MENTAL HEALTH मानसि�क स्वास्थ्य

By Padma Mishra IyerShri L P Raval college of Education & Research

MENTAL HEALTH/ मानसि�क स्वास्थ्य The World Health Organization defines

mental health as "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community“/ व्यसि को अपने या अपने खुद की क्षमताओं का एह�ा�, जीवन की �ामान्य तनाव के �ाथ �ामना कर �कते हैं, उत्पादकता और लाभकारी काम करते हैं, कर �कते हैं और अपने या अपने �मुदाय के सिलए एक योगदान बनाने के सिलए �क्षम है .

• Mental health describes either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder (मनोवि�कार)/ मानसिक स्�ास्थ्य या तो ंज्ञानात्मक या भा�नात्मक अच्छी तरह े विकया जा रहा है या एक मानसिक वि�कार के अभा� का एक स्तर का �र्ण�न .

MALADJUSTMENT/कुमायोजन• It refers to

• लयभंग/disharmony between the person & his environment. It results from the frustration/कंुठा of the needs. Maladjusted person is not able to establish proper relationship between his ability & environment. It is failure to adapt & is faulty adjustment.

ROLE OF EDUCATION TO PREVENT MALADJUSTMENT1. Observation of special problems/

वि�शेष मस्याओं का अ�लोकन2. Good Relationship/अचे्छ ंबंध3. Building morale & foundations of

good habits/मनोबल और अच्छी आदतों का नीं�

4. Carefully planning the role of competitions/प्रवितयोवि+ताओं की भूमिमका की योजना बना

5. Individual differences/व्यसि0+त अंतर6. Helping children to develop

objective interests/बच्चों उदे्दश्य विहतों का वि�का करने के सिलए मदद

7. Contacting parents/माता वि5ताे ं5क�

8. Child guidance clinics/ बाल मा+�दश�न क्लीविनक

CONFLICT/ ंघष� Barney & Lehner (1953) : defined it

as “ Psychological conflict is a stage of tension brought by the presence, in the individual of two or more opposing desires”

मनोवैज्ञानिनक �ंघर्ष/ दो या असि0क निवरो0ी इच्छाओं के, उपस्थि4नित द्वारा, व्यसि में लाया गया तनाव.

TYPES OF CONFLICTSAPPROACH-APPROACH CONFLICT

Individual is faced with the problem of making a choice between 2 or more positive goals almost equally motivating & important. Eg. Reading a book & playing cricket./ Choice for marriage-when 2 equally good, qualified & respectable offers are there.

AVOIDANCE- AVOIDANCE/ वज/न CONFLICT Individual is caught in a situation where he

has to choose between two or more possible negative courses of action. Eg. A child does not want to study & at the same time does not to displease his parents by failing.

APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT :

One is faced with the problem of choosing between approaching & avoiding tendencies/choices at the same time. Eg. An adolescent wishing to wear western outfits belonging to an orthodox family.

METHODS OF ADJUSTMENT/�मायोजन के तरीके To lead a healthy, happy & satisfying life,

one has to learn the various ways of adjustment (मायोजन), i.e. coping(ामना करना) with one’s environment as effectively (प्रभा�ी रू5 े) as possible. Also he has to safeguard(बचा�/ुरक्षर्ण) his self against turning into a maladjusted (कूमायोजन) & abnormal (अामान्य) Personality. To cope with one’s environment & the anxieties (चिचंताओं), pressures(दबा�), conflicts(ंघष�) and stresses(तना�) of life, there are two methods :DIRECT METHOD INDIRECT METHOD

1. DIRECT METHODS(प्रत्यक्ष वि�मिध) : ARE THOSE METHODS WHICH ARE EMPLOYED BY THE INDIVIDUALS INTENTIONALLY(जानबूझकर) AT THE CONSCIOUS(चेत) LEVEL(स्तर). THEY ARE RATIONAL (तक� ं+त), LOGICAL(न्यायसिद्ध) & GET PERMANENT SOLUTION(स्थायी माधान) FACE BY INDIVIDUAL IN A PARTICULAR SITUATION (वि�शेष स्थिस्थवित). These methods include :

a) Increasing or improving efforts/ ुधार के प्रया

b) Making proper choices & wise decisions / उसिचत वि�कल्5 और बुद्धिद्धमान विनर्ण�य बनाना

INDIRECT (अप्रत्यक्ष) METHODS DEFENCE MECHANISMS

1. DENIAL/ अस्�ीकार Rationalization Repressionयुसि0करर्ण दमन SUBSTITUTION/ प्रवितस्था5न Sublimation Compensation

उच्च बनाने की विEया क्षवित5ूर्तितं/ प्रवितकार ESCAPISM / 5लायन�ाद Regression Day Dreaming प्रवित+मन दिद�ा - स्�प्न

RATIONALIZATION/ यसुि0करर्ण • Occurs when we tell an

element of the truth, but deny the larger truth of the matter.

