Mitigation of GHG emission from agricultural fields in Asia

Shigeto SudoNIAES

World GHG Inventory

CO2：

化石燃料56.5%

CO2：

土地利用変化17.3%

CO2：

その他2.8%

CH4

14.3%

N2O

7.9%

ハロカーボン類1.1%

運輸13.1%

生活7.9%

産業19.4%

農業13.5%

林業17.4%

廃棄物2.8%

エネルギー25.9%

Halocarbons

IPCC 2004 AR4

Land Use Change Fossil Fuel

Forestry

Industrial Human

Transportation

Energy

Waste

Agriculture

Agricultural Field 2009 in Japan

Categories Sub categories ha ha ha % %Total area ofagricultural field in

4,609,000

Rice paddy 2,506,000 54%Upland 2,103,000 46%

crop & vegi field 1,169,000 25%grassland, grazing 618800 13%orchard 314700 7%

Statistics from MAFF(Ministry of Agriculture, Forestery and Fishery, Japan)

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for the year 2007, global rice plantation area covers 12.5% of total crop plantation area. (Preface of this meeting program)

Agricultural Field (1961 – 2009) in Japan

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2009Categories Sub categories ha ha ha ha ha haTotal area ofagricultural field inJapan

6,085,000 5,741,000 5,442,000 5,205,000 4,609,000 4,609,000

Rice paddy 3,388,000 3,364,000 3,031,000 2,825,000 2,506,000 2,506,000Upland 2,697,000 2,377,000 2,411,000 2,380,000 2,103,000 2,103,000

crop & vegi field 2,165,000 1,409,000 1,241,000 1,266,000 1,169,000 1,169,000grassland, grazing 81,000 352,000 589,000 649,000 619,000 618,800orchard 451,000 616,000 581,000 464,000 315,000 314,700

Land area of Japan(ha) 37,600,000 ratio of agricultural field 16.2% 15.3% 14.5% 13.8% 12.3% 12.3% ratio of rice cultivation 9.01% 8.95% 8.06% 7.51% 6.66% 6.66%

Trends in greenhouse gas emissions from the Agriculture sector 

31º 29’N, 130º 26’E ～

38º 46’N, 139º 54’E

YamagataShonai

FukushimaNiigata

Gifu

AichiTokushimaKumamoto

Kagoshima

40º

35º

30º

45º

135º 140º130º 145º

Photos of Nakaboshi (mid- season-drainage in rice paddy field) at 9 research

site in Japan, 2008-2009.

Mid‐season Drainage effctc on methane emission in paddy field , Japan

慣行に対するメタン放出削減率

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

庄内

山形

福島

新潟

岐阜

愛知

徳島

熊本

鹿児島

地点

％

2008

2009

reducing CH4 in Japanese paddy field

Period was not extended in 2008 treatment in Shonai.

Flesh crop residue was incorporated in 2008

Intermittent drainage treatment before 2 weeks before harvest 

Average reduction recovery in 2008： 48.4％, in 2009：31.5％

High reduction potentials were observed although differences of experimental sites, inter‐annual variations were shown. 

Shonai

Yamagata

Fukushima

Niigata

Aichi

Gifu

Tokushima

Kumamoto

Kagoshima

CH4 reduction ratio of modified Nakaboshi to BAU

年

0

20

40

60

80

100

1840 1880 1920 1960 2000

Organic Manure堆肥連用

Manure application was Abandoned after 30yrs堆肥施用途中で中止

化学肥料のみChemical Fertilizer

Soi

l Car

bon

con

tent

土壌

炭素

量（t/h

a）UK：Rothumsted：more than 150yrs continuous application test in upland field

Contnuous applications of organic manures in UK

タイのバイオマス資源に 先端超臨界流体技術の適応

キャッサバ、ニッパ、稲わらなどからのエタノール生産やヤシ油、ジャトロファ油などから低環境負荷、無触媒で環境に優しいバイオディーゼル

Biofuel as alternative energy

農地からの地球温暖化ガス排出低減耕地利用改善によるGHG排出削減と農業生産性向上の相乗効果を定量評価

Strategic Rainfed Rice Cultivation

タイにおける低炭素排出型エネルギー技術戦略シナリオ研究 (2009 -2012)Scenario planning of low carbon emission energy system in Thailand

