Etman rs;Catiq¶aj;enaHeLIy. GaRs½yehtuenH kñúgzan³CaGñkplittictYc naeBlbc©úb,nñnigKµanRbvtþiCaGñknaMecj RbeTskm<úCaGacman]tþmPaBkñúgkarBRgIkTIpSar)anl¥ RbsinebIRbeTs km<úCaGacnaMEpøsVay cUleTAkan;TIpSar.

l½kçx½NÐGnþrCaticMeBaHBaNiC¢km μEpøsVay

edayehtufa EpøeQIenAtMbn;RtUBikmankarRbkYtRbECgedaypÞal;tictYcBIplitplenAtMbn;EdlmanGakasFatuRtCak; TIpSarRbeTs]sSahkmµ)anebIkcMhCayUrmkehIy cMeBaHkarnaMcUl EpøsVayCaBiesstamry³karsnüaEdl)aneFVIenAkñúgkic©RbCuMenARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay). shrdæ GaemrikshPaBGWr:ub Cb:un nigkaNada RbeTsTaMgGs;enHsuT§Etpþl;karrYcBn§kñúgkarnaMcUlTIpSar elImUldæanMFN b¤ GSP ¬shrdæGaemrik nigCb:un¦.

TIpSarGas‘ank¾kMBugebIky:agFMpgEdr. enAkñúgRkbx½NÐGas‘an GRta CEPT esµIsUnü elIkElgEtRbeTsm:aeLsuI ¬15°¦ PIlIBIn ¬5°¦ nigevotNam ¬5°¦. EpøsVayminsßitenAkñúgbBa¢IénkmµviFI{qab;RbmUlpl} rvagGas‘an nigcineLIy dUecñHGRtaBn§Gnuvtþ sRmab;RbeTskm<úCaKW 12°.

eK)andak;[manviFankarEpñksuxPaB enAkñúgRbeTsnaMcUlPaKeRcIn. karRBYy)armÖEdl KYr[kt;sMKal;


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eKdaMedImsVayenAelIépÞdIRbmaNCa 27 000 h>t enAkñúgextþcMnYn 6. sßitiCapøÚvkar bgðajfaKµankarnaMecjEpøsVayeLIy ehIymanEtkarnaMcUltictYcEtb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ tamCak;Esþg mankarnaMecjEpøsVayminpø Úvkar eTAkan;RbeTsevotNam. BaNiC¢krevotNam)anem:AEpøsVayenAelIedImmuneBldwkCBa¢Ún niglk;enATIpSartamRBMEdnenARbeTsevotNam. b:uEnþ ÉksareKalneya)ayfµI²rbs;RksYg ksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT sþIBIkarBRgIkTIpSarEpøeQI nigbEnø )ankt;sMKal;faEpøsVaymkBIRbeTs evotNam RtUv)aneKlk; enATIRkugPñMeBj.

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kareqøIytbnwgbTdæanGnþrCati cMeBaHkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµEpøeQI KWCabBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxedaHRsay.viFankar SPS nwgRtUvrwtbnþwgenAkñúgeBlGnaKtÉenaH mann½yfa smtßPaBénkarRKb;RKgKuNPaBrYmmanvtßúFatuedImksikmµ GFikarkic©EdlmanRbsiT§PaB nigGFikarkic©PUtKamGnam½y EdleK)anTTYlsÁal;fa caM)ac;RtUvGPivDÆbEnßmeTot. dUcKñaEdr karmanGFikarkic© SPS RKb;RKan; enAtamRBMEdnGacCYyFanafa plitplnaMcUl min)anebIkcMhRbeTskm<úCa edIm,ITTYlstVl¥itcéRg nigCMgWEpøeQIEdleFVI[xUcGnaKtTIpSarGnþrCatienaHeT.

karRbkYtRbECgnaMcUlEpøeQI KWCakarRBYy)armÖd¾Cak;c,as;mYy eTaHbICaeKminGacnwgeqøIytbedaykardak;kMhitCaGtþenam½tkþI (viFanrbs; WTO nig AFTA minGnuBaØat[mankarN_enHekIt eLIgeTehIykarrt;Bn§nwgeKcevsBIRbkarenH¦. EpñkmYyénbBaðaenH KWcMNaypøÚvkar nigcMNayeRkA pøÚvkarTak;TgeTAnwgkardwkCBa¢ ÚnEpøeQIkñúgRbeTseTAkan;TIpSar. vak¾CabBaðaTak;Tgnwgkaryl;dwgGMBIPaBxusKñaelIKuNPaBrvagplitplnaMcUl nigplitpldaMenAkm<úCaEdr. edaysarGtifiCnyl;dwgminc,as;las;GMBIKuNPaBrbs;plitplEpøeQIkñúgRbeTs KµanRbkarNamYyenAkñúg WTO EdlhamR)amrdæaPi)al b¤]sSahkmµNamYy mineFVIeGaymanyuT§nakarelIksÞÜyplitplkñúgRbeTseT. RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT )anesñI[manyuT§nakarmYyehAfa “ebIcg;mansuxPaBl¥ sUmTTYlTan


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plitplkñúgRbeTs”.

edIm,I[EpøeQIkm<úCaTTYleCaKC½yenAelITIpSarbreTs RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvEtmankarTTYlsÁal;BIGtifiCnGnþrCatifa CaRbeTspÁt;pÁg;plitplFmµCatiEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;.

RbPB nig Bt’manEdlmanlkçN³GnuvtþCak;Esþg

1> {esckþIRBageKalneya)ayGMBIplitkmµbEnø EpøeQI nigkarBRgIkTIpSar³ savtarBak;B½n§EpñkeKalneya)ay nigsMeNIyuT§sa®sþsRmab;Gnuvtþ} ExemsaqñaM 2003 RksYgksikmµrukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT nigKMragEklMGKuNPaBksikmµ.

2> savtarBak;B½n§rbs; USDA: http://www.ams.usda.gov/fv/rpmango.htm

3> B½t’manGMBI]sSahkmµGnþrCati nigB½t’mansþIBIRbeTsEdlpÁt;pÁg;EpøeQI nigbEnø:www.tapin.uk

4> Evbsayrbs;RbeTsQIlI ¬EpñkkarCav¦ EdlmanB½t’man nigTinñn½yeRcInGMBI]sSahkmµBaNiC¢kmµEpøeQI³ www.fruitonline.com


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TIpSarBiPBelakcMeBaHeRbgrukçCati

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eRbgrukçCatimanCaGaT×³ eRbgRKab; canola kMBugEtmanRbCaRbiyPaBsRmab;karcMGinGahar

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eFVIjaMsalad nigkarbriePaKEbbepSg²eTotrbs;mnusS edaysarkarRBYy)armÖBIplb:HBal;suxPaBénCatixøaj;stV. eRbgrukçCati nigxøaj; RBmTaMgplitplbnÞab;bnSMrbs;va k¾RtUveKEkécñeFVICacMNIstVpgEdr CaBiess enAeBlmankarekIneLIgnUvkarRBYy)armÖ Tak;TgnwgsuvtßiPaBénFatupSMepSg²énplitplcMNIsRmab;ciBa©wmstV.

]sSahkmµkMBugEtBRgIkTIpSareRbgrukçCati. eKGacEkécñµdUgeRbg edIm,IRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgplitplKImICafña Mlab TwkexµA pøasÞ ik eRbgrMGil sab‘ U nigeRKOgsMGag. plitpldEdlenHk¾GaccMraj;eTACa\n§n³CIv³ RbeTsm:aeLsuI)anQanmuxeK kñúgkarplitGKÁIsnIEdledIredayfamBleRbgdUg. eyagtamGñkCMnajEpñk]sSahkmµmñak; kareRbIR)as;TaMgGs;enH nigkareRbIR)as;déTeTotTMngCabegáInkareRbIR)as;eRbgrukçCati sRmab;kareRbIR)as;epSgBIcMNIGaharBI 15°-20° enAqñaM 2010.Cak;c,as;Nas;Edlfa karekIneLIgénéføeRbgkñúgry³eBlEvgGacnwgCMrujninñakarenH.

eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday karRbemIleXIjGMBIkarnaMecjrbs;km<úCa Tak;TgeTAnwgeRbgEdl)anEkécñrYc KµanlkçN³RsYcRsal;eLIy. BiPBelakmansmtßPaBplitRKab;FBaØCatipþl;eRbg nigeRbgEkécñy:ageRcIn. eyagtamtYelxrbs; FAO plitkmµsrubéneRbgrukçCatirbs;BiPBelak ekInBI 85lan etanenAqñaM 1998 dl; 96 lanetanenAqñaM 2002. plitplBIr EdleFVI[mankarekIneLIgKWdUgeRbgEdlekInBI 18 lan etan dl; 24 lan etan nigeRbgsENþkesogekInBI 23 lan etan dl;26 lan etan.

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BaNiC¢kmµeRbgrukçCatiPaKeRcIn manenAkñúgtMbn;GasuI. enAqñaM 2001 GasuInaMcUl 16 lanetankñúgcMeNambrimaN 36 lanetan EdleFVIBaNiC¢kmµenAelIBiPBelak CaBiessRbeTscin)ankøayeTACaRbeTsnaMcUld¾FMmYy. enAqñaM 2002 RbeTscinnaMcUldUgeRbgcMnUn 2/3 lanetan EdlsßitenAkñúglMdab;TI2 énRbeTselIBiPBelak bnÞab;BIRbeTs\NÐaEdl)anTijcMnYn 3 lanetan. karnaMcUleRbgsENþkrbs;RbeTscinenAqñaM 2002 EdlmanbrimaN 908 000 etan k¾CakarnaMcUl lMdab;TI 2bnÞab;BIRbeTs\NÐa ¬1/2 lanetan¦Edr.

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l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢km μeRbgrukçCati

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RbeTskm<úCa nigBaNiC¢kmμeRbgrukçCati

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tarag k6>1tarag k6>1tarag k6>1tarag k6>1tarag k6>1 karnaMcUlnUveRbgrukçCatimYycMnYnmkkan;RbeTskm< úCaenAqña M ¬2003¦karnaMcUlnUveRbgrukçCatimYycMnYnmkkan;RbeTskm< úCaenAqña M ¬2003¦karnaMcUlnUveRbgrukçCatimYycMnYnmkkan;RbeTskm< úCaenAqña M ¬2003¦karnaMcUlnUveRbgrukçCatimYycMnYnmkkan;RbeTskm< úCaenAqña M ¬2003¦karnaMcUlnUveRbgrukçCatimYycMnYnmkkan;RbeTskm< úCaenAqña M ¬2003¦plitplplitplplitplplitplplitpl brimaN ¬KitCaetan¦brimaN ¬KitCaetan¦brimaN ¬KitCaetan¦brimaN ¬KitCaetan¦brimaN ¬KitCaetan¦ tMélrbs;Ky ¬lanerol¦tMélrbs;Ky ¬lanerol¦tMélrbs;Ky ¬lanerol¦tMélrbs;Ky ¬lanerol¦tMélrbs;Ky ¬lanerol¦eRbgsENþkEkécñ 1>500 2>830eRbgGUlIvEkécñ 27 50dUgeRbg 16>650 31>162eRbgQUkr½tñ 187 622eRbgéFµ 9 19eRbgeBat 75 221eRbgl¶ 4 5eRbgsENþkdI 32 55eRbg b¤ Catixøaj;cMruH 579 1>233srubsrubsrubsrubsrub 19>06319>06319>06319>06319>063 36>19736>19736>19736>19736>197RbPB ³ naykdæanKy nig rdækr

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karnaMcUleRbgrukçCatimkkan;RbeTskm<úCa RtUvbg;Bn§Ky 7° nigbg;GakrelItémøbEnßm 10°.RbeTskm<úCamanGRtaBn§KyGtibrmaeTAelIeRbgrukçCatiPaKeRcIn EdlesµInwg 30° enAkñúg WTO.

enAqñaM 2003 RbeTskm<úCa)annaMecjeTAkan;RbeTsm:aeLsuI nUvdUgeRbgEkécñcMnYn 1 600 etannig eRbgeqA 400 etan edayrYmpSMCamYynwgéføKycMnYn 1 500 lanerol. mankardwkCBa¢Ún tictYceTARbeTsevotNam nigRbeTscin.

]bsm<½n§ k6 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ eRbgrukçCati

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1> mCÄmNÐlCatiénplitplminEmnes,óg¬cRkPBGg;eKøs¦ –

B½t’mansþIBIkareRbIR)as;eRbgdUg eRkABIeFVICaGahar³ http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/about/scope.cfm

2> karviPaKtamvis½yrbs; USDA, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/erssor/fieldocs-bb/

3> B½t’manRtYs²sþIGMBIesvaksikmµrbs; USDA, http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/CIcular/2004/04-09/toc.htm

4> Rkumh‘un BBS Oils-Vegetables Ltd – BaNiC¢kreRbgrukçCatisMxan;mYyenAcRkPBGg;eKøshttp://www.oils-vegetable.com/

5> kenSamTinñn½yksikmµrbs;KN³kmµkarshPaBGWr:ub GMBItYelxTIpSar):an;sµanrbs;ksikmµ qñaM2003-2010 http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/publi/caprep/prospects2003/index_en.htm

6> cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬cMeBaHGRtaBn§Ky¦³ 1511


129

ksiGaCIvkmµ³ RsaTwketñat]bsm<½n§ k7

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BuMmanTinññn½ysþIGMBITMhMénBaNiC¢kmµRsaTwketñatGnþrCati nigplitplEdlmanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñaenHeLIy. ePsC¢³TaMgenHPaKeRcInRtUv)aneKplitsRmab;TIpSarkñúgRbeTs ehIymanplitpltictYc sRmab;;TIpSarGnþrCatielIkElgEtmankareqøIytbeTAnwgshKmn_CnbreTs.

130

l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢km μcMeBaHRsaTwketñat

l½kçx½NÐénkarcUleTAkan;TIpSar enAshKmn_Gas‘anmankarERbRbYlxus²Kña cMeBaHePsC¢³nanakarplitTwkEpøeQIedayeRbIemeRkABITMBaMg)ayCUr nigrukçrs (mUldæansRmab;plitRsaTwketñat). RbeTs\NÐÚeNsuImanGRta CEPT esµInwg 170° nigm:aeLsuImanGRtax<s; edayEp¥keTAelIsarFatuEdlmanCatiGal;kul. RbeTséfmankRmitBn§GtibrmaesµInwg 60° énGRta CEPT EdlGnuvtþesµInwg 5°RbeTsevotNamesµInwg 100° EdlmanGRta CEPT qñaM 2004 esµInwg 15° RbeTsPIlIBIn nigswgðbUrICaRbeTsBIr manTIpSarebIkcMhedaymintRmUv[bg;Bn§eLIy.

TIpSarrbs;cincMeBaHplitplRbePTenH mankarkarBary:agxøaMgkøaBIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgePsC¢³nanaEdlplitenAkñúgRbeTs. GRtaBn§Gtibrma WTO rbs;cin RbEhl 60/5° nwgRtUvbnßymkRtwm 40°enAqñaM 2010.

lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar]sSahkmµtamry³karrYcBn§ ¬eTAkan;GU®sþalI shPaBGWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik¦ b¤tRmUv[bg;Bn§kñúgkRmitTabEp¥keTAelIsmasPaKGal;kul. kñúgxN³CaePsC¢³EdlplitedayeRbIemRsaTwketñat nigpliplEdlRsedogKñaenH RtUvcMNuHeTAelIkarRtYtBinitümWugm:at;elI SPS y:aghµt;ct;enAkñúgTIpSarGPivDÆTaMgGs; GaRs½yehtuenH kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBIviFanSPS Gacmansar³sMxan;cMeBaH]sSahkmµenH. ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ k1¦.

bTBiesaFn_rbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkarnaMecjRsaTwketñat

kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH ePsC¢³sura¼ePsC¢³layKña rbs;Rkumh‘un Confirel RtUv)anpSBVpSayrkTIpSarEdlKYr[Tak;Taj edaydbEdlmancMNuH 500mIlIlIRt EdlnaMcUlBIRbeTséf. dbTaMgenHRtUvCab;Bn§KycMnYn 7° nigGakrelItémøbEnßm 10° EdlminRtUvbEgVrsgvijeLIy eTaHbICaplitplcugeRkayRtUv)annaMecjkþI. Rkuumh‘unk¾)anCYbbBaðapgEdr kñúgkarTTYlviBaØabnbRtRbPBTMnij BIRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ EdlRtUvbg;esah‘uydl;eTA 300 duløar kñúgkarpÞúkTMnijmYyelIk² CaCagtRmUv[bg;éføcMnYn25 duløar. CagenHeTAeTot eTaHbICamankarbBa¢ak;BIviTüasßanenATIRkug):arIskþI kareFVIGFikarkic© dEdl²rbs;kaMkugRtUl nigsMeNI[mankarviPaKbEnßm)aneFV I[cMNayekIneLIg. enAkñ úgTIpSarEdl


131

manlkçN³RbkYtRbECgcMeBaHRsa nigePsC¢³layKña cMNayTaMgenH)ankat;bnßy»kas sRmab;eFVIBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanRTg;TayFM enAelITIpSarénRbeTs]sSahkmµ. kargakmkeRbIR)as;dbEdlplitenAkm<úCa KYrEtGacCYyelIkkMBs;lT§PaBRbkYtRbECg. cMNaykariyaFibetü GacnwgRtUv)ankat;bnßy eRBaHfa vin½yEpñkRKb;RKgrbs; WTO cab;epþImmanRbsiT§PaBehIy.

RbsinebIplitplmYymanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg KnøwHeq<aHeTArkeCaKC½yenAkñúgTIpSar ]sSahkmµnigRbeTskMBugGPivDÆQanmuxenAkñúgtMbn; KWRtUveFVIkarpSBVpSayTIpSarl¥ nigkarCMruj RbePTplitplEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;rbs;km<úCa.

ePsC¢³layKña EdlmanmUldæanBIedImetñat GacnwgeFVIkarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgTIpSarEdlmanGñkniymRsasRmab;CYy[briePaKGahar)anq¶aj;. RsaTwketñatmanrs;CatiRbhak;RbEhlKñanwgRsaTMBaMg)ayCUrBN’senAtMbn;valxSac; Edlmanrs;CatiEp¥m. BitR)akdNas; TaMgenHKWCaTIpSarmYyrs;revIk nigCaTIpSarmanlkçN³écñRbDit EdlGtifiCneRtomlkçN³CaeRsccMeBaHGIV²EdlbegáItfµIRbsinebI plitplenaHRtUveKpSBVpSay)anl¥. kareRbobeFobCamYynwgplitpl EdlmanPaBRbkYtRbECgRbePTenH RsaTwketñatKWCaePsC¢³manCatiGal;kulkRmitTab. RbkarenHGacbBa¢ak;nUv ]tþmPaBmYy enAkñúgsgÁmEdlkarTTYlTanCatiGal;kulenAkñúgbribTénsuvtßiPaBcracrN_tampøÚvfñl; CaBiessenAeBlEdlkarTTYlTanCatisuramin)anTTYlkarelIkTwkcitþ nigrgkardak;Bin½yy:agF¶n;F¶r.

