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†Kb? G cÖ‡kœi Reve Avwg 3bs `dvi e¨vL¨vq

w`qvwQ| GLv‡b Avi cybiæw³ Kwijvg bv|

Av‡iKUv e¨vcv‡i fyj aviYv m„wó nB‡Z

cv‡i| Avgvi cÖ Ív‡e †dWv‡iwUs BDwbU‡K

ÔcÖ‡`kÕ bv ewjqv Ô†÷UÕ ewjqvwQ| Bnv‡Z

Kv‡qwg ¯v_x© †kvl‡Kiv RbMY‡K GB ewjqv

†auvKv w`‡Z cv‡i Ges w`‡ZI ïiæ Kwiqv‡Q †h,

Ô†÷UÕ A‡_© Avwg ÔBwÛ‡c‡Û›U †÷UÕ ev ¯vaxb

ivóª eySvBqvwQ| wKš‘ Zv mZ¨ bq| †dWv‡iwUs

BDwbU‡K `ywbqvi me©Î me eo-eo †dWv‡ik‡bB

ÔcÖ‡`kÕ ev ÔcªwfÝÕ bv ewjqv Ô†÷UmÕ ejv nBqv

_v‡K| †K›`ªxq ivóª‡K †dWv‡ikb A_ev BDwbqb

ejv nq| gvwK©b hy³ivóª, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb,

†dWv‡ij Rvg©vwb, GgbwK Avgv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx

fviZ ivóª mK‡jB Zv‡`i cÖ‡`kmg~n‡K Ô†÷UÕ

I †K›`ª‡K BDwbqb ev †dWv‡ikb ewjqv _v‡K|

Avgv‡`i cvk¦©eZ©x Avmvg I cwðg evsjv Ôcª‡`kÕ

bq, Ô†÷UÕ| Giv hw` fviZ BDwbq‡bi cÖ‡`k

1966 mv‡j †kL gywRe cÖKv‡k¨ 6-`dv †NvlYv K‡i ej‡jb, 6-`dv evOvwj RvwZi gyw³i mb`

wbix¶v

nBqv Ô†÷UÕ nIqvi m¤§vb cvB‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e c~e© cvwK Ívb‡K GBUzKz

bv‡gi gh©v`v w`‡ZB ev KZ©viv GZ GjvwR©K †Kb?

3 bs `dv

GB `dvq Avwg gy`ªv m¤ú‡K© yBwU weKí ev Aëvi‡bwUf cÖ Íve w`qvwQ|

GB `yBwU cÖ Ív‡ei †h †Kv‡bv GKwU MÖnY Kwi‡jB Pwj‡e:

(K) c~e© I cwðg cvwK Ív‡bi Rb¨ `yBwU m¤ú~Y© c„_K A_P mn‡R

wewbgq‡hvM¨ gy`ªvi cÖPjb Kwi‡Z nB‡e| GB e¨e ’v Abymv‡i

Kv‡iwÝ †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z _vwK‡e bv, AvÂwjK miKv‡ii nv‡Z

_vwK‡e| `yB A‡ji Rb¨ `yBwU ¯Zš¿ Ô†÷UÕ e¨v¼ _vwK‡e|

(L) `yB A‡ji Rb¨ GKB Kv‡iwÝ _vwK‡e| G e¨e ’vq gy`ªv †K‡›`ªi

nv‡Z _vwK‡e| wKš‘ G Ae ’vq kvmbZ‡š¿ Ggb mywbw`©ó weavb

_vwK‡Z nB‡e hv‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gy`ªv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b cvPvi

nB‡Z bv cv‡i| GB weav‡b cvwK Ív‡bi GKwU †dWv‡ij wiRvf©

e¨v¼ _vwK‡e| `yB A‡j `yBwU c„_K wiRvf© e¨v¼ _vwK‡e|

GB `yBwU weKí cÖ Íve nB‡Z †`Lv hvB‡e †h, gy`ªv‡K mivmwi

†K‡›`ªi nvZ nB‡Z cÖ‡`‡ki nv‡Z Avwbevi cÖ Íve Avwg Kwi bvB| hw`

Avgvi wØZxq Aëvi‡bwUf M„nxZ nq, Z‡e gy`ªv †K‡›`ªi nv‡ZB _vwKqv

hvB‡e| H Ae ’vq Avwg 21-`dv cÖ Ív‡ei †Ljv‡d †Kv‡bv mycvwik

KwiqvwQ, GK_v ejv P‡j bv|

hw` cwðg cvwK Ívwb fvBiv Avgvi GB cÖ Ív‡e ivwR bv nb, Z‡eB

ïay cÖ_g weKí A_v©r †K‡›`ªi nvZ nB‡Z gy`ªv‡K cÖ‡`‡ki nv‡Z Avwb‡Z

nB‡e| Avgvi `„p wek¦vm Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g fyj eySveywSi

Aemvb nB‡j Avgv‡`i Ges Dfq A‡ji myweavi LvwZ‡i cwðg

cvwK Ívwb fvBiv GB cª Ív‡e ivwR nB‡eb| Avgiv Zuv‡`i LvwZ‡i

msL¨vMwiôZv Z¨vM Kwiqv msL¨v-mvg¨ gvwbqv jBqvwQ, Zviv wK

Avgv‡`i LvwZ‡i GBUzKz Kwi‡eb bv?

Avi hw` Ae ’vMwZ‡K gy`ªv‡K cÖ‡`‡ki GjvKvq Avwb‡ZI nq, Zey

Zv‡Z †K›`ª `ye©j nB‡e bv; cvwK Ív‡bi †Kv‡bv Awbó nB‡e bv|

K¨vwe‡bU cø¨v‡b wbwLj fviZxq †K‡›`ªi †h cÖ Íve wQj, Zv‡Z gy`ªv

†K›`ªxq welq wQj bv| H cÖ Íve †ck Kwiqv weªwUk miKvi Ges H

cÖ Íve MÖnY Kwiqv Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM mK‡jB ¯xKvi Kwiqv‡Qb †h,

gy`ªv‡K †K›`ªxq welq bv KwiqvI †K›`ª Pwj‡Z cv‡i| K_vUv mZ¨|

ivóªxq A_©weÁv‡b GB e¨e ’vi ¯xK…wZ Av‡Q| †K‡›`ªi e`‡j cÖ‡`‡ki

nv‡Z A_©bxwZ ivLv Ges GKB †`‡k c„_K-c„_K wiRvf© e¨v¼ _vKvi

bwRi `ywbqvi eo-eo kw³kvjx iv‡óªI Av‡Q| †Lv` gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi

A_©bxwZ P‡j †dWv‡ij wiRvf© wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g c„_K-c„_K †÷U

e¨v‡¼i Øviv| G‡Z hy³ivóª aŸsm nq bvB; Zv‡`i Avw_©K eywbqv`I

fvw½qv c‡o bvB| AZ †h kw³kvjx †`v`©ÐcÖZvc †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb,

Zv‡`iI †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv A_©gš¿x ev A_©`dZi bvB| ïay

cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii A_©vr †÷U wicvewjKmg~‡niB A_©gš¿x I

A_© dZi Av‡Q| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRb Hme cÖv‡`wkK

gš¿x I gš¿xi `dZi w`qvB wgwUqv _v‡K| `w¶Y Avwd«Kvi g‡Zv †`‡kI

AvÂwjK myweavi LvwZ‡i yBwU c„_K I ¯Zš¿ wiRvf© e¨v¼ eûw`b Av‡M

nB‡ZB Pvjy Av‡Q|

Avgvi cÖ Ív‡ei gg© GB †h, Dc‡iv³ yB weK‡íi wØZxqwU M„nxZ

nB‡j gy`ªv †K‡›`ªi ZË¡veav‡b _vwK‡e| †m Ae¯’vq Dfq A‡ji GKB

bKkvi gy`ªv eZ©gv‡b †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb _vwK‡e| cv_©K¨ ïay GB nB‡e

†h, c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq gy`ªv c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi wiRvf© e¨v¼ nB‡Z

Bmy¨ nB‡e Ges Zv‡Z c~e© cvwK Ívb ev ms‡¶‡c ÔXvKvÕ †jLv _vwK‡e|

cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq gy`ªv cwðg cvwK Ív‡bi wiRvf© e¨v¼

nB‡Z Bmy¨ nB‡e Ges Zv‡Z Ôcwðg cvwK¯ÍvbÕ ev ms‡¶‡c Ôjv‡nviÕ

†jLv _vwK‡e| c¶všÍ‡i Avgvi cª Ív‡ei wØZxq weKí bv nBqv hw`

cÖ_g weKíI M„nxZ nq, †m Ae¯’v‡ZI Dfq A‡ji gy`ªv mn‡R

wewbgq‡hvM¨ _vwK‡e Ges cvwK¯Í‡bi H‡K¨i cÖZxK I wb`k©b¯iƒc

Dfq AvÂwjK miKv‡ii mn‡hvwMZvq GKB bKkvi gy`ªv cÖPjb Kiv

hvB‡e|

GKUz ZjvBqv wPšÍv Kwi‡jB †evSv hvB‡e †h, GB yB e¨e ’vi GKwU

MÖnY Kiv Qvov c~e© cvwK Ívb‡K wbwðZ A_©‰bwZK g„Zz i nvZ nB‡Z i¶v

Kivi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcvq bvB| mviv cvwK Ív‡bi Rb¨ GKB gy ªv nIqvi

I yB A‡ji gy ªvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv c„_K wPý bv _vKvq AvÂwjK Kv‡iwÝ

mvK©y‡jk‡b †Kv‡bv wewawb‡la I wbf©yj wnmve bvB| gy ªv I A_©bxwZ

†K› ªxq miKv‡ii GLwZqv‡i _vKvq AwZ mn‡RB c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi A_©

cwðg cvwK Ív‡b Pwjqv hvB‡Z‡Q| miKvwi-†emiKvwi cÖwZôvb, wkí-

evwYR¨, e¨vsK, Bbmy ‡iÝ I ˆe‡`wkK wgkbmg~‡ni †nW Awdm cwðg

cvwK Ív‡b Aew ’Z _vKvq cÖwZ wgwb‡U GB cvPv‡ii KvR Aweivg MwZ‡Z

Pwj‡Z‡Q| mK‡jB Rv‡bb, miKvwi †÷U e¨v¼ I b¨vkbvj e¨v¼mn mg Í

e¨v‡¼i †nW Awdm cwðg cvwK Ív‡b| GB †mw`b gvÎ cÖwZwôZ †QvU y-

GKLvwb e¨v¼ Bnvi mv¤cÖwZK e¨wZµg gvÎ| GBme e¨v‡¼i

wW‡cvwR‡Ui UvKv, †kqvi gvwb, wmwKDwiwU gvwb, wkí-evwY‡R¨i Avq,

gybvdv I †kqvi gvwb, GK K_vq c~e© cvwK Ív‡b AbywôZ mg Í Avw_©K

†jb‡`‡bi UvKv evjyP‡i Xvjv cvwbi g‡Zv GKUv‡b Zj‡`‡k †nW Awd‡m

A_©vr cwðg cvwK Ív‡b Pwjqv hvB‡Z‡Q, c~e© cvwK Ívb ïKbv evjyPi nBqv

_vwK‡Z‡Q| evjyP‡i cvwbi `iKvi nB‡j wUDeI‡qj Lyw`qv Zj‡`k

nB‡Z cvwb Zzwj‡Z nq| Aewkó cvwb Zj‡`‡k Rgv _v‡K| c~e©

cvwK Ív‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©I †Zgwb †P‡Ki wUDeI‡q‡ji gva¨‡g cwðg

cvwK Ívb nB‡Z Avwb‡Z nq| DØ„Ë Avw_©K †mwfs Zj‡`‡kB A_©vr cwðg

cvwK Ív‡bB Rgv _v‡K| GB Kvi‡YB c~e© cvwK Ív‡b K¨vwc‡Uj di‡gkb

nB‡Z cv‡i bvB| me K¨vwc‡Uj di‡gkb cwð‡g nBqv‡Q| eZ©gvb

e¨e ’v Pwj‡Z _vwK‡j †Kv‡bv w`b c~e© cvwK Ív‡b g~jab MVb nB‡e bv|

KviY †mwfs gv‡bB K¨vwc‡Uj di‡gkb|

ïay d¬vBU-Ae-K¨vwc‡Uj ev gy`ªv cvPviB bq, gy`ªvùxwZ‡nZz c~e©

cvwK Ív‡b wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwb‡mi `yg~©j¨Zv RbM‡Yi we‡klZ

cvUPvlx‡`i `y`©kv mg‡ Íi Rb¨ `vqx GB gy`ªv e¨e ’v I A_©bxwZ| Avwg

5 bs `dvi e¨vL¨vq G e¨vcv‡i AviI we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv

KwiqvwQ| GLv‡b ïay GBUyKz ewjqv ivwL‡ZwQ †h, GB d¬vBU-Ae-

K¨vwc‡Uj eÜ Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡j c~e© cvwK Ívwbiv wb‡Riv wkí-evwY‡R¨

GK cv-I AMÖmi nB‡Z cvwi‡e bv| KviY G Ae ’vq g~jab Mwoqv

DwV‡Z cv‡i bv|

7

6-`dv †NvlYvi ci cvwK Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx †kL gywRe‡K G‡Ki ci GK

gvgjvi Rv‡j Ave× K‡i| Ggwb GKwU gvgjvq Av`vj‡Z hv‡”Qb wZwb

wbix¶v

4 bs `dv

GB `dvq Avwg cÖ Íve KwiqvwQ †h, mKj cÖKvi U¨v·-LvRbv-Ki avh©

I Av`v‡qi ¶gZv _vwK‡e AvÂwjK miKv‡ii nv‡Z| †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii

†m ¶gZv _vwK‡e bv| AvÂwjK miKv‡ii Av`vqx †iwfwbD-Gi wba©vwiZ

Ask Av`v‡qi m‡½-m‡½ †dWv‡ij Znwe‡j A‡Uv‡gwUK¨vwj Rgv nBqv

hvB‡e| GB g‡g© wiRvf© e¨v¼mg~‡ni Dci eva¨Zvg~jK weavb kvmbZ‡š¿B

_vwK‡e| GBfv‡e RgvK„Z UvKvB †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii Znwej nB‡e|

Avgvi GB cÖ Ív‡eB Kv‡qwg ¯v‡_©i Kv‡jvevRvwi I gybvdv‡Lvi

†kvlKiv me‡P‡q †ewk PgwKqv DwVqv‡Q| Zviv ewj‡Z‡Q, U¨v· av‡h©i

¶gZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii bv _vwK‡j †m miKvi Pwj‡e wKiƒ‡c? †K›`ªxq

miKvi Zv‡Z †h G‡Kev‡i LqivZx cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nB‡e| Lqiv‡Zi

Dci wbf©i Kwiqv †K›`ªxq miKvi †`ki¶v Kwi‡eb †Kg‡b? ciivóª

bxwZB ev PvjvB‡eb wK w`qv? cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq Puv`v bv w`‡j †K›`ªxq

miKvi‡Zv Abvnv‡i gviv hvB‡eb| AZGe GUv wbðqB cvwK¯Ívb

aŸs‡miB lohš¿|

Kv‡qwg ¯v_©xiv GB ai‡bi KZ K_vB bv ewj‡Z‡Qb| A_P GKUv

Avk¼vI mZ¨ bq †mUv eywSevi g‡Zv we`¨veyw× Zuv‡`i wbðqB Av‡Q| Zey

†h Zuviv Gme K_v ewj‡Z‡Qb, Zvi GKgvÎ KviY Zuv‡`i e¨w³MZ I

†kªwYMZ ¯v_©| †m ¯v_© c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY‡K Aev‡a †kvlY I jyÉb

Kivi AwaKvi| Zuviv Rv‡bb †h, Avgvi GB cÖ Ív‡e †K›`ª‡K U¨v· av‡h©i

`vwqZ¡ †`Iqv bv nB‡jI †K›`ªxq miKvi wbwe©‡Nœ Pjvi g‡Zv h‡_ó A‡_©i

e¨e ’v Kiv nBqv‡Q| †m e¨e¯’v wbLuyZ Kwievi kvmbZvwš¿K weavb iPbvi

mycvwik Kiv nBqv‡Q| GUvB miKvix Znwe‡ji me‡P‡q A‡gvN, Ae¨_©

I me©v‡c¶v wbivc` Dcvq| Zuviv GUvI Rv‡bb †h, †K›`ª‡K U¨v· av‡h©i

¶gZv bv w`qvI †dWv‡ikb Pjvi weavb ivóªweÁv‡b ¯xK…Z| Zuviv G

LeiI iv‡Lb †h, K¨vwe‡bU wgk‡bi †h cø vb weªwUk miKvi iPbv

KwiqvwQ‡jb Ges Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM Df‡qB MªnY KwiqvwQ‡jb,

Zv‡ZI mg¯Í U¨v· av‡h©i ¶gZv cÖ‡`‡ki nv‡Z †`Iqv nBqvwQj; †K› ª‡K

†m ¶gZv †`Iqv nq bvB| 3 bs `dvi e¨vL¨vq Avwg †`LvBqvwQ †h,

A_©gš¿x I A_© dZi QvovI `ywbqvi A‡bK †dWv‡ikb Pwj‡Z‡Q| Zvi

g‡a¨ `ywbqvi Ab¨Zg †kªô kw³kvjx †dWv‡ikb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi

K_vI Avwg ewjqvwQ| Z_vq †K‡›`ª A_©gš¿x ev A_© dZi ewjqv †Kv‡bv

e ‘i Aw ÍZ¡B bvB| Zv‡Z wK A_©vfv‡e †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb aŸsm nBqv

wMqv‡Q? Zvi †`ki¶v evwnbx I ciivóª `dZi wK †mRb¨ `ye©j nBqv

cwoqv‡Q? c‡o bvB| Avgvi cÖ Íve Kvh©Kix nB‡jI †Zgwb cvwK Ív‡bi

†`ki¶v e¨e¯’v `ye©j nB‡e bv| KviY, Avgvi cÖ Ív‡e †K›`ªxq Znwe‡ji

wbivcËvi Rb¨ kvmbZvwš¿K weav‡bi mycvwik Kiv nBqv‡Q| †m Ae ’vq

kvmbZ‡š¿ Ggb weavb _vwK‡e †h, AvÂwjK miKvi †hLv‡b hLb †h

Lv‡ZB †h UvKv U¨v· avh© I Av`vq Kiæb bv †Kb, kvmbZ‡š¿ wba©vwiZ †m

UvKvi nv‡ii Ask wiRvf© e¨v‡¼ †K›`ªxq Znwe‡j Rgv nBqv hvB‡e| †m

UvKvi Dci AvÂwjK miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv nvZ _vwK‡e bv | GB e¨e ’vq

A‡bK myweav nB‡e| cÖ_gZ, †K›`ªxq miKvi‡K U¨v· Av`v‡qi Sv‡gjv

†cvnvB‡Z nB‡e bv| wØZxqZ, U¨v· avh© I Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv `dZi

ev Awdmvi evwnbx ivwL‡Z nB‡e bv| Z…ZxqZ, A‡j I †K‡›`ªi Rb¨

U¨v· avh© I Av`v‡qi g‡a¨ Wywcø‡Kkb nB‡e bv| Zv‡Z Av`vqx LiPvq

Ace¨q I AcPq eÜ nB‡e| Hfv‡e mwÂZ UvKvi Øviv †`k MVb I

Dbœqbg~jK A‡bK KvR Kiv hvB‡e| Awdmvi evwnbx‡KI DbœZZi

mrKv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kiv hvB‡e| PZy_©Z, U¨v· avh© I Av`v‡qi GKxKiY

8

6-`dv `vwe Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ¨ jovKz evOvwj ivRc‡_ Av‡›`vj‡b Suvwc‡q c‡o| bvixivI G mgq wgwQ‡j-wgwQ‡j ivRc_ Kuvwc‡q †Zv‡jb

wbix¶v

mnRZi nB‡e| mK‡jB Rv‡bb, A_©-weÁvbxiv GLb µ‡gB wm½j

U¨v‡·k‡bi w`‡K AvK„ó nB‡Z‡Qb| wm½j U¨v‡·k‡bi bxwZ‡K mK‡jB

AwaKZi ˆeÁvwbK I djcÖm~ ewjqv AwfwnZ Kwi‡Z‡Qb| U¨v‡·kb‡K

†dWv‡ik‡bi GjvKv nB‡Z A‡ji GLwZqvify³ Kiv GB m‡e©vËg I

me©‡kl Avw_©K bxwZ MÖn‡Yi cÖ_g c`‡¶c ejv hvB‡Z cv‡i|

5 bs `dv

GB `dvq Avwg ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ e¨vcv‡i wbgœiƒc kvmbZvwš¿K weav‡bi

mycvwik KwiqvwQ:

(1) `yB A‡ji ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv Av‡qi c„_K-c„_K wnmve ivwL‡Z nB‡e;

(2) c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AwR©Z ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi GLwZqv‡i

Ges cwðg cvwK Ív‡bi AwR©Z ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi

GLwZqv‡i _vwK‡e|

(3) †dWv‡ik‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡`wk gy`ªv `yB AÂj nB‡Z mgvbfv‡e

A_ev kvmbZ‡š¿ wba©vwiZ nvivnvwi g‡Z Av`vq nB‡e|

(4) †`kRvZ `ªe¨vw` webv ï‡é Dfq A‡ji g‡a¨ Avg`vwb-idZvwb

Pwj‡e|

(5) e¨emv-evwYR¨ m¤‡Ü we‡`‡ki m‡½ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi, we‡`‡k †UªW

wgkb ¯’vc‡bi Ges Avg`vwb idZvwb Kwievi AwaKvi AvÂwjK

miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í Kwiqv kvmbZvwš¿K weavb Kwi‡Z nB‡e|

c~e© cvwK Ívb‡K A_©‰bwZK wbwðZ g„Zz¨ nB‡Z i¶v Kwievi Rb¨ GB

e¨e ’v 3 bs `dvi g‡ZvB AZ¨vek¨K| cvwK¯Ív‡bi 18 eQ‡ii Avw_©K

BwZnv‡mi w`‡K GKUy bRi eyjvB‡jB †`Lv hvB‡e †h:

(K) c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AwR©Z we‡`wk gy`ªv w`qv cwðg cvwK Ív‡bi wkí

Mwoqv †Zvjv nBqv‡Q Ges nB‡Z‡Q| †mB mKj wkíRvZ `ª‡e¨i

AwR©Z we‡`wk gy ªv‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi AwR©Z we‡`wk gy`ªv ejv

nB‡Z‡Q|

(L) c~e© cvwK Ív‡b g~jab Mwoqv bv DVvq c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi AwR©Z we‡`wk

gy`ªv e¨env‡ii ¶gZv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvB-GB ARynv‡Z c~e©

cvwK Ív‡bi we‡`wk Avq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b e¨q Kiv nB‡Z‡Q|

GBfv‡e c~e© cvwK¯Ívb wkívwqZ nB‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q bv|

(M) c~e© cvwK Ívb †h cwigv‡Y Avq K‡i †mB cwigvY e¨q Kwi‡Z cv‡i

bv| mK‡jB Rv‡bb, c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †h cwigvY idZvwb K‡i

Avg`vwb K‡i mvaviYZ Zvi A‡a©‡KiI Kg| d‡j A_©bxwZi A‡gvN

wbqg Abymv‡iB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Bb‡d¬kb ev gy`ªvùxwZ g¨v‡jwiqv