タイ国産褐炭の改質技術を中心としたクリーンで高効率な利用技術

•溶剤抽出を用いた褐炭を瀝青炭並みに改質する技術•水熱抽出を利用する褐炭脱水技術

•Clean coal technology

低コストで高効率な太陽光・熱利用技術

•次世代太陽光発電セルの開発•太陽熱利用の評価

•High-performancephotocatalysts

Energy Scenario Reserarch in Thailandタイのエネルギー政策研究

各種のエネルギー源のベストミックス、タイの経済成長政策の検討

低炭素エネルギーシステムの提案 Low Carbon System

低炭素社会シナリオ策定先端エネルギー技術導入により代替される化石燃料代替シナリオを検討し、GHG排出抑制量の定量化、エネルギー経済を

含むエネルギー需給モデルの提供

Energy scenario to mitigate GHG emissions

① ②

③

④

⑤

JST

Activities between NIAES and JGSEE (2010)

(1) JGSEE Ph.D students – Tassanee Jiaphasu‐anan– Nittaya Cha‐un 

• To learn methodology of greenhouse gas flux observation and skills of numerical analysis of agricultural ecosystems by Roth‐C and DNDC models. July 10 to July 24, 2010. 

(2) JGSEE Assoc. Prof. Amnat Chidthaison• To attend MARCO meeting and GRA meeting in Tsukuba September 1 

(3) NIAES Shigeto Sudo and Kazuyuki Yagi• To visit KMUTT Ratchaburi Campus (experimental site). November 24th, 2010.

(4)JGSEE Prof. Sirintornthep Towpreyoon• To visit NIAES February,2011 

Strategic Rainfed Rice Cultivation

Information exchanges on methodology of GHG observation technology and model analysis techniques (Roth-C and DNDC (DeNitrification and DeComposition) model)

Activities between NIAES and JGSEE (2011)

(1) JGSEE Ph.D students – Kanlayanee Fusuwankaya– Apaporn Bulsatapon

• To learn methodology of greenhouse gas flux observation and skills of numerical analysis of agricultural ecosystems by Roth‐C and DNDC models. August 20 to September 5, 2011. 

(2)  NIAES Shigeto Sudo• To visit KMUTT Ratchaburi Campus (experimental site). December 14th, 2011.

Strategic Rainfed Rice Cultivation

Information exchanges on methodology of GHG observation technology and model analysis techniques (Roth-C and DNDC (DeNitrification and DeComposition) model)

Estimate the SOC stock, CH4and N2O emission by DNDC

model

Study and quantify the carbon balance in crop

rotation system

Quantify SOC stock in crop rotation system

METHODOLOGY

14

SOC stock by equivalent soil mass method (ESM)

CalculationMETHODOLOGY

Mi = BDi x Ti x 104 ………………………(1)

Ci,fixed = conci x Mi ………………………(2)

Mi,add = Mi,equiv - Mi ………………………(3)

Ci,equiv = {[Ci,fixed - ( conctop x Mi-1,add)] + [concbottom x (Mi,add - Mi-1,add)]}………….(4)

1000

GHGs flux Biological methane oxidationR = k1[CH4]0 …………(1)

ln[CH4]t = -k1t + ln[CH4]0 …………(2)

Soil carbon budget (SCB)

SCB = Ia + Is + Ir – Og – Ob – Oc - Om

RESULTS

Crop experimentin 1st cropping

Crop yield in 1st cropping

Treatment Plant height (cm)Rate of plant growth

(cm/day)

Plant weight

(kg/rai)

Grain Yield

(kg/rai)

RC (Corn) 63.00 ± 4.24 0.915 15.07 ± 1.04 a NY

RF (Fallow land) - - - -

RI (Rice) 100.83 ± 12.96 0.731 2,486.40 ± 464.33 a NY

RS (Sorghum) 108.75 ± 44.19 0.856 724.34 ± 311.76 b 32.17 ± 8.34

a dry weight of stem and leaves (corn and rice), b wet weight of sweet sorghum stalk, NY is no yield.