B½t’manEdlmanRbeyaCn_

1> cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬sRmab;GRtaBn§Ky¦ 2206

]bsm<½n§ k7 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ RsaTwketñat

132

133

ksiGaCIvkmµ³ ekAs‘U]bsm<½n§ k8

bnÞab;BIsemøókbMBak; nigEs,keCIg ekAs‘UFøab;manRbvtþiCaplitplnaMecjsMxan;bMputrbs; km<úCa.CaTUeTA ekAs‘Ukm<úCamanKuNPaBx<s; b:uEnþkm<úCakRmlk;ekAs‘UedaypÞal;eTA[GtifiCnbreTs Nas;ehIyekAs‘Ukm<úCaRtUv)aneKlk;efakCagéføenAelITI IpSarBiPBelak RbmaN 15-20°. rdæenARKb;RKg]sSahkmµekAs‘Ukm<úCamYyEpñkFMenAeLIy. enAelIBiPBelak ]sSahkmµenHenArgplb:HBal;y:ageRcInBIrdæaPi)al nigrgplb:HBal;BIkic©RbwgERbgenAGasuI kñúgkardak;kMhitelIkarRbkYtRbECgtamry³sm<½n§Rkumh‘unGaCIvkmµ. kñúgkarcrcacUl WTO RbeTskm<úCa)anGHGagfa km<úCanwgeFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµRTBüsm,tþi]sSahkmµekAs‘UsaFarN³ enAqñaM 2006. drabNaeKBMuTan;TTYlsÁal;fakm<úCaplitekAs‘UEdlmanKuNPaBtamsþg;daGnþrCatieTAenaH viFan nigl½kçx½NÐcUleTAkan;TIpSarrbs;WTO mantémøtictYcEtb:ueNÑaH.

TIpSarekAs‘UBiPBelak

enAkñúgry³eBl 30qñaM cab;taMgBIqñaM 1970 dl;qñaM 2000 plitkmµekAs‘UFmµCatiBiPBelakekIneLIgCag 2 dg BIbrimaNCit 3 lanetan eTA 6/9 lanetan. bNþaRbeTsGasuI r:ab;rgnUvkMeNInswgEtTaMgGs; EdltamkarBit karplitmanEtenAkñúgRbeTs 2 KWRbeTséf nig\NÐÚeNsuI Edl)anekIneLIg nigQaneTARKbdNþb;TaMgRsugenAkñúgvis½yenH. tarag k8>1 bgðaj nUvkarERbRbYlenH.

eyagtamRkumsikSaGMBIekAs‘UFmµCati plitkmµBiPBelak)anbegáInkareRbIR)as;ekAs‘UFmµCatiy:ageRcIn cab;taMgBIqñaM 2000 mk eTaHbICavis½ysMeyaK)anekIneLIgkþI. GaRs½yehtuenH plitkmµBiPBelakenAqñaM 2002 )anekIneLIgdl; 7/35 lan etan kñúgenaH 5>66 lan etan RtUv)anplitenAbNþaRbeTsGas‘an. kñúgqñaMdEdlenH plitkmµekAs‘UsMeyaK nigkareRbIR)as;enATUTaMgBiPBelakmanbrimaNRbEhl 10/9 lan etan EdlplitkmµenATVIbGasuI¼GUesGanI manbrimaNRbEhlshPaBGWr:ub nigGaemrikxageCIgrYmbBa©ÚlKña. RkumenaH)aneFVIkar):an;sµanfa ekAs‘UFmµCati)anekIneLIgdl; 7/89 lan etan enAqñaM 2003 EdlRtUcCa 6/4° ¬fycuHBI 11/4° kalBIqñaMmun¦ enAqñaM

134

taragtaragtaragtaragtarag k8>1k8>1k8>1k8>1k8>1 RbeTsplitekAs‘ UFmµCatisMxan;²BIqña M 1970-2000RbeTsplitekAs‘ UFmµCatisMxan;²BIqña M 1970-2000RbeTsplitekAs‘ UFmµCatisMxan;²BIqña M 1970-2000RbeTsplitekAs‘ UFmµCatisMxan;²BIqña M 1970-2000RbeTsplitekAs‘ UFmµCatisMxan;²BIqña M 1970-2000plitplplitplplitplplitplplitpl qña M 1970 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦qña M 1970 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦qña M 1970 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦qña M 1970 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦qña M 1970 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦ qña M 2000 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦qña M 2000 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦qña M 2000 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦qña M 2000 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦qña M 2000 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦éf 287/2 2235/7\NÐÚensuI 802/1 1488/3m:aeLsuI 1269/4 768/9\NÐa 89/9 620/1cin 46/2 500evotNam 33 290/8km<úCa 12/8 40RbPB ³ UNCTAD

2004 dl; 8/26 lan etan. plitkmµekAs‘UsMeyaKkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH ekIneLIgRbmaNBI 5-6°kñúg 1 qñaM.

kMeNInesdækic©qab;rh½senARbeTscin nigRbCaCati EdleCOnelOnenAGas‘ankMBugbegáIntRmUvkarekAs‘UFmµCati nigtRmUvkarekAs‘UsMeyaK edayminbgðaj[eXIjnUvsBaØaénkarcuHfyeLIy. BitR)akdNas; RbeTscin)angakecjBIRbeTsnaMecjekAs‘U enAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1990 eTACaRbeTsnaMcUlekAs‘Uy:ageRcIn. tarag k8>2 bgðajTIpSarnaMcUlsMxan;²enAqñaM 2002.

tarag k8>2tarag k8>2tarag k8>2tarag k8>2tarag k8>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMcUlekAs‘ UFmµCatiRbeTssMxan;²naMcUlekAs‘ UFmµCatiRbeTssMxan;²naMcUlekAs‘ UFmµCatiRbeTssMxan;²naMcUlekAs‘ UFmµCatiRbeTssMxan;²naMcUlekAs‘ UFmµCatiRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc Ul q ñ a M 2002 ¬K itCaetan¦q ñ a M 2002 ¬K itCaetan¦q ñ a M 2002 ¬K itCaetan¦q ñ a M 2002 ¬K itCaetan¦q ñ a M 2002 ¬K itCaetan¦shKmn_GWr:ub¬25¦ 1>150>000shrdæGaemrik 1>007>500cin 957>000Cb:un 770>500kUer: 299>000m:aeLsuI 195>000kaNada 156>000eRbsuIl 131>500RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004


135

RbeTspÁt;pÁg;plitplekAs‘UFmµCati enAkñúgBiPBelakmantic ehIyRbeTsTaMgenaHsuT§EtCaRbeTsenAGasuI dUcmanbgðajenAkñúgtarag k8>3.

tarag k8>3tarag k8>3tarag k8>3tarag k8>3tarag k8>3 RbeTspÁt;pÁg;ekAs‘ Uc Mbg²RbeTspÁt;pÁg;ekAs‘ Uc Mbg²RbeTspÁt;pÁg;ekAs‘ Uc Mbg²RbeTspÁt;pÁg;ekAs‘ Uc Mbg²RbeTspÁt;pÁg;ekAs‘ Uc Mbg²GñknaMecjGñknaMecjGñknaMecjGñknaMecjGñknaMecj qña M2000 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M2000 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M2000 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M2000 ¬KitCaetan¦qña M2000 ¬KitCaetan¦éf 2/054/000\NÐÚensuI 1/487/000m:aeLsuI 809/000evotNam 448/500hVIlIBIn 44/500km<úCa 44/300\NÐa 37/000esrIlgáa 34/500RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004

éføGnþrCatiénekAs‘UFmµCatiminenAefreLIy. RbsinebI ninñakarry³eBlEvgelIsBImYyTsSvtS)anFøak;cuHCaxøaMg va)aneLIgmkvijenAkñúgry³eBlfµI²enH ehIyeLIgéføøy:agxøaMg kñúgry³eBld¾xøIenaH.bERmbRmYlmYycMENk KWbNþalmkBIGakasFatu tRmUvkarkñúgRbeTs rbs;GñkEkécñenAbNþaRbeTsplitFM² bERmbRmYlGRtabþÚrR)ak;enAGasIu nigkMeNInesdækic©enARbeTseRbIR)as;ekAs‘U EdleFVI[manplb:HBal;mkelItRmUvkarkg;rfynþ. éføeRbg\n§³ KWCaktþakMNt;cMbgmYy cMeBaHéføekAs‘UsMeyaKEdleFVI[manplb:HBal; dl;tRmUvkarekAs‘UFmµCati.

plitkmµekAs‘UFmµCatiRbmaN 60-70° beRmI[tRmUvkar]sSahkmµkg;yanynþ. CaBiesstRmUvkarsRmab;rfynþ manplb:HBal;CacMbgelIvis½yekAs‘UFmµCati. kalBIb:unµanqñaMfµI² knøgeTAenHRkumh‘unkg;rfynþGnþrCatiFM² )anepþatkarvinieyaKfµIrbs;xøÜnmkelITVIGasIu. kñúgcMeNamRkumh‘unFMCageKbg¥s; \LÚvenHRkumh‘un Michelin maneragcRkplitkg;rfynþcMnYnBIr enARbeTscin maneragcRkmYyenARbeTsCb:un nigmaneragcRkbYn enARbeTséf. saCIvkmµ Bridgestone maneragcRk

]bsm<½n§ k8 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ ekAs‘U

136

plitkg;rfynþ cMnYnbI enARbeTséf BIreTotenA\NÐÚeNsuI nigmaneragcRkmYycMnYneTot enAtMbn;GasIu)a:suIPic ehIy Rkumh‘unkg;rfynþ Goodyear maneragcRkplitmYy enARbeTséf PIlIBIn ma:eLsIu\NÐÚensIu ¬Edl Rkumh‘unenHmancMkarekAs‘UcMnYnBIr enATIenaHpgEdr¦ Cb:un nigenAcin. kñúgcMeNamRkumh‘untUc² dUcCa Sumitomo nig Hankook Rkumh‘unTaMgBIrenH)anvinieyaKy:ageRcIn elIeragcRkplitenARbeTscin.

enAqñaM 2003 RbeTskm<úCanaMcUlkg;rfynþekAs‘U nigeBaHevonkg;rfynþEdlmantémøKysrubcMnYn 4 lan duløar.

l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢km μenAelITIpSarekAs‘UGnþrCati

]sSahkmµekAs‘UFmµCatiGnþrCati enArgplb:HBal;y:agxøaMg edaysarGnþraKmn_rbs;rdæaPi)alnigedaysarskmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµénshRKasrdæenAeLIy. bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMénkic©RBmeRBogekAs‘UGnþrCati enAqñaM 1999 EdldMeNIrkarenAeRkamkarRTRTg;rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati RbeTséf \NÐÚensIunigm:aeLsIu)anbegáItGgÁkarekAs‘UGnþrCatiRtIPaKImYy (ITRO). eRkaymk GgÁkarenHman karcUlrYmBIsMNak;RbeTsevotNam kñúgbMNgyktamlMnaMGgÁkarénRbeTsnaMecjeRbgkat (OPEC) tamry³kardak;kMhitelIkarplit nigrwtbnþ wgkarnaMecjBIRbeTsplitFM²bMputrbs;BiPBelak EdleFVI[éføekIneLIgx<s;mkvij. kñúgry³eBlxøI kmµviFIenH)anCYbbBaðaCaeRcInGMBIkarerobcMcat;taMg nigkarpþl;hirBaØvtßú. b:uEnþ RbeTséf)anrkSaRbB½n§GnþraKmn_éfø EdlmanlkçN³skmµ ehIyeK)an raykarN_fardæaPi)alBüayamgakeTArkkardaMduHdMNaMfµIepSgBIekAs‘U eBalKW eq<aHeTArkvis½ydMNaM dUgeRbgvij.

enAxN³EdlGnþraKmn_rbs;rdæaPi)al enAkñúgRkumh‘unplitkmµFM² manlkçN³KYr[kt;sMKal;TIpSarEdleRbIR)as;ekAs‘UFmµCatiPaKeRcIn )anebIkTUlayCapøÚvkar. bNþaRbeTs]sSahkmµTaMgLayGnuBaØat[naMcUlplitplCamUldæanEdleFVIGMBIekAs‘UFmµCati edayrYcBn§. knøgmk RbeTsm:aeLsIuCaRbeTsnaMcUlFMbMput enAGas‘an EdlGnuBaØat[naMcUledayrYcBn§ rIÉRbeTsPIlIIBIn éf evotNammanGRtaBn§naMcUlesµIsUnü b¤ 3°. GRtaBn§naMcUlGtibrmamYycMnYn GacmankRmitx<s;Cagya:geRcIneFobnwgGRtakMBugGnuvtþ kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ ]TahrN_ sRmab;RbeTséfKW 50° (GaRtaBn§Gtibrma) nig20° (GRtaBn§Gnuvtþ). RbeTscin manGRtaBn§Gtibrma WTO esµInwg 40° sRmab;plitpl


137

naMecjBIRbeTskm<úCa. b:uEnþ RbeTsenHGnuvtþGRtaBn§naMecj Rtwm 5° nigtémøGakr elItémøbEnßm(VAT) esµInwg 10° b:ueNÑaH.

plitkmμ nigBaNiC¢kmμekAs‘Urbs;km<úCa

bc©úb,nñenH enAkm<úCamanRkumh‘unekAsU‘rdæcMnYn7 EdlmanépÞdIdaMduH 27 000 h>t> nigmanépÞdIekAs‘UEdlmin)aneFVIGaCIvkmµcMnYn 11 500 h>t>. ]sSahkmµenHeRbIR)as;mnusSRbEhlCa 20 000nak;. enAqñaM 2003 eK)anplitecjnUvplitplekAs‘UEkécñCamUldaæn cMnYn 33 000 etan Edlmantémøsrub esµInwg 31 lan duløar. brimaNCak;EsþgenAqñaM 2003 mankRmiteRcInCag 37 000 etan.ekAs‘UEkécñCamUldæanEdlplitenARbeTskm<úCa RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCaekAs‘UEdlmanKuNPaB elxmYyeTaHbIIeRbobeFobCamYyekAs‘Uma:eLsIukþI.

vis½yekAs‘UenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCamanlkçN³minFmµta Rtg;fa km<úCamansmtßPaBEkécñTMenIbya:geRcIn sRmab;plitsmÖar³ekAs‘UCamUldæanmYycMnYn eTaHbICaplitplTaMgenaH BMuEmnCaplitplseRmckþI. eKBMueXIjmantRmUvkar]sSahkmµkñúgRbeTs cMeBaHkarplitkg;rfynþ bJplitplekAs‘UdéTeToteLIy dUecñH plitplTaMgGs; KWsRmab;naMecj. tamFmµta TIpSarekAs‘UCaRbéBNIrbs;km<úCarYmmanRbeTsevotNam m:aeLsIu swgðbUrI kUer: nigcin.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RbeTskm<úCa)annaMecjekAs‘Uy:ageRcIn eTAkan;RbeTsevotNam.BaNiC¢krevotNamnaMecjbnþnUvplitplekAs‘Ukm<úCa eTA[GñkeRbIR)as;cugeRkay CaBiess KWRbeTscin. TIpSarevotNammanlkçN³gayRsYl eRBaHéfødwkCBa¢Ún nigéføRbtibtþikarefak ehIyBaNiC¢krevotNamTUTat;Casac;R)ak;.

eRkABIRkumh‘unrbs;rdæ bc©úb,nñenHmanRkumh‘unÉkCncMnYnBIr EdldaM nigEkécñekAs‘U eTaHbICaRkumh‘unnImYy²manépÞdImanRtwmEt 2 000 h>t> kþI. enAqñaM 2003 Rkumh‘unÉkCnmYy rbs;Cb:un)aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavelIskþanuBlvinieyaKelIcMkarekAs‘U b:uEnþrhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶ eKmin)anbnþkargarenaHeT. KMeragrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgkarRTRTg;cMkarekAs‘UEdlmanlkçN³RKYsar manmUldæansRmab;rMBwgelIskþanuBlkMeNInénvis½yenH.

]bsm<½n§ k8 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ ekAs‘U

138


edayehtufa bc©úb,nñenH RbeTskm<úCanaMecjplitplekAs‘UEdl)anEkécñCamUldæaneTAkan;TIpSarénRbeTsCitxagxøÜn Rkumh‘unrbs;rdæmin)ancat;Tukfa CakarcaM)ac;kñúgkareqøIytbnwgbTdæanKuNPaBGnþrCatieLIy. GaRs½yehtuenH KuNPaBx<s;énplitplekAs‘Urbs;km<úCa minRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edaybNþaRbeTsnaMcUl ehIyminGaclk;edaypÞal; edayeRbIR)as;pøaksBaØaRbPBTMnijrbs;km<úCaeLIy. edayKµankarTTYlsÁal;EbbenH plitplrbs;km<úCaRtUv)aneKbenßakéførhUtdl; 20°ehIyR)ak;cMNuUlRbcaMqñaM )anxatbg;rhUtdl; 20 lan duløar Gaemrik. bc©úb,nñ éføplitplBak;B½n§nwgekAs‘U enAelITIpSarGnþrCati mankRmitCamFümRbEhl 1 100 duløar kñ úgmYyetan cMENkÉkm<úCaTTYl)anéfønaMecjRtwmEt 900 duløar kñúgmYyetan b:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ kMBugmankic©RbwgERbgkñúgkareqøIytbtambTdæanGnþrCati nigbBa¢ak;bTdæanGnþrCati.

karcUl WTO Kµanplb:HBal;GVIFMdMucMeBaHplitplekAs‘Ukm<úCaeLIy drabNaplitkrTaMgenaHTTYlsÁal;KuNPaB EdlmanlkçN³CaGnþrCatiénplitplrbs;xøÜn.

enAkñúgkarccacUl WTO RbeTskm<úCa)anFanacMeBaHPaKIénRkumkargarfa Rkumh‘unekAs‘UTaMg 7rbs;rdænwglHbg;kmµsiT§ iPaBsaFarN³enARtwm qña M 2006 edaybiTTVar b¤lk;[vis½yÉkCnbJbMElg[eTACakarvinieyaKcRmuHEdlmankmµsiT§iPaBÉkCnPaKeRcIn.