R¡‡ii g‡Zv jvwMqvB Av‡Q| Zvi d‡j Avgv‡`i wbZ¨cª‡qvRbxq

`ªe¨vw`i `vg GZ †ewk| we‡`k nB‡Z Avg`vwb Kiv GKB wRwb‡mi

c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb `v‡gi Zyjbv Kwi‡jB GUv †evSv hvB‡e|

we‡`wk gy`ªv eȇbi `vwqZ¡ Ges A_©‰bwZK Ab¨vb¨ mg¯Í ¶gZv

†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii GLwZqv‡i _vKvi d‡jB Avgv‡`i GB y`©kv|

(N) cvwK Ív‡bi we‡`wk gy`ªvi wZb fv‡Mi `yB fvMB AwR©Z nq cvU

nB‡Z| A_P cvUPvlx‡K cv‡Ui b¨vh¨ g~j¨‡Zv ~‡ii K_v Avevw`

LiPvUvI †`Iqv nq bv| d‡j, cvUPvlx‡`i fvM¨ AvR wkícwZ I

e¨emvqx‡`i †Ljvi wRwb‡m cwiYZ nBqv‡Q| c~e© cvwK Ívb miKvi

cv‡Ui Pvl wbqš¿Y K‡ib, wKš‘ Pvlx‡K cv‡Ui b¨vh¨`vg w`‡Z cv‡ib

bv| Ggb A™¢yZ A_©bxwZ `ywbqvi Avi †Kv‡bv †`‡k bvB| hZw`b

cvU _v‡K Pvlxi N‡i, ZZw`b cv‡Ui `vg _v‡K 15-20 UvKv|

e¨emvqxi ¸`v‡g Pwjqv hvIqvi mv‡_-mv‡_ Zvi `vg nq cÂvk

UvKv| G †Ljv Mwie cvUPvlx wPiKvj †`wLqv Avwm‡Z‡Q| cvU

e¨emvq RvZxqKiY Kwiqv cvU idZvwb‡K miKvwi Avq‡Ë Avbv

Qvov Gi †Kv‡bv cÖwZKvi bvB, GK_v Avgiv eûevi ewjqvwQ| G

D‡Ï‡k¨ Avgiv AvIqvgx jxM gwš¿mfvi Avg‡j RyU gv‡K©wUs

K‡c©v‡ikb MVb KwiqvwQjvg| c‡i †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mvnv‡h¨

cuywRcwZiv Avgv‡`i †m Aviä KvR e¨_© Kwiqv w`qv‡Qb|

(O) c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi AwR©Z we‡`wk gy`ªvB †h ïay cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b LiP

nB‡Z‡Q Zv bq, Avgv‡`i AwR©Z we‡`wk gy`ªvi †Rv‡i †h wecyj

cwigvY we‡`wk †jvb I GBW Avwm‡Z‡Q, ZvI cwðg cvwK Ív‡b e¨q

nB‡Z‡Q| wKš‘ †m †jv‡bi my` enb Kwi‡Z nB‡Z‡Q c~e©

cwK Ívb‡KB| H Ae¯’vi cÖwZKvi Kwiqv cvUPvlx‡K cv‡Ui

b¨vh¨g~j¨ w`‡Z nB‡j, Avg`vwb-idZvwb mgvb Kwiqv RbmvaviY‡K

m Ív `v‡g wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ mieivn Kwiqv Zv‡`i Rxeb myLgq

Kwi‡Z nB‡j Ges m‡e©vcwi Avgv‡`i AwR©Z we‡`wk gy`ªv w`qv c~e©

cvwK¯Ívwbi nv‡Z c~e© cvwK Ívb‡K wkívwqZ Kwi‡Z nB‡j Avgvi

cÖ ÍvweZ GB e¨e ’v Qvov DcvqvšÍi bvB|

6 bs `dv

GB `dvq Avwg c~e© cvwK Ív‡b wgwjwkqv ev c¨vivwgwjUvwi i¶xevwnbx

MV‡bi mycvwik KwiqvwQ| G `vwe Ab¨vqI bq, bZzbI bq| 21-`dvi

`vwe‡Z Avgiv Avbmvi evwnbx‡K BDwbdg©avix mk ¿ evwnbx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ

Kivi `vwe KwiqvwQjvg| Zv‡Zv Kiv nqB bvB ei c~e© cvwK Ívb

miKv‡ii Aaxb ’ BwcAvi evwnbx‡K GLb †K‡› ªi Aax‡b †bIqv

nBqv‡Q| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b A¯¿-KviLvbv I †bŠevwnbxi †nW‡KvqvU©vi ¯’vcb

KiZt G AÂj‡K AvZœi¶vq AvZœwbf©i Kivi `vwe 21-`dvi `vwe| wKš‘

†K›`ªxq miKvi 12 eQ‡iI Avgv‡`i GKwU `vweI c~iY K‡ib bvB| c~e©

cvwK¯Ívb AwaKvsk cvwK¯Ívwbi evm¯’vb| GUv‡K i¶v Kiv †K›`ªxq

miKv‡iiB ˆbwZK I ivóªxq `vwqZ¡| cvjb K‡ib bv †Kb? cwðg

cvwK¯Ívb Av‡M euvPvBqv mgq I my‡hvM _vwK‡j c‡i c~e© cvwK Ívb euvPvb

nB‡e, BnvB wK †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii AwfgZ? c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi i¶ve¨e¯’v

cwðg cvwK Ív‡bB iwnqv‡Q Ggb mvsNvwZK K_v kvmbKZ©viv e‡jb †Kvb

gy‡L? gvÎ 17 w`‡bi cvK-fviZ hy×B wK cÖgvY K‡i bvB Avgiv KZ

wbiæcvq? kÎæi `qv I gwR©i Dci †Zv Avgiv euvwPqv _vwK‡Z cvwi bv|

†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii †`kiÿv bxwZ Kvh©Z Avgv‡`i‡K ZvB Kwiqv ivwLqv‡Q|

Zey Avgiv cvwK¯Ív‡bi HK¨ I msnwZi LvwZ‡i †`ki¶v e¨e¯’v

†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z ivwL‡Z PvB| m‡½-m‡½ G-I PvB †h, †K›`ªxq

miKvi c~e© cvwK Ívb‡K G e¨vcv‡i AvZœwbf©i Kwievi Rb¨ GLv‡b Dchy³

cwigvY †`ki¶v evwnbx MVb Kiæb| A ¿ KviLvbv ’vcb Kiæb| †bŠevwn-

bxi `dZi GLv‡b wbqv Avmyb| Gme KvR miKvi K‡e Kwi‡eb Rvwb

bv| wKš‘ BwZg‡a¨ Aí Li‡P †QvULv‡Uv A ¿k¯¿ w`qv Avav-mvgwiK evwn-

bx MVb Kwi‡ZI cwðgv fvB‡`i GZ AvcwË †Kb? c~e© cvwK¯Ívb i¶vi

D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯Zš¿ hy×-Znwe‡j Puv`v DwV‡j ZvI †K›`ªxq i¶v Znwe‡j wbqv

hvIqv nq †Kb? Hme cÖ‡kœi DËi bvB| Zey †K›`ªxq e¨vcv‡i A‡ji

n ͇¶c Kwievi AwaKvi AvgivI PvB bv| G Ae ’vq c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †hgb

Kwiqv cv‡i Mwiex nv‡jB AvZœi¶vi e¨e ’v Kwi‡e, Ggb `vwe wK Ab¨vq?

GB `vwe Kwi‡jB †mUv nB‡e †`k‡`ªvwnZv?

G cÖm‡½ cwðg cvwK Ívwb fvB-†evb‡`i †L`g‡Z Avgvi K‡qKwU

AviR Av‡Q:

GK. Zuviv g‡b Kwi‡eb bv Avwg ïay c~e© cvwK Ívwb‡`i AwaKvi `vwe

Kwi‡ZwQ| Avgvi 6-`dv Kg©m~wP‡Z cwðg cvwK Ívwb‡`i `vweI

mgfv‡eB iwnqv‡Q| G `vwe ¯xK…Z nB‡j cwðg cvwK ÍvwbivI

mgfv‡e DcK…Z nB‡eb|

`yB. Avwg hLb ewj, c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi m¤ú` cwðg cvwK Ív‡b cvPvi I

¯Í~cxK…Z nB‡Z‡Q ZLb Avwg AvÂwjK ˆel‡g¨i K_vB ewj,

e¨w³MZ ˆel‡g¨i K_v ewj bv| Avwg Rvwb, G ˆelg¨ m„wói Rb¨

cwðg cvwK Ívwbiv `vqx bq| Avwg GI Rvwb †h, Avgv‡`i g‡Zv

`wi`ª cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bI A‡bK Av‡Qb| hZw`b abZvwš¿K mgvR

e¨e ’vi Aemvb bv nB‡e, ZZw`b e¨w³‡Z-e¨w³‡Z GB Amvg¨

`~i nB‡e bv| wKš‘ Zvi Av‡M AvÂwjK †kvlYI eÜ Kwi‡Z

nB‡e| GB AvÂwjK †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx Avgv‡`i †fŠ‡MvwjK

Ae ’vb Ges †mB Ae¯’vb‡K AMÖvn¨ Kwiqv †h A¯vfvweK e¨e¯’v

PvjvBevi †Póv Pwj‡Z‡Q| aiæb, hw` cvwK Ív‡bi ivRavbx cwðg

cvwK Ív‡b bv nBqv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b nBZ, Z‡e Kvi wK Amyweav

nBZ GKUz wePvi Ki‡Zb| cvwK Ív‡bi †`ki¶v evwnbxi wZbwU

`dZiB hw` c~e© cvwK Ív‡b _vwKZ, Z‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi †gvU

ivR‡¯i kZKiv 62 UvKv LiP nq †`ki¶v evwnbx‡Z Ges

kZKiv 32 UvKv LiP nq †K›`ªxq miKvi cwiPvjbvq| GB GKzb

kZKiv PzivbeŸB UvKv cwðg cvwK Ív‡b bv nBqv ZLb LiP nBZ

c~e© cvwK Ív‡b| Avcbviv Rv‡bb A_©-weÁv‡bi K_v: miKvwi Avq

RbM‡Yi e¨q Ges miKvwi e¨q RbM‡Yi Avq| GB wbq‡g

eZ©gvb e¨e ’vq miKv‡ii †MvUv Av‡qi A‡a©K c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi

e¨q wVKB, wKš‘ miKvwi e¨‡qi meUzKzB cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avq|

9

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ivRavbx cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b Aew ’Z _vKvq miKvwi, Avav-

miKvwi cÖwZôvbmg~n Ges we‡`wk wgkbmg~n Zv‡`i mg¯Í e¨q

cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bB Kwi‡Z eva¨ nB‡Z‡Qb| GB e¨‡qi mvKzj¨B

cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avq|& d‡j, cÖwZeQi cwðg cvwK Ív‡bi Avq

H Abycv‡Z evwo‡Z‡Q Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ívb Zvi †gvKvwejvq H

cwigvY Mwie nB‡Z‡Q| hw` cwðg cvwK Ív‡bi e`‡j c~e©

cvwK¯Ívb Avgv‡`i ivRavbx nBZ, Z‡e GBme (Lei) c~e©

cvwK¯Ív‡b nBZ| Avgiv c~e© cvwK¯Ívbxiv GB cwigv‡Y abx

nBZvg| Avcbviv cwðg cvwK Ívwbiv H cwigv‡Y Mwie

nB‡Zb| ZLb Avcbviv wK Kwi‡Zb? †hme `vwe Kivi Rb¨

Avgv‡K cÖv‡`wkK m¼xY©Zvi Zn&gZ w`‡Z‡Qb †mBme `vwe

Avcbviv wb‡RivB Kwi‡Zb| Avgv‡`i †P‡q †Rv‡iB Kwi‡Zb|

A‡bK Av‡MB Kwi‡Zb| Avgv‡`i g‡Zv 18 eQi ewmqv

_vwK‡Zb bv| †mUv Kiv Avcbv‡`i Ab¨vqI nBZ bv|

wZb. Avcbviv Hme `vwe Kwi‡j Avgiv c~e© cvwK¯Ívwbiv wK KwiZvg,

Rv‡bb? Avcbv‡`i me `vwe gvwbqv jBZvg| Avcbvw`M‡K

cÖv‡`wkKZvev`x ewjqv Mvj w`Zvg bv| KviY, Avgiv Rvwb Ges

wek¦vm Kwi, Ime Avcbv‡`i nK& cvIbv| wb‡Ri nK& cvIbv

`vwe Kiv Ab¨vq bq, KZ©e¨| G wek¦vm Avgv‡`i GZB AvšÍwiK

†h, †m Ae ’v nB‡j Avcbv‡`i `vwe Kwi‡Z nBZ bv|

Avcbv‡`i `vwe Kivi Av‡MB Avcbv‡`i nK& Avcbvw`M‡K

eySvBqv w`Zvg| Avgiv wb‡R‡`i nK& `vwe Kwi‡ZwQ ewjqv

Avgv‡`i ¯v_©ci ewj‡Z‡Qb| wKš‘ Avcbviv †h wb‡R‡`i n‡Ki

mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgv‡`i nK&UvI LvBqv †dwj‡Z‡Qb, Avcbv‡`i

†jv‡K wK ewj‡e? Avgiv ïay wb‡R‡`i nK&UvB PvB| Avcbv‡`i

nK&Uv AvZœmvr Kwi‡Z PvB bv| Avgv‡`i w`evi AvIKvr _vwK‡j

ei ci‡K wKQz w`qvI †`B| `„óvšÍ Pvb? ïbyb Z‡e:

(1) cÖ_g MYcwil‡` Avgv‡`i †g¤i msL¨v wQj 44; Avi

Avcbv‡`i wQj 28| Avgiv B”Qv Kwi‡j MYZvwš¿K kw³‡Z

†fv‡Ui †Rv‡i ivRavbx I †`ki¶vi m`i `dZi c~e© cvwK Ív‡b

Avwb‡Z cvwiZvg| Zv Kwi bvB|

(2) cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i msL¨víZv †`wLqv fvB‡qi `i` jBqv

Avgv‡`i 44Uv Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 6Uv‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ívwbi †fv‡U

cwðg cvwK Ívwb †g¤i wbe©vPb KwiqvwQjvg|

(3) B”Qv Kwi‡j †fv‡Ui †Rv‡i ïay evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv

Kwi‡Z cvwiZvg| Zv bv Kwiqv evsjvÕi mv‡_ D`y©‡KI ivóªfvlvi

`vwe KwiqvwQjvg|

(4) B”Qv Kwi‡j †fv‡Ui †Rv‡i c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi myweavRbK

kvmbZš¿ iPbv Kwi‡Z cvwiZvg|

(5) Avcbv‡`i gb nB‡Z †gRwiwU fq `~i Kwiqv †m ’‡j åvZ…Z¡ I

mgZv‡eva m„wói Rb¨ Dfq A‡j mKj wel‡q mgZv weav‡bi

Avk¦v‡m Avgiv msL¨v¸iæZ¡ Z¨vM Kwiqv msL¨v-mvg¨ MÖnY

KwiqvwQjvg|

Pvi. myZivs cwðg cvwK Ívwb fvB mv‡nevb, Avcbviv †`wL‡Z‡Qb,

†hLv‡b-†hLv‡b Avgv‡`i `vb Kwievi AvIKvr wQj, Avgiv `vb

KwiqvwQ| Avi wKQzB bvB `vb Kwievi| _vwK‡j wbðq w`Zvg|

hw` c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b ivRavbx nBZ Z‡e Avcbv‡`i `vwe Kwievi

Av‡MB Avgiv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b mZ¨mZ¨B wØZxq ivRavbx

’vcb KwiZvg| wØZxq ivRavbxi bv‡g †auvKv w`Zvg bv| †m

Ae ’vq †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mKj cÖKvi e¨q hv‡Z Dfq A‡j

mgvb nq, Zvi wbLuyZ e¨e ’v KwiZvg| mKj e¨vcv‡i cwðg

cvwK¯Ívb‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e Ges cÖ‡`kmg~n‡K c„_K-c„_Kfv‡e

c~Y© ¯vqËkvmb w`Zvg| Avgiv †`LvBZvg, c~e© cvwK Ívwbiv

†gRwiwU ewjqvB cvwK Ívb ïay c~e© cvwK Ívwb‡`i bq, †QvU-eo

wbwe©‡k‡l Zv mKj cvwK Ívwbi| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b ivRavbx nB‡j

Zvi my‡hvM jBqv Avgiv c~e© cvwK¯Ívwbiv me AwaKvi I PvKzwi

MÖvm KwiZvg bv| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbfvi cwðg

cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i nv‡ZB w`Zvg| Avcbv‡`i KUb †ev‡W© Avgiv

†Pqvig¨vb nB‡Z hvBZvg bv, Avcbv‡`i cÖ‡`‡ki Avgiv Mfb©i

nB‡ZI PvwnZvg bv| Avcbv‡`i wc-AvB-wW-wm, Avcbv‡`i

Iqvc`v, Avcbv‡`i wW-AvB-wU, Avcbv‡`i †cvU© Uªv÷,

Avcbv‡`i †ijI‡q BZ¨vw`i †Pqvig¨vwb Avgiv `Lj KwiZvg

bv| Avcbv‡`iB Kwi‡Z w`Zvg| mg¯Í Aj cvwK¯Ívwb

cÖwZôvb‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b †K›`ªxf~Z KwiZvg bv| djZ c~e©

cvwK Ívb‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z †gvUv I cwðg cvwK Ívb‡K miæ

KwiZvg bv| `yB A‡ji g‡a¨ GB gvivZ¥K wW¯ú¨vwiwU m„wó

nB‡Z w`Zvg bv|

Ggwb D`viZv, Ggb wbi‡c¶Zv, cvwK Ív‡bi `yB A‡ji g‡a¨

Ggb Bbmvd †evaB cvwK¯Ívwb †`k‡cÖ‡gi eywbqv`| GUv hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q

†Kej wZwbB †`k‡cÖwgK| †h †bZvi g‡a¨ GB †cÖg Av‡Q, †Kej wZwbB

cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dfq A‡ji Dci †bZ…‡Z¡i †hvM¨| †h †bZv wek¦vm K‡ib,

`yBwU AÂj Avm‡j cvwK Ívb iv‡óªi ivóªxq †`‡ni `yB †PvL, `yB Kvb,

`yB bvwmKv, `yB cvwU `uvZ, `yB nvZ, `yB cv; †h †bZv wek¦vm K‡ib

cvwK¯Ívb‡K kw³kvjx Kwi‡Z nB‡j GBme †Rvovi `yBwU‡KB mgvb my ’

I kw³kvjx Kwi‡Z nB‡e; †h †bZv wek¦vm K‡ib cvwK Ív‡bi GK A½

`ye©j nB‡j †MvUv cvwK¯ÍvbB `ye©j nBqv c‡o; †h †bZv wek¦vm K‡ib

B”Qv Kwiqv ev Rvwbqv-ïwbqv hviv cvwK Ív‡bi GK A½‡K `ye©j Kwi‡Z

Pvq Zviv cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ykgb; †h †bZv `„p I mej n‡¯Í †mB `ykgb‡`i

kv‡q Ív Kwi‡Z cÖ ‘Z Av‡Qb, †Kej wZwbB cvwK Ív‡bi RvZxq †bZv

nBevi AwaKvix| †Kej ZuviB †bZ…‡Z¡ cvwK¯Ív‡bi HK¨ AUzU I kw³

Aciv‡Rq nB‡e| cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡Zv wekvj I AmvaviY iv‡óªi bvqK

nB‡Z nB‡j bvq‡Ki AšÍiI nB‡Z nB‡e wekvj AmvaviY| Avkv Kwi,

Avgvi cwðg cvwK Ívwb fvBiv GB gvcKvwV‡Z Avgvi Qq-`dv Kg©m~wPi

wePvi Ki‡eb| Zv hw` Zuviv K‡ib Z‡e †`wL‡Z cvB‡eb, Avgvi GB

Qq-`dv ïay c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi euvPvi `vwe bq, †MvUv cvwK Ív‡biB euvPvi

`vwe|

Avgvi wcÖq fvB-†ev‡biv,

Avcbviv †`wL‡Z‡Qb †h, Avgvi 6-`dv `vwe‡Z GKwUI Ab¨vq,

Am½Z, cwðg cvwK Ívbwe‡ivax ev cvwK Ívb aŸsmKvix cÖ Íve Kwi bvB|

ei Avwg hyw³ZK© mnKv‡i †`LvBjvg, Avgvi mycvwik MÖnY Kwi‡j

cvwK¯Ívb Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk kw³kvjx nB‡e| Z_vwc Kv‡qwg ¯v‡_©i

gyLcvÎiv Avgvi weiæ‡× †`k‡`ªvwnZvi GjRvg jvMvB‡Z‡Qb| GUv

bZzbI bq, we¯§‡qi K_vI bq| c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi gRjyg RbM‡Yi c‡¶

K_v ewj‡Z wMqv Avgvi evcÑ`v`vi g‡Zv gyiæweŸivB G‡`i Kv‡Q Mvj

LvBqv‡Qb, G‡`i nv‡Z jvÃbv †fvM Kwiqv‡Qb, Avi Avwg †Kvb Qvi?

