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Welcome to 3.091Lecture 2

September 11, 2009The Periodic Table

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Public domain image from Wikimedia.

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John Dalton1803

Public domain image from Wikimedia.

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Daltons Model of the Atom (1803)1. Matter is composed of atoms that are

indivisible and indestructible.

2. All atoms of an element are identical.

3. Atoms ofdifferent elements have different

weights and different chemical properties.

4. Atoms of different elements combine in

simple whole number ratios to form

compounds.5. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.

When a compound is decomposed, the atoms

are recovered unchanged.

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1869H

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ba

Y

Ti

Zr

V

Nb

Ta

Cr

Mo

W

Mn Fe

Ru

Os

Co

Rh

Ir

Ni

Pd

Pt

Cu

Ag

Au

Zn

Cd

Hg

B

Al

In

Tl

C

Si

Sn

Pb

N

P

As

Sb

Bi

O

S

Se

Te

Cl

He

Br

I

La Ce

Th U

Tb Er

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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1869


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principles of modern chemistry:* recognize patterns

* develop a quantitative model that

- explains our observations

- makes predictions that can betested by experiment

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Comparison of eka-silicon with germaniumeka-silicon72 g/mol

5.5 g/cm3

high m.p.Es forms EsO2which has high m.p.

and = 4.7 g/cm3

EsCl4 volatile liquid

with b.p. < 100C

and = 1.9 g/cm3

germanium72.59 g/mol

5.36 g/cm3

m.p. = 958CGe forms GeO2m.p. = 1100C

and = 4.70 g/cm3

GeCl4 volatile liquid

b.p. = 83C

and = 1.88 g/cm3

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Boiling point vs proton number

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Electrical conductivity vs proton number

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1.00794-259.34

-252.87

0.0899

2.2013.598

1s1

Hydrogen

6.941180.5

1342

0.534

0.98

5.392

[He]2s1

Lithium

9.0121821287

2471

1.8477

1.57

9.322

[He]2s2

Beryllium

22.98976897.72

883

0.97

0.93

5.139

[Ne]3s1

Sodium

24.3050650

1090

1.74

1.31

7.646

[Ne]3s2

Magnesium

39.098363.38

759

0.86

0.824.341

[Ar]4s1

Potassium

88.905851526

3336

4.469

1.22

6.38

[Kr]4d15s2

Yttrium

87.62777

1382

2.6

0.95

5.695

[Kr]5s2

Strontium

85.467839.31

688

1.532

0.82

4.177

[Kr]5s1

Rubidium

138.9055920

3455

6.146

1.10

5.577

[Xe]5d16s2

Lanthanum

178.492233

4603

13.31

1.3

7.0

[Xe]4f145d26s2

Hafnium

180.94793017

5458

16.6

1.5

7.89

[Xe]4f145d36s2

Tantalum

183.843422

5555

19.35

2.36

7.98

[Xe]4f145d46s2

Tungsten

186.2073186

5596

20.5

1.9

7.88

[Xe]4f145d56s2

Rhenium

190.233033

5012

22.61

2.2

8.7

[Xe]4f145d66s2

Osmium

192.222446

4428

22.65

2.20

9.1

[Xe]4f145d76s2

Iridium

195.081768.4

3825

21.45

2.28

9.0

[Xe]4f145d96s1

Platinum

196.966541064.18

2856

19.31

2.54

9.225

[Xe]4f145d106s1

Gold

200.59-38.83

356.73

13.546

2.00

10.437

[Xe]4f145d106s2

Mercury

204.3833304

1473

11.85

2.04

6.108

[Xe]4f145d106s2p1

Thallium

207.2327.46

1749

11.34

2.33

7.416

[Xe]4f145d106s2p2

Lead

208.98037271.40

1564

9.78

2.02

7.289

[Xe]4f145d106s2p3

Bismuth

(208.9824)254

962

9.196

2.0

8.42

[Xe]4f145d106s2p4

Polonium

(209.9871)302

337

-

2.2

-

[Xe]4f145d106s2p5

Astatine

(222.0176)-71

-61.7

9.73

-

10.748

[Xe]4f145d106s2p6

Radon

137.327727

1897

3.594

0.89

5.212

[Xe]6s2

Barium

132.9054328.44

671

1.879

0.79

3.894

[Xe]6s1

Cesium

(226.0254)700

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the superheavies110

Uun-

111

Uuu-

112

Uub-

113

Uut-

(269)-

--

-

-

Ununnilium

(272)-

--

-

-

Unununium

(277)-

--

-

-

Ununbium

114

Uuq-

(285)-

--

-

-

[Rn]5f146d107s27p2[Rn]5f146d107s2[Rn]5f146d107s1[Rn]5f146d97s1

Ununquadium

115

Uup-

-

--

-

-

Ununpentium

117

Uus-

-

--

-

-

Ununseptium

-

--

-

-

Ununtrium

116

Uuh-

(289)-

--

-

-

[Rn]5f146d107s27p4

Ununhexium

118

Uuo-

(293)-

--

-

-

[Rn]5f146d107s27p6

Ununoctium


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1

2

3

45

6

7

89

Naming the Superheavy Elementsun

bi

tri

quadpent + ium

hex

sept

octenn

0 nil

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111 unununium Uuu

112 ununbium Uub113 ununtrium Uut

114 ununquadium Uuq

115 ununpentium Uup116 ununhexium Uuh

117 ununseptium Uus

118 ununoctium Uuo119 ununenium Uue

120 unbinilium Ubn

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(266) 109 (269) 110 (272) 111 (277) 112 113- - - - -- - - - -- - - - -

-

- Mt -- Uun -- Uuu -- Uub -- Uut- - - - -

[Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1 [Rn]5f146d107s1 [Rn]5f146d107s2

Meitnerium** Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium

Rg111

RoentgeniumDs110

Darmstadtium


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Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Strathern, Paul. Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest

for the Elements. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne

Books, 2001. ISBN: 9780312262044.

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Table 1.1 The Structure of the Atom

particle symbol charge (C) mass (kg)

electron e 1.61019 9.111031

proton p+ +1.61019 1.6731027

neutron no

0 1.6751027

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6

C2,+4

12.011

Carbon

[He]2s2p2

4492TP

3825SP

2.25

2.55

11.260


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+

_X

Atomizer

Electrically charged condenser plates

Telescope


Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909)Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

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Atomizer

Electrically charged condenser plates

Telescope!!! radiationsource


Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909)Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

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Kroll Reaction

TiCl4 Mg

TiCl4(g)

Mg(l)


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Kroll Reaction

T = 900 oCReaction site

TiCl4(g)

Mg(l)


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Kroll Reaction

TiCl4(g)

Mg(l)

T = 900 oC

MgCl2(l)

Ti(S)


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Titanium sponge produced by

the Kroll Process:

giant ingot

of titanium

TiCl4 + 2 Mg = 2 MgCl2 + Ti

source unknown. All rights reserved. This content isexcluded from our Creative Commons license.For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
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Aleksandr P. BORODIN

- composer and member of The Five:

Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky,

and Rimsky-Korsakov

- professor of chemistry,Medico-Surgical Academy, St. Petersburg

- friend of Mendeleyev

todays selection:

Polovtsian Dance No. 17 fromPrince Igor

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D.I. Mendeleyev(1834 - 1907)

image made during the

60s showing him as he

was at the time he

enunciated the Table of

the Elements

source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is

excluded from our Creative Commons license.

For more information, seehttp://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
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3.091SC Introduction to Solid State ChemistryFall 2009

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MIT3_091SCF09_lec2