1> RkumsikSaekAs‘UGnþrCati³ http://www.rubberstudy.com/aboutus.aspx

2> éføekAs‘URbcaMéf¶³ http://www.rubberstation.com/ZM(English)1-2.htm

3> mCÄmNÐlB½t’manekAs‘UFmµCati³ http://www.rubber-stichting.ind.tno.nl/index.html

4> kic ©GPivDÆfµ I²GMB Iéf øekAs‘ UFmµCati³ http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/006/Y4344E/y4344e0d.htm

5> B½t’mansegçbrbs; UNCTAD GMBIvis½yekAs‘U³ http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ditccom20041ch17_en.pdf

6> GñkCMnajnaMcUlplitplekas‘UCamUldæan http://www.weber-schaer.com/en.html

7> cMNat;fñak;Bn§naMcUl (GRtaR)ak;Bn§naMcUl) 4001

139

RbeTskm<úCa BitCaman»kas ehIyGacmanskþanuBly:agFM kñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmµelIFnFanRtIrbs;xøÜn kñúgTIpSarnaMecj. tRmUvkarcMeBaHRtI nigplitplRtIEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; kMBugekIneLIgenAelIBiPBelak kññúgxN³EdlbrimaNpÁt;pÁg;mankRmit. b:uEnþ TIpSar)anebIkTUlayy:agFM EtbTdæansuvtßiPaBGaharsRmab;GñkbriePaK pøaksBaØaplitkmµEdlmanlkçN³Canirnþr_ nigkareRbIy:agTUlMTUlaynUvkar]btßmÖFn begáItCa]bsKÁmYycMnYn EdlcaM)ac;RtUvCMnH edIm,IFana[RbeTskm<úCa manP½BVsMNagBitR)akdkñúgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarBiPBelak. RbeTskm<úCakMBugEt)at;bg; plensaTsmuRTEdlmantémøy:ageRcIn edaysarEtkarepÞrRtI nigbgÁaredaypÞal; eTAkan;navabreTs. b: uEnþcMNayénkarEkécñ kardwkCBa¢Ún nigkarpÞúkenARbeTskm<úCaEdlmantémøx<s;hYs minGac[BaNiC¢kmµRsbc,ab;TTYlplcMeNjeLIy. RbsinebIkarcrca kñúgkic©RbCMuenATIRkugdUha (Doha) rbs; WTO kñúgkarRtYtBinitüelIkar]btßmÖFnEpñkensaT)anTTYleCaKC½y vanwgbegáIt»kasl¥fµI² sRmab;vis½yenH.

TIpSarBiPBelakcMeBaHRtI nigplitplRtI

eyagtam FAO témønaMecjRtI nigplitplRtI Edl)aneFVIBaNiC¢kmµenAelIBiPBelakmanTMhMekIneLIg bYndg kñúgGMLúgeBlBIqñaM 1980 dl; 2001 eBalKWBItémøRbEhl 15 Ban;lan duløar dl;57/7 Ban;lan duløar. plensaTRtIsrubenAelIBiPBelakenAqñaM 2001 mancMnYn 130 lanetankñúgenaH 70 lanetan KWCaplensaTsmuRT. brimaNCagmYyPaKbIénplitplsrub )ancUleTAkan;TIpSarGnþrCati ehIykMeNInkñúgkarnaMecj eRcInmanenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. PaKcMENkénbNþaRbeTsRkIRk kñúgkarnaMecjRtI nigplitplRtI kñúgBiPBelakmanCag 50° KittamtémøcMNUlsuT§¬témønaMecj dktémønaMcUl¦ EdlfµI²enH mancMnYnrhUtdl; 17/7 Ban;lan duløar.

karRbemIilemIlGnaKtPaBénBaNiC¢kmµRtIrbs;km<úCa KWBaNiC¢kmµkñúgtMbn;. b:uEnþbNþaRbeTsenAGasIuGeKñy_CaRbeTsnaMcUlFMbMputBiPBelak. tarag x>1 bgðajplRtIensaTKitCaetan Edl)annaMcUledaypÞal; eTAkan;TIpSarsMxan;² kñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn ¬tYelxmYycMnYn min)anKitdl;kardwkCBa¢Ún

RtI]bsm<½n§ x

140

eRkApøÚvkareLIy¦.

tarag x>2 bgðajkarnaMcUlplitplRtIEkécñTaMgGs; EdlrYmmanRtI-gavkøaesS nigbgák.TIRkughugkug minRtUv)anrab;bBa© ÚleLIy b: uEnþtémøénkarnaMcUlplitplRtI RtUv)anmCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati)a:n;sµanfa esµInwg 1/77 Ban;lan duløar enAqñaM 2001 ¬témønaMcUlrbs;cin man témøesµInwg 1/320 Ban;lan duløar )a:n;sµantamEbbdUcKña ehIyRbeTskUer:esµInwg 1/584 Ban;lan duløar¦.

tarag x>1 karnaMcUlRtIensaT qña M 2001tarag x>1 karnaMcUlRtIensaT qña M 2001tarag x>1 karnaMcUlRtIensaT qña M 2001tarag x>1 karnaMcUlRtIensaT qña M 2001tarag x>1 karnaMcUlRtIensaT qña M 2001RbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc Ul br imaNKitCaetanbr imaNKitCaetanbr imaNKitCaetanbr imaNKitCaetanbr imaNKitCaetanm:aeLsIu 220>105cin 180>500kUer: 105>319swgðburI 57>396éf 28>901 RbPB³ FAOSTAT 2004

tarag x>2tarag x>2tarag x>2tarag x>2tarag x>2 karnaMcUlRtInigClplqñakarnaMcUlRtInigClplqñakarnaMcUlRtInigClplqñakarnaMcUlRtInigClplqñakarnaMcUlRtInigClplqña MM MM M 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001RbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc UlRbeTsnaMc Ul br imaNKitCaetanbr imaNKitCaetanbr imaNKitCaetanbr imaNKitCaetanbr imaNKitCaetancin 3>000>000kUer: 1>057>000éf 976>000m:aeLsuI 351>600hVIlIBin 250>000swgðburI 173>000\NÐÚensIu 152>000evótNam 19>000

RbPB³ FAOSTAT 2004


141

karnaMcUlplitplRtIEkécñeTAkan;TIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmIn enAqñaM 2001 manbrimaNRbEhl18/5 lan etan. tamFmµtatRmUvkarénTIpSarGWr:ub nigGaemrikxageCIgpÁt;pÁg; edayplensaTCati b:uEnþGtifiCnRtUvkarplitplRtIBIkEnøgdéT BiesstRmUvkargav )anekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s TnÞwmKña enaHmansMBaFBIkarfycuHénbrimaNRtI EdlbNþamkBIkarensaTeRcInhYsehtuenAtamRbPBensaTkñúgRbeTsnana )aneFVI[TMnijERbRbYl ehIytRmUvkarbriePaKekIneLIg nig)anCMruj[mankarnaMcUlBIkEnøgÉeTot dUcCaplitplRtI salmon nig tuna enAtMbn;)a:sIuPic nigGatøg;Tikxagt,Úg.

l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμRtI nigplitplRtI

CaeKalkarN_ TIpSarEdlmansar³sMxan;bMputcMeBaHRtI manlkçN³ebIkcMhbgÁÜr sRmab;plitplkm<úCa. CakarBitEdlfa enATIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmInmanGRtaBn§naMcUlx<s;mYycMnYnnigmankarekIneLIgnUvBn§naMcUl rIÉRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabbMputdUcRbeTskm<úCaCaedIm tamFmµtaTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIkarGnueRKaHBn§naMcUlEdlCaBn§mankRmitTab bJrYcBn§TaMgRsug. GaRs½yehtuenHTIpSarshPaBGWr:ub shrdæGaemrik nigkaNada tamFmµta minykBn§elIRtI RtIEkécñ nigRbhuk p¥kTwkRtIeLIy. TIpSarCb:un tRmUv[bg;Bn§BI 0 eTA 5°.

CaTUeTA TIpSarrbs;Gas‘anmanlkçN³ebIkcMh Edlbc©úb,nñ manGRta CEPT esµIsUnü cMeBaHRbeTsswgðburI nigm:aeLsuIi elIkElgEtplitplRtImYycMnYnecj. RbeTsPIlIBInpþl;karelIkElgBn§naMcUl b:uEnþelIkElgEtsac;RtI plitplRtIegót nigRtIRbLak;mYycMnYn nigGahareFVIGMBIRtI EdlRtUvbg;Bn§naMcUlkñúgkRmit 5°. GRta CEPT rbs;éfKW 5° elIplitplRtIPaKeRcIn ehIydUcKñaEdrcMeBaH\NÐÚeNsuI. eyagtamkic©RBmeRBog {qab;RbmUlpl} CamYyRbeTscin km<úCa)anTTYl)ankarelIkElgBn§cMeBaHplitplRtITaMgGs; rYmman RtIRss; RtIbgák sac;RtI bgÁaRtCak; gavRss; b¤gavbgákRBmTa MgGaharEdlmanRbPBmkBIRtI. PaBGnueRKaHcMeBaHTIpSarBiessrbs;kUer : sRmab;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabbMput pþl;[RbeTskm<úCa nUvkarnaMgaveTAkan;TIpSarkUer:edayrYcBn§.

karlM)akcMbgsRmab;RbeTsnaMecj EdlCaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ kñúgkarnaMplitplRtIeTAkan;TIpSar]sSahkmµ KWkareqøIytbeTAnwgbTdæanbec©keTs bTdæansuxPaB nigbTdæaneGkULÚsuI. bTdæanSPS manlkçN³twgEtg nigsµúKsµajenAkñúgTIpSarshPaBGWr:ub TIpSarshrdæGaemrik nigTIpSardéT

]bsm<½n§ x - RtI

142

eTotCaeRcIn. enARbeTsrIkceRmIn bec©keTsensaT)ankøayeTACaRbFanbTsMrab;skmµPaBts‘Umtirbs;RkumGñkbrisßan nigRkumkarBarsiT§irbs;stV. skmµPaBrbs;BYkeK)anQaneTArkkic©RbwgERbgkñúgkardak;kMhitcMeBaHkarnaMcUlplitplRtI niggavmYycMnYn elImUldæanénviFIensaTplitplTaMgenH.bBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxtamc,ab; RtUv)anGnuvtþtamry³ GATT nig WTO KWTak;TgnwgRtI tuna ¬EdlsMNaj;ensaTmYycMnYnGacCab;RtIdUhVaMg¦ nigkarensaTbgÁa ¬EdlGacb:HBal;dl;kn§aysmuRT¦.RbeTséf ma:eLsuI nigPIlIBIn KWCaRbeTsEdltv:aRbqaMgnwgbTbBaØtiþrbs;shrdæGaemrik EdlraraMgkarnaMbgÁaecjrbs;xøÜn. BYkeKmaneCaKC½y kñúgkarFana[mankardak;viFanrbs; WTO EdlmanlkçN³GMeNaypl nigdMeNaHRsaybBaaðenH )anCabnþbnÞab;.

kar]btßmÖFn KWCakareFVI[mankarERbRbYlcMbgcMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµRtIsmuRTBiPBelak. enAqñaM2001 GgÁkarmUlniFistVRtIBiPBelak (World Wildlife Fund) )an)a:n;sµanfa tYelxén kar]btßmÖFncMeBaH]sSahkmµensaTmankRmitBI 10 nig 15 Ban;lan duløar kñúgmYyqñaM. tYelxenH mankRmit esµInwg15°-20° énR)ak;c MNUl Edl)anTTYledaykgnavaensaTenAkMBgEp ehIyeyagtamGñkcrcaBaNiC¢kmµrbs;shrdæGaemrik brimaNenHGacQaneTAdl;karBRgIksmtßPaBensaT. mankarminÉkPaBKña GMBIsmamaRténCMnYyhirBaØvtßúenH Edlpþl;eTA[kmµviFIEdlmanplRbeyaCn_RbesIrCag karBRgIksmtßPaBensaT. karsikSamYyrbs;smaCik APEC enAtammhasmuRT)a:sIuPic enAqñaM 2000 )anrkeXIjfa témøsrubénkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yensaTmancMnYnRbEhl12/6 Ban;lan duløar. brimaNTwkR)ak;RbEhlBIrPaKbIénTwkR)ak;srub RtUv)ancat;TukCacMNayelIkmµviFInana edIm,IbegáInskmµPaBensaT. GaRs½yehtuenH GacnwgeFVI[b:HBal;eTAdl;PaBsMbUrénbrimaNsþúkrbs;RtI.

kar]btßmÖFncMeBaHplensaT RtUv)aneKelIkykeTAedaHRsayenAkñúgkarcrcaénkic©RbCuM WTO

enATIRkugdUha (Doha). kñúgnamCaEpñkmYyénkarBinitüemIleLIgvij nUvkar]btßmÖFnrbs; WTO

eKBinitüdac;edayELk edIm,I[mankarcab;GarmµN_ eRBaHmankaryl;eXIjfa kar]btßmÖFnCMruj[mankarensaTRtIeRcInhYs GaRs½yehtuenH eFVI[)at;bg;nirnþrPaBénbrimaNsþúkrbs;RtI.kñúgxN³Edl RbeTskm<úCa TMngCamin)anTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaypÞal; eRBaHfaeKminTMngCaeRbIR)as;mUlniFisaFarN³eRcIn sRmab;BRgIkkarensaTRtIedaykgnavaensaTeLIy karseRmccitþNamYykñúg


143

karbegáInvin½yelIkar]btßmÖFnelIClpl kñúgry³eBlEvg Gacmanplb:HBal;dl;tMbn;RtIGasIu)a:sIuPikb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ mankarlM)akkñúgkarBüakr[)anRtwmRtUv nUv\T§iBlmkelIGtßiPaB nigéføRtIEdl)anensaT.

RbeTsmYycMnYn rYmmanGU®sþalI esLg;fµI QIlI shrdæGaemrik nigPIlIBIn )anelIksMeNIGMBIviFIsa®sþfµI² kñúgkardak;vin½yelIkar]btßmÖFnClpl. viFIsa®sþEbbenHRtUvkMNt;[)anc,as; GMBIRbePTénkar]btßmÖFn Edlbgáplb:HBal;GviC¢manEdlRtUvhamXat; RBmTaMgRbePTEdlpþl;plRbeyaCn_. karKaMRTEdlmanplRbeyaCn_GacrYmmankarRKb;RKg nigkarkarBarbrisßanRtI. RbeTs Cb:unnigkUer: KWCaRbeTsEdlsßitkñúgcMeNamRbeTsnana EdlmanTsSn³mnÞilsgS½yGMBITMhMénkar]btßmÖFnEdlpþl;plb:HBal;CaGviC¢man nigtRmUvkar[manvin½yfµI².

RbeTskm<úCaenAkñúgTIpSarRtIGnþrCati

RbeTskm<úCamanskþanuBleRcIn kñúgzan³CaRbeTsnaMecjRtI nigplitplRtI. FnFan RtIFmµCatirbs;RbeTskm< úCa TaMgRtITwksab nigRtITwkéRbmanbrimaNeRcIn eTaHbIkarensaTeRcInhYs)ankøayeTACabBaðarYceTAehIykþI. tYelx)a:n;sµanmankarxusKñaya:geRcInb:uEnþedaysarmanRbCaBlrdæRbmaN Ca 4 lan nak; GacBwgEp¥kelIkarensaTeFVICaRbPBrkR)ak;cMNUlcMbg b¤RbPBbnÞab;bnSM. Tinñn½yrbs;rdæaPi)al9 bgðajfa plensaTRtIsrubesµInwg 195 000 etankñúgqñaM 2001 ¬kñúgenaH 135 000etan CaplRtITwksab nig 42 000 Ban;etan CaplensaTsmuRT nig 17 500 etan CaplensaT)anmkBIvarIvb,kmµ¦. karsikSaEdlpþl;mUlniFiedayshPaBGWr:ub )an)a:n;sµanfa plcab;RtITwksabmancMnYnrhUtdl; 300 000 etan edayKitrYmbBa¢ÚlpgEdrnUvkarensaTxñattUc tamvalERs.

plensaTTwksabenAkm<úCamYyEpñkFM rYmTaMgplensaTlkçN³RKYsar niglkçN³BaNiC¢kmµRtUveKeRbIeFVIRbhuk sRmab;karTTYlTankñúgRbeTs. karsikSamYy)an)a:n;sµantémøplitkmµRbhuk enAqñaM2000 tamry³shRKasEdlmanlkçN³RKYsaresµInwg 8/75 dl; 12/5 lan duløar eFobnwgplitplsrubEdlmantémøBI 10/9 eTA 15/5 lan duløar. tYelxbrimaNsrub rYmmanplitplEkécñ

9 naykdæanEpnkar sßiti nigshRbtibtþikarGnþrCati.

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karEkécñEdlmanlkçN³BaNiC¢kmµ énplRtIsmuRTmantémøBI 9,52 dl; 9,89 lan duløarkñúgenaH plitplsMxan;²man bgÁaRtaMTwkkk nigbgÁabgák RBmTaMgsac;kþamRtaMTwkkk nigRKuMRss;.

RbeTskkm<úCanaMcUlRtIbgák nigplitplRtI kñúgbrimaNtictYc. plitplRtIEkécñEdl)an naMcUlPaKeRcInRtUvbg;Bn§ 15° b¤ 35° nigbg;GakrelItémøbEnßm 10°. plitplRtI RtUvbg;Bn§ naMcUl7° bUk nigGakrelItémøbEnßm (VAT) 10° eTot.

eyagtamr)aykarN_R)ak;cMNUlénnaykdæanKy karnaMecjenAqñaM 2003 mantémøCit 3 landuløar. brimaNTwkR)ak;enHTMngCatYelxmYy fycuHya:geRcIn eFobnwgkRmitR)ak;cMNUl enAkñúgbNþaqñaM1990. tYelxenHk¾mankRmitRtwmEtBak;kNþaléntYelx EdlmCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµ GnþrCati)anKNnaenAqñaM 2002 elImUldæansßitinaMcUlénTIpSarsMxan;²rbs;km<úCab:ueNÑaH. eTaHkñúg RBwtþkarN_Nak¾edaymankar)a:n;RbmaNtYelxénbrimaNnaMecjCak;Esþg mancMnYnticCagya:geRcIn edaysarEtmankarrt;Bn§nigkarepÞrplensaTenAelInavakñúgEdnsmuRTrvagkm<úCa nigéf. tamFmµta plitplnaMecj sMxan;²KWRtI bgÁabgák RtIr:s RtIdMrI ¬CaRbePTplitplEdleKniymcUlcitþ nigmantémøx<s;enAtamePaCnIydæanenAhugkug nigswgðburI¦. TIpSarsMxan;bMput KWhugkug cin swgðburI shrdæGaemrik nigGU®sþalI.

bTBiesaFénRkumh‘unmYyEdlmanmUldæanenATIRkughugkug ehIy)andMeNIrkar enATIRkugRBHsIuhnu kñúgqñaM 1990 kñúgkarbgák nigdwkCBa¢ÚnbgÁa nigRtIsmuRT bgðajnUvkarlM)akEdlGñkEkécñRtUvRbQmmux nigkarlM)akkñúgkarBRgIkkarnaMecj. kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH kardwkCBa¢ÚnmanEtmYyeCIg b¤BIreCIgb:ueNÑaH kñúgmYyEx EdlkñúgmYyeCIg²mancMNuH 40 etan. skþanuBlénesckþIRtUvkarmankRmitx<s;CagenHy:ageRcIn b:uEnþ karpÁt;pÁg;mankMhit BIsMNak;GñkensaTkñúgRbeTs eRBaHBYkeK)anlk;


145

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TIpSarshPaBGwr:ub enAkñúgeBlenH RtUv)anhamXat; BIeRBaHminGaceqøIytbeTAnwgbTdæan SPS

)an. eK)anerobcMkmµviFIedIm,IEkERbsaßnPaBenH ¬RbeTsevotNamk¾)anedaHRsaybBaðadUcKñaenHsRmab;ry³eBl 2 qñaMxagmux¦. b:uEnþ caM)ac;RtUvmanmeFüa)ayeFVIetsþ EdlmankarbBa¢ak; enAkñúgRbeTs¬b¤manlT§PaB)anTTYlkarbBa¢ak;EbbenH enAkñ úgRbeTsEdleK)anTTYlsÁal;¦ edaybegá InsmtßPaBGFikarkic©EpñkbsueBTü nigmanviBaØabnbRt ecjBIeragcRkEkécñ nigmeFüa)ayrkSaTukkñúgsItuNðPaBRtCak;. bBaðananadUcCakareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it RtUv)ancat;Tuk CafñaMEdlmanCatiBulkñúgkarrkSaRtI nigkñúgkarEkécñRtIk¾caM)ac;RtUvedaHRsaypgEdr.

PaBRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvis½ynaMecjRtIrgplb:HCaBiess edaysar]bsKÁénehdæarcnasm<½n§rbs;RbeTs nigcMNayeRkApøÚvkarkñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnplitplgayxUceTAkan;kMBg;Ep. karviPaKtam RkaPicmYyrbs;viTüasßan CDRI enAkñ úgqña M 2003 )anbgðajfa mankarbg;R)ak;cMnYn 27 kEnøgcMeBaHkardwkCBa¢ÚnRtIcMnYn 3/1 etan BIqñúkRTUeTAkan;TIpSareTAkan;LgekO enARbeTséf. CasrubkarcMNay kñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún mantémø 235/9 duløar kñúgkarbg;éføeTA[GaCJaFrClpl b:UlIsesdækic©GavuFhtß Ky nigsßab½ndéTeTot. kardwkCBa¢ÚnedayrfynþRtUvcMNayeBl 21 ema:g. R)ak;bnÞúkEdl)anbg; )ankat;bnßykRmitR)ak;cMeNjelIkardwkCBa¢ÚnmkRtwm 111 duløar elIéføTijBIdMbUgenAqñúkRTUEdlman témø 3 731/8 duløar. GñkniBn§énkarsikSaenaH)aneFVIkarkt;sMKal;fa tamBiteTAbnÞúknanaEdleK)anbg;enaH ¬rYmTaMgBn§KypgEdr¦ KWCatémøEdleKcrcaKña)an ehIyRbsinebIeKkMNt;bnÞúkTaMgenaH tamrcnasm<½n§énkarbg;R)ak;CapøÚvkar kardwkCBa¢ÚnenaHGacRtUvxatbg;suT§Gs;366 duløar.

eTaHbICamuxgarrbs; KAMFIMEX EdlecjGaCJabNÑRbmUlRtI RBmTaMgRKb;RKgBn§naMecj10° nigRbmUlR)ak;bnÞúkd¾éTeTot kMBugRtUv)ankat;bnßykþI cMNayTak;TgnwgkarnaMecjRtI eTaHbICanaMecjCapøÚvkar b¤minpøÚvkarkþI mantémøx<s;Nas;. enAkñúgkarcrcacUl WTO eK)anelIksMNYrGMBI

]bsm<½n§ x - RtI

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Bn§énkarnaMecjenH. b:uEnþ Bn§naMecjBuMEmnmanlkçN³pÞúyKñanwgviFanrbs; WTO eLIy [EtkarykBn§enaH KµankarerIseGIg ehIyRbeTskm<úCaBMu)aneFVIkarsnüaNamYyeLIy elIkarbnßy b¤lubbM)at;Bn§EdleKGnuvtþcMeBaHRtI.


1> }BaNiC¢kmµClplTwksab nigTwksmuRTenARbeTskm<úCa{ qñaM2002. Ék]tþm TUcs‘agtaNa nig Bruce H. Todd, Oxfam.

2> GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmµ – naykdæanClpl. http://www.fao.org/fi/defaulall.asp

3> shB½n§ClplGas‘an³ http://www.aff.or.id/

4> Rkumkargar APEC GMBIClpl³ http://www.apecsec.org.sg/apec/apec_groups/working_groups/fisheries.html

5> karcrcaGMBIkar]btßmÖFnelIRtI enAkñúg WTO³ http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4852e/y4852e08.htm

6> cMNat;fñak;Bn§naMcUl (cMeBaHGRtaBn§naMcUl) 0301, 0302, 0303, 0304, 0305, 1604


147

TIpSarBiPBelak sRmab;plitplsURt manbrimaNtic b:uEnþmantémøx<s;. plitkmµsréssURtmankRmitticCag 0/2 PaKryénTIpSarsrésvaynPNÐBiPBelak. témøsURteqAmankRmitesµInwg 20dgéntémøkb,aseqA ehIyplitplsURteqA rab;cab;taMgBIsréssURt nigsac;RkNat;EdlmanrcnabTl¥ KWCaplitplRbNIt. sURteqArbs;km<úCamantémøx<s; b:uEnþplitkmµmancMnYnticNas;.Gñkt,ajBwgEp¥kelIkarnaMcUleRkApøÚvkar EdlbgákarlM)ak dl;karbBa¢ak;RbPBedIménplitplsURteFVIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. RbsinebIeKGacbBa¢ak;GMBIbTdæan nigRbPBedIm enaHeKnwgman»kasCaeRcInenAbNþaRbeTsGasIuEdlmanCIvPaBFUrFar ehIypþl;karnaMcUledayrYcBn§. bc©úb,nñenH smtßPaBplitmankRmittictYc EdlminTan;manlT§PaBplitkñúglkçN³CaplitkmµxñatFM EdlmanKuNPaBx<s;sRmab;karnaMecj enAeLIyeT. enAkñúgkal³eTs³enH viFanrbs; WTO Gacman\T§iBltictYc b:ueNÑaH.

TIpSarBiPBelaksRmab;plitplsURt

Tak;TgnwgplitkmµsréssURteqA RbeTscin KWCaRbeTsQanmuxeK EdlmanplitplcMnYn82000 etan enAqñaM 2000 ehIyRbeTs\NÐasßitenAkñúglMdab;TI 2 ¬18 000 etan¦ RBmTaMgplitkrtUc² EdlrYmman Cb:un eRbsIul nigkUer:.

Rkumh‘un nigGñknaMcUlcMbgénsURt nigplitplsURtmYycMnYnmanbgðajenAkñúgtarag K1>1.kñúgxN³EdlshrdæGaemrikswgEtKµansmtßPaBEkécñ nignaMcUlsac;RkNat; eKkt;sMKal;eXIjsRmab;karpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRbeTsfa )araMg nigRbeTsGIutalI enAEtCaGtifiCnxñatFMénsURteqA. RbeTsTaMgenH nigRbeTsmYycMnYn enAshPaBGWr:ubplitRkNat;sURtEdlmantémøx<s; sRmab;semøókbMBak;m:UtTMenIb² nigeRKOgbnÞab;bnSMnana eTaHbIkarnaMcUlsac;RkNat;sURtEdlCaplitplseRmc nigplitplsURtrbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH ekIneLIgy:agelOnkþI. RbeTsGaløWm:g; KWCaTIpSarFMbMputénshPaBGWr: ub sRmab;vaynPNÐsURt semøókbMBak;sURt nigRkNat;lMGépÞkñ úg. plitkmµsURtenAkñúgRbeTsCb:un )ancuHfyRbmaN 9¼10 enAkñúgry³eBlknøHstvtSknøgmkenH ehIybc©úb,nñ

sib,kmµ³ plitplsURt]bsm<½n§ K1

148

eKBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgeTAelIsrés nigRkNat;sURt naMcUl. RbmaNCa 50 PaKry énkareRbIR)as;sURtKWsRmab;begáIt {KIm:UNU} TaMgLay. RbeTskUer:k¾)angakBIkarBwgEp¥kelIvis½ysURtkñúgRbeTs eTACaRbeTsnaMcUlmYyy:agsMxan;.

10 2003 elIkElg kUer: ¬2002¦

11sURteqA kaksMNl;sURt GMe)aHsURt RkNat;sURtt,aj12 RkNat;sURtt,aj ¬rab;TaMgsréssURtEjkecjBIkI nigl,aysURteRcInCag 85°¦13

GavsURt®sIþ14

kEnSgédsURt b¤cMenorsMBt;sURt15 rab;TaMgBaNiC¢kmµépÞkñúg EU

RbeTscin KWCaRbeTsEdlnaMecjsURt RkNat;sURt nigplitplsURtCaeRcIneTot FMbMputenAelIBiPBelak. b:uEnþ RbsinebIKitCatémø RbeTsGIutalItamekokRbkitKñaCamYyRbeTscin EdleKeXIjmanplitplsURtTMenIb² enAkñúghaglk;TMnijFM² nigenACMuvijBiPBelak. b:uEnþ eKeXIjc,as;Nas;fa manTIpSarsRmab;plitplEdlmantémømFüm nigtémøefak enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmµ CaeRcInsRmab;plitplsURtEdlmanlkçN³RbéBNIenAbUBa’RbeTs. RbeTséf maneCaKC½y enAkñúg TIpSarCamUldæanTaMgenH eday)anksagenAekrþ×eQµaHsMrab;sURtéf EdlRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CasURt EdlmanKuNPaBx<s;CagsURtrbs;RbeTs\NÐa. tarag K1>2 bgðajtYelxnaMecjfµI² eday RbeTsCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;cMbg².


tarag K1>1RbeTscMbg²naMcUlsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYn tarag K1>1RbeTscMbg²naMcUlsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYn tarag K1>1RbeTscMbg²naMcUlsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYn tarag K1>1RbeTscMbg²naMcUlsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYn tarag K1>1RbeTscMbg²naMcUlsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYn (KitCalanduløaKitCalanduløaKitCalanduløaKitCalanduløaKitCalanduløa)RbeTsnaMcRbeTsnaMcRbeTsnaMcRbeTsnaMcRbeTsnaMc UU UU Ulllll10 sURtsURtsURtsURtsURt11 RkNat;RkNat;RkNat;RkNat;RkNat;12 GavGavGavGavGav13 kEnSgkEnSgkEnSgkEnSgkEnSg14 RkmaRkmaRkmaRkmaRkma Rkv:at;kRkv:at;kRkv:at;kRkv:at;kRkv:at;kshrdæGaemrik 258 252 353 6 51 175GIutalI15 215 93 222 - 29 23Cb:un 171 65 28 3 31 133hugkug 170 134 68 0.5 13 22kUer: 132 86 2 - 4 11)araMg 13 109 71 24 2/5 44 49GaløWm:g; 13 94 58 20 2 19 41swgðburI 32 28 3/5 - 2/5 4RbPB: UN Comtrade

149

l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢km μenAkñúgTIpSarsURtGnþrCati

GgÁkar WTO TMngCaKµan\T§iBlFMdMuelIlT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar sRmab;plitplsURtEdlnwgnaMecjedayRbeTskm<úCaeLIy. TIpSarPaKeRcIn)anebIkrYcCaeRsc. enAshPaBGWr:ub enAeBlEdllT§plenHGaceqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarRbPBTMnij nigRtwmRtUvtambTdæanbec©keTs ¬sUmGanEpñkxageRkam¦ enaHkarnaMcUleTAkan;TIpSarminCab;Bn§naMcUl EBA nwgKµanl½kçx½NÐkMNt;edaykUtaeLIy.enATIpSarshrdæGaemrik karnaMecjsac;RkNat;sURt nigplitplsURtrbs;km<úCa tamFmµta RtUvcat;cUlCaRbePTplitplekItBIkItm,ajedayéd nigCaTMnijEdlmanlkçN³CaRbéBNI. RbkarenHmann½yfa plitplTaMgenHminCab;Bn§naMcUl ehIymincMNuHeTAelIkardak;kMhitkUtaeLIy.

TIpSarenAswgðburI nighugkugmanGRtaBn§naMcUlesµIsUnü. tamFmµta RkNat;sURtnaMcUleTAkan;RbeTskUer:RtUvCab;Bn§ MFN cMnYn 13° rIÉRkma Rkav:at;k nigkEnSgsURtRtUvbg;Bn§ 8°. RbeTskUer:k¾)andak;GRtaGakrelItémøbEnßmcMnYn 10° elITMnijnaMcUlpgEdr.

RbeTskm<úCakñúgnamCaBaNiC¢krsURt nigplitplsURt

CapøÚvkar RbeTskm<úCanaMcUlRkNat;sURt nigsemøókbMBak;sURttictYc. GRtaBn§ WTO

Gtibrma rbs;km<úCamanGRtaGnuvtþ 7° sRmab;sURteqA nigRkNat;sURt nig 35° sRmab;semøókbMBak;sURt nigplitplsURtrYmpSM. karnaMcUlpøÚvkarTaMgGs; RtUvbg;GakrelItémøbEnßmcMnYn 10°.

tarag K1>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMecjsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYntarag K1>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMecjsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYntarag K1>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMecjsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYntarag K1>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMecjsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYntarag K1>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMecjsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYn(KitCalanduløaKitCalanduløaKitCalanduløaKitCalanduløaKitCalanduløa)RbeTsnaMecjRbeTsnaMecjRbeTsnaMecjRbeTsnaMecjRbeTsnaMecj16 sURtsURtsURtsURtsURt RkNat;sURtRkNat;sURtRkNat;sURtRkNat;sURtRkNat;sURt GavsURt GavsURt GavsURt GavsURt GavsURt 13 kEnSgédsURtkEnSgédsURtkEnSgédsURtkEnSgédsURtkEnSgédsURt RkmasURtRkmasURtRkmasURtRkmasURtRkmasURt Rkv:at ;ksURtRkv:at ;ksURtRkv:at ;ksURtRkv:at ;ksURtRkv:at ;ksURt

Cin 824 405 226 3 48 138GIutalI 15 304 272 38 2.9 82 336\NÐa 271 262 25 - 27 -éf 19 12 1/8 - 2/7 0/7RbPB: UN Comtrade

16 2003 elIkElg\NÐa

]bsm<½n§ K1 - sib,kmµ³ plitplsURt

150

manbrimaNsURteqA nigCaBiessGMe)aHsURtcUlmkkan;RbeTskm<úCay:ageRcIn kñúgxN³EdleKeXIjmanTMnijsemøókbMBak; EdlmantémøefakenAkñúgTIpSarenHpgEdr. eyagtamevTika sþIBIplitplsURt 98° énsréssURtEdlRtUvkarsRmab;t,ajRtUv)aneKnaMcUl. sURtRbmaNCa 400 etanmantémøRbEhlCa 2/5 lan duuløa RtUv)aneKnaMcUlBIRbeTsevotNam. eK)a:n;sµanfa manRbCaCnRbmaN 12 000 nak; RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitenAkñúgvis½ysURt kñúgenaH 10 000 nak; )ancgRkgKñaCaRkumtm,aj. BYkeKplitRkNat;sURtEdlmantémølk;rayRbEhlCa 10 lan duløar. kñúgtémøTwkR)ak;enH RbmaNCa 4 lan duløar RtUv)aneKnaMecjedaypÞal; b¤tamry³eTscrN_.

témøEdl)anmkBIkarnaMecj nigskþanuBlénkarrkTIpSarsRmab;TMnijsURtExµr nwgRtUv)anelIkkMBs; RbsinebIplitkmµsURteqARtUv)aneKbegáItsaCafµIeLIgvij. karrkRbPBkñúgRbeTsk¾GaclubbM)at;pgEdr nUvbBaðaskþanuBlTak;TgnwgviFanRbPBTMnij eTAkan;shrdæGaemrik nigshPaBGWr:ub.kic©RbwgERbgkMBugeFVIdMeNIreTAkñúgTisedAenaH tamry³kmµviFIEdlKaMRTedayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al.sURtkñúgRbeTsRbmaN 4 etan RtUv)aneKplitenAqñaM 2003 ehIyeKrMBwgfa plitplnwgekIneLIgeTVdg enAqñaM 2004. CagenHeTAeTot edayehtufa sréssURtdgáÚvnagrbs;km<úCaRtUv)aneKcat;TukfamanKuNPaBx<s; eRBaHsURtkm<úCaBN’elOgRtUv)ancat;Tukfa manKuNPaBx<s;CagsURtBN’s rbs;cinskþanuBlkñúgkarbegáItBaNiC¢sBaØa énsURtkm<úCad¾manKuNPaBx<s;enH manlT§PaBya:geRcIn kñúgkareRbIR)as;BaNiC¢sBaØapÞal;rbs;xøÜn.

karerobcMkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ sRmab;naMcUlsréssURt)anbegáIt[manbBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxCabEnßmsRmab;karnaMecj kñúgkarTTYlkarRtYtBinitüKuNPaB nigviBaØabnbRtRbPBTMnij. TnÞwmCamYyKñaenHRkumh‘unnana enAkñúgevTikasURt nigGñkplitplitplsURtTaMgLay kMBugCYbRbTH]bsKÁdéTeTotEdlbegáIncMNay ehIyeFVI[pliplBuMsUvmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg eFobCamYyplitpl mkBIRbeTséf. bEnßmelIviBaØabnbRtRbPBTMnij GñknaMecj)anCYbbBaðaEdlTak;Tgnwglixit\NTan karbEgVrsgvij GakrelItémøbEnßmkñúgkardwkTMnijtictYc nigdwkTMnijsrub RBmTaMgcMNayGaCIvkmµepSg²kñúgRbeTs dUcCaéfø\NTansRmab;TijsréssURtCaedIm.

cMNaybEnßmmYycMeBaHplitplnaMecjmYycMnYn KWeKRtUvgakeTArkl½kçRClk;sURt EdlmansuvtßiPaB nigEdlGacTTYlyk)an. l½kçRClk;BN’ EdlplitEbbRbéBNIenARbeTséf Cal½kçEdl


151

bgáCatiBulcMeBaHGñkt,aj ehIyk¾GaceFVI[Buldl;GtifiCnGñkeRbIR)as;pgEdr ehIyplitplEdl plitnigeRbIl½kçEdlmanCatiBul minRtUv)anrab;bBa¢ÚlenAkñúgbTbBaØtiþbec©keTs énTIpSarshPaBGWr:ubeLIy.edayehtufa PsþútagénPaBBulmanrUbPaBc,as;las; eKGacecosvag)an tamry³kic©RBmeRBog TBT

(sUm GanRbGb;TI 13) edayKµanbBaðaGVIeLIy.


1> { TsSnavdþIsURt qñaM 2001³ GegátmYyGMBIninñakarGnþrCati sþIBIplitkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµ.}e)aHBumÖelIkTI 6 qñaM 2002 enAmCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati.

2> smaKmsURtGnþrCati. elx 34, pøÚv de la Charité 69002, Lyon RbeTs)araMg³[email protected]

3> cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬sRmab;GRtaBn§Ky¦ 5002 dl; 5007 ¬sURteqA sréssURt nigRkNat;sURt¦.