†`kevmxi g‡b Av‡Q, Avgv‡`i bqbgwY †k‡ievsjv dRjyj nK‡K Giv

†`k‡ ªvnx ewjqvwQ‡jb| †`kevmx G-I †`wLqv‡Qb †h, cvwK Ív‡bi

Ab¨Zg mªóv, cvwK¯Ív‡bi me©Rbgvb¨ RvZxq †bZv knx`

†mvn&ivIqv`©x‡KI †`k‡ ªvwnZvi Awf‡hv‡M KviveiY Kwi‡Z nBqvwQj

G‡`iB nv‡Z| AZGe †`Lv †Mj, c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi b¨vh¨ `vwei K_v

ewj‡Z †M‡j †`k‡`ªvwnZvi e`bvg I †Rj-Ryjy‡gi SuywK jBqvB †m

KvR Kwi‡Z nB‡e| AZx‡Z Ggb A‡bK †Rj-Ryjyg fywMevi ZKw`i

Avgvi nBqv‡Q| gyiæweŸ‡`i †`vIqvq, mnKgx©‡`i mü`qZvq Ges

†`kevmxi mg_©‡b †mme mn¨ Kwievi g‡Zv g‡bi ej Avjøvn& Avgv‡K

`vb Kwiqv‡Qb| mv‡o cuvP †KvwU c~e© cvwK Ívwbi fv‡jvevmv‡K m¤j

Kwiqv Avwg GKv‡R †h-†Kv‡bv Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ ‘Z AvwQ| Avgvi

†`kevmxi Kj¨v‡Yi Kv‡Q Avgvi g‡Zv bMY¨ e¨w³i Rxe‡bi g~j¨B ev

KZUzKz? gRjyg †`kevmxi euvPvi `vwei Rb¨ msMÖvg Kivi †P‡q gnr

KvR Avi wKQzB Av‡Q ewjqv Avwg g‡b Kwi bv| giûg Rbve knx`

†mvnivIqv`©xi b¨vq †hvM¨ †bZvi Kv‡QB Avwg G Ávb jvf KwiqvwQ|

Zuvi cv‡qi Z‡j ewmqvB GZKvj †`kevmxi †L`gZ Kwievi †Póv

KwiqvwQ| wZwbI AvR euvwPqv bvB, AvwgI AvR †hŠe‡bi †KvVv eû

wcQ‡b †dwjqv †cÖŠp‡Z¡ †cuvwQqvwQ| Avgvi †`‡ki wcÖq fvB-†ev‡biv

Avjøvni `iMvq ïay GB †`vIqv Kwi‡eb, evwK RxebUzKz Avwg †hb

Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK gyw³ mvabvq wb‡qvwRZ Kwi‡Z cvwi|

4Vv ˆPÎ, 1372|

Avcbv‡`i †mœn-ab¨ Lv‡`g

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10

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Kij! †h ¯vaxbZv we‡ivaxiv gv‡K †Q‡jnviv, wcZv‡K cyÎnviv, †evb‡K

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tofailahmed69@gmail.com13

cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMvi e½eÜyÕ‡K AvU‡K ivL‡Z cv‡i wb; g„Zy¨`Ð w`‡qI Kvh©Ki

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fvlv, †mw`b †_‡KB cvwK Ívb †f‡O hvIqvi cÖwµqv ïiæ| 1948-G gyn¤§`

Avjx wRbœvn e‡jwQ‡jb: ‘If we begin to think of ourselves asBengalis, Punjabis and Sindhis first, and Moslems and

14

Pakistanis only incidentally, then Pakistan is bound to dis-integate.’ (The Magazine, 15 gvP© 1971)| 7B gv‡P©i Av‡MB e½eÜz

Time-Gi msev``vZv Dan Coggin-†K e‡jwQ‡jb, mg‡SvZvi Avi

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K‡i †`‡ev, I‡`i nuvUz †Mu‡o em‡Z eva¨ Kie|Õ

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15

mv‡_| weKí miKvi Pj‡Z _v‡K e½eÜzÕi Av‡`‡k| mwPevjqB †nvK ev

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†NvlYv †Mj †`‡ki me©Î Ges mKj‡K gyw³hy‡×i Rb¨ ˆZwi nIqvi

wb‡`©k w`‡jb e½eÜz| ‘When the First shot had been fired,the voice of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman came faintlythrough on a wavelength close to that of the officialPakistan Radio. In what must have been and soundedlike a prerecorded message the Sheikh proclaimed EastPakistan to be the People’s Republic of Bangladesh(David Lashake, Pakistan Crisis, London, PP. 88-89)|e½eÜzÕi ¯vaxbZvi †NvlYvq Zuvi ¯K‡É ejv n‡qwQj: ‘Peoples arefighting gallantly with the enemy for the cause of free-dom of Bangladesh. Every section of the people ofBangladesh are asked to resist the enemy forces at anycost in every corner of Bangladesh. May Allah bless youand help you in your struggle for freedom from theenemy. Joy Bangla.’ (The Statesman, Delhi, 27 March1971).

e½eÜzÕi G Av‡`‡kB jÿ jÿ mvaviY gvbyl A ¿ Zz‡j wb‡qwQj

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ÿgZv nvwi‡qwQj| e½eÜzÕB wQ‡jb evsjv‡`‡ki GK‡gevwØZxqg& †bZv|

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¯vaxbZv hy‡×i g~Z© cÖZxK, Zuv‡K †R‡j ivLvq evsjv‡`k

miKvi `ye©j n‡q c‡o‡Q|

7B RyjvB 1971 jÛ‡bi †WBwj †UwjMÖvd ÔcvwK¯Ív‡bi

GKgvÎ DcvqÕ kxl©K m¤úv`Kxq‡Z †j‡L, ÔcvwK Ívb mvgwiK

evwnbxi AZ¨vPv‡ii †Kv‡bv fwel¨r †bB| gyw³‡hv×viv µgkB

kw³kvjx n‡q D‡V‡Q Ges wg‡mm MvÜxi Ici Pvc µgkB

evo‡Q evsjv‡`k‡K ¯xK…wZ Rvbv‡Z| we‡j‡Zi †cÖm µgkB

cvwK Ívb mvgwiK evwnbxi Kvh©Kjv‡ci weiæ‡× mgv‡jvPbvgyLi

n‡q D‡V‡Q| Bqvwnqvi fzjÎæwU Ges cwðg cvwK Ív‡bi

ivR‰bwZK †bZv‡`i AÜZ¡ cvwK¯Ívb‡K †h Mfxi Lv‡`i w`‡K

wb‡q hv‡”Q Zv †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡ib GKgvÎ †kL gywReyi

ingvb| Zuv‡K ew›`kvjv †_‡K gyw³ †`qv Ges Zuv‡K ¯‡`k

cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡Z w`‡j wZwbB †Kej kvwšÍc~Y© Ae ’v m„wó Ki‡Z

cv‡ib| H †bZvi cÖÁv Zuvi ivR‰bwZK-we‡ivax‡`i c_

†`Lv‡Z cv‡i|Õ

we‡`wk cwÎKv¸‡jv GKw`‡K †hgb e½eÜzÕi †bZ…‡Z¡i

Ici Av¯’vkxj n‡q I‡V Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK evwnbxi

Db¥v`bv †_‡K wZwbB †h †Kej Zv‡`i D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡ib,

GK_v cwÎKv¸‡jv GKev‡K¨ †g‡b wb‡qwQj| Zv‡`i fzj

†hLv‡b wQj, Zv n‡”Q, Zviv eyS‡Z cv‡iwb ev eyS‡Z Pvqwb †h,

16

†WwfW d«÷‡K †`qv mvÿvrKv‡i e½eÜz GK cÖ‡kœi Dˇi e‡jb †h,

†KvU© gvk©v‡j cuvPRb mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v wQj Ges Zuvi weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM

wQj ivóª‡ ªvwnZv, cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii weiæ‡× hy× K‡i evsjv‡`kÕ‡K

¯vaxb Kiv BZ¨vw`| me©‡gvU 12wU Awf‡hvM wQj, Zvi g‡a¨ 6wUi kvw¯Í

n‡”Q g„Zz¨`Ð| e½eÜz Av‡iv e‡jb †h, miKvi Zuv‡K mg_©‡bi Rb¨

GW‡fv‡KU w`‡Z Pvq; wKš‘ wZwb Zv wb‡Z A¯xK…wZ Rvbvb, †Kbbv

wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib wePviwU GKwU cÖnmbg~jK bvUK

wbix¶v

cvwK Ívb bv‡gi ivóªwUi Kei Luy‡owQj Bqvwnqv Lvb Ges Zvi cvwK Ívwb

ivR‰bwZK civgk© vZviv| 26†k gv‡P©i ci cvwK Ívb †h ch©v‡q

wM‡qwQj †mLvb †_‡K †divi Avi †Kv‡bv c_ wQj bv| evsjv‡`‡k

¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ †h gyw³hy× ïiæ n‡qwQj e½eÜzÕi Wv‡K †mLvb †_‡K

wcQz †divi Avi †Kv‡bv c_ wQj bv|

Kvqnvb B›Uvib¨vkbvj 27†k RyjvB 1971 Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi GK

mvÿvrKvi †_‡K Rvbvq, ÔgywRe‡K kxNÖB ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi Rb¨ wePvi Kiv

n‡e, A_©vr Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv ˆZwii KvR †kl n‡jB| cwÎKvi cÿ

†_‡K GK cÖ‡kœi Dˇi Bqvwnqv Lvb Rvbvq †h, mvgwiK wePviK‡`i

nv‡Z welqwU i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB †m ej‡Z cvi‡e bv †h, RvZxq cwil‡`i

cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡bi Av‡M gywR‡ei wePvi ev Zuvi duvwm n‡q hv‡e wK-bv|

†KvU© gvk©v‡j Zuvi wePvi n‡e Ges cwil‡`i Awa‡ek‡bi Av‡M †m †eu‡P

_vK‡e wK-bv, Zv Bqvwnqv Lvb Rv‡b bv|

G mvÿvrKvi †_‡K GUv cwi®‹vi †evSv hvq †h, e½eÜzÕi weiæ‡×

†KvU© gvk©v‡j wePv‡ii cÖnmb PjwQj Ges wePv‡i †h Zuvi duvwmi ûKzg

n‡e, ZvI wbwðZ wQj|

2iv AvM÷ 1971-Gi wbDRDB‡K †jLv nq †h, gywRe‡K mvgwiK

QvDwb wgqvIqvwji GKwU †R‡j ivLv n‡q‡Q| gywRe GKRb RvZxq

†bZv †_‡K knx‡` iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Qb| †R. Bqvwnqv M‡e©i mv‡_ Rvbvq

†h, Zvi †Rbv‡ijiv gywR‡ei mvgwiK Av`vj‡Z wePvi Ges duvwmi Rb¨

KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q| †m ivwR n‡q‡Q Ges wePv‡ii KvR kxNÖB ïiæ n‡e|

cwÎKvwU‡Z gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G c`‡ÿ‡ci †P‡q ¯í `„wói Avi

†Kv‡bv KvR n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges G‡Z gyw³hyׇK Av‡iv KwVb c‡_ wb‡q

hv‡e| cwÎKvwU‡K GKRb cwðgv †`‡ki K~UbxwZK Rvbvb †h,

Bqvwnqvi gwZåg n‡q‡Q Ges †m Kx Ki‡Q, Zv Rv‡b bv, GgbwK

eyS‡ZI cvi‡Q bv Zvi †mbvevwnbx Kx Ki‡Q| †m g‡b K‡i †h, †m

K‡qK jÿ‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i, gywR‡ei ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi Aciv‡a wePvi

Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GB K‡i †m mewKQzi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GUv

GKUv wbQK cvMjvwg| e½eÜyÕ‡K duvwm w`‡j †h cvwK Ívb mvgwiK

evwnbx ev cvwK¯Ív‡bi Kx n‡e, Zv K~UbxwZ‡Ki G KqwU K_vi g‡a¨B

†evSv hvq| e½eÜzÕi †h Wv‡K gyw³hy× ïiæ n‡q‡Q Ges †h e½eÜzÕ‡K

†R. Bqvwnqv me‡P‡q eo kÎæ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Q, Zuvi cÖfve gyw³hy‡×i

Ici GZ wekvj †h, Zuv‡K nZ¨v Ki‡jI Zuvi †`qv †bZ…Z¡ evsjv‡`k‡K

¯vaxb Ki‡e, hv e½eÜz 7B gvP© e‡jwQ‡jb| KivwPÕi GK m¤úv`K

wbDR DBK‡K e‡jb †h, †kL gywR‡ei Wv‡K cvwK Ívb gvP© gv‡mB gviv

†M‡Q| †Kv‡bv wKQzB GLb Avi Zv‡K iÿv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| cwÎKvi

H msL¨v‡ZI †jLv nq †h, Bqvwnqv we¯§„Z n‡”Q †m Kx KvR Ki‡Q| †m

cÖwZÁv K‡i‡Q †h, gywRe‡K gi‡ZB n‡e| wKš‘ †hw`b gywRe‡K duvwm

†`‡e †mB w`b cvwK¯Ív‡biI duvwm n‡e|

11B AvM÷ 1971 B›Uvib¨vkbvj †nivì wUªweªDb Rvbvq †h, AwZ

kxNÖB †kL gywR‡ei wePvi Avi¤¢ n‡e| Zvi wePvi Ges duvwm †`qvi K_v

Av‡MB †NvlYv †`qv n‡qwQj| †kL gywR‡ei wePvi KwVb gyw³hyׇK

KwVbZi K‡i Zzj‡e| mk ¿ msMÖv‡g e½eÜzÕi Ae ’vb GZ cwi®‹vi|

12B AvM÷ 1971-G `¨ UvBgm-Gi Ô†kL gywR‡ei fvM¨Õ kxl©K

m¤úv`Kxq‡Z †jLv nq †h, †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †Mvc‡b wePv‡ii

wm×všÍ AZ¨šÍ ytLRbK| ÔcvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡× hy× Pvwj‡q hvIqvÕ PvR©wU

`„k¨Z A¯vfvweK| G m¤úv`Kxq‡Z ejv nq †h, †kL gywReB GKgvÎ

e¨w³ whwb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib, hv‡Z cvwK Ív‡bi

Av‡iv eo Uª v‡RwW bv nq| †kL gywReB GKgvÎ e¨w³, hvi Dci c~e©

cvwK Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi Av¯’v Av‡Q| wKš‘ hw` g„Zz¨`Ð †`qv nq Zvn‡j

Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi Avi †Kv‡bv cÖkœB IV‡e bv| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY

Zuvi Av‡`k †g‡b Pj‡e| mg Í m¤úv`KxqwU cvwK Ív‡bi åvšÍ ivRbxwZi

Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Q Ges e½eÜzÕi †bZ…‡Z¡i Ici Av ’v ’vcb K‡i‡Q|

m¤úv`KxqwUi cwi‡k‡l ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAvgv‡`i mKj‡K me©vZ¥K †Póv

Ki‡Z n‡e †kL gywRe‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨|Õ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi GKwU

†Mvôxi AwfgZ wQj †h, cvwK Ívb‡K ALÐ ivL‡Z n‡e Ges †m KvRwU

cv‡ib †Kej e½eÜz| c‡ivÿfv‡e Giv eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, e½eÜz hw`

B”Qv K‡ib Zvn‡j gyw³hy× eÜ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡Z cvwK Ív‡bi Aw ÍZ¡

iÿv cv‡e| Aciw`‡K, hw` e½eÜz AvUKI _v‡Kb ZeyI wZwb

gyw³‡hv×v‡`i Rb¨ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv Ges wZwb †h Av‡`k †`‡eb,

gyw³‡hv×viv ZvB †g‡b †b‡e| †h wRwbmwU GB †Mvôx †Kv‡bvg‡ZB †g‡b

wb‡Z cviwQj bv, Zv n‡”Q e½eÜz ¯vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb, ¯vaxbZvi

Rb¨ hy‡×i Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qb| †mLvb †_‡K Avi Zuvi †cQv‡bvi †Kv‡bv

cÖkœB DV‡Z cv‡i bv| 1966 mv‡ji 6-`dv †_‡K 1971-Gi 1 `dv

Zuvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q eo mvdj¨| evOvwj RvwZi Rb¨

me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄ| 14-15B AvM÷ 1971-Gi B›Uvib¨vkbvj †nivì

wUªweDb Rvbvj †h, gvwK©b wm‡bUi †K‡bwW, whwb wm‡b‡U kiYv_©x mve-

KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Pvi w`‡bi mdi †k‡l bZzb w`wjø

†cuŠ‡Q‡Qb| Zuv‡K Dò Af¨_©bv Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Zuv‡K Af¨_©bvi Rb¨

†h RbmgvMg n‡qwQj, Zv‡`i nv‡Z wQj cøvKvW©, hv‡Z †jLv wQj:

ÔkvwšÍi gvbyl †K‡bwW ¯vMZgÕ| Ab¨vb¨ cøvKv‡W© †jLv wQj: ÔgywRe‡K

euvPvIÕ, Ô†kL gywReyi ingvb c~e© cvwK Ívb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZv|Õ

e½eÜzÕi gyw³i `vwe `„p n‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv Avm‡Z _v‡K c„w_exi me

RvqMv †_‡KB|

17B AvM÷ 1971-Gi †nivì wUªweD‡b wjLj, wm‡bUi †K‡bwW

e‡j‡Qb †h, cvwK Ívb mvgwiK evwnbx c~e© cvwK Ív‡b MYnZ¨v Pvjv‡”Q|

c~e© cvwK Ív‡bi †bZv †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †Mvcb wePvi AvšÍR©vwZK

AvB‡bi aviYvi cwicš’x| msev`cÎ Rvbvj †h, e½eÜzÕi wePvi Av‡Mi

mßv‡n cvwK Ív‡bi †Kv‡bv RvqMvq Avi¤¢ nIqvi K_v wQj| wKš‘ Zuvi

wePvi ev Zuvi m¤‡Ü †Kv‡bv Lei †bB| cwÎKv Rvbvq †h, wm‡bUi

†K‡bwWÕi g‡Z gywR‡ei GKgvÎ Aciva n‡”Q †h, wZwb wbe©vP‡b

wR‡Z‡Qb| H cwÎKv Av‡iv †j‡L †h, ivóª ~Z AvMv wnjvwj †Rvi w`‡q

e‡j‡Qb †h, †kL gywRe‡K †h AvB‡bi Aax‡b wePvi Kiv n‡”Q, Zv

weª‡Ub Ges fvi‡Zi KvQ †_‡K DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cvIqv| Zuv‡K †`qv‡j

`uvo Kwi‡q ¸wj Kiv n‡e bv| cwÎKv †j‡L †h, hw` †kL gywR‡ei duvwm

†`qv nq ev Av‡iv kiYv_©x fvi‡Z Av‡m, Zvn‡j, fviZ-cvwK Ívb hy×

†j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i|

†m‡Þ¤‡i wg‡mm MvÜx †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b hvb ILv‡b RbgZ

MV‡bi Rb¨ Ges †mvwf‡qZ miKvi‡K fviZ, evsjv‡`k I cvwK¯Ív‡bi

me©‡kl ivR‰bwZK cwiw ’wZ AewnZ Kivi Rb¨| wg‡mm MvÜx Rvbvb,

fvi‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki jÿ-jÿ kiYv_©x AvMg‡bi Kvi‡Y †h cwiw ’wZi

m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z fvi‡Zi Ae ’v bvRyK n‡q †M‡Q| †mvwf‡qZ †bZviv

evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× Ges Gi d‡j fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ‡Z

D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡ib| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb evsjv‡`‡k GKwU ivR‰bwZK

mgvav‡bi Ici †Rvi w`w”Qj, †Kbbv fviZ-cvwK Ívb hy‡× MYcÖRvZš¿x

Pxb Rwo‡q co‡j Zv †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K cÿ wb‡Z eva¨ Ki‡e|

19†k †m‡Þ¤^i 1971-G †Znivb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ ˆ`wbK

Av‡qb‡jMvb wjLj †h, gywReyi ingv‡bi wePvi cvwK Ív‡bi c‡ÿ

AvZ¥nZ¨vi kvwgj n‡e Ges Zv‡Z me©cÖKvi ivR‰bwZK mgvavb Am¤¢e

n‡q DV‡e| e½eÜz †h evsjv‡`k-cvwK¯Ívb ivRbxwZi GKRb cÖavb

bvqK Zv GB D‡ØM †_‡KB †evSv hvq| GB †Mvôx RvbZ †h, hw`

gyw³hy× P‡j Zv‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rqjv‡fi Avkv LyeB Kg, Kv‡RB

Zv‡`i GKgvÎ fimv¯’j wQj e½eÜz †kL gywRe| hw` wZwb gyw³hy×

w`‡q mgm¨v mgvavb bv K‡i ivR‰bwZK mgvav‡bi c_ MÖnY K‡ib

Zvn‡j cvwK¯Ívb iÿv cvq| cvwK Ívb‡K iÿv Kivi GKgvÎ c_ ZvB

e½eÜzÕi wePvi eÜ K‡i Zuv‡K gy³ K‡i Av‡jvPbvi †Uwe‡j Avbv| Zviv

fz‡j wM‡qwQj †h, Av‡jvPbvi me c_ eÜ nIqv‡ZB e½eÜz ¯vaxbZvi

msMÖvg K‡i mKj mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ †kl evOvwj †eu‡P _vKv ch©šÍ

hy× Pvwj‡q hvIqvi Av‡`k †`b| †m Av‡`k wQj gyw³evwnbxi me©vwab-

vq‡Ki| mgmvgwqK cwÎKv †_‡K †`Lv †Mj †h, gyw³evwnbx †Mwijv hy‡×

hZB mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Q, cvwK Ívb ZZB gwiqv n‡q DV‡Q| `yÕwU

wel‡qi cÖ_gwU n‡jv †h, gyw³evwnbxi mvd‡j¨i KviY fvi‡Zi †Mvcb

mnvqZv Ges wØZxqwU n‡jv e½eÜzÕi wePvi ªæZ m¤úbœ K‡i Zuvi duvwm

†`qv| hw` e½eÜzÕi wePv‡i duvwmi ûKzg nq, Zvn‡j gyw³evwnbx

n‡Zv`¨g n‡e Ges †Mwijvhy‡× fvUv c‡o hv‡e Ges fviZ GKKfv‡e

ZLb Avi cvwK¯Ívbwe‡ivax cÖPviYvq Drmvn cv‡e bv| cvwK Ív‡bi eÜz

ivóª ‡jv ivR‰bwZK mgvav‡bi K_v ej‡jI cvwK¯Ívb ZZw`‡b eyS‡Z

†c‡iwQj †h, welqwU ivR‰bwZK Av‡jvPbvi †Uwej †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i

iYv½‡b mgvavb n‡Z P‡j‡Q| iYv½‡b mgvavb eÜ Kivi c_ wn‡m‡e

Zviv e½eÜzÕi wePvi Ges duvwmi ûKzgB GKgvÎ Dcvq e‡j wm×v‡šÍ

17

wbix¶v

†cuŠ‡QwQj| cvwK¯Ívb nvbv`vi evwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ mg¨Kfv‡e RvbZ †h,

gyw³evwnbxi †cQ‡bi kw³ n‡”Q e½eÜz| e½eÜz RxweZ _vK‡j gyw³hy×

Pj‡Z _vK‡e| A‡±ve‡ii †k‡l wg‡mm MvÜx weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x GWIqvW©

wn‡_i mv‡_ mvÿvr K‡ib Ges evsjv‡`k †_‡K AvMZ 90 jÿ kiYv_©x‡K

¯‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi evZveiY m„wói Aby‡iva K‡ib| wg‡mm MvÜx

cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e kiYv_©x cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi K_v ej‡jI c‡ivÿfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki

gyw³‡hv×v‡`i c‡ÿ K_v ejwQ‡jb|

1jv b‡f¤i 1971-G B›Uvib¨vkbvj †nivì wUªweD‡bi †R¨ô

m¤úv`K Av‡b©v `¨ eyikMÖv‡`i mv‡_ mvÿvrKv‡i Zuvi GK cÖ‡kœi Dˇi

†R. Bqvwnqv e‡jb †h, wZwb hw` †kL gywRe‡K gyw³ w`‡q c~e© cvwK Ívb

cvVvb, Zvn‡j †mLvbKvi †jvKB Zuv‡K †g‡i †dj‡e| †R. Bqvwnqv fv‡jv

K‡iB RvbZ †h, hw` e½eÜzÕ‡K gyw³ †`q, Zvn‡j gyw³hy× Av‡iv Zxeª

n‡e Ges cvwK Ív‡bi civRq Z¡ivwšZ n‡e| †m hw` Zvi wb‡Ri K_vq

wek¦vm KiZ Zvn‡j e½eÜzÕi wePvi Ges Zvici duvwmi SuywK Zv‡K wb‡Z

n‡Zv bv| we‡k¦i mKj ivóªbvqK eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, e½eÜz, gyw³hy×

Ges evsjv‡`k mgv_©‡evaK n‡q †M‡Q|

7B wW‡m¤i 1971-Gi jÛb UvBgm& Rvbvq †h, wg‡mm MvÜx

fviZxq †jvKmfvq GK fvl‡Y Rvbvb †h, evsjv‡`k miKvi evsjv‡`‡ki

RbM‡Yi mgw_©Z miKvi| fviZ miKvi MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k

miKvi‡K ¯xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q| wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvgiv GLb wPšÍv KiwQ, GB

bZzb iv‡óªi RbK †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi K_vÕ| wg‡mm MvÜxi GB D‡ØM

mn‡RB Aby‡gq|

hw` †cQ‡bi w`‡K ZvKv‡bv hvq, Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e, e½eÜzÕi

wePv‡ii weiæ‡× †Kej ivóª ‡jvB †mv”Pvi nw”Qj ZvB bq, 10B AvM÷

1971-G B›Uvib¨vkbvj Kwgkb Ae Ry¨wi÷mn 214wU AvšÍR©vwZK

cÖwZôvb †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqvi Kv‡Q GK †UwjMÖv‡g †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi

†Mvcb mvgwiK wePv‡i D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡i e‡jb, Av`vj‡Zi Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv

wKQzB †Mvcbxq bq| B›Uvib¨vkbvj Kwgkb Ae Ry¨wi÷ †kL gywReyi

ingv‡bi †Mvc‡b mvgwiK Av`vj‡Z wePv‡ii Zxeª cÖwZev` Rvbv‡”Q|

†WwfW d«÷‡K †`qv mvÿvrKv‡i e½eÜz GK cÖ‡kœi Dˇi e‡jb †h,

†KvU© gvk©v‡j cuvP Rb mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v wQj Ges Zuvi weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM

wQj ivóª‡ ªvwnZv, cvwK Ívb miKv‡ii weiæ‡× hy× K‡i evsjv‡`kÕ‡K

¯vaxb Kiv BZ¨vw`| me©‡gvU 12wU Awf‡hvM wQj, Zvi g‡a¨ 6wUi kvw Í

n‡”Q g„Zz¨`Ð| e½eÜz Av‡iv e‡jb †h, miKvi Zuv‡K mg_©‡bi Rb¨

GW‡fv‡KU w`‡Z Pvq; wKš‘ wZwb Zv wb‡Z A¯xK…wZ Rvbvb, †Kbbv wZwb

eyS‡Z cv‡ib wePviwU GKwU cÖnmbg~jK bvUK| wZwb wePviK‡K Aby‡iva

K‡ib, GW‡fv‡KU‡`i P‡j †h‡Z, †Kbbv †R. Bqvwnqv ivóªcÖavb, cÖavb

mvgwiK AvBb cÖkvmK Ges wZwbB Zuvi kvw Í cvKv Ki‡eb Ges wZwbB

Av`vjZ ewm‡q‡Qb| 4Vv wW‡m¤i wePvice© †kl nq| †R. Bqvwnqv

wePvi‡Ki A_©vr †j. K‡b©j Ges weª‡MwWqvi‡`i †W‡K cvVvb

ivIqvjwcwÛ‡Z Ges ivq †`qvi Av‡`k †`b| Zviv Zuv‡K duvwm †`qvi

wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQvq, Zviv Zuvi KvivK‡ÿi Kv‡QB Kei †Luv‡o, wZwb wb‡Ri

†Pv‡L Zv †`‡Lb| e½eÜz d«÷‡K e‡jb †h, fz‡Æv e½eÜz‡K Rvbvq,

fz‡Æv‡K ÿgZv n ÍvšÍi Kivi Av‡M †R. Bqvwnqv Rvbvq †h, Zvi me‡P‡q

eo fzj n‡qwQj †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K bv †g‡i †djv| †m fz‡Æv‡K Av‡iv

e‡j †h, ÿgZv n ÍvšÍi Kivi Av‡M Zv‡K AbygwZ †`qv †nvK †kL gywReyi

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617-619)|

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26†k gvP©, 1971 Zvwi‡L Zuvi avbgwÐi evmfeb †_‡K †MÖßvi Kiv nq

(`¨ Wb, KivwP, 10B AvM÷ 1971)|

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Kivi Aciv‡a †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi wePvi n‡e| wePvi †Kv_vq n‡”Q Zv

Rvbv‡Z ivóª ~Z A¯xK…wZ Rvbvq (`¨ Wb, KivwP, 1jv †m‡Þ¤i 1971)|

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mvÿvrKv‡i †R. Bqvwnqv Rvbvq †h, †kL gywReyi ingvb cvwK Ív‡bi

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18

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19

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20

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m~Î: e½eÜz, wgRvbyi ingvb m¤úvw`Z

21

1970 mv‡ji 15 †deªqvwi Rq evsjv evwnbx cZvKvmn wgwQj K‡i e½eÜy‡K MvW© Ae Abvi †`q| 23 gvP© G GKB cZvKv XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eUZjvq D‡Ëvjb

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eQ‡ii Bs‡iR kvmb| Gic‡i 1947 mv‡j †MuvRvwg‡ji cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZwôZ

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22

ˆemv „k¨ ¯úó †_‡K ¯úóZi n‡q I‡V| GK”QÎ kvmb ÿgZvi gvwjK n‡q

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wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡j 1952 mv‡j ey‡Ki i³ w`‡q, cÖvY w`‡q gv‡qi fvlv‡K

iÿv Ki‡Z nq| Gici AvNvZ Av‡m wkÿvi Ici| 1962 mv‡j GKUv me©Rbxb

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23

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MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq n‡jI Zviv Ges e› y‡Ki gy‡L n‡jI ZvivB ÿgZvq

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c×wZ‡ZB †cÖwm‡W›U n‡q gmb`‡K cvKv‡cv³ K‡iwQ‡jb| 1965 mv‡j

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wbgœiƒc n‡Z cv‡i:

24

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26

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Awdm-Kvg-evmfeb)-Gi Abyiƒc| jÛb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ ˆ`wbK EveningStandard cwÎKvi fvlvq:

“Sheikh Mujibur Rahman now appears to be the real boss ofEast Pakistan, with the complete support of the population...Rahman’s home- in Dhanmondi, already known as Number 10Downing Street in imitation of the British Prime Minister’s resi-dence- has been besieged by bureaucrats, politicians, bankers, indus-trialists and people from all walks of life.” (12 March 1971, p.10)

e½eÜzÕi 7B gv‡P©i fvlY wQj e¯‘Z

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZviB †NvlYv| ...

ZvB e½eÜz wfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤b K‡ib|

Zuvi A¨v‡cÖvP n‡jv: †gRwiwU (evOvwj),

gvBbwiwU (cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb) †_‡K

wew”Qbœ n‡e †Kb? eis gvBbwiwUB

ÔwmwmwWÕ K‡i‡Q ev AvµgYKvixÑ GUvB

cÖwZfvZ ev `„ó †nvK

e½eÜzÕi 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi ivR‰bwZK Zvrch©

MYgva¨g-wfwËK

GKwU we‡kølY

nviæb-Ai-iwk`

27

†`kRy‡o wewfbœ ’v‡b wbi ¿ RbM‡Yi Ici ivóªxq evwnbx wbwe©Pv‡i ¸wj Qzu‡o

cÖwZw`b eûRb‡K nZvnZ K‡i P‡j| iv Ívq-iv Ívq M‡o I‡V RbZvi ¯Ztù~Z©

cÖwZ‡iva| mevB e½eÜzÕi KvQ †_‡K eo ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK †NvlYvi A‡cÿvq

Aaxi| Ggwb GK †cÖwÿ‡Z e½eÜzÕi 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi †NvlYv G‡jv| †`k-

we‡`‡k mK‡ji aviYv, e½eÜz 7B gvP© Zuvi fvl‡Y c~e© evsjvÕi ¯vaxbZv †NvlYv

Ki‡eb| we‡`wk cÎcwÎKvq G g‡g© Lei Qvcv nq (`ªóe¨: The Guardian, 5March 1971, p. 12; The Sunday Times, 7 March 1971, p.1,9;The Observer, 7 March 1971, p.2; The Daily Telegraph, 6March 1971, p. 1)| `¨ †WBwj †UwjMÖvd cwÎKvi cÖwZwbwa †WwfW †jvkv‡Ki

XvKv †_‡K cvVv‡bv GKwU cÖwZ‡e`bÑ ‘E. Pakistan UDI (UnilateralDeclaration of Independence) Expected’-G wk‡ivbv‡g cwÎKvwUi 6B

gvP© msL¨vq Qvcv nq| G‡Z we‡ùvi‡Yvb¥yL cwiw ’wZi wek` eY©bv K‡i ejv nq,

‘Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is expected to Declare IndependenceTomorrow’| `¨ mvb‡W UvBgm& cwÎKvi 7B gvP© msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ KivwP †_‡K

cwÎKvi cÖwZwbwa wcUvi †n‡Rj nv÷© †cÖwiZ cÖwZ‡e`‡b, ‘East Pakistanleader could declare UDI-’ G‡Z yÕai‡bi

m¤¢vebvi K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq: gywRe GKZidv

¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`‡eb, bZzev wb‡RB

Constituent Assembly-i Awa‡ekb †W‡K

Dfq As‡ki cÖwZwbwa‡`i †hvM`v‡bi AvnŸvb

Rvbv‡Z cv‡ib|

†kL gywRe KZ©„K GKZidv ¯vaxbZvi

†NvlYvi m¤¢vebv †`‡L cvwK Ívwb mvgwiK-†emvgwiK

Pµ bZzb †KŠkj Aej¤b K‡i| †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv

6B gvP© iv‡Z †`kevmxi D‡Ï‡k GK †eZvi fvl‡Y

B‡Zvc~‡e© Awbw ©óKv‡ji Rb¨ ¯’wMZ †NvwlZ

Constituent Assembly-i mfv 25†k gvP©

AvnŸv‡bi †NvlYv †`b| cvkvcvwk †`‡ki ALÐZv

iÿvi cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †Kv‡bv Pig e¨e ’v MÖn‡Y Zvi

miKv‡ii „pcÖwZÁvi K_v e¨³ K‡i mevB‡K mZK©

K‡i †`qv nq| Gici ïiæ nq gywRe-Bqvwnqv-fz‡Æv

ˆeVK| Gi †cQ‡b cvwK Ívwb mvgwiK-†emvgwiK P‡µi D‡Ïk¨ wQj Kvj‡ÿcY,

hv‡Z cwðg Ask †_‡K G my‡hv‡M ˆmb¨ I A ¿ wb‡q G‡m GLv‡b †gvZv‡qb Kiv

hvq| 25†k gv‡P©i †mbv AwfhvbB wQj Zv‡`i g~j cwiKíbvq|

e½eÜz ev AvIqvgx jxM nvBKgvÛ G wel‡q IqvwKenvj wQ‡jb bv, Giƒc

†KD †KD ejvi †Póv K‡i Avm‡Q, hv ev ͇e wfwËnxb| cÖKv‡k¨B cwðg cvwK Ívb

†_‡K ˆmb¨ I A ¿ wb‡q Avmv nw”Qj| Kv‡RB cvwK Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi bxj-bKkv

eyS‡Z †Kv‡bviƒc Abygv‡bi Avkªq †bqvi `iKvi nqwb| e½eÜzÕi 7B gv‡P©i

fvl‡Y GwU w`ev‡jv‡Ki g‡Zv my¯úó|

7B gv‡P©i e½eÜzÕi fvl‡Y g~j e³e¨ Kx n‡e, Zv w ’i Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Gi c~‡e©

AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †K› ªxq KwgwU GKUvbv 36 NÈv ˆeV‡Ki ciI †Kv‡bv w ’i

wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQv‡Z bv cvi‡j D™¢~Z cwiw ’wZ we‡ePbvq hv ejv Avek¨K, ZvB

ej‡eb e‡j e½eÜz wb‡Ri Ici `vwqZ¡ wb‡jb ( ªóe¨: “Speeches at DhakaRace Course And Gettysburg”, Mofizur Rahman in TheFinancial Express, 31 March 1995, p.9)| Gici ÔivRbxwZi KweÕ

(wbDR DBK g¨vMvwR‡bi K_vq) mfvg‡Â G‡m Dcw ’Z| eY©‰elg¨ev` we‡ivax,

Av‡gwiKvb Kv‡jv gvby‡li wcÖq †bZv, wek¦bw›`Z gvwU©b jy_vi wKs‡qi g‡Zv Zuvi

RbMY‡K GKwU ¯‡cœi K_v (‘I have a dream’) ej‡Z nq, Zv‡`i‡K

¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ mk ¿ msMÖv‡gi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡Z wZwb G‡jb| gvÎ 18 wgwb‡Ui

GK fvlY ivL‡jb| wK PgrKvi e³e¨| †hgwb mviMf©, †ZR¯x I hyw³hy³,

†Zgwb wZh©K, Zxÿè I w`Kwb‡ ©kbvc~Y©| Ac~e© kã‰kjx, evK¨web¨vm I

Dc ’vcbv| GKvšÍB Avcb, wbR¯ ˆewkó¨gwÐZ| †hgbÑ ÔAvgv‡`i Avi `vev‡q

(`vwe‡q ev `vevBqv bq) ivL‡Z cviev bvÕ| e½eÜz Zuvi mswÿß fvl‡YÑ

cvwK Ív‡bi 23 eQ‡ii ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm I evOvwj‡`i Ae ’v e¨vL¨v, cvwK Ívb

iv‡óªi mv‡_ evOvwj‡`i ؇›Øi ¯iƒc Zz‡j aiv, Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg

e¨vL¨v I we ÍvwiZ Kg©m~wP †NvlYv, mviv evsjvq cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi wb‡ ©k,

cÖwZ‡iva msMÖvg †klvewa gyw³hy‡× iƒc †bqvi Bw½Z, kÎæi †gvKvwejvq †Mwijv

hy‡×i †KŠkj Aej¤b, †h †Kv‡bv D¯‹vwbi gy‡L mv¤cÖ vwqK m¤cÖxwZ eRvq ivLvi

civgk© `vb BZ¨vw` wKQzi ci †NvlYv K‡ib: Ò... N‡i-N‡i yM© M‡o †Zvj|

†Zvgv‡`i hv wKQz Av‡Q ZvB wb‡q kÎæi †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z n‡e... Gev‡ii msMÖvg

Avgv‡`i gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯vaxbZvi msMÖvg| Rq evsjv|Ó

G wQj GKRb `ÿ Kzkjxi mywbcyY e³e¨ Dc ’vcbv| we‡kl K‡i fvl‡Yi

†kl ch©v‡q wZwb ¯vaxbZvi K_v Ggbfv‡e D”PviY Ki‡jb hv‡Z †NvlYvi wKQz

evwKI _vKj bv, Aciw`‡K Zuvi weiæ‡× GKZidv ¯vaxbZvi †NvlYvi Awf‡hvM

DÌvcb KivI kvmK‡Mvôxi Rb¨ Av‡`Š mnR wQj bv| ‘The DailyTelegraph cwÎKvi cÖwZwbwa †WwfW †jvkvK XvKv †_‡K †cÖwiZ ‘The end ofthe old Pakistan’ wk‡ivbvghy³ GK cÖwZ‡e`‡b G m¤‡Ü gšÍe¨ K‡ib: ‘OnSunday (7B gvP©) Sheikh Mujib came as near to declaring this(¯vaxbZv) as he could without inviting immediate harsh reactionfrom the Army.’ (10 March 1971, p.14)|

e½eÜzÕi 7B gv‡P©i fvlY wQj e ‘Z evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZviB †NvlYv|

GKRb wew”QbœZvev`x †bZv wn‡m‡e †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i wKsev ewnwe©‡k¦ hv‡Z wPwýZ

bv nb, G e¨vcv‡i e½eÜz m`v mZK© wQ‡jb| Zvn‡j, mœvqyhy× Pjgvb wek¦

cwiw ’wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv AR©bB Am¤¢e n‡q uvovZ| Zuvi m¤§y‡L „óvšÍ

wQj Kxfv‡e bvB‡Rwiqvi †eqvd«v wew”QbœZvev`x Av‡›`vjb (1967-1970) e„nr

kw³i cÖZ¨ÿ mn‡hvwMZvq K‡Vvi n‡ Í `gb Kiv nq| ZvB e½eÜz wfbœ †KŠkj

Aej¤b K‡ib| Zuvi A¨v‡cÖvP n‡jv: †gRwiwU (evOvwj), gvBbwiwU (cwðg

cvwK Ívwb) †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡e †Kb? eis gvBbwiwUB ÔwmwmwWÕ K‡i‡Q ev

AvµgYKvixÑ GUvB cÖwZfvZ ev „ó †nvK ( ªóe¨: The Sunday Times, 7March 1971, p.9)| wbDR DBK g¨vMvwR‡b G wel‡q PgrKvi eY©bv wg‡j:

“A month ago, at a time when he was still publicly refrainingfrom proclaiming independence, Mujib privately told Newsweek’sLoren Jenkins that “there is no hope of salbaging the situation. Thecountry as we know it is finished.” But he waited for PresidentMohammed Yahya Khan to make the break. “We are the majority sowe cannot secede. They, the Westerners, are the minority, and it isupto them to secede.” (Poet of Politics, Newsweek, 5 April 1971).

e½eÜz Abym„Z G hyׇKŠkj m¤‡Ü mgi‡KŠkjx‡`i e³e¨ hv-B †nvK bv

†Kb, ivR‰bwZfv‡e †`L‡j 9 gv‡mi mk ¿ gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb wek¦ Rbg‡Zi

mg_©b Ges K~UbxwZ Dfq †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k msMÖv‡gi c‡ÿ Gi mydj cvIqv hvq|

e½eÜzÕi 7B gv‡P©i fvlY c„w_exi †kªô fvl‡Yi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| A‡b‡K G

fvlY‡K M„nhy‡× weaŸ Í Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsK‡bi 1863 mv‡ji

weL¨vZ †MwUmevM© e³…Zvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| Aveªvnvg wjsK‡bi †m

fvlYI wQj mswÿß (gvÎ 3 wgwbU) I wbR¯ ˆewkó¨gwÐZ| †cÖwÿZ wfbœ n‡jI

DfqB BwZnv‡mi g~j¨evb `wjj| wjsK‡bi K‡É aŸwbZ n‡jv MYZš¿ m¤‡Ü Zuvi

weL¨vZ Dw³: “The Government of the people, by the people andfor the people will never perish from the earth.” e½eÜz ej‡jb:

ÒmvZ †KvwU gvbyl‡K `vev‡q ivL‡Z cviev bv| Avgiv hLb gi‡Z wk‡LwQ ZLb

†KD Avgv‡`i `vev‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv|Ó

7B gv‡P©i fvlY e½eÜzÕi Agi iPbv, evOvwji gnvKve¨| G gnvKve¨

evOvwji nvRvi eQ‡ii msMÖv‡gi aviv I ¯vaxbZvi jvwjZ ¯cœ †_‡K DrmvwiZ|

GKgvÎ e½eÜzÕi c‡ÿB G gnvKve¨ iPbv m¤¢e wQj, †Kbbv wZwbB n‡jb G avivi

mv_©K iƒcKvi|

†jLK: RvZxq wbivcËv we‡kølK

m~Î: e½eÜz, wgRvbyi ingvb m¤úvw`Z

7B gvP©, 1971 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b HwZnvwmK fvlY †`b

wbix¶v

cÖ e Ü

. .

e`‡j hvIqvi K_vUv ejwQ ev ïbwQ A‡bKw`b †_‡KB| Ges mwZ¨ ZvB

mvsevw`KZv Avi Av‡Mi g‡Zv †bB| `ªæZZvi mv‡_ wVK msev`wU †`qvi Pig

cÖwZ‡hvwMZv AvR AbjvB‡b, cwÎKvq, †Uwjwfk‡b, †eZv‡i| Av‡Q mvgvwRK

gva¨‡gi mie Dcw¯’wZ| A‡b‡KB ej‡Z Pvb †h, mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© msev`gva¨g

KL‡bv e`jvq bv| e`jvq GB wek¦RMr| µgvMZ †m bZzb in‡m¨i D‡b¥l

NUvq| cÖwZw`b †m wbZ¨bZzb †Pnviv jvf K‡i| †mB †Pnvivi m‡½ `ªæZ Lvc

LvIqvi bvgB n‡e bZzb mvsevw`KZv| MYgva¨gKg©x‡`i cÖhyw³i mv‡_

Avgv‡`i mL¨Zv _vK‡ZB nq| wKš‘ mv¤cÖwZK mgqUv †hb †Kgb, cÖhyw³

Avgv‡`i †a‡q wb‡q hv‡”Q|

28

cÖhyw³i mv‡_ Avgv‡`i GB c_Pjvi Kvi‡Y cÖkœ IV‡Q mvsevw`KZvi

wk¶v ev cÖwk¶Y wK †KejB †Kv‡bv GKwU MYgva¨‡g GKwU PvKwi cvIqv

bvwK GB AvaywbK hy‡M m„Rbkxj †Kv‡bv wWwRUvj cÖwk¶Y? G weZK© GLb

bvbv †`‡k| Avi GB e`‡j hvIqv ev bZzb ai‡bi mvsevw`KZvq e`‡j hv‡”Q

evZ©vK‡¶i †Pnviv| G‡Z evZ©vK‡¶ †hgb Kg‡Q Kg©xi msL¨v, †Zgwb

cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri aib ev f‚wgKv|

cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi MYgva¨g m¤cwK©Z cÖwk¶Y cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi

†jLv‡jwLi w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`wL Zviv aviYv w`‡”Q, AvMvgxi evZ©vK¶ n‡e

Ggb †hLv‡b e¨e¯’vcbv ch©v‡q _vK‡e Kg †jvK, cÖ‡hvRbv ch©v‡q Kg‡e

Kg©x, mbvZbx A¨vmvBwbs Re Kg‡e| bZzb-bZzb me c` ˆZwi n‡e| †hgb,

AwW‡qÝ Gbvwj÷, Gb‡MR‡g›U GwWUi, †÷vwi †Uwjs †KvP Ges Kb‡U›U

÷ª v‡UwR÷| AvMvgxi evZ©vK‡¶ Giv mevB n‡e wWwRUvj †Kw›`ªK Ges G‡`i

mevB KwgDwbwU Kv‡bKUim ev gvby‡li mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ivLvi m„Rbkxj

`¶Zvi AwaKvix n‡eb|

Zvn‡j GLb †h wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡q ev cÖwZôv‡b mvsevw`KZv cov‡bv

n‡”Q Zv Kx e`jv‡e? hw` GB wk‡íi ÔAvMvgxi evZ©vK¶Õ ev ÍeZv n‡q _v‡K,

Zvn‡j Gi wk¶vi aib e`jv‡Z eva¨| †h `yÕwU w`‡K GB wk¶vq bRi †`qv

n‡Z cv‡iÑ Zvi GKwU n‡jv, wk¶v_©x‡`i hZUv †ewk wWwRUvj †Kw›`ªK K‡i

M‡o †Zvjv hvq, hvi ïiæ Ggb †`L‡Z cvw”Q| Av‡iKwU n‡jv, evZ©vK‡¶i

mbvZbx †h aviYvUv Av‡Q G‡`i g‡b, Zv †f‡O †`qv|

A‡bK †ewk we‡kølYx `¶Zvi AwaKvix n‡eb AvMvgxi evZ©vK‡¶i

Kg©xiv| †hgb, KwgDwbwU Kb‡U›U GwWUi‡K eyS‡Z n‡e cvVK-†kªvZv ev

MYgva¨‡gi evwY‡R¨ Zv‡`i _vK‡e

f‚wgKv| mvsevw`KivI GKUv mgq

n‡q DV‡eb cÖwZôv‡bi ivR¯^

Avni‡Yi gva¨g| Z‡e wbðq

mvsevw`KZvi bxwZ-ˆbwZKZvi K_v

fz‡j wM‡q bq

AvMvgxi evZ©vK¶

ˆmq` BkwZqvK †iRv

29

`k©‡Ki Pvwn`v wK, Zv we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv, Avi Zvi Rb¨ Zvi `iKvi,

I‡qe †gwUª· m¤c‡K© aviYv| Gb‡MR‡g›U GwWUi e¨ Í _vK‡eb

mvgvwRK gva¨g wb‡q, wK ai‡bi K¬y cvIqv hv‡”Q Gme gva¨‡g| Gi

evB‡i Zvi KvR _vK‡e, gv‡K©wUs, B‡f›U cwiKíbv Kiv BZ¨vw`-BZ¨vw`|

evZ©vK‡¶i meviB _vK‡Z n‡e gvwëcøvUdg© †cÖvWvKkb m¤c‡K© aviYv|

cÖwZôv‡bi mdjZvq Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB n‡eb `¶ wecYb Kg©x| Avi

