Morphology Betol Pyer!!!

8/3/2019 Morphology Betol Pyer!!!

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MORPHOLOGYGROUP MEMBERS :

ASMAA LIYANA BINTI JAAFAR

SITI KHADIJAH BINTI MOHD HASSAN

SYAZANA LIYANA BINTI AHMAD

WAN HAFIZAH BINTI WAN ABD RAHIM


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MORPHOLOGYTYPES OF

MORPHEMES

BOUND & FREE

MORPHEMES

PREFIXES &

SUFFIXES

ROOTS &

STEMS

DERIVATIONAL

& INFLECTIONAL

MORPHEMES

WORD FORMATION

PROCESS

EPONYMSBACK-

FORMATION

COMPOUNDING BLENDING

CLIPPING ACRONYMS

ABBREVIATIONS AFFIXATION


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Morphology study ofMorphology study ofword formationword formation

MonomorphemicMonomorphemic

1 morpheme1 morpheme

e.ge.g: pizza, ceiling: pizza, ceiling

PolymorphemicPolymorphemic

more than 1 morphememore than 1 morpheme

unexpectedunexpected

MorphemeMorphemesmallest unit of asmallest unit of aword/ meaningword/ meaning

Morphology = study of word formationMorphology = study of word formationMorpheme = smallest unit of a word/ meaningMorpheme = smallest unit of a word/ meaning

=words, word stems, and affixes, basically theunit of language one up from phonemes

MorphemeMorphememonomorphemicmonomorphemic = 1 morpheme= 1 morpheme

e.ge.g: pizza, ceiling: pizza, ceilingpolymorphemicpolymorphemic= more than morpheme= more than morpheme

e.ge.g unexpected = 4unexpected = 4 syllsyll/ 3 morph/ 3 morph

discrimination = 5discrimination = 5 syllsyll/ 2/ 2 morpmorp


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BOUNDBOUND

MOR

PHEMEMOR

PHEME

AffixesAffixes cannot standcannot standalonealone (independent)(independent)

only appear as part of aonly appear as part of alarger, multilarger, multi--morphemicmorphemic

word.word.

Bound morphemeBound morphemeAffixesAffixescannot stand alone (independent)cannot stand alone (independent)only appear as part of a larger, multionly appear as part of a larger, multi--morphemicmorphemicword.word.

Bound morphemes may be derivationalBound morphemes may be derivationaloror inectionalinectional


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FREE MORPHEMEFREE MORPHEME

rootrootcancan

standstand

alonealone(dependent)(dependent)

able to appearable to appearas a word byas a word by

itself.itself.

Free morphemeFree morpheme

rootrootcan stand alone (dependent)can stand alone (dependent)able to appear as a word by itself.able to appear as a word by itself.


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DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMESDERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES

create new words. (derive new words from othercreate new words. (derive new words from otherwords.)words.)

e.ge.g:: preview pre + view.preview pre + view.

change part of speech or the meaning of a wordchange part of speech or the meaning of a word

part of speech: judgepart of speech: judge--mentment (V

(V

-->N

)>N

)usually occur beforeusually occur before inectionalinectional suffixes: worksuffixes: work--

erer--ss

can be either suffixes or prefixescan be either suffixes or prefixes


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INECTIONALINECTIONAL MORPHEMEMORPHEME

make minor grammatical changes necessary formake minor grammatical changes necessary foragreement with other words.agreement with other words.

e.ge.g : cats cat + s: cats cat + s

There are only eightThere are only eight inectionalinectional morphemes:morphemes: --s,s,--eded,, --inging,, --en,en, --s,s, --'s,'s, --erer,, --eses

do not change meaning or part of speech: catdo not change meaning or part of speech: cat --catscats -- cat'scat's --> nouns> nouns

can only be suffixescan only be suffixes


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AFFIXES

}Suffixes are attached to the endof the stem;

}Prefixes are attached to the frontof the stem;

}Infixes are put in the middle of the

word;


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ROOT

}}core of the word.core of the word.

}}Carries the main part of itsCarries the main part of itsmeaning.meaning.

}}Belong to aBelong to a lexicallexicalcategorycategory (noun, verb,(noun, verb,preposition, etc).preposition, etc).


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STEM

}}root to which an affix can be added.root to which an affix can be added.

}}

the rootthe root dog is also a stem,dog is also a stem, because,because,even though it contains no affix(even though it contains no affix(eses),),an affix could be added to itan affix could be added to it -- totoform, e.g., dogform, e.g., dog--s.s.