]bsm<½n§ K1 - sib,kmµ³ plitplsURt

152

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157

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RbPB nig Bt’manEdlmanlkçN³GnuvtþCak;Esþg

1> Rkumh‘uneFVIBaNiC¢kmµplitplkm<úCaEdleFVIGMBIb£sSI nigepþA³www.basketsofcambodia.com

2> Tinñn½ymUldæanrbs; INBAR GMBIBaNiC¢kmµb£sSI nigepþáA³ http://www.inbar:int/trade/main.asp

3> GgÁkarGnþrCatiRKb;RKg;eQItMbn;RtUBik³ http://www.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=1

4> {karrcnamU:t nigkarpliteRKOgsgðarwmEdleFVIGMBIb£sSI nigepþA}. qñaM 1996, UNIDO

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164

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kñúgry³eBld¾xøIenH km<úCanwgenATTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIekrþ×eQµaHrbs;xøÜn faCaRbeTsEdlRbtibtþitamsþg;dakargarx<s;. eyagtamkarsikSarbs; saCIvkmµhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati (IFC)/FnaKarBiPBelak (World Bank) kñúgExFñÚ 2004 Edl)aneFVIGegátelIbNþaRkumh‘unTijsemøókbMBak;BIkm<úCa)an[dwgfa 60° énRkumh‘unTaMgenaH eRKagnwgbnþTijsemøókbMBak;BIkm<úCaEfmeTot kñúgenaHKµanRkumh‘unNamYy eRKagnwgbnßykarTijenaHeT. r)aykarN_enaH k¾)anbgðajEdrfa Rkumh‘un TaMgenaH)ancat;T uksþg ;dakargar faCaGaTiPaBmYy kñ úgcMeNamlkçN³vin ic ä ½yTa MgLay sRmab;karseRmccitþTijTMnijBIbreTs ehIy)anBicarNaeXIjfa eFobnwgRbkarenH km<úCamaneRbobCagRbeTsbg;køaeds éf evotNam nigcin. k¾b: uEnþ Rkumh‘ unCaGñkTijTaMgenaH cg¥ úlbgðajfaTnÞwmnwgkarrkSasþg;dakargarx<s; km<úCaRtUvEtkat;bnßyéføedIménkareFVIGaCIvkmµ EdlCalT§plénkarbg;éføbnÞúkeRkApøÚvkarnana. eyagtamkarsikSaenaH karcMNayelIkarsUk):an; CamFümesµInwg 5° éncMNUl)anmkBIkarlk;rbs;Rkumh‘unkm<úCaTaMgLay. edaysarfa enARbeTscin karplitkmµsemøókbMBak; mantémøedImTabCagenAkm<úCa RbmaNCa 15-20° enaHkarcMNay 5° xagelIrYmCamYyéføcMNayepSg²eTot kñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmµ eFVI[km<úCaxatbg;lT§PaBRbkYtRbECg.

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1> B½t’manlMGitGMBIkic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIvaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak; nigskmµPaBBak;B½n§rbs; WTO³ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/texti_e/texti_e.htm

2> {savtarB½t’manEpñkesdækic©Tak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµvaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak{ rbs;WTO éf¶ TI 20 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2004 Éksar G/L/692 ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ÉksarRsavRCavrbs; WTO¦.

3> {eq<aHeTArkyuT§sa®sþkMeNIn EdldwknaMedayvis½yÉkCnsRmab;RbeTskm<úCa PaK1:

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4> B½t’manBaNiC¢kmµsemøókbMBak;rbs;shrdæGaemrik rdæ)alBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati³ http://www.ita.doc.gov/

5> B½t’mansemøókbMBak;shPaBGWr:ub EvbsayKN³kmµashPaBGWru:b³ http://trade-info.cec.eu.int/textiles/index.cfm

6> Evbsayrbs;RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆBaNiC¢kmµhugkug EdlmanbBa¢IeQµaHsmaKmBaNiC¢kmµvaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak;enAkñúgBiPBelak³ http://my.tdctrade.com/webdir/directory_detail.asp?catid=1&subcatid=1&type=3

7. cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky¬Bn§KynigsßanPaBBaNiC¢kmµdéTeTot¦³ 6101 – 6217


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180

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181

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182

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KMnitpþÜcepþImnana edIm,ICMrujkarnaMecj

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183

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184

WTO. RbeTsG‘Uhág;dak¾)annigkMBugbegáItc,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØa nigc,ab;RbtibtþilT§kmµsaFarN³ pgEdr.

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kMENTRmg; enAkñúgvis½yksikmμ nigesvakmμ

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enAkñúgEpñkesvakmµvij rdæaPi)al)andkxøÜnecjCabnþbnÞab; BIkarvinieyaKelIesvahirBaØvtßú nig)aneFVIkMENTRmg;mYyEpñk kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµTUrKmnaKmn_. b:uEnþ enAkñúg GATS RbeTsG‘Uhág;damankatBVkic©EtelIvis½yeTscrN_ nigTUrKmnaKmn_Etb:ueNÑaH.

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185

\NTancMnYnR)aMBIr RKwHsßanhirBaØvtßúmYy FnaKarsBa¢½yéRbsNIy_mYy Rkumh‘unFanara:b;rgcMnYn 17RKwHsßanbI EdlrYmman mIRkUhirBaØvtßú RKwHsßanbþÚrR)ak; nigTIpSarh‘un.

eKmineXIjmankardak;kMhitGMBIkmµsiTi§breTs enAkñúgvis½yesvahirBaØvtßúeLIy RbsinebIeKeKarBtambTdæan nigl½kçx½NÐGb,brma nigRsbtamKMrURbtibtþikarGnþrCatiRbesIrbMput. BMumankardak;kMhitelIR)ak;beBaØIEdlmanRbPBmkBIbreTseLIy. eKGacTTYlykGñkÉkeTsbreTs[eFVIkarenAkñúgRKwHsßanhirBaØvtßú RbsinebIBYkeKbMeBj)antambTdæan niglkçN³sm,tþiEdlEcgedayFnaKarCatiénRbeTsG‘Uhág;da ehIylkçN³sm,tþiTaMgenaHk¾GnuvtþsRmab;BlrdæG‘Uhág;dapgEdr. eKGnuBaØat[BlrdæG‘Uhág;da x©IR)ak;BIbreTs)an.

GRtakarR)ak;ERbRbYltamGRtaTIpSar. b:uEnþ eyagelIktþahaniP½y GRtakarR)ak;mankRmitx<s;dUcenARbeTskm<úCaEdr KWmanGRtakarR)ak;RbEhl 20°. b:uEnþ mankarEklMG lT§plGnuvtþEpñkhirBaØvtßúénvis½yFnaKar. Gnu)atén\NTanmindMeNIrkar eFobnwg\NTansrubénvis½yÉkCn)annwgkMBugfycuH. mUldæanTunénvis½yFnaKar)anekIneLIgCag 50° kñúgqñaMsareBIBn§ 1999-2000ehIyR)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKarBaNiC¢kmµ)anekIneLIgCit 16° kñúgry³eBlR)aMbYnEx edImqñaM énqñaMsareBIBn§dUcKña.

enAcugTsvtS 1990 mankarfycuHcMnYnRbtibtþikrFanara:brg nigFanara:b;rgbnþ EdlmanGaCJabNÑ. Rkumh‘unkñúgRbeTsminGacbMeBj)antambBaØtþiénlkçnþik³Fanara:b;rgfµI ehIyRbtibtþikrmYycMnYnminGaceKarBtamkatBVkic©tRmUv[manmUlFnGb,brma EdlcUlCaFrmankalBIExemsa qñaM1998 )aneLIy. KitRtwmExkBaØa qñaM 2001 manRbtibtþikrFanara:b;rgcMnYn 17 Rkumh‘unpþl;esvaFanara:b;rgCaQµÜjkNþalEdlmanGaCJabNÑcMnYn 27 Pñak;garFanara:b;rgcMnYn 212 nigGñkvaytémøkarxUcxatcMnYn 10 nak;. manRkumh‘unmYyCarbs;rdæKWsaCIvkmµCatiFanara:b;rg. cMnYnRkumh‘unFanara:b;rgbreTs )anekIndl;R)aMmYyenARtwmExkBaØa qñaM 2001.

etIkMENTRmg;enARbeTsG‘Uhág;da EdlepþateTArkBaNiC¢kmμ TTYl)anlT§ply:agNa ?

taml½kçx½NÐrbs; WTO eTaHbICaRbeTsG‘Uhág;damin)aneFVIGVIeRcIn GMBIkMENTRmg;EdlmanlkçN³sVy½t dUcCaRbeTskm<úCaEdl)aneFVIkñúgkarcrcacUlCasmaCikkþI kñúgcMeNamRbeTséntMbn;


186

sahara:xagt,Úg k¾eKcat;TukRbeTsG‘Uhág;da faCaRbeTsmYyGnuvtþesrIPavUbnIykmµesdækic©)anl¥Edr.Cak;c,as;Nas; dMeNaHRsayrbs;fñak;dwknaMneya)ay nigfñak;dwknaMGaCIvkmµ kñúgkarnaMRbeTsenHeFVIsmahrNkmµeTAkñúgesdækic©BiPBelak tamEbbmYyEdlmanlkçN³sIucgVak;KñaCamYytRmUvkar nigkMhiténkarGPivDÆrbs;xøÜn BMumanbBaðaGVIeT.

RbeTsenHmankMeNInesdækic©KYr[cab;GarmµN_ y:agehacNas;k¾kñúgry³eBlmYyTsvtSEdr.kMeNIn GDP )anekInBIkRmitmFüm 3/7° enATsvtSr_ 1982-92 dl;kRmitCitesµIBIrdg kñúgry³eBldb;qñaMeRkay EdlCamFüm GDP mankMeNInesµInwg 6/7°.

RbeTsG‘Uhág;da maneCaKC½ykñúgkarTak;TajvinieyaKTunbreTs. FDI )anekIn21 BIkRmitmFümEdlesµInwg 24 lan duløar kñúgmYyqñaM kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1985-95 mkdl;kRmitelIsBI 200 landuløar kñúgmYyqñaM cab;BIqñaM 1998 nigekIneLIgdl; 275 lan duløar enAqñaM 2002. ¬enAqñaM 1998RbeTskm<úCamanrMhUrcUl FDI cMnYn 243 lan duløar b:uEnþenAqñaM 2002 rMhUrcUlenHmanRtwmEt 54lan duløar Etb:ueNÑaH¦. karvinieyaKCagBak;kNþalenARbeTsG‘Uhág;da RtUv)anRsUbykeday vis½ykmµnþsal nigmanEtRbmaNCa 7° b:ueNÑaHEdlRsUbedayvis½yksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT.vis½ydéTeTot EdleFVI[vinieyaKinbreTscab;GarmµN_KW eTscrN_ GclnRTBü Er: dwkCBa¢Ún nigTUrKmnaKmn_. esvahirBaØvtßú )ancab;epþImTak;TajcMNab;GarmµN_ rbs;GñkpÁt;pÁg;breTspgEdr. CaTUeTAesvakmµ)ankøayeTACaEpñkmYyQanmuxeK enAkñ úgesdækic©rbs;RbeTsG‘Uhág;da enAqña M 2002EdlmancMENkesµInwg 46°. vis½yksikmµ)ancuHfyBIkRmit 54° én GDP enAqñaM 1982 mkRtwm31° enAqñaM 2002 rIÉvis½y]sSahkmµvij)anekIneLIgmYyCaBIr KWBI 11/4° dl; 22/7° enAkñúgGMLúgeBldUcKña.

CagBak;kNþalénrMhUr FDI eTAkan;RbeTsG‘Uhág;damanRbPBmkBIvinieyaKinenAcRkPBGg;eKøskaNada eknj::a GaRBicxagt,Úg nig\NÐa.

eTaHCay:agenHkþI karnaMecjBMu)anrIkceRmIneLIy. RbeTsG‘Uhág;da manTmøab;naMcUleRcInCagnaMecj TaMgTMnij nigesva. cab;BIqñaM 1994 mk »nPaBBaNiC¢kmµelIEpñkTMnij)anekIneLIgCalMdab;

21 mUldæanTinñn½y FDI/TNC rbs; UNCTAD.


187

ehIybrimaNnaMecjsrubenARTwg rIÉbrimaNnaMcUl)anekIneLIgy:ageRcIn. enAqñaM 2002 brimaN TMnijnigesvanaMecj mantémø 699 lan duløar ehIybrimaNenHmankRmitRbhak;RbEhlKña enAqñaM 1995.brimaNTMnij nigesvanaMcUl)anekIneLIgBI 1 488 lan duløar enAqñaM 1995 dl; 1 636 lan duløarenAqñaM 2002.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday tYelxsrubmin)anbgðaj[eXIjbERmbRmYl EdlmanlkçN³Carcnasm<½n§kñ úgkarelIkkMBs;brimaNTMnijnaMecjrbs;RbeTsG‘Uhág;daeLIy. karnaMecjTMnijRbéBNI )anebIkpøÚv[mankarnaMecjplitplfIµ² EdleKminFøab;naMecjBImunmk edaysarmUlehtumYycMnYn ¬sUmGantarag c>1 xageRkam¦.

bMErbMrYlFMbMputKWkarFøak;cuHnUvR)ak;cMNUlBIkarnaMecjkaehV . eKeCOfaRbCaBlrdæG‘Uhág;dacMnYnCitR)aMlannak;eFV IkarenAkñ úgvis½ydMNaMkaehV Edlplitkmµ 90° KWCaplitkmµxñattUc .RbeTsenHKWCaRbeTsplitkaehVFMbMputlMdab;TIR)aMbYnenAkñúgBiPBelak b:uEnþenAqñaM 2000 RbeTsenHmancMENkEt 3° b:ueNÑaHenAkñúgTIpSarkaehVBiPBelak eFVI[RbeTsenHmanlT§PaBtictYckñúgkarEkERbéføkaehV . enAkMLúgqñaM 1990 karnaMecjkaehVrbs;RbeTsG‘Uhág;da)anrgeRKaHedaysaréføkaehVRsutcuHy:agxøaMg KWFøak;cuHCamFümesµInwg 50° cab;BIqñaM 1995 dl;qñaM 2000 nigedaysarkarcuHfyplitkmµbNþalmkBICMgWesøakedImkaehV karraMgs¶Üt nigedaysardMNaMkaehVmanedImcas; .

eTaHbICamanGnþraKmn_y:agskmµenAkñúgvis½yenHkþI sar³sMxan;énkarnaMecjkaehVrbs;RbeTsG‘Uhág;da)anERbRbYlBIGRta 55° ¬KitCatMélénkarnaMecjsrub¦ enAqñaM 1998 mkRtwm 19° enAqñaM


tarag c>1tarag c>1tarag c>1tarag c>1tarag c>1 bMErbMrYlekIneLIgénbrimaNTwkR)ak;naMecjénTMnijRbéBNI nigminEmnRbéBNIbMErbMrYlekIneLIgénbrimaNTwkR)ak;naMecjénTMnijRbéBNI nigminEmnRbéBNIbMErbMrYlekIneLIgénbrimaNTwkR)ak;naMecjénTMnijRbéBNI nigminEmnRbéBNIbMErbMrYlekIneLIgénbrimaNTwkR)ak;naMecjénTMnijRbéBNI nigminEmnRbéBNIbMErbMrYlekIneLIgénbrimaNTwkR)ak;naMecjénTMnijRbéBNI nigminEmnRbéBNI19981998199819981998 19991999199919991999 20002000200020002000 20012001200120012001 20022002200220022002 20032003200320032003

TMnijminEmnRbéBNI 182>877 137>286 190>302 278>552 284>905 321>141TMnijRbéBNI 353>870 341>464 211>343 173>213 182>700 201>397srub 536>747 478>750 401>645 451>765 467>605 522>538¬tMélnaMecjKitCaBan;duløarshrdæGaemrik¦RbPB ³ Uganda Bureau of Statistics

188

2003 . enAkñúgry³eBldUcKñaenH kb,as Et nigfñaMCk;EdlCaTMnijksikmµEdleKEtgnaMecjmanGRtanaMecjekIneLIgenAkñúgbrimaNnaMecjrbs;G‘Uhág;da ¬3° 8° nig 8° elImuxTMnijnImYy²tamlMdab;lMedayenH¦ .

kb,asCavis½ymYyEdlmansar³sMxan; CaBiesseday)anpþl;kargar[mnusScMnYn1/4 lan nak; enARKb;dMNak;kalTaMgGs; rab;TaMgkmµnþsalvaynPNÐnigsMelokbMBak;pgEdr .b:uEnþ eKnaMecjEtkb,asminTan;EkécñEtb:ueNÑaH . plikmµkb,asmancMnYncuHfyy:ageRcIn eFobnwgeBlknøgeTA kalBIsamsibqñaMmun plitplkb,asmanbrimaNeRcInCagplitplbc©úb,nñ cMnYnbYndg .

bc©úb,nñenHmuxTMnijf μ I²CMnYsmuxTMnijRbéBNI

tarag c>2 bgðajtMélénkarnaMecjplitplbImuxEdlRbeTsG‘Uhág;daFøab;eFVIBaNiC¢kmµtictYcenAmunGMLúgeBlBak;kNþalTsvtSr_ 1990 .

GaCIvkmµnaMRtIecj RtUv)anGPivDÆelImUldæanénvisalPaBFMlVwgelVIyénbwg nigsÞwgFmµCati nigFnFanRtITwksabd¾sm,ÚN’rbs;RbeTsG‘Uhág;da. brimaNplensaTEdlmannirnþrPaB KW 300 000etan kñúgmYyqñaM. rdæaPi)alpþl;GaCJabNÑsRmab;karEkécñRtIEdlmanlkçN³]sSahkmµ pþl;GaCJabNÑsRmab;karciBa©wmRtIEdlmanlkçN³BaNiC¢kmµ nigpþl;GaCJabNÑsRmab;karksagnava. caM)ac;RtUvman

tarag c>2 ninñakarnaMecjénplitplEdlKµanlkçN³CaRbéBNIkñ úgkarnaMecjtarag c>2 ninñakarnaMecjénplitplEdlKµanlkçN³CaRbéBNIkñ úgkarnaMecjtarag c>2 ninñakarnaMecjénplitplEdlKµanlkçN³CaRbéBNIkñ úgkarnaMecjtarag c>2 ninñakarnaMecjénplitplEdlKµanlkçN³CaRbéBNIkñ úgkarnaMecjtarag c>2 ninñakarnaMecjénplitplEdlKµanlkçN³CaRbéBNIkñ úgkarnaMecj19981998199819981998 20002000200020002000 20022002200220022002 20032003200320032003témø ° témø ° témø ° témø °

RtI nigplitplRtI 39/9 7/43 30/8 7/67 87/9 18/8 87/4 17eBat 9/35 1/74 2/44 0/61 10/6 2/27 13/7 3va:nILa 1/26 0/02 0/78 0/19 6/9 1/48 11/98 2Páa 7/5 1/4 9/9 2/47 17/8 3/81 22/1 4

¬tMélKitCalanduløar nig ° énbrimaNnaMecjsrub¦RbPB ³ Uganda Bureau of Statistics


189

karvaytémøelIplb:HBal;brisßan muneBlecjGaCJabNÑ[eragcRkEkécñRtI. eKkMBugdutédduteCIgkñúgEsVgrkkarvinieyaKBIbreTscMeBaHvis½yenH.

cab;BIqñaM 1997-1999 shPaBGWr:ub)anhamXat;karnaMcUlRtIBIRbeTsG‘Uhág;da bnÞab;BImankarPitP½yGMBIkarbMBul. karhamXat;Tak;Tgnwg SPS enH RtUv)aneK)a:n;sµanfa eFVI[xatbg;karnaMecj cMnYn30 lan duløar. b:uEnþ BaNiC¢kmµ)anegIbeLIgvijy:agrh½s.

shPaBGWr:ubk¾CaTIpSarcMbgmYy sRmab;páaRss;pgEdr. CamYynwgKMnitécñRbDitfµI énkardwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas BiesskardwkCBa¢ÚnpáarvagTVIbnana )ankøayeTACakic©karmYyEdleKeFVICaTUeTA. eKdwkpáakulab nigpáadéTeTotBIRbeTsG‘Uhág;da eTAkan;RbeTshULg;EdleKdwkbnþeTAkan;TIpSarepSg²eToty:agehacNas;cMnYndb;. vis½yenH)anrIkceRmIny:agqab;rh½s BIedImTsvtS 1990 EdlekItecjBIksidæandaMpáaEtmYyb:ueNÑaH.