ZvB mvsevw`KZv †kLv‡bvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i wm‡jevm wb‡q fve‡Z

n‡e| †hme `¶Zv _vKv G‡Kev‡i Riæwi n‡q DV‡e Zvn‡jv, gvwëwgwWqv

†÷vwi †Uwjs| Kbfvi‡RÝ wgwWqvi aviYvq GKB e¨w³ GKB Qv‡`i wb‡P

AbjvB‡b wjL‡eb, †iwWI‡Z KÉ †`‡eb, wUwfÕi Rb¨ dz‡URmn c¨v‡KR

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†mB GKB e¨w³| DcvË msMÖn Ges

cwimsL¨vb Rvbvi `¶Zv, we‡kølYx ¶gZv|

GKUv mgq cwÎKvq mvK©z‡jkb wefvM

ev me gva¨‡gB gv‡K©wUs e‡j hv wQj Zv

n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i AwW‡qÝ †W‡fjc‡g›U

wefvM hvi KvR n‡e AbjvBb e¨e ’vcbv,

AwW‡q‡Ýi AvPiY wb‡q msMÖn Kiv DcvË

we‡kølY Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ B›Uv‡i± Kiv|

MYgva¨‡gi evwY‡R¨ Zv‡`i _vK‡e

f‚wgKv| mvsevw`KivI GKUv mgq n‡q

IV‡eb cÖwZôv‡bi ivR¯ Avni‡Yi gva¨g|

Z‡e wbðq mvsevw`KZvi bxwZ-ˆbwZKZvi

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KvR Ki‡eb, A‡bK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb,

ZvB †QvU n‡q Avm‡e evZ©vK‡¶i AvKvi|

Zvn‡j wK mvsevw`KZvq Kg© ms¯’v‡bi

my‡hvM K‡g hv‡e? welqwU G‡Kev‡iB Zv

bq e‡jB g‡b Ki‡Qb we‡klÁiv| KviY,

mvsevw`KZv Rv‡b Ggb e¨w³i Kv‡Ri

Pvwn`v MYgva¨‡gi evB‡iI _vK‡e| ZvB

mvsevw`KZv wk¶vi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wk¶v_©x‡`i ˆZwi Ki‡eb Kb‡U›U

†cÖvwWDmvi wn‡m‡e, msev`gva¨‡gi Kg©x wn‡m‡e bq ïay|

†Kgb n‡e AvMvgxi evZ©vK‡¶i Kv‡Ri aib? KwgDwbwU Kb‡U›U

GwWU‡ii KvR n‡e cvVK-`k©K ev †kªvZv‡`i Pvwn`v we‡kølY Kiv Ges

Zv‡`i Rb¨ Kb‡U›U ˆZwi‡Z f‚wgKv ivLv| Gme Kb‡U‡›U _vK‡e Z_¨ I

msev`, Qwe, wfwWI Ges eøM| Avi Gme cY¨ ev AvB‡Ug gvby‡li Kv‡Q

†cuŠ‡Q †`qv ev Gi cÖfve m¤c‡K© aviYv wb‡Z cvU©bviwkc wb‡q KvR

Ki‡eb Kb‡U›U GwWUi|

Kb‡U›U †Kv‡Pi KvR wi‡cvU©vi‡`i mv‡_| Zv‡`i cwiPvjbv I

ZË¡veavb| Avi Av‡Q cwiKíbv hv‡Z cÖwZwU wi‡cvU©vi ev K¨v‡givcvimb

D”Pgv‡bi msev` cwi‡ekb K‡i cÖwZôvb‡K mg„× K‡ib| Gm‡ei g‡a¨

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fv‡jv Qwe, fv‡jv Dc¯’vcbv| cÖwZwU A¨vmvBb‡g›U †`qvi Av‡M Avi KvR

mgvwßi ci, Kb‡U›U †Kv‡Pi civgk© eo f‚wgKv ivL‡e|

Gb‡MR‡g›U GwWUi †h `k©K, cvVK ev †kªvZvi Rb¨ cÖwZôvb KvR

Ki‡Q, Zv‡`i Ici †Kgb cÖfve ivL‡Q Gme Kb‡U›U Zv wb‡q KvR

Ki‡eb| bRi ivL‡eb mvgvwRK gva¨‡gi w`‡K| GQvov evB‡i †_‡K

Avmv Kb‡U›U, †Kv‡bv welq wb‡q weZK© Zwi n‡j †mLv‡b cÖwZôv‡bi n‡q

f‚wgKv ivLv Zvi KvR| wewfbœ †kªwY-†ckvi gvby‡li m‡½ m¤cK© ivL‡Z

†Kv‡bv B‡f›U Av‡qvRb ev mvgvwRK gva¨‡g mwµq _vKvi KvRwUI Zvi|

AvMvgxi evZ©vK‡¶ †ewk mwµq f‚wgKv _vK‡e msev` mnKvix‡`i;

Zvi `vwqZ¡ g~jZ cÖwZwU msev` ev Ab¨ AvB‡Ug cwieZ©b-cwiea©b, bZzb

K‡i mvRv‡bv, wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© B‡f‡›U cÖwZôv‡bi msev` cwi‡ekbvq

we‡klZ¡ wbwðZ Kiv, †cÖm ev wbDR wiwjR ciL Kiv| Avi GLb †hme

KvR Ki‡Qb wi‡cvU©vi, d‡UvMÖvdvi ev K¨v‡givcvimb, evZ©v m¤cv`Kiv,

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Z_¨m~Î

1. Butler, Patrick (Eds) (2009). Journalism Ethics:The Global Debate, Washington: The InternationalCenter for Journalists.

2. Habermas, Jürgen (1991). The StructuralTransformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiryinto a Category of Bourgeois Society, translated byThomas Burger with Frederick Lawrence.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

3. Haq, Fahmidul (2015). Online Journalism in theDeveloping World: the Case of Bangladesh inBrusila, Riitta; Juntti-Henriksson; Ann-Kristin &Vanhanen, Hannu (Eds.), Integrated Media inChange, Lapland University Press, Tampere.

4. Mitchell, Amy (2015). State of the News Media2015, Pew Research Center, [Online] Available athttp://www.journalism.org/2015/04/29/state-of-the-news-media-2015/ [11 September, 2015].

5. Owen, Laura Hazard (2015). “Behind every tweetis a story,” and journalists’ other advice for newjournalism students, Neiman Lab [online],Available at: http://www.niemanlab.org/ 2015/08/behind-every-tweet-is-a-story-and-journalists-other-advice-for-new-journalism-students/ [19August, 2015].

6. Online (2015, May). 80pc Bangladesh Internetusers on Facebook, available at: www.thedai-lystar.net [22 July, 2015).

7. Rosenstiel, Tom (2015). News as collaborativeintelligence: Correcting the myths about news inmyths-digital-age-rosenstiel/rosenstiel.pdf [23July, 2015].

8. Zubair Khan, Muhammad; Gilani, Dr. Ijaz Shafi;Nawaz, Dr. Allah (2012). From Habermas Modelto New Public Sphere: A Paradigm Shift, GlobalJournal of Human Social Science, Vol 12 Issue 5Version 1.0.

9. The digital age, Centre for Effective PublicManagement at Brookings, (Online), Availbale:http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/06/30-collaborative-intelligence-

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c„.-78

7. bdnews24.com, December 24th, 2009, ‘Internet users rising 3pct a year’ 8. Bentley, Clyde, H (2008), ‘Citizen Journalism: Back to the Future?’, Discussion

paper prepared for the Carnegie?Knight Conference on the Future of Journalism,Cambridge, MA June 20?21, 2008.

9. Dominick, Joseph R. (2009-10th Edition) The Dynamics of Mass Communications,McGraw-Hill, Boston.

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11. http://www.inwent-iij-lab.org/projects/2010/wordpress/2010/bangladesh-starts-online-multimedia-journalism-practices/

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fvB ev †evb|

e„nr cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv

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D‡VwQj|

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m¤¢vebvmg~n D‡V G‡m‡Q avivevwnK I Aweivg MwZ‡Z| †hgb,

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K‡ib| mgv‡Ri bvbv mgm¨v wZwb Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb Qwe I eY©bvi

gva¨‡g| †ckv`vi mvsevw`K bv n‡qI wR‡Z wb‡q‡Qb cyi¯‹vi|

AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq wZwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Qb|

`yB cywjk Kg©KZ©v KZ©„K GK evm WªvBfvi‡K †cUv‡bvi GK

NUbvi wPÎ aviY K‡i Rbm¤§y‡L wb‡q G‡m Zv‡`i wePv‡ii

wbix¶v

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi aviYv mvsevw`KZvi

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mvsevw`Kiv KvR Ki‡eb, GgbUv bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

eis wekvj msL¨K A‡ckv`vi ev bvMwiK mvsevw`K

n‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib H msev` cÖwZôv‡bi g~j ˆewkó¨

39

m¤§yLxb K‡iwQ‡jb Iqv‡qj AveŸvm| Avgv‡`i hvwcZ Rxe‡bi cÖvq

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hw` †mvm¨vj wgwWqv wKsev g~javivi †Kv‡bv msev`gva¨‡g duvm K‡i †`qv

hvq, Zvn‡j Kx iKg n‡e †f‡e †`Lyb!

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi wbDBq‡K© 2001 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤i gv‡m Iqvì© †UªW

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Ggwb‡Z g~javivi MYgva¨g bvbv wel‡q G‡RÛv †mU K‡i _v‡K| Avie

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g~javivi msev`gva¨‡gi wb‡R‡`i G‡RÛv‡KB cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q mvaviY

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msMÖn I cwi‡ek‡b †ckv`vi Ges bvMwiK mvsevw`Kiv c_ P‡j‡Qb

GKmv‡_; G‡K Ac‡ii Ici wbf©i K‡i‡Qb, KvR K‡i‡Qb G‡K Ac‡ii

cwic~iK wn‡m‡e|

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi aviYv mvsevw`KZvi Kb‡fbkb¨vj a¨vb-

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msL¨K A‡ckv`vi ev bvMwiK mvsevw`K n‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib H msev`

cÖwZôv‡bi g~j ˆewkó¨| GgbB GKwU msev` cÖwZôvb n‡jv `wÿY

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cÖwZôv‡bi `k©b n‡”Q ‘Every citizen is a reporter’, A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K

bvMwiKB GKRb wi‡cvU©vi| cÖwZôvbwUi 40R‡bi g‡Zv Kb‡fbkb¨vj

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fvMB mvaviY bvMwiK| G cÖwZôvbwUi eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 50,000 cÖ vqK

cÖwZ‡e`K i‡q‡Qb, huviv `wÿY †Kvwiqvi MYZvwš¿K ivRbxwZ PP©vi

cÖwµqvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Qb|

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Rvb©vwjRg, †Kvjv‡ev‡iwUf Rvb©vwjRg A_ev †mvm¨vj Rvb©vwjR‡g

Kb‡mÞ¸‡jv wb‡q Ab¨ †jLvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

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Z‡e h‡_ó mveavbZv Aej¤b bv Ki‡j wn‡ZwecixZ n‡Z cv‡i|

g~javivi msev`gva¨‡gi mvsevw`KZv PP©vq †h kãwU mvsevw`K I `k©K-

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Pvb †h, GKgvÎ cÖwkÿYcÖvß †ckv`vi mvsevw`KivB Ôe ‘wbôfv‡eÕ

mvsevw`KZv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G mskq LyeB ¯vfvweK| Z‡e g~javivi

mvsevw`KivB KZUzKz e¯‘wbôZv eRvq †i‡L mvsevw`KZv K‡ib Zv wb‡qI

cÖkœ †Zvjv m¤¢e| †ckv`vwiZ¡ Avi e¯‘wbôZv GK welq bq|

†ckv`vwi‡Z¡i `ÿZvq Avgiv †`wL cwðgv A‡bK msev` gva¨g Zv‡`i

wbR¯ A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK ¯v‡_©i AbyK~‡j wek¦ msev` I

Z_¨cÖevn‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i P‡j‡Qb| cwðg cÖwZwbqZ c~e©‡K wewbg©vY K‡i

P‡j‡Q| GK‡c‡k I weK…Z ev ÍeZv Dc¯’vc‡bi e`bvg g~javivi

msev`gva¨‡gi eûw`‡bi|

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvq msev` cÖwZ‡e`‡bi ¸Yv¸Y wb‡qI A‡bK

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GUv †evSvi mvg_© bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡`i AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î †bB e‡j

mgv‡jvPbv Av‡Q| Digital Journalist bv‡gi GKwU I‡qe g¨vMvwR‡bi

m¤úv`Kxq‡Z bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi `ye©j w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡i ÔbvMwiK

mvsevw`KÕ kã hyM‡ji RvqMvq bvMwiK msev` msMÖvnK ev CitizenNews Gatherer e¨env‡ii civgk© †`qv n‡q‡Q|

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvq AvBwb RwUjZv †gvKv‡ejvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K

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GWIqvW© wMÖbevM© e‡j‡Qb, †ckv`vi mvsevw`K‡`i Av`vjZ msµvšÍ SuywK

†gvKv‡ejvi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| cÖwZwU mf¨ iv‡óª Ggb wKQz AvBb

_v‡K, †hLv‡b mvsevw`K‡`i wbivcËv I Z_¨m~Î †Mvcb ivLvi AwaKvi

msiÿY Kiv nq| G myweav ïaygvÎ †ckv`vi ¯xK…Z cÖwZôv‡bi

mvsevw`KivB †c‡q _v‡Kb|

cwi‡kl: g~javivi mvsevw`KZvi nvRviUv `ye©jZv, mgv‡jvPbv Kiv

hvq, Av‡QI| kZfvM e¯‘wbôZv I †ckv`vwiZ¡ wb‡q g~javivi

msev`gva¨‡g KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cÖgvYmn ejv hv‡e,

B‡”Q K‡iB g~javivi msev`gva¨g †ckv`vwi‡Z¡i †gvo‡K cÿcvZ`yó

mvsevw`KZv K‡i| mvsevw`‡Ki wbR¯ `„wófw½, msev` cÖwZôv‡bi

A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK cwjwm, miKvwi bvbv Pvc, Ki‡cv‡iU ¯v_©

BZ¨vw` bvbvgyLx Amvsevw`Kxq Dcv`v‡b msev` Zvi g~j¨ nvivq| d‡j,

mvsevw`KZvi Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e Kivi kw³‡K `vwe‡q ivLvi †Kv‡bv c_

†bB| bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi Awbevh© kw³‡K Dcjwä K‡i g~javivi

mvsevw`K, MYgva¨‡gi KZ©ve¨w³iv hZ †ewk bvMwiK‡`i mvsevw`KZv

cÖwµqvq m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ZZ †ewkB msev`gva¨g n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i

mgv‡Ri Avmj `c©Y|

†jLK: mnKvix Aa¨vcK, Rvb©vwjRg A¨vÛ wgwWqv ÷vwWR wefvM,

Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq

40

wcAvBweÕi cÖKvkbv

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wfwWI Avc‡jvW Ki‡Q BDwUD‡e| Gme m~Î †_‡K Zver ywbqv NUbvi

Av‡`¨vcvšÍ Rvb‡Z cvi‡Q| mgvR, ivóª wKsev AvšÍR©vwZK cwigЇj Gme

LeivLei mvov †dj‡Q| GgbwK IB Lei, Qwe, wfwWI AbymiY K‡i Av‡aq

mvRv‡”Q g~javivi MYgva¨g| G †Zv †Mj GKwU NUbv| GiKg eû NUbvi

bwRi Avgv‡`i †`‡kB Av‡Q| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i weKvk-we Ív‡ii

m‡½ m‡½ mvsevw`KZvq bvMwiK‡`i AskMÖnY evo‡Q| g~javivi MYgva¨‡gi

evB‡i mvaviY gvby‡li mwµq AskMÖn‡Y Z_¨ msMÖn, cÖwµqvKiY I Zv

41

cÖPv‡ii RbwcÖq GB avivwU ÔbvMwiK mvsevw`KZvÕ ev ÔwmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwjRgÕ

bv‡g cwiwPZ|

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mvsevw`KZv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi mvsevw`KZv Kivi Rb¨ PvB ¯xK…Z

MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb|

wKš‘ bv| wek¦ A‡bK `~i GwM‡q †M‡Q| AKíbxqfv‡e GwM‡q‡Q Z_¨ I

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aib| GLb mevB wjL‡Z cv‡i| Qwe cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| cv‡i wfwWI cÖPvi

Ki‡Z| Z‡e Zvi Rb¨ nv‡Z _vKv PvB Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³| G cÖm‡½

wbD wgwWqv I wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwjR‡gi L¨vwZgvb we‡klÁ W¨vb wMj‡gv‡ii

e³e¨ ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i: wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM

_vK‡j †h †KD mvsevw`K e‡b †h‡Z cv‡ib (Gillmor, 2004)|

†ckv`vwi mvsevw`KZvi evB‡i mvaviY gvby‡li GB ¯^Ztù~Z©

mvsevw`KZv‡K bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv e‡j| eZ©gvb mg‡qi eûj Av‡jvwPZ

GB aviYvwU‡K bvbv bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| †hgb: ÔcvewjK Rvb©vwjRgÕ,

ÔcvwU©wm‡cUwi Rvb©vwjRgÕ, Ô†W‡gv‡µwUK Rvb©vwjRgÕ, Ô†Mwijv Rvb©vwjRgÕ,

w÷ªU Rvb©vwjRgÕ, ÔI‡cb †mvm© Rvb©vwjRgÕ cÖf…wZ| bvg hv-B †nvK, g~j

aviYv ev KvR GKB| bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv n‡jvÑÔAe `¨ wccj, evB `¨

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bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv n‡jv RbM‡Yi mvsevw`KZv|

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bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv

m¤¢vebv I ksKv

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wµm DBwj‡mi fvl¨, bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvq msev` I Z_¨

msMÖn, cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi, we‡kølY Ges Zv cÖPv‡ii cÖwµqvq

bvMwi‡Kiv mwµq f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib (Bowman & Willis,2003)|

Rqwm wb‡ci g‡Z, bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv‡K GKwU cÖwµqv

wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq, †hLv‡b Av‡aq msMÖn, Drcv`b I

cÖPv‡ii cy‡iv `vwqZ¡¡ mvaviY gvbyl cvjb K‡ib (Nip, 2010)|

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bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv e‡j (Rosen,2008)|

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m~ÎcvZ N‡U‡Q|

ivW‡mi Ggb ch©‡eÿY AviI

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mvsevw`KZvi †gŠwjK welq¸‡jv GKB

n‡jI bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv wfbœ D‡Ïk¨ I

Av`k© Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq (Radsch,2013)|

†evg¨vb I DBwj‡mi fvl¨, MYZ‡š¿i

cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯vaxb, wbi‡cÿ, wbf©i‡hvM¨,

e ‘wbô, e¨vcKwfwËK I cÖvmw½K Z_¨ mieivn Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨B

bvMwi‡Kiv mvsevw`KZvq Ask †bb (Bowman & Willis,2003)|

MYgvby‡li KÉ wn‡m‡e KvR Kivi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡K mvg‡b

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GLv‡b Av‡Q wbqš¿Y, Av‡Q Ô†mjd-†mÝiÕ| Gme Kvi‡Y

cÖ_vMZ MYgva¨g wb‡q bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ PvIqv-cvIqvi NvUwZ

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cÖhyw³ bvbv m¤¢vebvi Acvi `yqvi Ly‡j †`q| my¯úó K‡i ej‡j,

B›Uvi‡bU bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv‡K mnR K‡i w`‡q‡Q, cÖwZwôZ

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kw³|

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mvsevw`KZvi D‡b¥l N‡U (Gillmor, 2006; Allan &Thorson, 2009)| 21 kZ‡K G‡m Zv we¯§qKifv‡e we Ívi

jvf K‡i|

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†M‡Q mgq I ’vbMZ `~iZ¡| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kj¨v‡Y wek¦ GLb

gvby‡li c‡K‡U| †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Qwo‡q hv‡”Q mvivwe‡k¦|

KvbvWxq MYgva¨gwPšÍK gvk©vj g¨vKjynvb GK ˆecøweK

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m‡Z¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GB †hvMv‡hvMwe‡`i ¯cœ‡K ev Íe iƒc

w`‡q‡Q B›Uvi‡bU|

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g‡bi fve Av`vb-cÖ vb K‡i|

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui DrcwËi g~j LyuR‡Z wd‡i ZvKv‡Z n‡e 20

kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡K| IB mgq †ekwKQz `„k¨gvb M‡elYv jÿ¨

Kiv hvq| D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv NUbv N‡U 1969 mv‡j| gvwK©b

cÖwZiÿv `߇i PviwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgš‡q cixÿvg~jKfv‡e

GKwU †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zvjv nq| †bUIqvK©wU ÔAvicv‡bUÕ

(ARPANET) bv‡g cwiwPZ|

mˇii `k‡K Avicv‡bU AviI weKwkZ n‡q B›Uvi‡b‡U

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Rvcv‡b cÖ_g evwYwR¨K †mjyjvi †bUIqvK© hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|

1982 mv‡j UvBg mvgwqKx Kw¤úDUvi‡K Ô†gwkb Ae `¨

BqviÕ †NvlYv K‡i| c‡ii eQi Avicv‡bU I Ab¨ Kw¤úDUvi

†bUIqv‡K©i Av`k© cÖ‡UvKj wn‡m‡e wUwmwc I AvBwc M„nxZ nq|

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wbix¶v

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi bv‡g A‡bK mgq mwnsmZv, eY©ev`, DMÖev`,

†hŠbZv, mv¤úª vwqKZv Dm‡K †`qv nq| GB ai‡bi AcPP©v mgvR

I mf¨Zvi Rb¨ gvivZ¥K cwiYwZ †W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i|

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†kÖwY-†ckvi gvby‡li Kɯi n‡q DV‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| cvi‡Qb bv

mevB‡K Uvb‡Z

42

†W‡gBb †bBg wm‡÷g (wWGbGm) cÖwZwôZ nq| 1987 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi

b¨vkbvj mvBÝ dvD‡Ûkb (GbGmGd) cÖ_g D”PMwZi B›Uvi‡bU

e¨vK‡evb ˆZwi K‡i|

1991 mv‡j Iqvì©IqvBW I‡qe (WorldWideWeb-WWW)

cÖKí cÖKvwkZ nq| 1993 mv‡j B›Uvi‡bU‡K evwYwR¨K Kv‡R Db¥y³ K‡i

†`Iqv nq (Naughton, 2000)|

1994 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi †cbwmjfvwbqvi †mvqv_©‡gvi K‡j‡Ri QvÎ

Rvw÷b wnj cÖ_g eøM ˆZwi K‡ib| Zuvi mgmvgwqK Av‡iK eøMvi †Rwi

cyi‡bj|

1995 mv‡j †dWv‡ij †bUIqvwK©s KvDwÝj me©m¤§Zfv‡e

ÔB›Uvi‡bUÕ cÖZ¨qwU‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i GKwU cÖ Íve cvm K‡i| G eQ‡ii

19 GwcÖj hy³iv‡óªi IKjv‡nvgv wmwU‡Z †evgv nvgjv nq| IB NUbvi

ZvrÿwYK Z_¨ †c‡Z gvbyl B›Uvi‡b‡U †PvL iv‡L|

1997 mv‡j GK cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv nq, hy³ivóª I KvbvWvq B›Uvi‡bU

e¨enviKvixi msL¨v 50 wgwjq‡biI †ewk|

1997 mv‡ji 17 wW‡m¤^i Rb© evR©vi cÖ_g ÔI‡qeeøMÕ

(Webblog) kãeÜ e¨envi K‡ib| 1999 mv‡j GB kãeÜwU‡K

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eøM-KwgDwbwU|

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AMÖMwZ e¨w³, cÖwZôvb, mgvR, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZmn me‡ÿ·K

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eo ai‡bi cwieZ©b Av‡m| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kj¨v‡Y GB `k‡Ki †k‡li

