Mjerenje Tlaka Seminar

8/16/2019 Mjerenje Tlaka Seminar

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Održivi razvoj smjer

Termotehničko inženjerstvo

MJERENJE TLAKA

Seminarski rad iz kolegija

Mjerenje u termotehnici

IZRADIO : Dino Kozjak

Prof : dr.sc. Budimir Mijović

Čakove! siječanj "#$%& god&



Sadržaj

1. UVOD........................................................................................................................1

2. OBLICI IZMJERENOG TLAKA..................................................................................2

3. VRSTE UREĐAJA ZA MJERENJE TLAKA...............................................................2

4. MJERNI UREĐAJI.....................................................................................................3

4.1 Baromear............................................................................................................3

4.2 !"e#omear...........................................................................................................4

4.3 T$a%om&er ' U ( )"&e*" "'+,-&e-om e%,"-om....................................................../

4.4 L,%'o* $a%om&er..................................................................................................0

4./ D"ere-)"&a$-" ma-omear.....................................................................................0

4.0 !r'e-a'a *aa...................................................................................................

4. M"%ro$a%om&er......................................................................................................

4. Mea$-" $a%om&er ' B,r5o-o*om )"&e*"................................................................

4.6 Mea$-" $a%om&er ' mem7ra-om..........................................................................

/. LITERATURA............................................................................................................6



1. UVOD

8o &e $a%9 T$a% 'e mo:e o+"'a" %ao '"$a %o&om e%,"-a 5&e$,&e o%om"o -a &e5"-";-, +o*r<"-, '"&e-%e ' %o&om &e , 5o5"r,. !o'o&e *&ero&a-o " 7o$&e 5e"-")"&e= a$"*e 'e " -a eme$&, o*e *"5" 5a 'e ra5" o -e%a%*o& '"$" +o &e5"-")" +o*r<"-e= 5a%$e= o-e;em, <o 'e mo:e m&er"" +re%o ra#$";""> ma-"e'a)"&a "$" +o'$&e5")a e '"$e.

U SI?','a*, m&er-a &e5"-")a #a $a% &e@

1 Nm2 !a +a'%a$

No= a &e &e5"-")a *r$o ma$a= &er &e 'a'a*$&e-a o5 ma$e '"$e ra'+oree-e +o *e$"%o&

+o*r<"-"= a%o 5a &e *e " amo'er'%" $a% , o& &e5"-")" "#ra:e- *r$o *e$"%"m 7ro&em o%o1FF FFF !a. Da 7" 'e o$a%<a$a %om,-"%a)"&a " "#7&e$" a%o *e$"%" 7ro&e*" a , e>-")"'e ','re, " $a%o*" %o&" ', m-oo'r,%o *e" o5 o%o$"<-o= ,*e5e-a &e &e5"-")a 7ar %o&a &e +r"7$":-o &e5-a%a o%o$"<-om $a%, %ao -&e- 5e%a5'%" *"<e%ra-"%@

1 7ar 1F/ !a 1F/ Nm2

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Slika 1. Prikaz djelovanja tlaka kod plina i tekućina

2. OBLICI IZMJERENOG TLAKA

!o'o&" -e%o$"%o o7$"%a "#m&ere-o $a%a@

di!"r"#$ijal#i %lak& ra#$"%a "#me, 5*a $a%a %o&"ma &e "#$o:e- 'e-#or ra-'m"er"o*a%*o "+a #o*, 'e " De$a ! ra-'m"er"

'j"r"#i %lak& , '$,;a&, %a5a &e &e5-a ,$a#-a 'ra-a ra-'m"era o*ore-a +remaamo'er" " "#$o:e-a &e amo'er'%om $a%,

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a()*l+%#i %lak& , '$,;a&, %a5a &e &e5-a ,$a#-a 'ra-a ra-'m"era '+o&e-a -a*a%,,m

,la-#i %lak& , '$,;a&, %a5a &e &e5-a ,$a#-a 'ra-a ra-'m"era o*ore-a +remaamo'er" " "#$o:e-a amo'er'%om $a%,= a 5r,a "#$o:e-a ',+), e%,"-e o5ree-e*"'"-e *"'"-a "#ra:e-a m&er-om &e5"-")om -+r. m"$"mer" ',+)a *o5e= :"*e "5.