RbeTsG‘Uhág;da k¾manbsustVy:agsMbUrEbb rab;TaMgeKaRkbIpgEdr. enAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1990eK)anGPivDÆBaNiC¢kmµEs,keKa-RkbI EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½y.

etITIpSarrbs;RbeTsG‘Uhág;da manenATINaxøH?

RbeTsG‘Uhág;damanTIpSarFMbMputenAshPaBGWr:ub EdlRsUbTMnijnaMecjrbs;RbeTsenH cMnYn33° enAqñaM 2002. G‘Uhág;da)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIl½kçx½NÐBaNiC¢kmµBiess CamYy EU Cak;EsþgKWl½kçx½NÐ EBA nigkic©RBmeRBogEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaHtamsn§isBaØaTIRkugkUtUnU-Cotonou ¬RbeTsebNaMg¦ sRmab;bNþaRbeTsenATV IbGaRBic bNþaRbeTsenAtMbn;kara :G‘ Íb nigbNþaRbeTsenAtMbn;)a:sI uPic. RbeTsGU‘hág;damaneCaKC½y enAkñ úgRbeTsepSg² enA EU dUcCaeCaKC½yenARbeTssVIús EdlRsUbykbrimaNnaMecjrbs;xøÜncMnYn 15° kñúgenaHmYyEpñkFMKW kaehV. b:uEnþ G‘Uhág;damin)anTTYleCaKC½yenATIpSarshrdæGaemrik ¬1/97°¦ nigTIpSarénRbeTskaNadaeLIy.

b:uEnþ cMNgTak;TgRbcaMtMbn; rbs;RbeTsenHmanRbsiT§iPaBl¥. enAqñaM 2002 mankarnaMecj23° eTAkan;RbeTssmaCikrbs; COMESA nig 9° naMecjeTAGaRBicxagt,Úg.


190

RbPBB½t’man

1> karBinitüemIleKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ WTO rbs;RbeTsG‘Uhág;da qñaM 2001.Éksarelx WT/TPR/S/93. Evbsay³ www.wto.org ¬ÉksarelIRbB½n§GIuneFINit¦

2> GasydæanTak;Tg énKN³kmµkarCMrujkarnaMecj rbs;G‘Uhág;da nigsmaKmRkumh‘unnaMecj³ http://www.ugandaexportsonline.com/


191

FnFanB½t’man]bsm<½n§ TI1

1> viFan kic©RBmeRBog nigskmµPaBrbs; WTO³ www.wto.org

2> karerobcMÉksarrbs; WTO. cUrEsVgÉksartamGasydæandUcxageRkam³ http://

docsonline.wto.org/gen_home.asp?language=1&_=1

3> B½t’manTUeTAGMBIeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµrbs;shrdæGaemrik³k> tMNagBaNiC¢kmµ shrdæGaemrik³ http://www.ustr.gov/

x> RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ³ http://www.commerce.gov/

K> RksYgksikmµ³ http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome

X> rdæ)alBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatirbs;shrdæGaemrik³ http://www.ita.doc.gov/

4> B½t’manTUeTArbs; EU GMBIeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ³k> DG BaNiC¢kmµ³ http://europa.eu.int/comm/trade/index_en.htm

x> DG ksikmµ³ http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/index_en.htm

K> mNÐlB½t’manGaCIvkmµ ¬éf¦³ http://www.deltha.cec.eu.int/bic/

5> B½t’manTUeTAGMBIeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµrbs; ASEAN/AFTA ¬elxaFikardæanGas‘anASEAN: http://www.aseansec.org/home.htm

6> sßitiBaNiC¢kmµ³

k> Tinñn½ymUldæanrbs; Comtrade énGgÁkarshRbCaCati³ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/

comtrade/

x> GgÁkares,ógGaharnigksikmµénGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬BaNiC¢kmµ plitkmµ.l.¦FAOSTAT: http://apps.fao.org/default.jsp

192

7> kmµviFIBn§KyGtibrmarbs; WTO cMeBaHTMnij³ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/

schedules_e/goods_schedules_e.htm

8> kmµviFIesvarbs; WTO: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/

serv_commitments_e.htm

9> Bn§KyEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþ³

k> GRta CEPT rbs; AFTA qñaM 2004 tamRbeTs³ http://www.aseansec.org/

2004_cepbycountry.htm

x> shrdæGaemrik³ http://hotdocs.usitc.gov/tariff_chapters_current/toc.html

K> shPaBGWr:ub³ http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/dds/en/tarhome.htm

X> GU®sþalI³ http://www.customs.gov.au/site/page.cfm

g> kaNada³ http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/general/publications/tariff2004/

tablewithamendments-e.html

c> kUer:³ http://www.customs.go.kr/eng/

q> Cb:un³ http://www.apectariff.org/tdb.cgi/ff3235/apeccgi.cgi?JP

C> cin³ http://www.apectariff.org/tdb.cgi/ff3235/apeccgi.cgi?CN

Q> eKGacrkB½t’mandéTeTotBak;B½n§nwgBn§KytamGasydæan³ http://www.ita.doc.gov/

td/tic/tariff/country_tariff_info.htm

10> Bn§KyGnuvtþ Bn§KyGtibrma nigrMhUrBaNiC¢kmµ. :Tinñn½ymUldæansrubrYm} rbs; WTO

rYmbBa©ÚlKñanUvFatuTaMgbIenHsRmab;smaCikrbs; WTO. saFarNCnTUeTA minGacrkTinñn½ymUldæanenH)aneT. b:uEnþrdæaPi)alCasmaCikTaMgGs; nigKN³RbtiPU rbs;BYkeKenATIRkughSWENv GacrkB½t’manTaMgenaH)an. RbkarenHpþl;nUvCeRmIsmYyeTot RbsinebIRbPBxagelIminRKb;RKan;.


193

11> viFankarminEmnBn§Ky. tamFmµta viFankarTaMgenHmanenAkñúgRbPBnanacMeBaH smaCikWTO nImYy². sUmGanRbGb; 13 sþIBI TBT nigRbGb; k1>1 sþIBIviFankarGnam½ynigPUtKamGnam½y. B½t’manGMBIkUtaBn§KyEpñkksikmµ nigbTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógtamFmµta manenAelIeKhTMB½rrbs;RksYgksikmµ.

12> mCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatipþl;karENnaM EdlmanRbeyaCn_ cMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFüménRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ³ http://www.intracen.org/default.htm

13> GgÁkarKyBiPBelak³ http://www.wcoomd.org/ie/En/en.html

14> Tinñn½ymUldæanGMBIB½t’manBaNiC¢kmµsþIBI «TRAINS «nig «WITS « rbs; UNCTAD,

http://r0.unctad.org/trains/

15> smaKmBaNiC¢kmµ nigGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNCTAD), http://www/unctad.org/

Tamplates/Page.asp?intItem ID=1421&lang=1

]bsm<½n§ 1 - FnFanBt’man

194

195

karKaMRT dl;karCMrujBaNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa]bsm<½n§ TI2

shRKasBaNiC¢kmµRKb;RbePT RtUvcuHbBa¢I enARksYgBaNiC¢kmµ. B½t’manTak;TgnwgkarcuHbBa¢IRkumh‘un manenAÉnaykdæannItikmµ énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ tamGasydæanxageRkam³

RksYgBaNiC¢kmµnaykdæannItikmµelx 20Ga mhavifIneratþm raCaFanIPñMeBjelak hY sar:an; RbFannaykdæanTUrs½BÞ³ ¬855 16¦ 913 653

kariyal½ykic©karnItikmµ TUrs½BÞ³ ¬855 11¦ 813 913

TUrsar³ ¬855 23¦ 426 396

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RksYgBaNiC¢kmµnaykdæanBaNiC¢kmµkñúgRbeTselx 65-67-69 pøÚvelx 136 sgáat;pSarkNþal PñMeBjTUrs½BÞ³ (855-16) 913 518

TUrsar³ (855-23) 360 482

196

karbegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmµtRmUv[cuHeQµaHenARksYgmhaépÞ. kalBIeBlfµI²enH mansmaKmGaCIvkmµcMnYn 27 )anbBa¢ak;GMBIGtßiPaBrbs;xøÜn[naykdæanBaNiC¢kmµkñúgRbeTs)andwg kñúgenaH mansmaKmcMnYn 11 Tak;TgnwgkarCMrujksikmµ smaKmcMnYn 2 eFVIkarEpñkdwkCBa¢Ún nigeTscrN_smaKmcMnYn 7 eFVIkarCamYyskmµPaBCMrujBaNiC¢kmµ smaKmcMnYn 2 eFVIkarCamYyksi]sSahkmµnigsmaKmÉeTot²eFVIskmµPaBCMrujsib,kmµ.

eRkABIskmµPaBxagelIenH naykdæanCMrujkarnaMecjrbs;RksYgBaNiC¢kmµeFVIkarCMrujBaNiC¢kmµnaMecj. kalBIeBlfµI²knøgeTAenH skmµPaBBiB½rN_BaNiC¢kmµTaMgGs; TaMgkñúgRbeTs nigeRkARbeTs)anTTYlkar]btßmÖKaMRTBInaykdæanenH. eKGacrkB½t’manTaMgGs;Tak;TgnwgskmµPaBnaMecj edaymin)ac;bg;R)ak;BI³

RksYgBaNiC¢kmµnaykdæanCMrujkarnaMecjelx 65-67-69 pøÚvelx 136 sgáat;pSarkNþal PñMeBjTUrs½BÞ³ (855-12) 900 968

TUrsarelx³ (855-23) 217 35


elak-GñkGacTTYl)anB½t’manGMBIBaNiC¢kmµ nigskmµPaBnana Tak;TgnwgkarCMrujBaNiC¢kmµBIbNþaGgÁPaBCMrujBaNiC¢kmµ enAtamsßanTUtkm<úCa nigkariyal½ytMNagnana enAÉbreTs.xageRkamenH CaB½t’manGMBIcMNucTak;TgTaMgenaH³

1- elak sm-RsIrtñGnuB½n§BaNiCkmµ RbcaMenA TIRkug hUCImij evotNamGasydæan³ 180, Dien Bien Phu St., 3rd District, HCM

TUrs½BÞ¼ TUrsar³ (84-8)8 296 814

197

2- elak yIv-suxumTIRbwkSasßanTUt RbcaMenA RbeTséfGasydæan³ 185 Rajdamri Road, Lumpini, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330

TUrs½BÞ³ (66-2) 254 6630, 253 7967

TUrsar³ (66-2) 253 9859

GuIiEml³ [email protected]

3- elak Nub-suP½NtaraGnuB½n§ RbcaMenA RbeTssigðburIGasydæan³ 152 Beach Road, #11-05 gateway East, Singapore 189721

TUrs½BÞ³ (65-6) 299 3028

TUrsar³ (65-6) 299 3622

GIiuEml³ [email protected]

4- elak G‘uc-Kwm yu:nTIRbwkSasßanTUt RbcaMenA RbeTsm:aeLsIuGasydæan³ 83/JKR 2809, Lingkungan U-Thant 55000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

TUrs½BÞ³ (603) 4257 1150, 603-4257 3711

TUrsar³ (603) 4251 5771

GuIiEml³ [email protected]

5- elak Tit-riT§iBlelxaTImYy ebskkmµGcié®nþy_énRBHraCaNacRtkm<úCa enAkariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCati WTO nigGgÁkarGnþrCatiepSg²eTot enATIRkughSWENvGasydæan³ 3 Chemin Taverney, Case Postal 213, 1218

Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland

TUrs½BÞ³ (41-22) 788 7773

TUrsar³ (41-22) 788 7774

GIiuEml³ [email protected]

]bsm<½n§ 2-karKaMRTkargarCMrujNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa

198


6- elak Qag-eBRCTIRbwkSasßanTUt RbcaMenA shrdæGaemrikGIiuEml³ [email protected]

7- elak Ehm-BuF m:uNÑaTIRbwkSasßanTUt RbcaMenA RbeTsCb:un GuIiEml³ [email protected]

199

muxgarrbs;kaMkugRtUl]bsm<½n§ TI3

xageRkamenHKWCamuxgarpø Úvkarrbs;ka Mk ugRtUlxageRkamenHKWCamuxgarpø Úvkarrbs;ka Mk ugRtUlxageRkamenHKWCamuxgarpø Úvkarrbs;ka Mk ugRtUlxageRkamenHKWCamuxgarpø Úvkarrbs;ka Mk ugRtUlxageRkamenHKWCamuxgarpø Úvkarrbs;ka Mk ugRtUl

naykdæankm<úCaRtYtBinitüTMnijGahr½N nIh½rN nigbRgáabkarEkøgbnøM ¬kaMkugRtUl Cam-control¦énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ manPar³Eqkeqr nigb®gáabcracrTMnijEkøgkøay. naykdæanenH RtYtBinitüelITMnijnaMecj-naMcUl nigviPaKKuNPaBéncMNIGahar RBmTaMgplitpleRbIR)as;déTeTot. naykdæanenHk¾RtYtBinitü nigpþl;karbBa¢ak;pgEdr elIPaBRtwmRtUvtambTdæanCatisþIGMBIKuNPaB nig suvtßiPaBRBmTaMgBaNiC¢sBaØaelIplitplcMNIGahar nigplitpleRbIR)as; elIkElgEtfñaMeBTü brikçarevC¢sa®sþnigeRKOgsMGag.

esvaGFikarkic©rbs;kaMkugRtUl cMeBaHplitpleRbIR)as; rYmmankarBinitüemIlsMNaknanaGFikarkic©elIkarplit GFikarkic©ecaH²CacugeRkayelIkugtWn½r nigRtYtBinitüemIlkarpÞúkTMnijelInava.cMeBaHplitpleRbgkat esvarbs;kaMkugRtUl rYmmanGFikarkic© nigRtYtBinitükareFVIKNenyükmµTMnijkarvas;sÞg;eBag kareFVIetsþsMNakplitpl nigBinitüemIlkarbMBulbrisßan. esvacMbgEpñksmuRTrYmmankarBinitükarpøas;kEnøg karRtYtBinitüRbtibtþikarpÞúk nigRbtibtþikarerITMnij BinitüemIlkarxUcxatTMnij GFikarkic©elIkugtWn½r nigBinitüemIlGnam½yrbs;nava. naykdæanenHk¾pþl;esvavaytémøcMeBaHkarxUcxat[]sSahkmµFanara:b;rg [Rkumh‘unsV½yra:b;rg nig[sßab½nrbs;rdæaPi)alpgEdr EdltRmUv[mankaresIubGegát Tak;TgnwgkarTamTarsMNg karvaytémøGMBIkarxUcxat nigkarbkRsayGMBIsMNgénbNÑsnüara:b;rg.

TIPñak;garenHCacMNucTak;Tgfñak;Cati énk,Ünc,ab;EpñkcMNIGahar ykcitþTukdak;elIkarRbtibtþic,ab;KuNPaB nigsuvtßiPaBénplitpl nigesvanana tamry³karbegáItsþg;da nigbTdæancMNIGaharRBmTaMgpøaksBaØa. naykdæanenHRtYtBinitükarplit nigkarnaMcUlplitplcMNIGahar tamry³karvaytémøsMNakplitpl nigKuNPaBplitpl. kñúgkrNImanplitplminl¥ naykdæanGaccat;

200

viFankarRsbc,ab; dUcCakarXat;Tukplitpl bBa¢a[bBa¢ÚnRtlb;eTAvij nigbþwgecaTRbkan; EpñkRBhµTNÐCaedIm.

GasydæanTMnak;TMng

kaMkugRtUlmansaxaCaeRcInenAtamkMBg;EpGnþrCati nigenAtamRckRBMEdnsMxan;² nigmanTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTsCaeRcInenAkñúgtMbn; nigenAelIBiPBelak. kariyal½ykNþal manTItaMgtamGasydæandUcxageRkam³

elak m:k; eBC¢riT§i RbFannaykdæankaMkugRtUlelx 50 Eo pøÚv 122 PñMeBj RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaTUrs½BÞ³ (855 12) 811 881

TUrsar³ (855 23) 426 396


201

Bt’manTMnak;TMng énRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj;nigensaT

]bsm<½n§ TI4

elak ekA fughYr RbFannaykdæannItikmµksikmµRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaTelx 200, mhaviFIRBHneratþm PñMeBj km<úCaTUrs½BÞ³ (855-12) 811 827, (855-16) 811 827

bNÐit h‘an v:an;hn RbFankariyal½ykarBarrukçCati nigGFikarkic©PUtKamGnam½yGIuEml³ [email protected]

TUrs½BÞ³ (855-12) 81 82 16

TUrsar³ (855-23) 216 655

202

203

snÞanuRkménbec©ks½BÞ WTO

]bsm<½n§ TI5

snÞanuRkmxageRkamenH )anEktRmUvtamsnÞanuRkm EdlerobcMeday RksYgksikmµ shrdæGaemrik esvaksikmµbreTs ehIyelak-GñkGacTTYl)anÉksarTaMgmUlmanenAkñ úgEvbsayhttp://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/wto/cancun/glossary.pdf

Accession ¬karcUlCasmaCik¦¬karcUlCasmaCik¦¬karcUlCasmaCik¦¬karcUlCasmaCik¦¬karcUlCasmaCik¦ dMeNIrkar EdlkñúgenaHRbeTsmYykøayeTACasmaCikénkic©RBmeRBog GnþrCatiNamYy dUcCaGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ CaedIm. karcrcakMNt;katBVkic©Cak;lak; EdlRbeTsBMuTan;CasmaCikRtUvbMeBj muneBlEdlRbeTsenaH mansiT§iTTYlplRbeyaCn_eBjelj BIsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO.