A‡a©K mg‡q wek¦Ry‡o AbjvBb MYgva¨‡gi e¨vcK weKvk I we Ívi N‡U|

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†gŠwjK AwaKv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q B›Uvi‡bU|

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nvgjvi †cÖÿvc‡U AbjvBb I bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv GKUv bZzb gvÎv

cvq| cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x wKsev fz³‡fvMxi KvQ †_‡K NUbvi weeiY, Qwe I

wfwWI cvIqvi e¨vcv‡i gvby‡li g‡a¨ AvMÖn †e‡o hvq| 2003 mv‡ji

BivK hy‡×i mgq GB Pvwn`v AviI ev‡o| KviY, ZLb g~javivi cwðgv

MYgva¨‡gi Ici gvbyl GK`gB Av ’v ivL‡Z cviwQj bv|

Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Afvebxq AMÖMwZi avivevwnKZvq 2004

mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g †dmeyK| †dmey‡Ki

RbwcÖqZv GLb Zz‡½| 2015 mv‡ji Z…Zxq cÖvwšÍ‡K cÖKvwkZ Z_¨

Abyhvqx, gvwmK †dmeyK e¨enviKvixi msL¨v 155 †KvwUi †ewk| Gi

g‡a¨ ïay †gvevBj †dv‡b †dmeyK e¨envi K‡i 139 †KvwU e¨enviKvix|

cÖwZw`b †dmeyK e¨envi K‡i 100 †KvwU gvbyl (07 b‡f¤i 2015,

cÖ_g Av‡jv)|

B‡gR I wfwWI †nvw÷s mvBU wd¬Kvi Av‡m 2004 mv‡j| 2015

mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi Z_¨ Abyhvqx, wd¬Kvi e¨enviKvixi msL¨v 11 †KvwU

Qvwo‡q‡Q| 2014 mv‡ji Z_¨ Abyhvqx, wd¬Kv‡i cÖwZw`b M‡o 10 jvL

Qwe †jb‡`b nq (13 †deªæqvwi 2014, hyMvšÍi)|

2005 mv‡j Pvjy nq wfwWI †kqvi Kivi mvBU BDwUDe| 2013

mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m BDwUDe 100 †KvwU e¨enviKvixi gvBjdjK AwZµg

K‡i (21 gvP© 2013, ewYK evZ©v)|

Ly‡` eøM (gvB‡µveøwMs) †jLvi I‡qemvBU UzBUv‡ii hvÎv ïiæ

2006 mv‡j| KZ…©c‡ÿi Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 2015 mv‡ji wW‡m¤i bvMv`

UzBUv‡ii gvwmK mwµq e¨enviKvixi msL¨v 32 †KvwU|

AbjvB‡b †gvevBj †_‡K Qwe I wfwWI †kqv‡ii A¨vwcø‡Kkb

Bb÷vMÖvg Pvjy nq 2010 mv‡j| RbwcÖq GB A¨v‡ci wbqwgZ

e¨enviKvixi msL¨v 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 40 †KvwU Qvwo‡q‡Q (27

†m‡Þ¤i 2015, ewYK evZ©v)|

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi DÌvb

mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ gva¨‡gi mnRcÖvc¨Zv Ges †gvevBj

†dv‡bi we¯Ívi mvsevw`KZvq bvMwiK‡`i e¨vcKwfwËK AskMÖn‡Yi

my‡hvM m„wó K‡i| we‡k¦ eo ai‡bi K‡qKwU msK‡Ui cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv AvšÍR©vwZK L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i| GB cÖm‡½ cÖ_‡gB

Av‡m 9/11-Gi K_v| GQvov 2004 mv‡j Gwkqvi mybvwg, 2005 mv‡j

jÛ‡b †evgv nvgjv, 2008 mv‡j gy¤vB‡q nvgjv, 2009 mv‡j Biv‡bi

†cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vPb, 2010 mv‡j nvBwZi f~wgK¤ú, cieZ©x mg‡q Avie

emšÍ, AKzcvB Iqvjw÷ªU, wmwiqvi M„nhy×, dv¸©m‡b Aw ’iZvi K_v

D‡jøL Kiv hvq| Gme msK‡Ui mgq g~javivi mvsevw`KZv‡K Qvwc‡q

hvq bvMwi‡Kiv| Zv‡`i cÖZ¨ÿ weeiY, Qwe, AwWI-wfwWI, †dmeyK

÷¨vUvm, UzBU cÖf…wZ mvsevw`KZvi †K‡›`ª P‡j Av‡m| bvMwiK

mvsevw`KivB n‡q I‡V ZvRv I G·K¬zwmf Z‡_¨i AvKi| Gme †ÿ‡Î

wcwQ‡q _vKv g~javivi MYgva¨gI bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡`i AbymiY Ges

Zv‡`i mieivn Kiv Av‡aq cÖPvi Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|

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we‡k¦ B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvixi msL¨v 320 †KvwU‡Z †cŠu‡Q‡Q (02 wW‡m¤i

2015, ewYK evZ©v)| B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvix GB wecyjmsL¨K mvaviY

gvbyl GLb AbjvB‡b Aejxjvq Zv‡`i gZvgZ I Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Q|

bvMwi‡Kiv msev` Ô†eªKÕ Ki‡Q| Zviv Ggb me welq cÖKv‡k¨ Avb‡Q, hv

GZw`b g~javivi MYgva¨‡g Ae‡nwjZ wQj A_ev ¯’vb-B †c‡Zv bv|

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w`‡”Q| Zviv Bmy¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i Bmy¨ RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK

G‡RÛvq cwiYZ n‡”Q|

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi Ggb DÌv‡b g~javivi mvsevw`KZv fxlY

iK‡gi Pv‡ci g‡a¨ Av‡Q| †KŠkj wba©viY wb‡q Zviv wPwšÍZ, wef³|

g~javivi A‡bK MYgva¨g GLb bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡`i †ek ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q|

Zv‡`i Ici Av¯’v ivL‡Q| Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z bvMwiK‡`i DrmvwnZ

Kiv n‡”Q| Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨ msev‡` e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q|

g~javivi MYgva¨‡gi msev‡` bvMwiK‡`i AskMÖnY †e‡oB Pj‡Q| Avevi

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MYgva¨g bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡`i Rb¨ c„_K mgq I ’vb

eivÏ Ki‡Q| wek¦Ry‡o GLb bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡`i RqRqKvi|

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Zzjbvg~jK wej‡¤ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gnvmo‡K hy³ nq evsjv‡`k| Avgv‡`i

†`‡k B›Uvi‡bU Av‡m 1993 mv‡j| 1996 mv‡ji Ry‡b evsjv‡`‡k

AbjvBb †bUIqv‡K©i cÖPjb ïiæ nq (Rahman, 2002)| Zvici mgq

hZ Mwo‡q‡Q, evsjv‡`k ZZ AvBwmwU-evÜe n‡q‡Q| GKzk kZ‡Ki bvbv

P¨v‡jÄ I m¤¢vebvi GK hyMmwÜÿ‡Y ÔwWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÕ Movi †NvlYv

w`‡q 2009 mv‡j ÿgZvq Av‡m AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…Z¡vaxb gnv‡RvU|

†`kiZœ †kL nvwmbvi IB †NvlYvi Ab¨Zg j¶¨ 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨

mviv‡`k‡K B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³i AvIZvq wb‡q Avmv (Hussain, 2009)|

cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbvi wePÿY †bZ…‡Z¡ Aí mg‡qi e¨eav‡b

ÔwWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÕ GLb ev ÍeZv| we‡k¦i Kv‡Q evsjv‡`k AvR GK

Ô†ivj-g‡WjÕ|

2000 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvixi msL¨v wQj GK

jvL| 2007 mv‡j 4 jvL 50 nvRvi| 2009 mv‡j 5 jvL 56 nvRvi|

2010 mv‡j 6 jvL 17 nvRvi| 2011 mv‡j GB msL¨v 55 jvL Qvovq|

2012 mv‡j 80 jvL 54 nvRvi| 2013 mv‡ji wW‡m¤‡i GB msL¨v 1

†KvwU 8 jvL 8 nvRv‡i DbœxZ nq (internetworldstats.com)|

evsjv‡`k †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM wbqš¿Y Kwgk‡bi (wewUAviwm) Z_¨

Abyhvqx, 2013 mv‡ji GwcÖj ch©šÍ †`‡k B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvixi msL¨v

wQj 3 †KvwU 30 jvL 43 nvRvi| Gi g‡a¨ 95 kZvsk gy‡Vv‡dv‡b

B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvix (31 May 2013, theindependentbd.com)|

2015 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K wewUAviwm Rvbvq, GB eQ‡ii A‡±ve‡i

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MÖvnKmsL¨v 5 †KvwU 46 jv‡L †cŠu‡Q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ †gvevBj

†dv‡b B›Uvi‡bU MÖvnKmsL¨v 5 †KvwU 23 jvL| GKB mg‡q †`‡k

†gvevBj e¨enviKvixi msL¨v 13 †KvwU 19 jvL (30 b‡f¤i 2015,

cÖ_g Av‡jv)| `¨ B›Uvi‡bU †mvmvBwU evsjv‡`‡ki XvKv kvLvi D‡`¨v‡M

ÔGwkqv B›Uvi‡bU wm‡¤úvwRqvg- 2015Õ kxl©K †mwgbv‡i D‡jøL Kiv nq,

†`‡k cÖvq 1 †KvwU 70 jvL gvbyl †dmeyK e¨envi K‡ib (11 A‡±vei

2015, cÖ_g Av‡jv)|

43

wbix¶v

evsjv‡`‡ki mgvRe¨e ’vq B›Uvi‡bU `viæY cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| kn‡ii

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I eøM M‡o D‡V‡Q|

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(epistemology)|

Z_¨m~Î

1. Allan, S. and Thorson, E. (eds.) (2009). CitizenJournalism: global perspectives, New York: Peter LangPublishing.

2. Bowman, S. and Willis, C. (2003). We media: how audi-ences are shaping the future of news and information.Reston, VA: American Press Institute.

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4. Hussain, D. (2009). Digital Bangladesh: virtual dreams,real lives. Retrieved from: http://www.opendemocracy.net

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8. Maher, V. (2005). ‘Citizen Journalism is Dead.’ (academicpaper) New Media Lab, School of Journalism & MediaStudies, Rhodes University, South Africa.

9. McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media. London:Routledge.

10. Naughton, J. (2000). A Brief History of the Future: TheOrigins of the Internet. Universities Press India.

11. Nip, J. Y. M. (2010). ‘Routinization of Charisma: TheInstitutionalization of Public Journalism Online.’ In JackRosenberry, Burton St John III (Eds.), Public Journalism2.0: The Promise and Reality of a Citizen Engaged Press,Routledge.

12. Radsch, C. C. (2013). ‘The Revolutions will be Blogged:Cyberactivism and the 4th Estate in Egypt.’ DoctoralDissertation, American University.

13. Rahman, S. (2002). Internet in Bangladesh. Retrievedfrom: www.e-mela.com

14. Rosen, J. (2008). A Most Useful Definition of CitizenJournalism. PressThink.

†jLK: mvsevw`K, cÖ_g Av‡jv

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. .

cÖ_vMZ mvsevw`KZvi evB‡i hviv Av‡Qb A_P msev‡`i m‡½ mivmwi _vK‡Z Pvb

Ggb †jvKRbB wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwj÷ ev bvMwiK mvsevw`K| Gai‡bi Z_¨

mieiv‡ni ga¨ w`‡qB bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi cÖPjb| Ab¨ K_vq, GwU‡K

cwic~iK mvsevw`KZvI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡ib mvsevw`KZvi

KvR Rvbv ev bv Rvbv †h †Kv‡bv bvMwiK|

wmwU‡Rb Rvbv©wjRg bvbv bv‡g cwiwPZ| †hgb MYmvsevw`KZv,

AskMÖnYg~jK mvsevw`KZv, MYZvwš¿K mvsevw`KZv, †Mwijv I c_ mvsevw`KZv|

Ae ’vUv Ggb n‡q‡Q †h, hviv GKmgq †kÖvZv/`k©K/cvVK wQj Zviv Avi

†mB mvwi‡Z _vK‡Z ivwR bq| ZvivI msev` RM‡Z wKQz GKUv f~wgKv ivL‡Z

46

Pvq| KL‡bv-KL‡bv g‡b nq, †ckvRxex mvsevw`K‡`i mxgve×Zvi RvqMvUzKz

†Pv‡L AvOzj w`‡q eywS‡q w`‡Z Pvq| GKvRUzKz K‡i PzcPvc e‡m _vK‡Qb bv,

†KD-†KD K…wZZ¡ fvMvfvwM K‡i wb‡Z †dmeyK, UzBUv‡i †Q‡o w`‡”Qb Z_¨-Qwe|

GKmgq wQj, NUbv †`‡L cwÎKv Awd‡m mgvR-m‡PZb bvMwiKiv †dvb

w`‡q Rvbv‡Zb †mK_v| GLb †mBUzKz mgq bó bv K‡i wbR `vwq‡Z¡ msev`

cwi‡ekb Ki‡Qb| Zv‡`i cÖvwZôvwbK †jLvcov nq‡Zvev †bB, †bB cÖ_vMZ

†Kv‡bv †Uªwbs wKsev w`Kwb‡ ©kbv| A_P AbjvB‡b Zv‡`i Dcw ’wZ ewjô| hvi

d‡j, eo-eo msev` ms ’v¸‡jv (wewewm, wmGbGb) mvgvwRK MYgva¨‡gÑ

†dmeyK I UzBUviÑ wb‡R‡`i Ae ’vb wVK ivLvi Rb¨ D‡Vc‡o †j‡M‡Q| Ae ’vUv

uvwo‡q‡Q Ggb †h, mvgvwRK MYgva¨gB AbjvB‡b †bZ…‡Z¡i RvqMvUv `Lj K‡i

†dj‡e|

eZ©gvb AvaywbK we‡k¦ msev`evwY‡R¨ me‡P‡q Av‡jvwPZ welq wmwU‡Rb

Rvb©vwjRg| fvwe‡q Zz‡j‡Q bZzb e¨emvqx‡`iI| AMÖR A‡b‡K welqwU‡K †Zgb

cvËv w`‡”Qb bv| hw`I †KD-†KD B‡Zvg‡a¨B G wb‡q KvR Ki‡Qb|

evsjv‡`‡k Aek¨ Gi †Quvqv †j‡M‡Q| we‡kl-we‡kl NUbvi wfwWI K‡i

msev`gva¨‡g cvVv‡bv, AbjvBb cwÎKvq eøM Pvjy BZ¨vw` KvRK‡g©i g‡a¨ mxgve×

Av‡Q| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myev‡` mvgvwRK MYgva¨g †dmeyK, UzBUvi, BDwUDe

BZ¨vw`‡Z PU K‡i UvUKv NUbvi Rvbvb †`q Giv| Kg eqmxiv GKvRwU mn‡R

Ges ZvovZvwo Ki‡Z cv‡i| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui cÖmvi I wbD wgwWqvi (AvB‡dvb,

†gvevBj †dv‡b AwWI-wfwWI †iKwW©s) wbZ¨bZzb ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j, msev`

Av`vb-cÖ vb, Z_¨ cwi‡ekb mnR n‡q hv‡”Q| bvMwiKiv wb‡Ri ARv‡šÍB bvgwU

evsjv‡`kmn c„w_exi DbœZ

†`k¸‡jv‡Z bvbvfv‡e wmwU‡Rb

Rvb©vwjR‡gi KvRwU n‡”Q|

evsjv‡`‡k Rbeûj I †jLvcov Rvbv

†jvKR‡bi msL¨v h‡_ó nIqvq,

mvsevw`KZvi GB bZzb kvLvwUi

PURjw` cÖmvi nIqvi m¤¢vebv cÖPzi

wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwjRg

mvsevw`KZvi MYZš¿vqb

I bZzb P¨v‡jÄ

Kz`iZ-B-gIjv

47

wjwL‡q †dj‡Qb mvsevw`‡Ki ZvwjKvq| k‡Li e‡k cvVv‡bv wi‡cvU©, we‡kl

K‡i WKz‡g›Uvwi, †ckv`vi mvsevw`KZv‡K gy‡LvgywL uvo Kiv‡”Q|

hvi d‡j, mvgvwRK MYgva¨‡g DˇivËi kw³kvjx f~wgKv wb‡q †d‡j‡Q

Zviv| ZvQvov, AbjvBb cvVK-msL¨vi w`K †_‡K †dmeyK Zz‡½

(evsjv‡`kmn wek¦e¨vcx A¨v‡j·v i¨vw¼s‡q †dmeyK wØZxq ’v‡b, ¸Mj GK

b¤‡i) _vKvq, me cwÎKvi AbjvBb fvm©b, AbjvBb cwÎKv, GgbwK wUwfÕi

AbjvBb fvm©b¸‡jvI Zv‡`i AvKl©Yxq msev`¸‡jv PURjw` †dmey‡K †`qvi

†Póv K‡i| G †hb, A‡NvwlZ kvwšÍc~Y© msev`-hy×|

evsjv‡`kmn c„w_exi DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z bvbvfv‡e wmwU‡Rb

Rvb©vwjR‡gi KvRwU n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k Rbeûj I †jLvcov Rvbv †jvKR‡bi

msL¨v h‡_ó nIqvq, mvsevw`KZvi GB bZzb kvLvwUi PURjw` cÖmvi nIqvi

m¤¢vebv cÖPzi| Z‡e av‡c-av‡c GB KvRwU wbqggvwdK Kiv hvq| †m aviYv

w`‡q‡Qb c‡q›Uvi Bbw÷wUD‡Ui cÖv³b wmwbqi GwWUi Ges ¯‡NvwlZ

AbjvBb MYgva¨‡gi cw_K…r w÷f AvDwUs Zuvi ÔBj¨v‡fb †jqvi Ae

wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwjRgÕ wbe‡Ü| Zuvi „wó‡KvY †_‡K welqwU †`L‡j mn‡R

†evSv hv‡e, Avgiv †Kv_vq AvwQ †Kvb c‡_ †M‡j mvwe©Kfv‡e fv‡jv dj

cvIqv hv‡e :

1.MYgva¨‡g Rbmvavi‡Yi gZvgZ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv: G ai‡bi cÖ‡Póv

cwÎKv¸‡jvi cvV‡Ki cvZvq eû eQi a‡i P‡j Avm‡Q, †iwWIÕ‡Z A‡bK

Av‡M †_‡K Ges wUwfÕ‡Z n‡”Q|

2.wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwj‡÷i cvVv‡bv Z_¨ msev``vZvi gh©v`v w`‡q Kv‡R

jvMv‡bv: mvaviY bvMwiK‡`i MYgva¨‡g msev` ev Qwe cvVv‡bvi cÖeYZv ev

nvi evsjv‡`‡k Kg| †hUzKz cvIqv hv‡”Q Zv mxwgZ AvKv‡i e¨envi n‡”Q

cÖvB‡fU wUwf P¨v‡bj¸‡jv‡Z| Z‡e G‡`i A‡b‡KB e¨wZµgag©x Qwe ev

dz‡UR cwÎKv ev wUwfÕ‡Z bv w`‡q eø‡M ev mvgvwRK MYgva¨‡g †Q‡o w`‡”Q|

3. gyy³ Drm cÖwZ‡e`b: cÖwZ‡e`K wb‡Ri wi‡cvU© †jLvi mgq mswkøó

bvMwiK mvsevw`‡Ki Z_¨ ev gZvgZ wb‡q cÖwZ‡e`‡bi m‡½ Ry‡o w`‡Z

cv‡i| GgbwK RvqMv we‡k‡l Zv‡K w`‡qB cÖwZ‡e`bwU Kiv‡bv| hy³iv‡óªi

g‡Zv cÖhyw³‡Z GwM‡q †`k¸‡jv- †hLv‡b bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi e¨vcK cÖmvi

N‡U‡Q- †mme †`‡k Gai‡bi Abykxjb n‡”Q|

4. bvMwiK mvsevw`K eøM: bvMwiK‡`i mvsevw`KZvq Rov‡bvi me‡P‡q

mnR Dcvq n‡”Q cwÎKvi AbjvBb fvm©‡b Zv‡`i †jLvi Rb¨ Avgš¿Y

Rvbv‡bv| G cÖ‡Póv‡K ejv hvq, cvV‡Ki cvZvi DbœZ ms¯‹iY| GKvRwU

c„w_exi cÖ_g †kªwYi cwÎKv¸‡jv K‡i‡Q †ek Av‡M †_‡KB, wewfbœfv‡e|

evsjv‡`‡kI AbjvBb cwÎKv¸‡jv wbqwgZ GKvRwU Ki‡Q|

5. bvMwiK-evÜe msev`-¯”QZv eøM : G ai‡bi eø‡M, cwÎKvi

gv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨ bvMwiK‡`i mgv‡jvPbv I cÖksmv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM †`qv|

GgbwK, Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ GKRb mevi gZvg‡Zi Ici wbf©i

K‡i cwÎKv cwiPvjbv wb‡q GKwU gšÍe¨ cÖwZ‡e`b wjL‡Z cv‡ib| cwÎKvi

cÖPvimsL¨v evov‡Z I gv‡bvbœqb Dfq Kv‡R Avm‡Z cv‡i G ai‡bi eøM|

mvaviYfv‡e, GKRb cwÎKv m¤úv`K cvV‡Ki gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ GKvRwU

K‡i _v‡Kb|

6. bvMwiK mvsevw`K wbDR I‡qemvBU: G ai‡bi I‡qemvB‡U

cy‡ivUvB bvMwiK mvsevw`K ev bvMwiK‡`i cvVv‡bv msev‡`i wfwˇZ ˆZwi|

GUv m¤úvw`Z n‡Z cv‡i wKsev Zv‡`i cvVv‡bv msev` ûeû m¤úªPvi Kiv n‡Z

cv‡i A_©vr Am¤úvw`Zfv‡e cÖKvk n‡Z cv‡i| Am¤úvw`Z gv‡b evbvb I

e¨vKi‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ fzj Ges e ‘wbôZvmn msev‡`i hveZxq bxwZgvjv weewR©Z

n‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨, AcÖvmw½K ev Am½wZc~Y©Zvi w`KwU †`Lfvj Kivi

cÖ‡qvRb †_‡KB hvq| cwÎKvi wPwVcÎ ev gZvgZ Kjv‡gi g‡Zv GB ai‡bi

msev‡`i `vq`vwqZ¡ cÖKvk‡Ki _vK‡Q bv ejv hvq| whwb I‡qemvB‡U ev eø‡M

wjL‡Qb ZviB `vq`vwqZ¡, Z‡e m¤¢vebv †_‡K hvq weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi| Zvn‡j

†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, eø‡M ¯úk©KvZi welqK †cv÷ m¤úªPvi n‡j Zv †_‡K weo¤bv

†_‡KB hvq| †mRb¨ cÖPwjZ MYgva¨g¸‡jvi g‡ZvB, eøMmn mvgvwRK

MYgva¨g¸‡jv miKv‡ii w`K †_‡K gwbUwis Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡qvRb

†mjd GwWwUs‡qi| Zv msNvZ I mwnsmZv Gov‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| evsjv‡`‡k

G ai‡bi eøM GL‡bv M‡o I‡Vwb| hv n‡q‡Q, Zv ejv hvq gZvgZ wbf©i wKQz

gy³eyw× PP©vi eøM|

7. bvMwiK mvsevw`K I‡qemvB‡Ui Qvcv fvm©b: bvMwiK mvsevw`K ev

bvMwiK‡`i evQvB Kiv †jLv wb‡q mßv‡n GKevi Qvcv AvKv‡i cwÎKv Kiv

hvq| ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi Rb¨ GKvRwU Lye mnR| Zviv Zv‡`i cwÎKvi X‡O

wewfbœ wefvMmn bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡`i evQvB Kiv ev †miv †jLv¸‡jv

g¨vMvwR‡bi Av`‡j, g~j cwÎKvi m‡½ evRv‡i †Q‡o w`‡Z cv‡i| c„w_exi

†Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv †`‡k Gi cÖPjb Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k Zv fvebv ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q|