• For example, “I could have won the race but the track was wet.” The larger truth was that someone was faster.

• “I got fired, but the boss was a jerk. supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason

REPRESSION/ दमन • The person forces the

unacceptable or threatening feeling out of awareness to a point where he/she becomes unaware of it.

• Examples could be a simple reprimand or as serious as a rape.

• A person is asked, “how do you get along with your mother” and he responds, “just fine” as he turns pale. Negative feelings about the mother are so unacceptable that they block his awareness.

SUBLIMATION/ उच्च बनाने की नि8या • Transformation of negative

emotions or instincts into positive actions, behaviours, or emotions.

• for example, playing a heavy contact sport such as football or rugby can transform aggression into a game

• Many great artists and musicians have had unhappy lives and have used the medium of art of music to express themselves.

COMPENSATION/ प्रवितकार• A perceived deficit is

compensated for by skill or success in another area.

• A physically handicapped boy is unable to participate in football, so he compensates by becoming a great scholar.

REGRESSION/ �ा5ी• When adult defense

mechanisms stop working for us, we regress to a personality we had at childhood.

• For example, when an adult doesn’t take responsibility, he says, “It’s not my fault, it’s her fault.”

• Immature patterns of behavior emerge such as bragging.

DAY DREAMING/ दिदवा - स्वप्न • A fantasy is a

situation imagined by an individual that expresses certain desires or aims on the part of its creator. 

• Daydreaming allows people to separate themselves from everyday reality and desolation.

• A lonely person may dream he has lots of friends.

PERSONALITY

PERSONA ( LATIN ) – MASK/मुखौटा Criticized / आलोचनाon three aspects / पहलुओं : a) We play many roles/ भूमिमका (student, teacher,

mother, father, sister, brother, uncle, aunt, etc.) b) Role is synonymous with reputation & this is

not PERSONALITY/ प्रनितष्ठा के �ाथ पया/य बन गया और यह व्यसि त्व नहीं है..

c) Outward aspect of individual.

PERSONALITY-DEFINITION G.W. ALLPORT :- Personality is the dynamic

organization of those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment/ उन मनो�ैज्ञाविनक शारीरिरक प्रर्णासिलयों के +वितशील ं+ठन है विक अ5ने 5या��रर्ण के सिलए अ5नी अनूठी मायोजन विनधा�रिरत. .

CARL ROGERS

SELF-CONCEPT THEORY

यथाथD - करण

महत्व जीव को

�कारात्मक �ंबं0

�कारात्मक आत्म �ंबं0 �शत/ �कारात्मक आत्म �ंबं0

�शत/ �कारात्मक �ंबं0

मूल्य की शतH

वास्तनिवक स्वआदश/ स्व

गनितक अ�वाIग�मता  निवक्षिक्षप्त

Self-Concept

Ideal Self

Real Self

Incongruence

Real Self

Self-Concept

Ideal Self

Moving Towards Congruence

Self-Efficacy आत्म प्रभावकारिरता• What Is Self-Efficacy?• According to Albert Bandura, to manage prospective

situations self-efficacy is "the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required ." In other words, self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. Bandura described these beliefs as determinants of how people think, behave, and feel (1994). अल्बट/ Bandura के अनु�ार, �ंभानिवत स्थि4नितयों आत्म प्रभावकारिरता का प्रबं0न करने के सिलए एक की क्षमताओं में निवश्वा� को �ंगदिठत करने और आवश्यक कार/वाई के पाठ्य8मों पर अमल करने के सिलए "है . दू�रे शब्दों में, आत्म प्रभावकारिरता एक निवशरे्ष स्थि4नित में �फल होने के सिलए अपने या उ�की क्षमता में एक व्यसि का निवश्वा� है। Bandura लोगों को लगता है, व्यवहार करते हैं, और (1994) कै�े मह�ू� की निन0ा/रकों के रूप में इन मान्यताओं का वण/न निकया।