Ad valorem Tariff ¬Bn§Ky¬Bn§Ky¬Bn§Ky¬Bn§Ky¬Bn§KyelItémøbEnßm¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Bn§rbs;rdæaPi)alelITMnijnaMcUl EdlvaytémøPaKryéntémøTMnijEdl)aneFVIRbtievTKy. ]TahrN_ 10 PaKryén témøbEnßm mann½yfaGRtaBn§KyesµInwg 10 PaKryéntémøTMnij.

Aggregate Measure of Support ¬¬¬¬¬AMS viFankarsrubénkarKaMRT¦ viFankarsrubénkarKaMRT¦ viFankarsrubénkarKaMRT¦ viFankarsrubénkarKaMRT¦ viFankarsrubénkarKaMRT¦ viFankaréntémøCarUbiyvtßúrbs;TMhMénkarKaMRTrbs;rdæaPi)alcMeBaHvis½yNamYy. dUcEdl)ankMNt;n½yenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog nakic©RbCMuenARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay), AMS elIvis½yksikmµ rYmmankarcayvayfvika nigkarepÞrR)ak;cMNUlBIGñkeRbIR)as;eTAkan;plitkr EdlbNþalmkBIeKalneya)ay EdleFVI[éføenATIpSarERbRbYl. AMS rYmmanbrimaNTwkR)ak;TUTat;edaypÞal; Cak;Esþg b¤ Edl)anKNnacMeBaHplitkr ¬dUcCakarTUTat;b®gÁb;¦ kar]btßmÖFnelIvtßúFatuedIm ¬]TahrN_TwkeRsacRsB¦ témø)a:n;sµanénR)ak;cMNUlEdl)anepÞrBIGñkeRbIR)as; mkGñkplit edaysarEteKalneya)ayeFVI[éføenAtamTIpSarERbRbYl ¬karKaMRTéføenATIpSar¦ nigkar]btßmÖFnelIkarR)ak;elIkmµviFI\NTanCaTMnij.

204

Agreement on Agriculture ¬kic ©RBmeRBogsþ IB Iksikmµ¦¬kic ©RBmeRBogsþ IB Iksikmµ¦¬kic ©RBmeRBogsþ IB Iksikmµ¦¬kic ©RBmeRBogsþ IB Iksikmµ¦¬kic ©RBmeRBogsþ IB Iksikmµ¦ kic ©RBmeRBogsþ IB IksikmµKWCaGtßbTc,ab;mYy kñúgcMeNamGtßbTc,ab;cMnYn 29 EdleKdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogmYy kñúgkarbegáIt WTO. Tak;Tgnwgksikmµ kic©RBmeRBogenaHEckecjCabIEpñksMxan;²³lT§PaBcUl eTAkan;TIpSar kar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj nigkar]btßmÖKaMRTkñúgRbeTs.

Articles (of the GATT) ¬maRtananarbs; ¬maRtananarbs; ¬maRtananarbs; ¬maRtananarbs; ¬maRtananarbs; GATT¦¦¦¦¦ maRtananaénkic©RBmeRBogTUeTAEdldak;ecjnUvviFan nignItiviFInana EdlPaKIcuHkic©snüanwgBinitüemIl\riyabTrbs;BYkeK cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati nigGMBIeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ. maRtanImYy²énmaRtaTaMg 38 enAkñúgGATT man TMnak;T MngCamYyTid æPaBxus²KñaénBaNiC¢kmµ. sBVéf¶enH GATT

KWCaRkbx½NÐc,ab;mYycMENkénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak.

Balance of Trade ¬CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ¦ CapldkrvagtémøTMnij nigesvakmµnana EdlRbeTsmYynaMecj nigtémøénTMnij nigesvakmµEdlRbeTsenaHnaMcUl. GtierkBaNiC¢kmµekItmanenAeBlEdlkarnaMecjrbs;RbeTsenaH manbrimaNeRcInCagkarnaMcUl EdleFVI[CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµmanlkçN³GMeNaypl. dUcKñaEdr »nPaBBaNiC¢kmµmann½yfa brimaNnaMcUlsrubrbs;RbeTsmYy mancMnYneRcInCagbrimaNnaMecj EdleFVI[CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ KµanlkçN³GMeNaypl.

Bound tariff rates, tariff binding ¬GRtaBn§KyGtibrma-karkatBVkic©Bn§Ky¦¬GRtaBn§KyGtibrma-karkatBVkic©Bn§Ky¦¬GRtaBn§KyGtibrma-karkatBVkic©Bn§Ky¦¬GRtaBn§KyGtibrma-karkatBVkic©Bn§Ky¦¬GRtaBn§KyGtibrma-karkatBVkic©Bn§Ky¦ GRtaBn§naMcUlEdlekItecjmkBIkarcrcaCamYy GATT/WTO b¤karcUlCasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarenH RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlCaEpñkmYyénkmµviFIsm,Tanrbs;RbeTsmYy. eKGacGnuvtþGRtaBn§KyGtibrma tammaRtaTI II rbs; GATT. RbsinebIsmaCikrbs; WTO temøIgGRtaBn§KyelIsBIGRtaGtibrma enaHRbeTsrgeRKaHmansiT§isgswkedaydak;kRmitesµInwgtémønaMecjb¤témøesva rbs;RbeTsRbRBwtþelµ Is b¤TamTarsMNg esµ Inwgtémøxatbg;BIRbeTsRbRBwtþelµIs EdltamFmµta eKeFVItamrUbPaBkat;bnßyGRtaBn§Ky elIplitpldéTEdlBYkeKnaMecjeTAkan;RbeTsRbRBwtþelµIs.


205

Boxes ¬RbGb;¦³¬RbGb;¦³¬RbGb;¦³¬RbGb;¦³¬RbGb;¦³

Amber box policies ¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’elOg¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’elOg¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’elOg¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’elOg¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’elOg¦ CakenSamBaküEdleKniymeRbIsRmab; niyaydl;bBaØtþ imYycMnYn enAkñ úgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmµEdlBiB’NnaGMBIeKalneya)ay ]btßmÖKaMRTkñúgRbeTs ehIyRtUv)aneKKitfa Gacman\T§iBly:ageRcIneTAelIplitkmµ nig BaNiC¢kmµ. ]TahrN_éneKalneya)ayTaMgenHKW enAshrdæGaemrikmankar]btßmÖKaMRT éføTIpSar \NTansRmab;EsVgrkTIpSar karTUTat;b®gÁb; nigkarTUTat;elIkarrkSaTuk.

Blue box policies ¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’exov¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’exov¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’exov¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’exov¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’exov¦ CakenSamBaküEdleKniymeRbIsMedAbBaØtþi mYycMnYn enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmµ Edlpþl;karelIkElgBIkarsnüakat;bnßykarbg;R)ak; BIkmµviFInana kñúgkarkMNt;plitkmµ dUcCakarbg;R)ak;bEgVr elIépÞdIEdlrkSaTukCaedIm.

Green box policies ¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’ébtg¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’ébtg¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’ébtg¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’ébtg¦¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN’ébtg¦ Cabec©ks½BÞEdleKniymeRbIsRmab;BN’naGMBIeKalneya)ayKaMRTkñúgRbeTs mintRmUv[kat;bnßykarsnüa enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogénkarRbCMuenARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay) sþIBIksikmµeLIy. eKalneya)ayTaMgenHRtUv)aneKsnµtfa manplb:HBal;tictYc eTAelIBaNiC¢kmµ ehIymanskmµPaBEbbenHdUcCakarRsavRCavkarpSBVpSay snñiFisnþisuxes,óg karTUTat;cMeBaHeRKaHmhnþray kmµviFIEktRmUvbrisßan nigrcnasm<½n§ CaedIm.

Cairns Group ¬Rkum ¬Rkum ¬Rkum ¬Rkum ¬Rkum Cairns¦¦¦¦¦ karcUlCasmaCikpøÚvkarénRbeTsnaMecjplitplksikmµ cMnYn 17Edl)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkugEKn-Cairns naqñaM 1986 enARbeTsGU®sþalI. Rkum Cairns

KWCasm<½n§PaBmYyEdlmanPaBrwgmaM enAkñúgkic©RbCMuenARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay) GMBIkarcrcaelIBaNiC¢kmµBhuPaKI edayEsVgrkkarlubbM)at;r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarkat;bnßykar]btßmÖFnCaeRcIn Edlb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµksikmµ. smaCikénRkum Cairns manRbeTsGasg;TIn GU®sþalI bUlIvI eRbsIul kaNada QIlI kULMúb‘Í kUsþarIka haáetm:aLa \NÐÚensIu m:aeLsIuesLg;fµI )a:ra:háay PIlIBIn GaRBicxagt,Úg éf nigG‘UrUháay.

]bsm<½n§ 5 - snÞanuRkménbec©ks½BÞ WTO

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Codex Alimentarius Commission ¬KN³kmµkark,ÜncMNIGahar¦¬KN³kmµkark,ÜncMNIGahar¦¬KN³kmµkark,ÜncMNIGahar¦¬KN³kmµkark,ÜncMNIGahar¦¬KN³kmµkark,ÜncMNIGahar¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1962 edayGgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmµBiPBelak ¬FAO¦ nigGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak¬WHO¦ edIm,Icrcakic©RBmeRBogrvagRbeTsCasmaCik GMBIbTdæan nigkic©RbtibtþisþIBIsuvtßiPaBGnþrCaticMeBaHcMNIGahar. bTdæansuvtßiPaBenH KWCakRmitsuvtßiPaB nigGnam½yGb,brmaEdlbNþaRbeTsnanaRtUvGnuvtþ edaysµ½RKcitþcMeBaHTMnijnaMecj nignaMcUl rbs;xøÜnsRmab;[mnusSbr iePaK. bTdæanTa MgenaHmane)aHBum <enAkñ úgbBa ¢ Im Yy ehAfak,ÜnsuvtßiPaBGahar. manRbeTsRbEhl 130 CasmaCikénKN³kmµkarenH.

Common Agriculture Policy ¬¬¬¬¬ CAP eKalneya)ayksikmµTUeTA¦ eKalneya)ayksikmµTUeTA¦ eKalneya)ayksikmµTUeTA¦ eKalneya)ayksikmµTUeTA¦ eKalneya)ayksikmµTUeTA¦ CabTbBaØtþimYycMnYn EdlsmaCiknanaénshPaBGWr:ub ¬EU¦ EsVgrkkareFVIsm<½n§PaBénkmµviFIksikmµnImYy² rbs;BYkeK eTAkñúgkic©RbwgERbgÉkPaBmYy edIm,ICMrujkarGPivDÆksikmµRbcaMtMbn; EdlmanlkçN³smRsb nigelIkkMBs;kRmitCIvPaBrs;enA rbs;BlrdæRbkbrbreFVIERscMkar [manTIpSarksikmµEdlmansßirPaB begáInplitPaBksikmµ nigbegáInviFIedaHRsaysnþisux énkarpÁt;pÁg;es,ógGahar.

Compensation ¬sMNg¦ ¬sMNg¦ ¬sMNg¦ ¬sMNg¦ ¬sMNg¦ CaeKalkarN_mYyrbs; WTO EdltRmUv[RbeTsCasmaCikEdlbegáInGRtaBn§KyelIsBIGRtaGtibrmarbs;xøÜn dkecjnUvkardak;kRmitGtibrma BMuenaHesatRbeTsEdlrMelaPsm,TanBaNiC¢kmµenaH RtUvbnÞabGRtaBn§Bn§KyÉeTot b¤[eFVIsm,TandéTeTot edIm,Ikat;kgCamYyPaBminGMeNayplEdlédKUBaNiC¢kmµrgeRKaH. WTO

EcgfaRbeTsNaEdlmanCMenOfa plRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµrbs;xøÜnrgplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manEdlbNþalmkBIkarpøas;bþÚrrbbnaMcUlénRbeTsmYyeTot RbeTsenaHGacesñIsMukarBieRKaHCamYyRbeTsRbRBwtþelµIs. RbsinebIkarBieRKaH rvagrdæaPi)al CamYyrdæaPi)al minseRmc)anlT§plsmRsbsRmab;RbeTsBak;B½n§eTenaH RbeTsEdleFVIkartva: GacesñIsMu[begáItKN³kmµkaredaHRsayvivaT EdlsßitenAeRkamGgÁkar WTO ehIytKN³kmµkarenaH nwgBinitüemIlehtukarN_Cak;Esþg nigelIkGnusasn_GMBIsMNg b¤cat;viFankarsmRsb ÉeTot.

Concession ¬sm,Tan¦¬sm,Tan¦¬sm,Tan¦¬sm,Tan¦¬sm,Tan¦ karkat;bnßyBn§Ky kardak;kMhitelIGRtaBn§KyGtibrma b¤kic©RBmeRBogdéTeTotsRmab;kat;bnßykardak;kMhitelIkarnaMcUl. enAkñúgkarcrca RbeTsmYyGackat;


207

bnßyr)aMgBn§Ky nigr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµminEmnBn§Kyrbs;xøÜn edIm,ITak;TajRbeTsdéT [eFVIbdikartamEbbdUcKñaenH.

Consultations ¬karBieRKaHeyabl;¦¬karBieRKaHeyabl;¦¬karBieRKaHeyabl;¦¬karBieRKaHeyabl;¦¬karBieRKaHeyabl;¦ karBiPakSarvagsmaCik WTO kñúgeKalbMNgecosvag b¤edaHRsayvivaTBaNiC¢kmµ.

Countervailing duty (CVD-Bn§Tb;Tl;Bn§Tb;Tl;Bn§Tb;Tl;Bn§Tb;Tl;Bn§Tb;Tl;) karkMNt;ykBn§bEnßmelITMnijnaMcUl edIm,Ikat;kgkar]btßmÖFn EdlrdæaPi)al)anpþl;cMeBaHplitkr b¤Rkumh‘un nigGñknaMecjénRbeTsnaMecj.eKTTYlsÁal;fa manRbtibtþikarmYycMnYnFM Cakar]btßmÖFnEdlGackat;kgKña. b:uEnþenAkñúgc,ab;rbs; WTO eKGacdak;[manBn§Tb;Tl; RbsinebImankarkMNt;fa karnaMcUleFVI[mankarb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r b¤KMramkMEhgF¶n;F¶rcMeBaH]sSahkmµshrdæGaemrik. maRtaTI VI

énkic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§Ky nigBaNiC¢kmµGnuBaØat[manBn§Tb;Tl; Etkardak;[manBn§enH RtUvRsbtamkic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO kñúgkarGnuvtþtammaRtaenaH.

Country schedule ¬kmµviFIRbcaMRbeTs¦¬kmµviFIRbcaMRbeTs¦¬kmµviFIRbcaMRbeTs¦¬kmµviFIRbcaMRbeTs¦¬kmµviFIRbcaMRbeTs¦ kmµviFIpøÚvkarénkarsnüaGMBIkar]btßmÖFn nigkardak;kMhitelIBn§Ky dUcEdl)anÉkPaBKña CamYyRbeTsCasmaCikrbs; WTO.

Decoupled ¬karbEgVrR)ak;cMNUl[ksikr¦¬karbEgVrR)ak;cMNUl[ksikr¦¬karbEgVrR)ak;cMNUl[ksikr¦¬karbEgVrR)ak;cMNUl[ksikr¦¬karbEgVrR)ak;cMNUl[ksikr¦ karbg;R)ak;[ksikr EdlKµanCab;Tak;TgCamYynwgkarseRmccitþGMBIkarplitkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñeLIy. enAeBlNaEdlmankarbg;R)ak;EbbenHksikreFVIesckþIseRmccitþ cMeBaHkarplit edayEp¥kelIkarrMBwgplcMNUlBITIpSar.

De minimis provision ¬bBaØtþiKaMRTGb,brma¦ ¬bBaØtþiKaMRTGb,brma¦ ¬bBaØtþiKaMRTGb,brma¦ ¬bBaØtþiKaMRTGb,brma¦ ¬bBaØtþiKaMRTGb,brma¦ AMS rYbBa©ÚlkarKaMRTcMeBaHTMnijCak;lak; RbsinebIAMS enaHmankRmitelIsBI 5 PaKry éntémøplitrbs;TMnijenaH nigKaMRTCak;lak;minsMedAcMeBaHTMnijNamYy RbsinebI AMS mankRmitelIsBI 5 PaKry éntémøvtßúFatuedIménlT§plksikmµsrub. viFanenHminKitbBa¢ÚlnUvkarKaMRTBI AMS eLIy RbsinebIvaminelIskRmiteKal cMnYn 5° enaHeT.

Dispute Settlement Body (DSB-sßab½nedaHRsayvivaTsßab½nedaHRsayvivaTsßab½nedaHRsayvivaTsßab½nedaHRsayvivaTsßab½nedaHRsayvivaT) GKÁRkumRbwkSarbs; WTO EdlrYmmantMNagénRbeTsCasmaCikTaMgGs;rYmRbCMuCasßab½nedaHRsayvivaT edIm,IRKb;RKgviFan nig


208

nItiviFInana Edl)anRBmeRBogKñaenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogepSg². DSB manGMNacbegáItKN³vinicä½y Gnum½tKN³vinicä½y nigmanGMNacesIerIr)aykarN_rbs;sßab½nesIubGegát karGnuvtþelIkarRKb;RKg nigelIGnusasn_nana RBmTaMgeFVIkarBüÜrTuknUvsm,Tan b¤katBVkic©déTeTotenAkñúgRkbx½NÐénkic©RBmeRBogepSg².

Dumping ¬karlk;bgçÚcéfø¦¬karlk;bgçÚcéfø¦¬karlk;bgçÚcéfø¦¬karlk;bgçÚcéfø¦¬karlk;bgçÚcéfø¦ tambec©keTs KWCakarlk;plitplenAelITIpSarBiPBelak edaytémøTabCagcMNayplitkmµ edIm,IbeBa©jecalplitplEdlelIs b¤edIm,IeRCotcUlTIpSar.tamFmµta eKTTYlsÁal;fa karlk;bgçÚcéføKWCaRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ EdlmanPaBGyutþiFm’eRBaHfavaGaceFVI[TIpSarGak;dMeNIrkar nigeFVI[plitkrrgeRKaHBIplitplEdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgenAkñúgRbeTsnaMcUl.

Export subsidies ¬kar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj¦ ¬kar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj¦ ¬kar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj¦ ¬kar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj¦ ¬kar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj¦ CaeRKOgelIkTwkcitþBiess dUcCakarbg;sac;R)ak;EdlrdæaPi)alpþl;[ edIm,IelIkTwkcitþkñúgkarbegáIncMNUlBIkarlk;eTAkan;breTs eKeRcIneRbIviFIenH enAeBlEdléføTMnijkñúgRbeTs rbs;RbeTsmYymankRmitx<s;Cagéfø enAelITIpSarBiPBelak.