8. bvMwiK I †ckvRxex mvsevw`K‡`i †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvq cwiPvwjZ cwÎKv

: GwkqviB GKwU †`k `wÿY †Kvwiqv cÖgvY K‡i‡Q m¤§vbx w`‡qI bvMwiK

mvsevw`KZv‡K jvfRbK e¨emv wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv hvq| ÔInwg wbDRÕ

wbqwgZ ˆ`wbK| ÷vd wi‡cvU©vi I msev``vZv QvovI mviv‡`k Ry‡o Zv‡`i

30 nvRv‡ii †ewk bvMwiK wi‡cvU©vi i‡q‡Q | Zvi gv‡b cwÎKvwUi

cÖwZ‡e`‡bi †ewki fvMB bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡`i| Giv ÷vd wi‡cvU©vi‡`i

g‡ZvB GK‡hv‡M IB cwÎKvi n‡q KvR Ki‡Qb| Qvcv n‡j †mB msev`wUi

Rb¨ hrmvgvb¨ m¤§vbx †`qv nq| bvMwiK mvsevw`Kiv Zv‡ZB Lywk|

9. bvMwiK I †ckvRxex wi‡cvU©v‡ii cÖwZ‡e`b wb‡q I‡qemvBU: G

ai‡bi I‡qemvBU c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡k Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv| Z‡e, †hme

cwÎKv AbjvB‡b bvMwiK wi‡cvU©vi‡`i †jLv wbqwgZ Qvc‡Q ev cÖPvi Ki‡Q,

Zviv GKvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i mnmv| InwgÕi g‡Zv cwÎKvi Rb¨ GwU Kiv

mnR| †ZgbwU n‡j, nq‡Zv †`Lv hv‡e †Kv‡bv GKwU RvZxq ev AvšÍR©vwZK

Bmy¨ wb‡q †ckvRxex I bvMwiK mvsevw`‡Ki †jLv †kvfv cv‡”Q cvkvcvwk|

w÷f AvDwUs GgbwU g‡b K‡ib| Z‡e AbjvB‡b †jLv‡RvLv GZ †ewk n‡”Q

†h, †`Lv †Mj eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU Qvcv nIqvi Av‡MB Gai‡bi GKwU

I‡qemvBU Pvjy n‡q †M‡Q|

10. DBwKwbDR GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqvÕi X‡O wbDR I‡qemvBU: bvMwiK I

†ckvRxex wi‡cvU©v‡ii wb‡q I‡qemvBU‡K Av‡iK avc G¸‡jB, DBwK-

GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqvÕi AvKv‡i wbDR I‡qemvBU Kiv m¤¢e, hvi wi‡cvU©vi I

KwcGwWUi DfqB bvMwiK mvsevw`K| DBwKwbD‡Ri GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqv

Gfv‡eB M‡o D‡V‡Q- hviv G‡Z wjL‡Qb, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡KB †KD bv †KD

†h †Kv‡bv wel‡q Zv‡`i †jLvi gva¨‡g welqwU‡K mg„× K‡ib| Z‡e, GKv‡R

mevB‡K e ‘wbôZv eRvq ivLv cÖZ¨vwkZ|

Gevi Avmv hvK, bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi †cQ‡bi K_vq| †Kv_vq,

Kxfv‡e Avi¤¢ n‡jv| GB mvsevw`KZvi †kŠwLb GB kvLvwU evsjv‡`‡k

wVKg‡Zv M‡oB I‡Vwb| ZeyI ej‡Z nq, Avgiv wcwQ‡q wQjvg bv KL‡bvB|

lv‡Ui `k‡K GKwU Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK (†WBwj AeRvifvi), yÕnvRvi mv‡ji

cÖ_g `k‡K GKwU AbjvBb cwÎKv (XvKv wbDR) Ges cÖqvZ wgïK gybxi

GwUGb wbD‡R †Póv Pvjv‡jI, G‡`‡k bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvq †Zgb mvov

cvIqv hvqwb ev †Zgb weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| hw`I mdjZvi NUbvI Av‡Q

†ek KwU| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, evsjv‡`k AeRvifvi †h mgq ÔwmwU‡Rb

Rvb©vwjRgÕ bv‡g Kjvg Pvjyi †NvlYv w`‡”Q, Zvi eQi K‡qK Av‡M, 1963-

†Z Rbbw›`Z gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U Rb Gd †K‡bwWÕi nZ¨vi wfwWI aviY Ki‡Z

†c‡iwQ‡jb GKRb mvaviY gvwK©b bvMwiK| wZwb †kŠwLb wfwWI-K¨v‡giv‡Z

Zv aviY K‡ib| whwb AvR‡Ki bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡`i c~e©m~wi ev GKA_©

cw_K…r| MYZ‡š¿i m~wZKvMvi gvwK©b hy³ivóªmn we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k Ggb

e¨wZµgag©x NUbv bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv‡K RbwcÖq Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q|

Z‡e, yÕnvRvi mv‡ji †Mvovi w`‡K B›Uvi‡bU I wewfbœ †bUIqvw©K©s

myweav¸‡jvi (P¨vU e·, †g‡mR †evW© BZ¨vw`) cÖmvi Ges AbjvBb cwÎKvi

cyi¯‹vi Pvjy nIqvq wek¦e¨vcx mvaviY bvMwi‡Ki nv‡Zi bvMv‡j G‡m c‡o

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv| B`vbxsKv‡j, ga¨cÖv‡P¨i wewfbœ †`‡k mvaviY gvbyl

ivR‰bwZK Aw ’iZvi mgq Z_¨ I Qwe mvgvwRK MYgva¨‡g Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q,

hv †ckvRxex mvsevw`K‡`i Kv‡R mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| GRb¨ m¤úªwZ GKRb

Avie bvMwiK gvbevwaKvi cyi¯‹viI †c‡q‡Qb| Z‡e, Rbwew”Qbœ Øxcmn

we‡k¦i †hme RvqMvq GL‡bv B›Uvi‡bU KvR K‡i bv ev †cuŠQvqwb, Zv wb‡q

KvR Ki‡Q bvgRv`v ms¯’v¸‡jv| †ejy‡b wnwjqvg M¨vm f‡i Zv m¤¢e wKbv G

wb‡q B‡›`v‡bwkqvÕq M‡elYv Pj‡Q| GwU mdj n‡j, cy‡iv wek¦ B›Uvi‡bU

cÖhyw³i AvIZvq G‡m hv‡e, evo‡e bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi cwimiI|

GK K_vq ejv hvq, eZ©gv‡b mvaviY bvMwiKiv mivmwi Ae`vb ivL‡Qb

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv Pvjy nIqvi myev‡`| Kv‡iv-Kv‡iv g‡Z, GUv †ckvRxex

mvsevw`K‡`i KvRwU‡K c~Y©v½ iƒc w`‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q| cvkvcvwk, mvaviY

bvMwiKI GK ai‡bi Zzwó cv‡”Qb MYgva¨‡g wb‡Ri AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z

cvivq| cÖkœ n‡jv, GB ai‡bi mvsevw`KZvq hviv wb‡qvwRZ Zv‡`i wK

†Uªwbs‡qi `iKvi †bB| wew”Qbœfv‡e n‡jI GKvRwU n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡k| Rvbv

g‡Z, K‡qKwU †emiKvwi ms ’v wek¦we`¨vj‡q, ivRavbx I Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q

KvRwU Ki‡Q, hw`I cy‡iv welqUvB G‡`‡k GL‡bv cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q|

†jLK: m¤úv`K, XvKvwbDR24WUKg

wbix¶v

cÖ e Ü

. .

cÖL¨vZ Rvg©vb `vk©wbK Bqy‡M©b †nevigvm Zuvi Rbcwimi Z‡Ë¡ BD‡iv‡ci

†cÖÿvc‡U †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, Aóv`k kZ‡K Kwd nvDR-†mjy‡bi g‡Zv

RvqMv¸‡jv gy³ Av‡jvPbvi †K›`ª n‡q D‡VwQj| mgv‡Ri mKj †kÖwYi

†jvKRb †mLv‡b iv‡óªi hveZxq welq wb‡q †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z

cvi‡Zv| Avi GB Av‡jvPbvi welq wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Zv

†mmgqKvi msev`cθ‡jv| KviY, ZLb ch©šÍ msev`c‡Î mvaviY gvby‡li

`iKvwi welq¸‡jv‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡Zv| ZvQvov gy³ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g

cÖvß wm×všÍmg~n gvbyl ZLb cwÎKvq wj‡L cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| †m¸‡jv

wb‡q cieZ©x‡Z cwÎKvq †jLv‡jwLi gva¨‡gI weZK© Pj‡Zv| mewg‡j GKwU

48

DrK…ó Rbcwimi †mmgq ˆZwi n‡qwQj| A_©vr, †mLv‡b gvbyl †h †Kv‡bv

ai‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i †_‡K ¯vaxbfv‡e gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv Ges

Zvi wfwˇZ RbgZ ˆZwi n‡Zv| Avi GB cy‡iv cÖwµqvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

ivL‡Zv msev`cÎ| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z cyuwRi †`ŠivZ¥¨ evovi m‡½-m‡½

Rbcwimi ÿwZMÖ Í n‡Z _v‡K| msev`cÎ cÖKv‡ki LiP evovi mv‡_ mv‡_

weÁvcb cÖKv‡ki nvi hZ evo‡Z _v‡K Avi MYgvbyl ZZB `~‡i †h‡Z ïiæ

K‡i| cwÎKv¸‡jv ax‡i ax‡i weÁvcb`vZv‡`i Ici wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o|

d‡j, Zv‡`i c‡ÿ weÁvcb`vZv Z_v ÿgZvZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× wM‡q MYgvby‡li

c‡ÿ msev` cÖKvk Kiv Avi m¤¢e nqbv| Gfv‡eB Av‡jvPbvi wel‡qi

NvUwZi d‡j ax‡i-ax‡i Rbcwimi aŸsm n‡q hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡UI

Avgiv †`wL, `xN© mgq ch©šÍ Avgv‡`i msev`cθ‡jv ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb-

msMÖvg QvovI mvgvwRK bvbv ms¯‹v‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i MYgvby‡li

Av ’v AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQj| msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev` wKsev Kjvg

c‡o gvbyl Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zv| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z evRv‡ii †Kvcvb‡j c‡o

Avgv‡`i msev`cθ‡jvI Zvi PwiÎ nviv‡bvi cvkvcvwk MYgvby‡li Av¯’vi

RvqMvwU bó K‡i †d‡j| G †cÖÿvc‡U bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv bvgK gÂ

MYgvbyl‡K bZzb K‡i Avkvev`x K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| A‡b‡K G‡K wN‡i bZzb K‡i

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Av‡jvPbvq hvIqvi Av‡M bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv †R‡b

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bvMwiK‡`i wbR D‡`¨v‡M msev` msMÖn I cÖPvi Kiv‡K bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv

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mgq ch©šÍ Avgv‡`i msev`cθ‡jv

ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb-msMÖvg QvovI

mvgvwRK bvbv ms¯‹v‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i MYgvby‡li Av¯’v AR©b Ki‡Z

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e‡j| GB mvsevw`KZv‡K weKí I A¨vw±wf÷ mvsevw`KZvI ejv nq|

KviY, cÖ_vMZ wgwWqvq †hme welq Av‡jvwPZ nq bv †mme welq Zz‡j

G‡b mgvR cwieZ©‡b f~wgKv ivLvi my‡hvM GLv‡b i‡q‡Q| cÖ_vMZ

wgwWqvi wbw®Œq cvVK-`k©K-†kÖvZviv GLv‡b msev` msMÖn †_‡K ïiæ K‡i

weZiY ch©šÍ mwµq f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| bqv gva¨g cÖhyw³i

mnRjf¨Zvi d‡j bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv Kiv A‡bK mnR n‡q †M‡Q|

GLb †h †KD Zvi Av‡kcv‡k msNwUZ †Kv‡bv NUbv cÖ_vMZ wgwWqvq

cÖKvk nIqvi Av‡M mevB‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| GiKg ARmª D`vniY

Av‡Q †hLv‡b mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv welq wb‡q e¨vcKfv‡e

Av‡jvPbvi ci cÖ_vMZ wgwWqv welqwU wb‡q wi‡cvU© K‡i‡Q| A_©vr

bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi gva¨‡g cÖ_vMZ wgwWqv‡K †Kv‡bv welq wb‡q

wi‡cvU© Ki‡Z eva¨ Kivi cvkvcvwk H

wel‡q bxwZwba©viK‡`i `„wó AvKl©‡Yi

e¨vcK my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| Z‡e A‡bK

m¤¢vebv _vK‡jI bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv wb‡q

Awf‡hvMI Kg bq| D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e fzj

I weåvwšÍKi Z_¨ cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g GK

†kÖwYi gvbyl bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡`i cÖwZ

gvby‡li Av ’vi RvqMvwU †hgb bó Ki‡Q,

†Zgwb ivóª‡K GLv‡bI wbqš¿Y Av‡iv‡ci

my‡hvM K‡i w`‡”Q|

cÖ_vMZ wgwWqv‡Z Avgiv ÿgZvZ‡š¿i

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eis ivóª I evRv‡ii Pvwn`vg‡Zv mgv‡R

w ’Zve¯’v wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_vMZ wgwWqv

wbišÍi IKvjwZ K‡i P‡j| A_©vr, mZ¨

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mvsevw`K‡`i RbM‡Yi c‡ÿ †_‡K KvR

Kivi cÖPzi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| bqv gva¨g

cÖhyw³ we‡kl K‡i mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM

gva¨‡gi mnRjf¨Zvi d‡j RbM‡Yi gZvgZ Z_v mZ¨ cÖKvk A‡bK

mnR n‡q †M‡Q|

bqv gva¨g cÖhyw³i m¤¢vebvi wecix‡Z mxgve×Zv _vK‡jI bvMwiK

mvsevw`K‡`i Zv cvk KvwU‡q KvR Kivi my‡hvMI i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK

†hvMv‡hvM gva¨g‡K wN‡i ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i DrK…ó Rbcwimi| A_©vr

cÖ_vMZ wgwWqvi evB‡i wM‡q RbM‡Yi Bmy¨¸‡jv‡K mvg‡b G‡b RbMY‡K

mZ¨ Rvwb‡q †`qv hvq GLv‡b| RbMY‡K Zvi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb

Kivi cvkvcvwk `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ jovB Kivi Aby‡cÖiYv †`qvi KvRwU

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e¨envi K‡i bvbv Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© Bmy¨‡Z ZK©-weZK©-Av‡jvPbv K‡i RbgZ

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†_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn I weZiY K‡i, †mLv‡b bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvq GB

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wKš‘ Luy‡R cvB| mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R bv jvwM‡q

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bvwqKvi †K”Qv-Kvwnwb| mvivÿY GiKg wel‡qi g‡a¨ Wz‡e _vKvi d‡j

†m ivRbxwZ wKsev mgv‡RI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kv‡bv wel‡q Mfxi Av‡jvPbv

Ki‡Z AvMÖn nvwi‡q †dj‡Q| Gi ga¨ w`‡q ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ wew”QbœZv

ˆZwi nIqvi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i ¯cœ µ‡g a~mi n‡q hv‡”Q| d‡j Avgiv

AevK n‡q †Lqvj Kwi, cÖ_vMZ wgwWqvi g‡Zv mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM

gva¨g¸‡jvI †ÿÎwe‡k‡l GKB KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| Gi GKwU eo KviY

n‡jvÑ †ewkifvM B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvix †hgb B›Uvi‡b‡Ui m¤¢vebv

m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb bq, †Zgwb cwi®‹vifv‡e Rv‡b bv gvbyl wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡`i

AwaKvi m¤ú‡K©I| bvMwiK mvsevw`Kiv hZ `ªæZ GB ev ÍeZv Dcjwä

K‡i wb‡R‡`i KZ©e¨ wba©viY K‡i †m Abyhvqx KvR ïiæ Ki‡e Z_v

Rbcwimi ˆZwii msMÖv‡g mvwgj n‡e, ZZB evo‡e cÖK…Z mgvR I

Rbcwimi cÖwZôvi m¤¢vebv|

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g~javivi aiveuvav wbqg wKsev ˆewkó¨ bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvq gvbv nq

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auv‡Pi) cÖ_vMZ Ggb wbq‡gi evB‡i weKí avivi mvsevw`KZv PP©vi

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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi †h ¯cœ Avgiv †`‡LwQ Zv ev ͇e cwiYZ Kivi c‡_

we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡Q B‡jKUªwbK Rvb©vwjRg| `ªæZ msev` msMÖn I cÖPvi

n‡”Q B‡jKUªwbK Rvb©vwjR‡gi me‡P‡q eo AR©b| B‡jKUªwbK Rvb©vwjR‡gi

cÖmv‡ii d‡j GLb Lei cvIqvi Rb¨ cvVK ev †kªvZv‡K Avi AvMvgxKv‡ji

msev`c‡Îi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡”Q bv| gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi Ly‡` evZ©vi gva¨‡g

wewfbœ wUwf P¨v‡bj me©‡kl Lei cvVK‡K †cuŠ‡Q w`‡”Q| GKRb msev`MÖvnK

†h †Kv‡bv mgq †h †Kv‡bv RvqMvq e‡m me©‡kl cÖKvwkZ LeiwU Zvi

gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡gB †c‡Z cv‡ib| wUwf P¨v‡bj¸‡jv gyn~‡Z© gyn~‡Z© ZvRv

Lei ¯Œ‡ji gva¨‡g wUwf `k©K‡`i Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q w`‡”Q| wewfbœ msev`cÎ I

50

msev`gva¨g¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖwZwbqZ Pj‡Q cÖwZ‡hvwMZvÑ †K KZ Av‡M Ges

KZ ZvovZvwo mwVK LeiwU msMÖn K‡i `k©K-†kªvZv‡`i Kv‡Q msev` AvKv‡i

†cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB `ªæZ I mwVK Lei msMÖn K‡i Zv msev` AvKv‡i

cÖKvk I cÖPvi B‡jKUªwbK Rvb©vwjR‡gi me‡P‡q eo ˆewkó¨ I AR©b|

B‡jKUªwbK Rvb©vwjRg

mvsevw`KZvi RM‡Z B‡jKUªwbK Rvb©vwjRg wb‡q G‡m‡Q Ggb AMÖMwZ hv

K‡qK eQi Av‡MI wQj ¯‡cœi AZxZ| B‡jKUªwbK Rvb©vwjR‡gi cÖmvi

mvsevw`KZvi msÁv cv‡ë w`‡q‡Q| mvsevw`KZvi †ÿ‡Î bZzb bZzb Øvi

Ly‡j‡Q, A‡bK bZzb avivi msev` Dc¯’vc‡bi c_ Ly‡j †M‡Q| Gi Ab¨Zg

bZzb ms‡hvRb n‡”Q GB †h, mvaviY RbMYI GLb PvB‡j Zv‡`i GjvKvi

†Kv‡bv `yN©Ubvi ev PgKcÖ` NUbvi Qwe Zz‡j msev`gva¨g¸‡jvi Kv‡Q cvVv‡Z

cv‡i cÖPv‡ii Rb¨| Gfv‡e A‡bK A‡MvP‡i _vKv Z_¨ wb‡g‡lB mvaviY

gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q hv‡”Q| †hgb, †dbx‡Z N‡U hvIqv BDwbqb cwil`

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aviY K‡i wewfbœ wUwf P¨v‡b‡j cvwV‡q †`q| Gi d‡j Avmj †`vlx‡`i kbv³

Kiv m¤¢e nq| GB ai‡bi mvsevw`KZv †hLv‡b `k©K ev cvVK wb‡RB msev`

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GKRb mvaviY bvMwiKB GKRb mvsevw`‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq ZLb wZwb

n‡q I‡Vb GKRb wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwj÷|

wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwjR‡gi gva¨‡g

GKRb mvaviY gvbyl n‡q DV‡Z

cv‡i A‡bK AmvaviY msev‡`i

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wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwjRg ev bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv

wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwjRg mvaviY gvby‡li mvsevw`KZv| KviY GLv‡b

msev` msMÖn †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Zv we‡kølY, wjLb, aviY I †cÖiY GB

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whwb wb‡RB AMÖYx n‡q MYgva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ RbMY‡K †Kv‡bv wel‡q

AewnZ Kivi cÖqvm K‡ib| mvaviYZ †hme msev` cÖPwjZ

mvsevw`KZvi AvIZvi g‡a¨ KvR K‡i msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e nq bv, Zv

KL‡bv-KL‡bv AcÖPwjZ Kvq`vq msMÖn K‡i msev`gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨

gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`qv hvq wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwjR‡gi gva¨‡g| G‡K

mvsevw`KZvi MYZš¿vqbI ejv hvq| wmwU‡Rb Rvb©vwjRg fwel¨‡Z

MZvbyMwZK mvsevw`KZvi cwic~iK n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †mRb¨

PvB †`k‡cÖgx, m‡PZb bvMwiK hviv Zv‡`i Av‡kcv‡ki NUbv

m¤‡Ü memgq IqvwKenvj _vKvi †Póv K‡ib| Lei msMÖn Kivi

Av‡M Zvi mZ¨Zv I Le‡ii Dr‡mi wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv wbwðZ K‡ib

Ges ZviciB Zv †cÖiY K‡ib| †`‡ki GKRb m‡PZb bvMwiK Zvi

m¤§y‡L N‡U hvIqv †h †Kv‡bv Ab¨vq-Awbqg, AmvgvwRKZv ev

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cÖgvY¯iƒc wgwWqvq cvVv‡j Ges †mUv hvPvB-

evQvB‡qi ci mwVK cÖgvwYZ n‡j Z‡eB Zv

cÖPvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| GB †ÿ‡Î bvMwiK

`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q †Kv‡bviKg AbyivM

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bvMwiK mvsevw`‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejx

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GKRb we‡eKevb bvMwiK, †h Ab¨v‡qi

weiæ‡× mRvM I mevK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z

cÖ ‘Z| GKRb mvsevw`K n‡eb mZ¨v‡šlx I

mZ¨ev`x| G¸‡jv †h †Kv‡bv GKRb

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mvsevw`K‡K Zv‡`i kÎæ g‡b K‡i| ZvB mvsevw`K‡`i h‡_ó mvnmx

I mveavbx n‡Z nq| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi SuzwK wb‡qI KvR

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we‡kl NUbv NU‡Z †`‡L ZvrÿwYKfv‡e †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Zvi Dcw¯’Z

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cvwV‡q w`‡”Qb| mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv m‡PZb e¨w³ Zvi we‡e‡Ki

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Rb¨ bvMwiK mvsevw`KZv K‡ib| Av‡MI †h GUv n‡Zv bv Zv bq|

Z‡e Gi †Kv‡bv ¯xK…Z bvg wQj bv Ges KvRUv GZ mn‡R KivI

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n‡jI Zvi cÖwZ ’vcK ev cwicš’x KL‡bvB bq| CNN I BBC-

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we‡`k `k©K-†kªvZviv Qwe I msev` cvVvb hv Lye AvKl©Yxqfv‡e

cwi‡ewkZ nq| fwel¨‡Z Avgv‡`i †`‡kI bvMwiK mvsevw`KZvi

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cvi‡e| Gi d‡j mvsevw`KZvi msÁv LvwbKUv cv‡ë hv‡e Z‡e