}}This notion is necessary because notThis notion is necessary because notall roots are such that affixes can beall roots are such that affixes can beadded to themadded to them -- e.g.,e.g., of,of,or, I, etc.or, I, etc.


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BACK FORMATION

}The addition at end of word which canchange the whole meaning (word class)

}Examples:

}Create (V) + tion = creation (Nn)

}Form (V) + tion = formation (Nn)

}Commute(V) + tion = communication (Nn)

Notes that the word class is usually changefrom a verb to a noun.


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ACRONYM

}Abbreviation formed by taking the initial letters of

the words of a phrase and uniting them to form apronounceable word:

} Examples:

LASER = light amplification by stimulated emissionof radiation

SCUBA = self-contained underwater breathingapparatus

RADAR = radio detecting and ranging

AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome


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EPONYM

}a word derived from the name of areal, fictional, mythical or spuriouscharacter or person.

}Examples:

}Alzheimer = Alois Alzhemier

} Augustus = Augustus Ceaser

} Boycott = Charles C. Boycott} Braille = Louis Braille

} Casanova = Giovanni Jacopo

Casanova, an Italian adventurer.


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CLIPPING

}Process of creating new words byshortening parts of longer words.

}The words is standardize in allregions.

}Examples:

}Doctor = doc} Professional = pro

} veterinarian = vet

}Laboratory = lab

o Advertisement= advso Dormitory = dorm

o Examination = exam

o Bicycle = bike

o Refrigerator = fridge


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COMPOUNDING

Union of two or more

words to convey a

special meaning that is

not as clearly or

quickly conveyed by

separated words.

May be hyphenated,

written open (asseparate words) /

written solid (closed).


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MIXTURE EXAMPLES

NOUN + NOUN bath towel; boy-friend; death

blow

VERB + NOUN pickpocket; breakfast

NOUN + VERB nosebleed; sunshine

VERB + VERB make-believe

ADJECTIVE + NOUN deep structure; fast-food

COMPOUND NOUNS


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MIXTURE EXAMPLES

PARTICLE + NOUN in-crowd; down-town

ADVERB + NOUN now generation

VERB + PARTICLE cop-out; drop-out

PHRASE COMPOUNDS son-in-law


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COMPOUND VERBSMIXTURE EXAMPLES

NOUN + ADJECTIVE card-carrying; childproof

VERB + ADJECTIVE fail safe

ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE open-ended

ADVERB + ADJECTIVE cross-modal

PARTICLE + ADJECTIVE over-qualified

NOUN + NOUN coffee-table


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MIXTURE EXAMPLES

VERB + NOUN roll-neck

ADJECTIVE + NOUN red-brick; blue-collar

PARTICLE + NOUN in-depth

VERB + VERB go-go; make-believe

ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + VERB high-rise

VERB + PARTICLE see-through; tow-away


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COMPOUND ADJECTIVESMIXTURE EXAMPLES

NOUN + ADJECTIVE childproof

VERB + ADJECTIVE fail safe

ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE open-ended

ADVERB + ADJECTIVE cross-modal

PARTICLE + ADJECTIVE over-qualified

NOUN + NOUN coffee-table


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MIXTURE EXAMPLES

VERB + NOUN Roll neck

ADJECTIVE + NOUN red-brick; blue-collar

PARTICLE + NOUN in-depth

VERB + VERB make-believe

ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + VERB high-rise

VERB + PARTICLE see-through; tow-away


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BLENDING

taking two or more

words, removing parts

of each, and joining the

residues together to

create a new word

whose form andmeaning are taken

from the source words

E.g: Smog (smoke +

fog)

Motel (motor + hotel)

Telecast (television +

broadcast)


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ABBREVIATION

Shortening of existing

words to create otherwords, usually informal

versions of the

originals

E.g: Pt (Private)

Prof (Professor)

Utd (United)


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AFFIXATIONS

morphological process whereby abound morpheme is attached to

a root or stem.

3 affix: Prefix (before)

Infix (within)

Suffix (end)


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PREFIX MEANING

Ad- To, toward

Circum- Around, about

Com- With, together

De- Away from, off

Dis- Away, apart

Ex- From, out

In- Not


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In - In, Into

Inter- Between

Mis- Wrong

Post- AfterRe- Back, again

Sub- Beneath, under

Trans- Across

Un- Not

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Morphology Betol Pyer!!!