Fast-track negotiating authority ¬GaCJaFrcrcatamviFIrh½s¦¬GaCJaFrcrcatamviFIrh½s¦¬GaCJaFrcrcatamviFIrh½s¦¬GaCJaFrcrcatamviFIrh½s¦¬GaCJaFrcrcatamviFIrh½s¦ karpþl;GMNacBIsPadl;RbFanaFibtIshrdæGaemrik kñúgkarcrcakic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ kñúgRkbx½NÐEdlfa eKnwgbBa¢Únkic©RBmeRBogeTAkan;sPa edIm,IsMukarGnum½t EdlminGacEkERb)anenAkñúgeBlevlamYyCakMNt;. eKk¾GacehAGaCJaFrenH)anfa CaGaCJaFrCMrujBaNiC¢kmµpgEdr ehIyGaCJaFrEdlmansmtßkic©crcaenH )anTTYlkarGnum½tBIsPa naeBlfµI²knøgeTAenH kalBIEx sIhaqñaM 2002.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO-GgÁkarcMNIGaharnigksikmµGgÁkarcMNIGaharnigksikmµGgÁkarcMNIGaharnigksikmµGgÁkarcMNIGaharnigksikmµGgÁkarcMNIGaharnigksikmµ) TIPñak;garmYyrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati EdleFVIkarTak;TgnwgkarEbgEck nigkarplitksiplenACMuvij BiPBelak. FAO RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1945 manParkic©TTYlxusRtUv RbmUl viPaK nigpSBVpSayTinñn½yGMBIes,ógGahar ksikmµ nigkic©karCnbTrbs;RbeTsnana. TIPñak;garenHk¾pþl;kar]btßmÖKaMRTEpñkbec©keTs nigGnuvtþKMeragbNþúHbNþalenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ


209

CaeRcInpgEdr. tampø ÚvkarGgÁkarenHmaneQµaHfa GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmµénGgÁkarshRbCaCati.

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ¬kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§Ky nig¬kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§Ky nig¬kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§Ky nig¬kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§Ky nig¬kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§Ky nigBaNiC¢kmµ¦BaNiC¢kmµ¦BaNiC¢kmµ¦BaNiC¢kmµ¦BaNiC¢kmµ¦ Cakic©RBmeRBogmYyEdlmankarcrca CaelIkdMbUgenATIRkughSWENv RbeTssVIúsenAqñaM 1947 kñúgcMeNamRbeTscMnYn 23 rab;TaMgshrdæGaemrikpgEdr edIm,IbegáInBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati tamry³karkat;bnßyBn§Ky nigkat;bnßyr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµdéTeTot.

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP-RbB½n§GnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµTUeTARbB½n§GnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµTUeTARbB½n§GnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµTUeTARbB½n§GnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµTUeTARbB½n§GnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµTUeTA) CaeKalneya)aymYy EdlGnuBaØat[naMcUledayrYcBn§ b¤Cab;Bn§tictYccMeBaHplitplNa mYy BIRbeTskMBugGPivDÆEdl)ankMNt;.

Impairment ¬skmµPaBbgákarxUcxat¦ ¬skmµPaBbgákarxUcxat¦ ¬skmµPaBbgákarxUcxat¦ ¬skmµPaBbgákarxUcxat¦ ¬skmµPaBbgákarxUcxat¦ karxatbg;mYycMENk b¤xatbg;TaMgRsugnUvplRbeyaCn_Edl)ancrcaCamYyPaKIcuHkic©snüarbs; WTO edaysarTegVINamYy eKalneya)ayNamYy b¤kgVHskmµPaBNamYyrbs;KUPaKI. kareFVI[xUcxatdl;siT§i nigkatBVkic©rbs; WTO

CakmµvtßúénviFankarpøÚvkar RsbeTAtamnItiviFIedaHRsayvivaTrbs; WTO. sUmGan bound

rates ¬GRtakatBVkic© Gtibrma¦.

Import barriers ¬r)aMgcMeBaHkarnaMcUl¦¬r)aMgcMeBaHkarnaMcUl¦¬r)aMgcMeBaHkarnaMcUl¦¬r)aMgcMeBaHkarnaMcUl¦¬r)aMgcMeBaHkarnaMcUl¦ kUta Bn§naMcUl nigkarh‘umB½T§ EdlRbeTsmYyeRbI eFVICameFüa)aydak;kMhitelIbrimaN b¤témøénTMnijNamYy EdleKGacnaMcUleTAkan;RbeTsenaH.

Import quota ¬kUtanaMcUl¦ ¬kUtanaMcUl¦ ¬kUtanaMcUl¦ ¬kUtanaMcUl¦ ¬kUtanaMcUl¦ brimaN b¤témøGtibrmaénTMnijNamYy EdleKGnuBaØat[naMcUlRbeTsmYy enAkñúgeBlevlaCakMNt;. kUtaGacGnuvtþcMeBaHbrimaNénTMnijNamYy mkBIRbeTsmYy.

International trade barriers ¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati¦ ¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati¦ ¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati¦ ¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati¦ ¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati¦ CabTbBaØtþi EdlkMNt;edayrdæaPi)aledIm,Idak;kMhitelIkarnaMcUlmkBI nigkarnaMecjeTAkan;RbeTsdéT. ]TahrN_ Bn§Kykarh‘umB½T§ kUtanaMcUl nigkardak;kMhitEdlmanlkçN³mincaM)ac;elIGnam½yCaedIm.


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Market access ¬lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar¦ ¬lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar¦ ¬lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar¦ ¬lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar¦ ¬lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar¦ kRmitEdlRbeTsmYyGnuBaØatcMeBaHkarnaMcUl.eKGac eRbIr)aMgBn§Ky nigr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµminEmnBn§KyepSg² edIm,Idak;kMhitelIkarnaMcUlplitplbreTs.

Most Favored Nation (MFN-RbCaCatiEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMputRbCaCatiEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMputRbCaCatiEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMputRbCaCatiEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMputRbCaCatiEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMput) CaeKalkarN_sñÚlmYyrbs; WTO EdlenAshrdæGaemrik eKehAfa TMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµFmµta ¬NTR¦.

Non-tariff trade barriers ¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµminEmnBn§Ky¦¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµminEmnBn§Ky¦¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµminEmnBn§Ky¦¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµminEmnBn§Ky¦¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµminEmnBn§Ky¦ viFankarrbs;rdæaPi)al eRkABIBn§KyEdldak;kMhitelIrMhUrBaNiC¢kmµ. ]TahrN_énr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky rYmmankardak;kMhitelIbrimaN karpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl karykBn§epSg²Kña kardak;kUtaelIkarnaMcUl nigr)aMgbec©keTs cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ.

Notification process ¬dMeNIrkarCUndMNwg¦¬dMeNIrkarCUndMNwg¦¬dMeNIrkarCUndMNwg¦¬dMeNIrkarCUndMNwg¦¬dMeNIrkarCUndMNwg¦ dMeNIrkarEdlRbeTsCasmaCikraykarN_[GgÁkarWTO nUvB½t’manGMBIkarsnüa karpøas;bþÚreKalneya)ay nigbBaðaBak;B½n§déTeTot Edlkic©RBmeRBognanatRmUv[eFVI.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD-GgÁkarsRmab;GgÁkarsRmab;GgÁkarsRmab;GgÁkarsRmab;GgÁkarsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆesdækic©shRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆesdækic©shRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆesdækic©shRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆesdækic©shRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆesdækic©) CaGgÁkarmYyEdleK)anbegáItenAExFñÚ qñaM 1960edIm,IsikSa nigBiPakSabBaðaBaNiC¢kmµ nigbBaðaBak;B½n§. smaCikGgÁkarenHrYmman shrdæGaemrik kaNada rdæCasmaCikcMnYn 15 énshPaBGWr:ub n½rEvn GIusLg; sVIús b:ULÚj hugRKIsaFarN³rdæEqk GU®sþalI esLg;fµI muiksuik Cb:un kUer: saFarN³rdæsøÚva:KI nigTYrKI.

Producer subsidy equivalent (PSE-smmUlénkar]btßm ÖFnsRmab;plitkrsmmUlénkar]btßm ÖFnsRmab;plitkrsmmUlénkar]btßm ÖFnsRmab;plitkrsmmUlénkar]btßm ÖFnsRmab;plitkrsmmUlénkar]btßm ÖFnsRmab;plitkr)

TsSnaTanesdækic© mYy sRmab;)a:n;RbmaN\T§iBléneKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)altamry³karvas;sÞg;kar ]btßmÖFnCasac;R)ak; b¤CaBn§EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;rkSaR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr [sßitenAkñúgkRmitbc©úb,nñ RbsinebI eKlubecalnUvkmµviFIksikmµTaMgGs;rbs;rdæaPi)al. PSEs nig kRmitsmmUlnwgkar]btßmÖFnsRmab;GñkeRbIR)as; ¬CSEs¦


211

RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sRmab;eRbobeFob]bkrN_eKalneya)ayepSg²Kña nigeRbobeFob\T§iBlrbs;va eTAelIR)ak; cMNUl rbs;ksikr nigcMNayrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbeTsnana.

Retaliation ¬karsgswk¦ ¬karsgswk¦ ¬karsgswk¦ ¬karsgswk¦ ¬karsgswk¦ skmµPaBrbs;RbeTsmYyEdleK)anRbkan;yk edIm,IRbqaMgtbcMeBaHkardak;Bn§Ky b¤r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµdéTeTot. TRmg;énkarsgswk rYmmankardak;GRtaBn§Kyx<s;kardak;kMhitelIkarnaMcUl b¤kardkhUtsm,TanBaNiC¢kmµ Edl)anÉkPaBKña kalBIeBlmun.tamFmµta WTO GnuBaØat[mankarsgswk kñúgkrNINa EdlKN³vinicä½yedaHRsay vivaTTat;ecalviFankarBaNiC¢kmµCak;lak;NamYyEtb:ueNÑaH.

Safeguards ¬viFankarkarBar¦¬viFankarkarBar¦¬viFankarkarBar¦¬viFankarkarBar¦¬viFankarkarBar¦ viFankarbeNþaHGasnñ EdleKGnuvtþsRmab;karBar]sSahkmµ enAxN³Edl]sSahkmµenaHsRmbxøÜn cMeBaHkMeNInénkarRbkYtRbECgBIsMNak;Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;breTs. viFankarkarBarGacrYmmanBn§Ky b¤kardak;kMhitelIEpñkbrimaN.

Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures ¬viFankarGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y¦¬viFankarGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y¦¬viFankarGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y¦¬viFankarGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y¦¬viFankarGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y¦ r)aMgbec©keTsEdleKerobcMeLIgedIm,IkarBarsuxPaBmnusS b¤RKb;RKgCMgWstV nigrukçCati nigCMgWnana. enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogénkic©RbCMuenARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay) sþIBIkarGnuvtþviFankarGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y ¬SPS¦ RbeTssmaCikrbs;GgÁkar WTO )anÉkPaBKñakñúgkarykviFankar SPS NamYy eFVICamUldæanénkarvaytémøeRKaHfñak; EdlbNþalmkBIkarnaMcUlplitplNamYy nigeRbIviFIsa®sþEdlmanlkçN³viTüasa®sþ kñúgkarvaytémøeRKaHfñak;enaH.

Special and differential treatment ¬\riyabfµBiess nigxusKña¦¬\riyabfµBiess nigxusKña¦¬\riyabfµBiess nigxusKña¦¬\riyabfµBiess nigxusKña¦¬\riyabfµBiess nigxusKña¦ eKalkarN_enH GnuBaØat[RbeTskMBugGPivDÆmanry³eBlEvg kñúgkarGnuvtþvin½yfµI²rbs; WTO Edlmanl½kçx½NÐGnueRKaHCag b¤mankarsnüakat;bnßyticCag cMeBaHvis½yksikmµ eFobnwgRbeTs rIkceRmIn.

State trading enterprises (STEs-shRKasBaNiC¢kmµrdæshRKasBaNiC¢kmµrdæshRKasBaNiC¢kmµrdæshRKasBaNiC¢kmµrdæshRKasBaNiC¢kmµrdæ) TIPñak;garBaNiC¢kmµ EdlRKb;RKgedayrdæEdlTTYl niglk;plitplkñúgRbeTs enAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRbeTs nigenAelITIpSarGnþrCati. STEs k¾ekþabpgEdrnUvRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµpþac;mux tamry³TIPñak;garrbs;rdæaPi)al.


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Subsidy ¬kar]btßmÖFn¦¬kar]btßmÖFn¦¬kar]btßmÖFn¦¬kar]btßmÖFn¦¬kar]btßmÖFn¦ plRbeyaCn_pÞal; b¤RbeyalEdlrdæaPi)alpþl; cMeBaHkarplit b¤karEbgEck ¬rab;TaMgkarnaMecjpgEdr¦ TMnijNamYy.

Tariff ¬Bn§Ky b¤Bn§naMcUl¦¬Bn§Ky b¤Bn§naMcUl¦¬Bn§Ky b¤Bn§naMcUl¦¬Bn§Ky b¤Bn§naMcUl¦¬Bn§Ky b¤Bn§naMcUl¦ Bn§EdlrdæaPi)aldak;elIkarnaMcUl. Bn§KyCaGRtaefréntémø ¬Bn§KyelItémøbEnßm¦ eKeRcInGnuvtþcMeBaHplitplksikmµ b¤Bn§efrEdleKykBIplitplnaMcUlmYyÉkta ¬Bn§KyCak;lak;¦.

Tariff preference ¬PaBGnueRKaHénBn§Ky¦¬PaBGnueRKaHénBn§Ky¦¬PaBGnueRKaHénBn§Ky¦¬PaBGnueRKaHénBn§Ky¦¬PaBGnueRKaHénBn§Ky¦ \riyabfTak;TgnwgBn§Ky Edl)anRBmeRBogKñacMeBaH RbeTsmYykñ úglkçN³manGMeNayplCag eFobnwgbNþaRbeTsdéTeTotEdlminsßitenA kñúgkic©RBmeRBogGnueRKaHenaH.

Tariffication ¬karkMNt;CaBn§Ky¦¬karkMNt;CaBn§Ky¦¬karkMNt;CaBn§Ky¦¬karkMNt;CaBn§Ky¦¬karkMNt;CaBn§Ky¦ dMeNIrénkarbMElgr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµminEmnBn§Ky eTACaGRtaBn§KykatBVkic©Gtibrma. kic©karenHRtUv)aneKeFVIenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog énkic©RbCMuenARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay) sþIBIksikmµ edIm,IelIkkMBs;tmøaPaBénr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµksikmµbc©úb,nñ nigsRmYlsMeNIrbs;BYkeKGMBIkarbn§Úrbnßy.

Tariff(-rate) quota (TRQ-kUtaGRtaBn§KykUtaGRtaBn§KykUtaGRtaBn§KykUtaGRtaBn§KykUtaGRtaBn§Ky) karykGRtaBn§KykRmitx<s; cMeBaHTMnijnaMcUlbnÞab;BIeK)annaMcUlelIsBIbrimaNkMNt; ¬kUta¦. eKykBn§naMcUlTab cMeBaHkarnaMcUlTaMgLayNa EdlmankRmitTabCagbrimaNkUta.

Technical Assistance ¬CMnYybec©keTs¦¬CMnYybec©keTs¦¬CMnYybec©keTs¦¬CMnYybec©keTs¦¬CMnYybec©keTs¦ RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ nigCaBiess bNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆticCageKbMput RtUvkarCMnYyhirBaØvtßú FnFanmnusS nigCMnYyEpñksßab½n edIm,I[manlT§PaBGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBogmYycMnYn rbs; WTO.

Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT-r)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ) KWCabTbBaØtþi bTdæannana¬rab;TaMgkarevcx©b; karsMKal; nigkardak;pøaksBaØa¦ kareFVIetsþ nignItiviFIpþl;viBaØabnbRtRBmTaMgr)aMgminEmnBn§KydéTeTot EdlGacbegáIt]bsKÁ cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµpgEdr.enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogénkic©RbCMu enARbeTsG‘UrUháay (Uruguay) sþIBIr)aMgbec©keTscMeBaH


213

BaNiC¢kmµ ¬kic©RBmeRBog TBT¦ smaCik WTO )anÉkPaBKñacMeBaHvin½yGMBIkareRbIR)as;viFankarTaMgenH EdlGnuvtþcMeBaHplitpl]sSahkmµ nigplitplksikmµ.

The Three Sisters ¬GgÁkarbgb¥ÚnRsIbInak;¦ ¬GgÁkarbgb¥ÚnRsIbInak;¦ ¬GgÁkarbgb¥ÚnRsIbInak;¦ ¬GgÁkarbgb¥ÚnRsIbInak;¦ ¬GgÁkarbgb¥ÚnRsIbInak;¦ kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO GMBIGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y kMNt;nUvGgÁkarEdldak;ecjnUvbTdæanbIKW³ k,Ünc,ab;suvtßiPaBes,ógGaharrbs;GgÁkarcMNIGahar nigksikmµ rYmCamYyGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak kariyal½yeraKratt,atGnþrCati ¬OIE¦ cMeBaHsuxPaBstV nigGnusBaØakarBarrukçCatiGnþrCati ¬IPPC¦ cMeBaHsuxPaBrukçCati.

Trade barriers ¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ¦ bTbBaØtþiEdlrdæaPi)alnanaeRbIsRmab;dak;kMhit elIkarnaMcUlnigkarnaMecjeTAkan;RbeTsdéT. ]TahrN_Bn§Ky r)aMgminEmnBn§Ky karh‘umB½T§ nigkUtaelIkarnaMcUl.

Trade deficit ¬»nPaBBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬»nPaBBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬»nPaBBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬»nPaBBaNiC¢kmµ¦¬»nPaBBaNiC¢kmµ¦ sUmGanCBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ ¬Balance of trade¦.

Transparency ¬tmøaPaB¦¬tmøaPaB¦¬tmøaPaB¦¬tmøaPaB¦¬tmøaPaB¦ kRmitEdleKalneya)ay nigRbtibtþikarnana RBmTaMgdMeNIrkarEdleK)anbegáIteLIg RtUv)aneKe)aHpSayTan;eBlevla edIm,I[GñkpÁt;pÁg;breTseRbIR)as; nigCaeKalneya)ay b¤Rbtibtþikar EdlGac)a:n;RbmaNTukCamun)an.

Unfair trade practices ¬RbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ minyutþiFm’¦¬RbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ minyutþiFm’¦¬RbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ minyutþiFm’¦¬RbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ minyutþiFm’¦¬RbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ minyutþiFm’¦ TegVIrbs;rdæaPi)al b¤rbs;Rkumh‘unEdleFVI[man]tþmPaBeRbobeFob EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgenAkñúgBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati.TegVIEbbenHrYmmankar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj karlk;bgçÚcéfø Bhikar b¤kic©RBmeRBogdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlmancriterIseGIg.

WTO Panel ¬KN³vinicä½yrbs; ¬KN³vinicä½yrbs; ¬KN³vinicä½yrbs; ¬KN³vinicä½yrbs; ¬KN³vinicä½yrbs; WTO¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ RkummYyEdlrYmmantMNagGBüaRkitü EdleKGacbegáIteLIg tambBaØtþirbs; WTO sþIBIkaredaHRsayvivaT. KN³vinicä½yrbs; WTO BinitüemIlehtukarN_énvivaT epÞógpÞat;rbkKMehIj CamYyc,ab;rbs; WTO nigelIkGnusasn_ edIm,IGnuvtþ.


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