Slika 2. a) diferencijalni tlak, b) mjerni tlak, c) apsolutni tlak, d) glavni tlak

. /ODJELA URE0AJA ZA MJERENJE TLAKA

Urea&" #a m&ere-&e $a%a 5&e$e 'e +o '$&e5e"m o'o7"-ama@

1. Vr)%i 'j"r#*, %laka&

7aromer" #a m&ere-&e amo'er'%o $a%a

ma-omer" #a m&ere-&e +re$a%a "$" a+'o$,-o $a%a

m"%roma-omer"

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*a%,mmer" #a m&ere-&e +o5$a%a

2. /ri#$i(+ dj"l*-a#ja&

'a e%,"-om

%$"+-"

e$e%r";-"

%om7"-"ra-"

. S%+(#j+ %*#*)%i i (*dr+j+ (ri'j"#"&

ra5-"

%o-ro$-"

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ea$o-'%"

. MJERNI URE0AJI

.1 Bar*'"%ar

Nam"&e-&e- +r*e-'*e-o #a o5re"*a-&e $a%a #ra%a o%o$"-e. Ko-'r,%)"&e7aromera mo, 7"" ra#$";"e= -o -a&;e<e 'e ,+ore7$&a*a&, mem7ra-'%" ma-omear " U ( )"&e*. Kao e%,"-a #a 7aromere 'e ,+ore7$&a*a :"*a= &er &e -&e#"-a ,'oaa%o *e$"%a 5a )"&e* mo:e 7"" %ra%a= a $a% #a'"e-&a :"*"-"> +ara &e %o5 -orma$-">em+era,ra= a%o ma$e- 5a a mo:emo #a-emar"". Z7o oa ', 7aromer" *r$oo;-". Baromear -a '$. 3 'a'o&" 'e o5 'a%$e-e )"&e*" %o&a &e -a *r>, #a*ore-a= e &e5o-&"m %ra&em o*ore-a " ,ro-&e-a , %a+$&e*"-, "#$o:e-, amo'er'%om $a%,. Dr,"%ra& &e #a*ore- 'o+o'o-" *a%,,m.

Slika . Barometar

Ka+$&e*"-a , )"&e*" e 'e +o+e" 5o 'a-o*"e *"'"-e &er ', , )"&e*" o'a$e 'amo +are

%a+$&e*"-e. B,5," 5a -a '$o7o5-, %a+$&e*"-, 5&e$,&e amo'er'%" $a%= mora e ,)"&e*" -a "'o& ra#"-" *$a5a" "'" $a%= %o&" 5r:" ra*-oe:, e:"-" ',+)a %a+$&e*"-e.

.2 /i"3*'"%ar

!"e#omear '$. 4 '+a5a , -a&&e5-o'a*-"&e ,rea&e #a m&ere-&e $a%a. To &e -a+o',5, +r"%$&,;e-a ore o*ore-a )&e*;")a , %o&o& e 'e %a+$&e*"-a +o+e" 5oo5ree-e *"'"-e. Za-"ma $" -a' $a% , 7"$o %o&o& o;%" +o',5e= "#m&er"" emo *"'"-,

',+)a %a+$&e*"-e 5o e o;%e.

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Slika . Piezometar

T$a% , o;%" A "#-o'"@ p A = H>1

T$a% , o;%" B "#-o'"@ pB = H>2

G5&e &e@ H ? ,'oa e%,"-e %m3 >1=>2 ? *"'"-e ',+a)a e%,"-e "#-a5 o;a%a 1 " 2

6=1 m'2 ( ra*"a)"&'%a %o-'a-a

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. Tlak*'j"r ) U 4 $ij"-i i)(+#j"#*' %"k+5i#*'

To ', 'a%$e-e )"&e*" "'+,-&e-e e%,"-om , o7$"%, '$o*a U '$. /. C"&e* &e 5o"#*&e'-e *"'"-e "'+,-&e-a e%,"-om *o5a= :"*a "$" a$%o>o$. Je5a- %ra& e )"&e*" '+o&"'e ' +ro'orom , %o&em m&er"mo $a%= 5o% 5r," %ra& o'a&e o*ore- +o5 5&e$o*a-&emamo'er'%o $a%a. M&ere-&e 'e '*o5" -a m&ere-&e *"'"-e ',+)a e%,"-e , )"&e*" %o&"

'*o&om e:"-om 5r:" ra*-oe:, m&ere-om $a%,. Ra#$"%a , o5-o', -a +"e#omear &e5a 'e m&ere-&e mo:e +ro*e'" " -a *e"m ,5a$&e-o'"ma. 1