RESULTS

Crop experimentin 2nd cropping

Yield component of rice in 2nd cropping

TreatmentsRice plant height

(cm)

Grain yield

(kg rai-1)

Rice density

(Stem no. m-2)

panicle of Rice

(number m-2 )

RC (corn-rice) 96.88 ± 3.62 693.73 ± 175.11 488 ± 100 335 ± 37

RF (fallow-rice) 94.58± 3.27 770.09 ± 146.97 516 ± 132 307 ± 55

RI (rice-rice) 92.00± 4.03 763.09 ± 72.59 539 ± 27 343 ± 33

RS (sorghum-rice) 95.17± 7.75 725.98 ± 123.01 508 ± 60 324 ± 31

* RD 104 - 133 650 - 774 - -

Remark: *RD = Data from Rice Department (RD), Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)

RESULTS

Crop experimentin 3rd cropping

Crop yield in 3rd cropping

Treatment Plant height (cm)Biomass weight

(ton/rai)

Grain Yield

(kg/rai)

Sweet Sorghum

juice (L/rai)

Sweetness

of juice

(oBirx)

RC (corn-rice-corn) 134.67 ± 11.22 1.54 ± 0.65 a 216.57 ± 21.82 - -

RF (fallow-rice-fallow) - - - - -

RI (rice-rice-rice) 97.67 ± 2.25 1.22 ± 0.17 a 458.13 ± 62.62 - -

RS (sorghum-rice-sorghum) 153.17 ± 8.18 3.45 ± 0.17 b 408.00 ± 49.031,381.33 ±

67.8814.17±0.82

a dry weight of biomass (stem and leaves), b wet weight of sweet sorghum stalk,

Treatment Soil organic carbon stock (Mg C ha-1)

0-15 cm 15-30 cm

Before planting 10.50 ± 1.84 n.s 6.20 ± 0.99 n.s

Energy crop (Feb-Jun 10)

RC (Corn) 6.32 ± 2.12 n.s 3.71 ± 2.36 n.s

RF (Fallow land) 7.58 ± 1.65 n.s 3.65 ± 1.99 n.s

RI (Rice) 7.87 ± 1.33 n.s 3.75 ± 0.03 n.s

RS (Sorghum) 8.44 ± 3.74 n.s 3.33 ± 1.34 n.s

Rain-fed rice (Aug-Dec 10)

RC (corn-rice) 6.72 ± 2.74 n.s 4.05 ± 0.21 n.s

RF (fallow-rice) 7.87 ± 1.87 n.s 4.59 ± 1.28 n.s

RI (rice-rice) 11.81 ± 4.17 n.s 5.96 ± 1.45 n.s

RS (sorghum-rice) 8.55 ± 0.51 n.s 3.84 ± 0.95 n.s

Energy crop (Feb-Jun 11) 0-15 cm 15-30 cm

RC(Corn) 12.48 ± 1.65 3.74 ± 1.52

RF(Fallow land) 10.93 ±2.81 7.26 ±0.29

RI(Rice) 11.58 ±0.01 11.58 ±0.01

RS(Sorghum) 14.62 ±1.74 3.76 ±0.38

RESULTS Soil organic carbon Stock

Treatment CO2 flux

(g/m2/crop)

CH4 flux

(g/m2/crop)

FR (Fallow land) 1,123.32 -0.146

CR (Corn) 1,112.88 -0.074

SR (Sweet sorghum) 1,100.40 0.027

RESULTS

Soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes in 1st cropping (Feb-Jun 10)