The Role of Self-Efficacy • Virtually all people can identify goals they want to

accomplish, things they would like to change, and things they would like to achieve. However, most people also realize that putting these plans into action is not quite so simple. Bandura and others have found that an individual’s self-efficacy plays a major role in how goals, tasks, and challenges are

approached.• ल+भ+ भी लो+ों को �े हासिल करना चाहते हैं �े 5ूरा करना

चाहते हैं लक्ष्यों, �े 5रिर�त�न करना चाहते हैं बातें, और चीजों की 5हचान कर कते हैं। हालांविक, ज्यादातर लो+ों को भी कार��ाई में इन योजनाओं डाल काफी इतना आान नहीं है विक एहा। Bandura और दूरों के एक व्यसि0 की आत्म प्रभा�कारिरता लक्ष्यों, काय� और चुनौवितयों े ं5क� कर रहे हैं विक कैे में एक प्रमुख भमूिमका विनभाता ने 5ाया है विक

People with a strong sense of self-efficacy: आत्म प्रभावकारिरता का एक �श भाव के �ाथ लोग• View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered• Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they

participate• Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests

and activities• Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments• कायY में महारत हासिल होने के रू5 में चुनौती5ूर्ण� मस्याओं देखें• �े भा+ लेते हैं, द्धिजमें +वितवि�मिधयों में +हरी रुसिच वि�कसित• उनके विहतों और +वितवि�मिधयों के सिलए अ5नी प्रवितबद्धता के एक मजबूत

भा�ना 5चा�• अफलताओं और विनराशाओं े जल्दी े ठीक हो

People with a weak sense of self-efficacy एक कमजोर आत्म प्रभावकारिरता के भावना के �ाथ लोग :• Avoid challenging tasks• Believe that difficult tasks and situations are

beyond their capabilities• Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes• Quickly lose confidence in personal abilities• चुनौतीपूण/ काय/ �े बचें• कदिठन कायH और स्थि4नितयों को अपने बूते के बाहर का मानना है

निक• व्यसि गत अ�फलताओं और नकारात्मक परिरणामों पर ध्यान

कें दिXत• जल्दी व्यसि गत क्षमताओं में निवश्वा� खो देते हैं

Self-Esteem आत्म�म्मान • Self-esteem is how we value ourselves; it is how we

perceive our value to the world and how valuable we think we are to others. Self-esteem affects our trust in others, our relationships, our work – nearly every part of our lives. Positive self- esteem gives us the strength and flexibility to take charge of our lives and grow from our mistakes without the fear of rejection.

• आत्म�म्मान हम अपने आप को महत्व देते हैं निक कै�े होता है; यह हम दुनिनया के सिलए हमारे मूल्य मानता है और कै�े मूल्यवान हम हम दू�रों के सिलए कर रहे हैं लगता है। हमारे जीवन के लगभग हर निहस्�े - आत्म�म्मान दू�रों को, हमारे �ंब0ंों में हमारे निवश्वा�, हमारे काम को प्रभानिवत करता है। �कारात्मक आत्म�म्मान हमें हमारे जीवन का प्रभार लेने और अस्वीकृनित के डर के निबना अपनी गलनितयों �े निवकसि�त करने के सिलए शसि और लचीलापन देता है

Some signs of low self-esteem कम आत्म�म्मान के कुछ लक्षण : • Negative view of life • Perfectionist attitude • Mistrusting others – even those who show signs of

affection • Blaming behavior • Fear of taking risks • Feelings of being unloved and unlovable • Dependence – letting others make decisions • Fear of being ridiculed • जीवन का नकारात्मक दृनि`कोण , पूण/तावादी रवैया ,दू�रों पर अनिवश् वा�-

स्नेह के लक्षण दिदखाने के सिलए जो भी उनपर भी• दोर्ष देने व्यवहार, जोखिखम उठाने का डर, अनिप्रय और अनिप्रय की भावनाए,ँ

निनभ/रता - दे दू�रों के निनण/य लेने के सिलए• उपहा� होने का डर

How can you raise self-esteem? There are some simple, positive thinking

techniques that can be used to help improve self-esteem. These are called affirmations.

Using affirmations to stop negative self-talk is a simple, positive way to help increase self-esteem.

Using affirmations to stop negative self-talk is a simple, positive way to help increase self-esteem.For example, replace the message “I made a stupid mistake, and I am no good at this job,” with “Yes, I made a mistake but I have learned from it, and now I can a better job.”

Begin each day by looking in the mirror and giving yourself a positive message. The following affirmations can help you to work toward a positive self-image:

• I respect myself and others • I am lovable and likable • I am confident, and it shows • I care about myself • I am creating loving, healthy relationships • I am a good friend to myself and others • I accept myself just as I am • I look great • Life is good, and I like being a part of it