Slika 6. Shema tlakomjera s ! cijevi

Ko5 $a%om&era ' U )"&e*" %ao -a '$. / 5o $a%a , :e$&e-o& o;%" A 5o$a#" 'e +re%o'$"&e5e"> "#ra#a@

T$a%o*" , o;%ama B " C ', ', &e5-a%" " "#-o'e@

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!B !C

!B ! A H>1

!) !a Hma>2

5&e &e@ pat ? amo'er'%" $a%

" ? ,',a $,"5a , %o&em m&er"mo $a% "man ,',a $,"5a , ma-omer,

"# ;ea '$"&e5"@

! A H>1 !a Hma>2

! A ? !a Hma>2 ? H>1

a%o -a' #a-"ma +re$a% , o;%" A '$. /= a -e a+'o$,-" $a% , o;%" A= mo:emo +"'a"

!a ! A ? !a

!a '$"&e5" @

!a Hma>2 ? H>1

a%o &e )"&e* "'+,-&e-a $,"5om ma$e ,'oe "1 "2= <o 'e , +ra%'" mo:e ,#e" %a5a', , +"a-&, +$"-o*" ,'*a&a 'e "1 F= mo:emo #a-emar"" 5r," ;$a-= +a 'e #a +re$a%, o;%" A 'a 5o*o$&-om o;-o<, %or"'" "#ra#@

!a Hma>2

. L+k)*- %lak*'j"r

L,%'o* $a%om&er 'a'o&" 'e o5 o7";-e U ( )"&e*" %o&a &e -a &e5-om %ra&, &a%o+ro<"re-a '$. 0. !re5-o' &e a%*a $a%om&era +re)"#-"&e o;"a-&e $a%a. A%o 'e #7ora#$"%e $a%o*a +oreme" ra*-oe:a= e%,"-a e 'e , &e5-om %ra%, )"&e*" 5"-,"= a ,5r,om %ra%, '+,'""= ' "me 5a &e +oma% , ,'%o& )"&e*" *e" o5 +oma%a ,+ro<"re-om %ra%,= +a 'e $a%<e o;"a*a.

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Slika 7. #uksov tlakomjer

.6 Di!"r"#$ijal#i 'a#*'"%ar

D"ere-)"&a$-" ma-omear '$,:" #a m&ere-&e ra#$"%e $a%o*a "#me, 5*a m&er-a

m&e'a '$.. Ra#$"%a *"'"-a me, o;%ama A " B "#m&ere-a &e #a+or-om e%,"-omo5ree-e ,'oe= *ee o5 ,'oa m&ere-"> $,"5a.

Slika 8. $iferencijalni manometar

.7 /r)%"#a)%a -a,a

!r'e-a'a *aa 'e ,$a*-om %or"'" #a m&ere-&e ma$"> ra#$"%a $a%o*a. U+r'e-a'om 7,7-&, -a$a#" 'e #a+or-a e%,"-a. To;%a o'$o-a 'e -a$a#" "#-a5 e:"<a+r'e-a '$. . A%o -a &e5-o& 'ra-" *$a5a +re$a%= +om";e 'e e%,"-a " -a'a&e #a%re-"mome- %o&" #a%ree %a#a$&%, "-'r,me-a. M&ere-a ra#$"%a $a%a &e +ro+or)"o-a$-a'"-,', %,a #a%rea %a#a$&%e.

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Slika 9. Prstenasta vaga

.8 Mikr*%lak*'j"r

M"%roma-omear "$" %o'o)"&e*-" ma-omear '$,:" %ao +r"&e-o'-" "-'r,me- #am&ere-&e ma$"> ra#$"%a $a%o*a. ,#o- , 5"m-&a%,= $a% ma$"> a%'"&a$-"> *e-"$aora "5r.. Kor"'" 'e #a *r$o o;-a m&ere-&a. Na '$. 6 'e -a$a#" %o'o)"&e*-" ma-omear %o5%o&e 'e 'ma-&"*a-&em %,a % +o*ea*a 5,$&"-a ',+)a #a+or-e e%,"-e a "me "o;-o' o;"a-&a +r" $a%, %o&" o5o*ara *"'"-" #a+or-e e%,"-e h.