Treatment

CO2 flux

(kg/m2/crop)

CH4 flux

(g/m2/crop)

Energy crop

(Feb-Jun)

Rain-fed

Rice

(Aug-Dec)

Energy crop

(Feb-Jun)

Rain-fed

Rice

(Aug-Dec)

FR

(fallow – rice)1,123.32

soil

3,234.60

plant

-0.146

soil

18.838

plantCR

(corn – rice)2,331.36

plant

3,479.40

plant

-0.941

plant

20.392

plant

RR

(rice – rice)5,718.60

plant

3,132.36

plant

18.294

plant

71.054

plantSR

(sorghum–rice)5,071.80

plant

2,790.96

plant

3.010

plant

14.658

plant

RESULTS

CO2: plant dark respiration and soil heterotrophic respiration

CH4: total emission (transport through aerenchyma, ebullition, diffusion)

RESULTS

TreatmentTerms of carbon calculation (g C m-2)

+Ia +Is +Ir -Og -Ob -Oc -Om = SCB

Control 0 0 0 0 0 885.84 0.11 -885.95

RC 137.69 0 0 0 5.19* 1,112.88 -0.76 -979.62

RF 134.59 0 0 0 0 1,123.32 -0.11 -988.62

RI 141.21 0 0 0 141.93 0 13.72 -14.44

RS 137.52 0 0 1.9 94.37 1,100.40 2.60 -1,061.75

Remark: *Removed corn biomass is very low because the corn was dead before harvest.

Soil carbon budget (SCB) in 1st crop cultivation (energy crop)

Output Input

RESULTS

TreatmentTerms of carbon calculation (g C m-2)

+Ia +Is +Ir -Og -Ob -Oc -Om = SCB

RC 165.85 110.60 20.88 190.69 163.48 0.00 14.13 -70.96

RF 131.59 107.14 0.00 211.68 130.22 0.00 15.29 -118.47

RI 126.71 308.62 89.96 209.75 124.64 0.00 53.29 137.63

RS 122.23 125.36 40.48 199.55 157.76 0.00 11.00 -80.24

Remark: *Removed corn biomass is very low because the corn was dead before harvest

Soil carbon budget (SCB) in 2nd crop cultivation (rain-fed rice)

Output Input

Automated Gas Sampling Sytem (AGSS) produced by Green Blue Company, Japan

CO2, CH4, N2O,,,,

1 unit of AGSS can be installed at Ratchaburi research site.

The samples collected by AGSS sampler are ready to be analyzed by the greenhouse gases auto‐analyzer developed by National Institute of Agro‐Environmental Sciences, JapanPatent application : 2005‐096918Registered : September 2009

25

Conclusions

- The SOC generally increased with the land use change by crop rotation that caused by accumulation of root and organic matter into the soil.

- The double cropping of paddy rice in 1st and 2nd cropping was 33% increasing of the SOC stock.

- The soil CO2 emission was highest in RF plot (1,123.32 gCO2 m-2

crop-1) . - Total CH4 emission in double cropping of rice (RR) was the highest

(71.05 g m-2 crop-1)

- SCB in RR plot was higher of carbon supplied to the soil by straw and stubble incorporation that increased the carbon accumulate into the soil.

- The predicted values of DNDC model showed the same trend as field observation with R2 = 0.7087.

- Seasonal CH4 emission of RR (rice-rice) crop from DNDC model showed the highest emission.

- The different of crop rotation system affected emission from both field observation and predicted emission.

RESULTS

Working schedule in this and next semester

Work Plan

Year 2011 Year 2012

Semester 1 / 2011 Semester 2 / 2011

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

1. Harvested the energy crop

2. The 4th cropping (rain-fed rice field)

3. Gas sampling

4. Soil sampling

5. Measuring and analysis of gases sample

6. Input data, run DNDC model, estimate

validation and sensitivity of DNDC model

7. Workshop, Training, Conference

8. Data analysis and write Thesis report

and paper submission

27

NID