Slika :. &ikrotlakomjer

O+e-"o 'e mo:e re" 5a ', $a%om&er" %o&" ra5e -a +r"-)"+, ra#$"%a >"5ro'a'%o$a%a m&er-o $,"5a e%,"-e %o5 %o&"> &e +o#-aa ,'oa &. %o5 %o&"> 'e $a% m&er"%ao ra#$"%a *"'"-e ',+)a m&er-o $,"5a '+a5a&, , -a&+o,#5a-"&e " -a&+re)"#-"&e"-'r,me-e #a m&ere-&e $a%a. O*"'-o o ra'+o-, m&ere-&a #a %o&" &e +re5*"e-ma-omear 'a*$&a&, 'e m&er-e e%,"-e ra#$";""> ,'oa. "*a -a +r"m&er "ma 13=0+,a *e, ,'o, o5 *o5e= <o #-a;" 5a e #a "'" m&ere-" $a% -"*o ',+)a *o5e 7""*"<" #a 13=0 +,a. I# oa +ro"#$a#" 5a &e #a ma-omere %o&" ra5e , ma-&"m m&er-"m+o5r,;&"ma +oo5-"&e %or"'"" m&er-e e%,"-e ma-&e ,'oe. Ta%*" ma-omer" e 7""o'&e$&"*"&" " +re)"#-"&". Kao m&er-a e%,"-a , -a*e5e-"m $a%om&er"ma o7";-o 'e %or"'"

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:"*a= *o5a 'a a5""*"ma $,ore')e--e 7o&e %o&" +o7o$&<a*a&, %o-#"'e--o'=o$a%<a*a&, +re)"#-"&e o;"a*a-&e *r"&e5-o'" -a '%a$" " 'a +a:$&"*o o5ree-om'+e)"";-om ,'oom -a'a$e e%,"-e= a%oer 'e %or"'e +o'e7-a 'a7"$-a 7a#-a,$&a 5er"*a" -ae= 'a +a:$&"*o o5ree-om ,'oom= %o&a "ma&, o5$";-, *"5$&"*o'me-"'%,'a 'a mo,-o<, *r$o +re)"#-o o;"a-&a *r"&e5-o'" " 'a o5$";-om%o-#"'e--o<,. Za +re)"#-o o;"a-&e 7"-o &e o%om"o -"<a-""P ' o7#"rom -a ra*-"-,m&er-e '%a$e "# %o&e "<;"a*amo *r"&e5-o' 5a 7" m"-"m"#"ra$" re<%, o;"a-&a. S$a%om&er"ma %o&" ra5e -a o+"'a-om +r"-)"+, mo:e +ro*&era*a" o;-o' o'a$">$a%om&era %o5 7a:5are-&a. 2

.9 M"%al#i %lak*'j"r ) B+rd*#*-*' $ij"-i

B,r5o-o*a )"&e* &e mea$-a )"&e* 'a*"&e-a , +o$,%r,= &e5-"m %ra&em +r";*r<e-a#a %,"&, "-'r,me-a= a 5r," &e %ra& '$o7o5a- '$. 1F. !o5 5&e$o*a-&em $a%a )"&e* 'e

-a'o&" "'+ra*""= +a 'e "7a-&e -&e#"-a '$o7o5-a %ra&a= +omo, me>a-"#ma= +re-o'"-a %a#a$&%,. Ka#a$&%a +o%a#,&e *e$";"-, $a%a. O*" "+o*" $a%om&era -a&;e<e 'e%or"'e #a $a%o*e o5 F 5o1FF 7ar " , em+era,r-om ra'+o-, o5 ( 2/ QC 5oFQC= "a%o mo, 7"" " , ,:em +re)"#-"&em +o5r,;&, +r"m&e-e o5 F ? F.0 7ar. 3

Slika1;. &etalni tlakomjer s Burdonovom cijevi

.: M"%al#i %lak*'j"r ) '"'<ra#*'

Meme7ra-a o5 *a$o*"o $"ma rea"ra -a $a%. S +o*ea-&em $a%a mem7ra-a 'era'e:e= o5":e= a +r" 'ma-&e-&, $a%a #7o e$a'";-o'" 'e *raa , +r*o7"-" +o$o:a& '$.

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11. O*" "-'r,me-" ', #a ma-&a +o5r,;&a m&ere-&a o;-"&" o5 o-"> ' B,r5o-o*om)"&e*".

Slika 11. 'lakomjer s membranom

6. LITERATURA

1 >+@mar&a-.e'7.>r"o$&m&ere-&aM&ere-&e2F$a%a.+5.....+re,#eo 1.1.2F10.2 >+@.,-"5,.>r5aoe%ema&e$")AB!?/.+5......+re,#eo 1.1.2F10.3 >+'@.'7.,-"#.>rermo*e$*&1+.+5......+re,#eo 1.1.2F10.

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Mjerenje Tlaka Seminar