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8

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wecixZ Ae¯’v‡b uvwo‡q| Rbmvsevw`KZv Z_¨ ev mZ¨ NUbvi ûeû eY©bvi

†P‡q Rb¯v_©‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| Avi GRb¨ †m wel‡q e¨vL¨v-we‡køl‡Yi

gva¨‡g Z_¨‡K Ggbfv‡e Dc ’vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z Kgy¨wbwUi ¯v_© iw¶Z nq

Ges Zv‡`i K_vi cÖwZdjb N‡U| GRb¨ AbymÜv‡bi Avkªq †bqv nq Ges cÖvq

†¶‡Î g~j¨‡eva I NUbvi †gvwUf‡K msev‡` ¯’vb †`qv nq|

mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji mvsevw`KZvq me©vwaK D‡cw¶Z n‡”Q cvVK| A_P

msev‡`i g~j j¶¨ cvVK I g~j †µZvI Zviv| GB cvVK cÖPwjZ wi‡cvwU©s‡q

_v‡K Abycw¯’Z| wfbœw`‡K Rbmvsevw`KZv mgm¨v I mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ RbgZ‡K

GKxf~Z K‡i| Rbmvsevw`KZv cÖPwjZ mvsevw`KZvq msev‡`i Drm wn‡m‡e

¯xK…Z Avgjv, ivRbxwZwe` I mgv‡Ri D”P cÖwZwbwai aviYvi evB‡i G‡m Drm

wn‡m‡e AšÍfy©³ K‡i RbMY‡K| mgm¨v †_‡K DËi‡Yi c_I †`wL‡q †`q bZzb

avivi G mvsevw`KZv | DwjøwLZ ¸Y¸‡jvi Kvi‡YB mvsevw`KZvi Awfbe aviv

wn‡m‡e BD‡ivc, Av‡gwiKvi cvkvcvwk Gwkqv‡ZI ïiæ n‡q‡Q Rbmvsevw`KZvi

PP©v|

ÔHwZnvwmK w`K †_‡K Rbmvsevw`KZvi weKv‡ki wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z

†M‡j e¯‘wbôZvi welqwU‡K Gwo‡q hvIqvi †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB| wesk kZvãx‡Z

mvsevw`KZvi cÖvavb¨kxj aviv wn‡m‡e e¯‘wbôZvi Avwef©ve N‡U| †cwb †cÖ‡mi

cw_K…r †e‡bU I †eÄvwgb 1830 mv‡ji w`‡K ivR‰bwZK weZ‡K©i gva¨g †_‡K

mvsevw`KZv‡K mevi Kv‡Q Z_¨ I we‡bv`b †`evi gva¨‡g cwiYZ Kivi †Póv

K‡ib| w` mvb, w` †nivì I Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK cwÎKv G ai‡bi msev` cÖKvk

Ki‡Z _v‡K| G mgq †_‡KB msev‡`i †¶‡Î mg‡qvc‡hvwMZv, ˆbKU¨,

AwfbeZ¡, gvbweK Av‡e`b BZ¨vw` welq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| AZtci cÖ_g

wek¦hy‡×i c‡i gvby‡li g‡a¨ Z_¨ I mZ¨ Rvbvi AvMÖn †e‡o hvq m¤úv`Kxq

gZvg‡Zi †P‡q|Õ

10

Ôobjectivity in journalism seems to havebeen destined to be more of a scapegoat than a belief andmore of an awkward defense than a forthright affirmation|Õ

11

GB weZK© †kl nqwb Av‡Rv| e¯‘wbô welqK weZ‡K©i Avov‡j

mvsevw`KZvi †¶‡Î ïiy n‡q‡Q bZzb bZzb avivi PP©v| Rbmvsevw`KZv Gme

aviv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Awfbe I mv¤cÖwZK|

Rbmvsevw`KZvi weeZ©b‡K mwVKfv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j wi‡cvwU©s‡qi

HwZn¨evnx aviv‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wgKv‡qj ¯‹vWmb Zvi ‘PublicJournalism and its Problems’ cÖe‡Ü MYZ‡š¿i †¶‡Î wZbwU iƒcK‡íi

D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| iƒcKí wZbwU Rbmvsevw`KZvi weeZ©b‡K ¯úófv‡e eyS‡Z

mvnvh¨ K‡i| iƒcKí wZbwU n‡”QÑ

K. evRvi iƒcKí

L. A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm iƒcKí

M. Uªvw÷ iƒcKí|

evRvi iƒcK‡íi †¶‡Î mvsevw`Kiv †m ai‡bi msev`B mieivn K‡i hv

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mvsevw`Kiv wPwýZ K‡ib msev` wbg©vY, m¤úv`Kxq Ges gZvgZ Qvcv‡bv nq

Zv‡`i‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB| mvsevw`KZvi G ai‡bi iƒcKí bxwZ‡evam¤úbœ

GKRb mvsevw`‡Ki Rb¨ Aek¨ †egvbvb| BD‡ivc I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvmn

c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡kB mvsevw`KZvi A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm iƒcKí Abym„Z n‡Z _v‡K|

mvsevw`Kiv G †cÖ¶vc‡U †h wi‡cvU© K‡ib Zv ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK wel‡q

Zv‡`i wbR¯ Av`‡k©i AbyKi‡Y c¶cvZ yó | Zviv G‡¶‡Î Rbg‡b wb‡R‡`i

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cvVK hw` GB A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm iƒcKí Abyhvqx msev` cvV K‡i Z‡e †m NUbvi

c~Y© I e ‘wbô Z_¨ AeMZ n‡e| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª iƒcKíwU Pvjy _vK‡jI Uªvw÷

iƒcK‡íi Kv‡Q wesk kZvãxi gvSvgvwS civRq †g‡b †bq| RvqMv `Lj K‡i

†bqv Uªvw÷ iƒcKí Abyhvqx mvsevw`Kiv cÖ‡Z¨K‡K mwµq bvMwi‡K cwiYZ

K‡iÑ RbMY hv Rvb‡Z Pvq †mUv Rvbv‡bvi gva¨‡g |

DwjøwLZ iƒcKí¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, Av‡jvP¨ Uªvw÷

iƒcK‡íi ms‡hvRbB n‡”Q Rbmvsevw`KZv| RbMY‡K Z_¨ Rvbv‡bvi wel‡q

mvsevw`Kiv G‡¶‡Î cvjb K‡i mwµq f~wgKv| Rbmvsevw`KZvq RbMY‡K hv

cÖfvweZ K‡i †mUv n‡”Q Kx Ges Kxfv‡e wi‡cvU© Kiv nq| Rbmvsevw`KZvi

D‡b¥l n‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv G‡RÛv ˆZwi K‡i Kgy¨wbwU‡K †mB G‡RÛv ev¯Íevq‡b

DØy× Kivi gvb‡m|

54

Rbmvsevw`KZvi iƒcKí AbymÜvb Ki‡Z †M‡j Rbmvsevw`KZvi cvkvcvwk

wgwWqv A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm‡KI ey‡S wb‡Z n‡e| †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ‡Z Avwe®K…Z

bZzb g‡Wj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wgwWqv A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i|

msev`cÎ ev mvsevw`KZvi BwZnv‡m Rbmvsevw`KZvi aviYv bZzb bq,

cÖvPxb| Z‡e wgwWqv G¨vW‡fv‡Kwm be Avwe®K…Z aviYv| Aaybv Avwe®K…Z

wgwWqv A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm aviYvi BwZevPK cÖfve c‡o‡Q Rbmvsevw`KZvq|

Rbmvsevw`KZvi aviYvq †hvM n‡q‡Q bZzb gvÎv

wbix¶v

cwðgv we‡k¦ Rbmvsevw`KZvi Ae¯’vb

BwZnv‡mi Awbevh© cÖwµqv wn‡m‡eB Rbmvsevw`KZv cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q|

BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKv we‡kl K‡i gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª B‡Zvg‡a¨ G ai‡bi

mvsevw`KZvi Abykxjb ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Rbmvsevw`KZvi welqwU µ‡g µ‡g

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avivi mvsevw`KZvi Abykxjb ïiæ n‡q‡Q Drm, ¯’vb, msev`-KvVv‡gv BZ¨vw`

MZvbyMwZK I avivevwnK c¶cvwZZ¡‡K AwZµg K‡i; mvsevw`KZv †ckvi

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msev`cθ‡jv Kgy¨wbwU ¯v_©‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q RbMY‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i Kxfv‡e

wewfbœ ¯’vbxq mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hvq †m wel‡q wi‡cvU© K‡i hv‡”Q cÖwZwbqZB|

cÖ_g we‡k¦i cvkvcvwk Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡QI bZzb g‡Wj wn‡m‡e

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evsjv‡`‡k Rbmvsevw`KZvi Ae¯’vb

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mvsevw`KZvi Avw`iƒc| wKš‘ AvaywbKvqb cÖwµqv ïiæ nIqvq cy‡iv‡bv gva¨g

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Ki‡Z n‡j MÖvgxY mvsevw`KZv Riæwi|

Rbmvsevw`KZv ev KwgDwbwU Rvb©vwjR‡gi aviYvi mv‡_ wgwWqv

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me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| msev`cÎ ev mvsevw`KZvi BwZnv‡m

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g‡W‡j N‡U‡Q cybt cybt cwieZ©b|

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myLKi ev AvkvcÖ †Kv‡bvUvB bq|

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msev‡`i Uv‡M©U MÖæcI bM‡ii evwm›`v| Avi ev ÍeZv n‡jv Avgv‡`i

msev`c‡Îi wmsnfvM cvVK kû‡i| G Kvi‡Y kni Avi kû‡i‡`i LeivLei

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12. eMg myivBqv Dwg© I mgy ª¸ß, ¯’vbxq mvsevw`KZv mgm¨vi Av‡jv‡K w`Kwb‡`©kbv,

g¨vmjvBb wgwWqv †m›Uvi, XvKv, 2002, c„. 3|

13. The Media’s Role in Curbing Corruption: htp:\\www.world-bank.org

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†`‡ki 26Zg wUwf P¨v‡bj `xß wUwfÕi D‡Øvab

Ki‡jb Z_¨gš¿x nvmvbyj nK Bby| MZ 18B

b‡f¤i i¨vwWmb eøy IqvUvi Mv‡W©‡bi Drme

n‡j D‡Øvab Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq|

Abyôv‡b ¯vMZ e³e¨ †`b `xß wUwfÕi

cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v KvRx Didx Avng`|

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cÖavb AwZw_i e³‡e¨ Z_¨gš¿x nvmvbyj nK Bby

e‡jb, AvMvgx‡Z `xß wUwf gvby‡li g‡bi

AvKv‡k `xwß Qov‡e- Ggb AvkvB KiwQ|

(m~Î: cÖ_g Av‡jv, 19†k b‡f¤i 2015)

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mvsevw`KZvi wfwË

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msev` Dc¯’vcK Rb †mœv MZ 25†k b‡f¤i

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(BDj¨ve)-Gi wgjbvqZ‡b Av‡qvwRZ GKK

e³…Zvq GK_v e‡jb|

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Ae Uªvw÷i fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U W. KvRx Avwbm

Avn‡g`| (m~Î: mgKvj, 26†k b‡f¤^i

2015)

mvsevw`K †Zvqve LvbÕ‡K

AvRxeb m¤§vbbv

†`‡k mvsevw`KZv †ckvi gv‡bvbœq‡b Abb¨

Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ÔAvZvDm mvgv` ¯§viK Uªv÷Õ

wewkó mvsevw`K †Zvqve LvbÕ‡K AvRxeb

m¤§vbbv cÖ vb K‡i‡Q| MZ 22†k b‡f¤i XvKv

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G m¤§vbbv cÖ vb Kiv nq|

Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z

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Av‡iwdb wmwÏK| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi

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MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefv‡Mi

†Pqvig¨vb Aa¨vcK gwdRyi ingvb| Abyôv‡b

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kxl©K ¯§viK e³…Zv †`b wcAvBweÕi mv‡eK

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mvjvg|

Abyôv‡b 2015 mv‡ji mœvZK m¤§vb

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wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv

wefv‡Mi cuvP †gavex wkÿv_©x‡K ÔAvZvDm

mvgv` ¯§viK e„wËÕ cÖ vb Kiv nq| (m~Î:

mgKvj, 23†k b‡f¤i 2015)

msev`Y gv a¨ gM

59

e¯‘wbô mvsevw`KZvi gva¨‡g RvwZ‡K

GwM‡q wbb: w¯úKvi

w¯úKvi W. wkixb kviwgb †PŠayix e ‘wbô mvsevw`KZv I wbi‡cÿ Z_¨ cwi‡ek‡bi gva¨‡g †`k

I RvwZ‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z msev`Kg©x‡`i cÖwZ Avnevb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| MZ 13B b‡f¤i RvZxq †cÖm

K¬ve wgjbvqZ‡b evsjv‡`k †dWv‡ij mvsevw`K BDwbq‡bi (GKvs‡ki) wØ-evwl©K m‡¤§j‡bi

D‡Øvabx Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_i e³…Zvq w¯úKvi G Avnevb Rvbvb|

w¯úKvi e‡jb, ïay wefvMxq ev †Rjv kni¸‡jv‡ZB bq, eis Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q I cÖZ¨šÍ A‡jI

mvsevw`Kiv KvR K‡i hv‡”Qb| G mvsevw`Kiv hv‡Z †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ myôzfv‡e m¤úv`b Ki‡Z

cv‡ib Zvi Rb¨ Z_¨cÖhyw³ myweav wbwðZ Kivmn †`‡k-we‡`‡k Zv‡`i R‡b¨ cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v

Ki‡Z n‡e| weGdBD‡RÕi mfvcwZ gbRyiæj Avnmvb eyjey‡ji mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b Ab¨v‡b¨i

g‡a¨ cÖavbgš¿xi Z_¨ Dc‡`óv BKevj †mvenvb †PŠayix Ges weGdBD‡RÕi gnvmwPe Ave yj

Rwjj f~uBqv e³e¨ iv‡Lb| evsjv‡`k msev` ms¯’vi e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`,

wcAvBweÕi gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi Ges RvZxq †cÖm K¬v‡ei mfvcwZ kwdKzi ingvb

Abyôv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| (m~Î: B‡ËdvK, 14B b‡f¤i 2015)

wWAviBD †e÷ wi‡cvwU©s A¨vIqvW© 2015

XvKv wi‡cvU©vm© BDwbwU (wWAviBD)-Gi †e÷ wi‡cvwU©s A¨vIqvW© 2015

†c‡jb 27 Rb mvsevw`K| MZ 19†k b‡f¤i ivRavbxi wkíKjv

GKv‡WwgÕi RvZxq bvU¨kvjv wgjbvqZ‡b cÖavb AwZw_ wn‡m‡e weRqx

cÖwZ‡e`K‡`i nv‡Z cyi¯‹vi Zz‡j †`b Z_¨gš¿x nvmvbyj nK Bby|

wWAviBD mfvcwZ mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb ev`kvi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b

e³…Zv K‡ib Rywi †ev‡W©i †Pqvig¨vb kvnRvnvb mi`vi, wWAviBD

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Abyôv‡b 25wU wel‡q 27 Rb cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨K‡K 50 nvRvi

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XvKv wUªweDb-Gi †Rey‡bœQv Av‡jv, †WBwj ÷v‡ii †nwjgyj Avjg wecøe,

†WBwj AeRvifv‡ii cyjK NUK, w` BbwW‡c‡Û‡›Ui Zv‡iK †gviZvRv,

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GbwUwfÕi gvngy`yj nvmvb, gvQivOv wUwfÕi e`iæ‡ÏvRv evey,

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wUwfÕi gvndzRyi ingvb, GbwUwfÕi †ivKb DwÏb|

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evsjvwbDR24WUK‡gi ingvb gvmy` Ges iwdKzj Bmjvg wg›Uz| GQvov

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Bmjvg I wewewm evsjvÕi Avnvivi †nv‡mb| (m~Î: mgKvj, 20†k

b‡f¤i 2015)

RvZxq †cÖm K¬v‡ei cÖwZôvevwl©Kx

28†k A‡±vei cvwjZ nq RvZxq †cÖm K¬v‡ei 61Zg cÖwZôvevwl©Kx| G

Dcj‡ÿ RvZxq †cÖm K¬ve‡K mvRv‡bv nq ewY©j mv‡R| w`bfi bvbv

Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g K¬v‡ei m`m¨iv w`bwU D`hvcb K‡ib| mܨvq †KK

†K‡U Abyôv‡bi D‡Øvab K‡ib RvZxq †cÖm K¬v‡ei mv‡eK mfvcwZ

cwi‡ek I ebgš¿x Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb gÄy| G mgq Ab¨v‡b¨i g‡a¨

Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb wcAvBwe cwiPvjbv †ev‡W©i †Pqvig¨vb I mgKvj

m¤úv`K †Mvjvg mviIqvi, K¬v‡ei mfvcwZ kwdKzi ingvb, mvaviY

m¤úv`K Kvgiæj Bmjvg †PŠayix, PÆMÖvg wmwU Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi †gqi Av

R g bvwmi DÏxb, cÖexY mvsevw`K nvmvb kvnwiqvi I mvsevw`K ¯cb

mvnv| (m~Î: cÖ_g Av‡jv, 30†k A‡±vei 2015)

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`yb©xwZwe‡ivax cÖwZôvb UªvÝcv‡iwÝ B›Uvib¨vkbvj evsjv‡`k (wUAvBwe)

Av‡qvwRZ Ômykvmb I MYgva¨gÕ welqK GK Av‡jvPbv Abyôvb MZ 5B

wW‡m¤i avbgwÐi gvBWvm †m›Uv‡i AbywôZ nq| Abyôv‡b AbymÜvbx

mvsevw`KZvi Rb¨ PviRb mvsevw`K‡K Ges Rjevqy cwieZ©b wel‡q

we‡kl cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Rb¨ GKRb mvsevw`K‡K cyi¯‹vi cÖ vb Kiv nq|

AbymÜvbx mvsevw`KZvq cÖ_g Av‡jvÕi †ivwRbv Bmjvg, hgybv wUwfÕi

wgRvb gvwjK I mv¾v` cvi‡fR Ges Rjevqy welqK we‡kl

cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Rb¨ cyi¯‹vi †c‡q‡Qb P¨v‡bj †Uv‡qw›U‡dv‡ii wR Gg

gy ÍvwdRyj Avjg| GQvov, wi‡cv‡U© mnvqZvi Rb¨ hgybv wUwfÕi wfwWI

wPÎMÖvnK KvRx †gvnv¤§` BmgvBj Ges Rvnv½xi Avjg iZb‡K m¤§vbbv

†`qv nq|

wUAvBweÕi †evW© Ae Uªvw÷‡Ri m`m¨ W. AvKei Avwj Lv‡bi

mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Av‡jvPbv mfvq cÖavb AwZw_ wQ‡jb cÖavbgš¿xi AvšÍR©vwZK

m¤úK© welqK Dc‡`óv W. MIni wiRfx| Av‡jvPbvq Ask †bb XvKv

wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK Aa¨vcK W. MxwZ Aviv bvmwib, Rvnv½xibMi

wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK W. w`jviv †PŠayix, wgwWqv e¨w³Z¡ gynv¤§` Rvnv½xi

cÖgyL| Av‡jvPbvq g~j cÖeÜ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib GKz‡k wUwfÕi GwWUi-Bb-

wPd I cÖavb wbe©vnx gbRyiæj Avnmvb eyjeyj| (m~Î: mgKvj, 6B

wW‡m¤i 2015)

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MYgva¨g e¨w³Z¡ kvBL wmivR G eQ‡ii Ô¸wm kvwšÍ cyi¯‹viÕ †c‡q‡Qb|

MZ 25†k b‡f¤i g¨vwbjvq wdwjwcbm B›Uvib¨vkbvj Kb‡fbkb

†m›Uv‡i kvBL wmiv‡Ri nv‡Z G cyi¯‹vi Zz‡j †`b g¨vwbjv-wfwËK

`vZe¨ cÖwZôvb ¸wm dvD‡Ûk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb e¨vwi Gm ¸wm| wØZxq

wek¦hy‡× wdwjwcb‡mi Amvgvb¨ exi †R‡gwbqv‡bv RvwO‡qi ¸wmÕi bv‡g

cÖewZ©Z G c`K cÖwZeQi cÖ vb Kiv nq| (m~Î: cÖ_g Av‡jv, 28†k

b‡f¤i 2015)

weGdBD‡RÕi GKvs‡ki wbe©vPb

evsjv‡`k †dWv‡ij mvsevw`K BDwbq‡bi (weGdBD‡R) GKvs‡ki

wbe©vP‡b AvjZvd gvngy` mfvcwZ I Igi dviæK gnvmwPe wbe©vwPZ

n‡q‡Qb| MZ 28†k b‡f¤i RvZxq †cÖm K¬v‡e GB wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|

wbe©vwPZ Ab¨ m`m¨iv n‡jb mn-mfvcwZ RbK‡Éi Rvdi

Iqv‡R`, hyM¥-gnvmwPe †WBwj AeRvifv‡ii Awgq NUK cyjK I

†Kvlva¨ÿ c‡` evm‡mi gaym~`b gÐj| GQvov wbe©vnx cwil‡`i Pvi

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bqvw`M‡šÍi kwdDwÏb Avn‡g` weUz| (m~Î: cÖ_g Av‡jv, 1jv wW‡m¤i

2015)

wWAviBD wbe©vPb AbywôZ

XvKv wi‡cvU©vm© BDwbwUÕi (wWAviBD) Kvh©wbe©vnx KwgwU-2016 wbe©vP‡b

ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki we‡kl cÖwZwbwa Rvgvj DÏxb mfvcwZ I wRwUwfÕi

cÖavb cÖwZ‡e`K ivRy Avn‡g` mvaviY m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Qb| MZ

30†k b‡f¤i wWAviBD Kvh©vj‡q G wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|

hyM¥-mvaviY m¤úv`K c‡` evm‡mi wmwbqi wi‡cvU©vi mv¾v`

†nv‡mb, mvsMVwbK m¤úv`K c‡` ˆ`wbK BbwKjv‡ei wmwbqi wi‡cvU©vi

†kL gynv¤§` Rvgvj †nv‡mb, A_© m¤úv`K c‡` Kvgiæ¾vgvb KvRj,

60

wbix¶v

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AvRv` gvmy`, µxov m¤úv`K c‡` gywReyi ingvb, cÖwkÿY I M‡elYv

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m`‡m¨i mvZwU c‡` Av‡jvwKZ evsjv‡`‡ki wgRvbyi ingvb, †fv‡ii

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Bmjvg kvgxg, AvRv` †nv‡mb mygb I gnwmb †nv‡mb wbe©vwPZ nb|

GQvov webv cÖwZØw›ØZvq mn-mfvcwZ c‡` RbK‡Éi kwidzj Bmjvg,

bvix welqK m¤úv`K c‡` mywg Lvb, cÖPvi I cÖKvkbv m¤úv`K c‡`

gvbeRwg‡bi Kvwd Kvgvj, mvs¯‹…wZK m¤úv`K c‡` Avwgbyj nK fu~Bqv

Ges Kj¨vY m¤úv`K c‡` bqvw`M‡šÍi wRjvbx wgjUb wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Qb|

(m~Î: B‡ËdvK, 1jv wW‡m¤i 2015)

Abb¨v mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi

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Aa¨vcK W. †mvwbqv wbkvZ Avwgb| cÖavb AwZw_ K_vmvwnwZ¨K †mwjbv

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mgKvj, 6B wW‡m¤i 2015)

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20†k b‡f¤i RvZxq †cÖm K¬v‡e AbywôZ nq| Abyôv‡bi D‡Øvab K‡ib

XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© Aa¨vcK W. Av Av g m Av‡iwdb wmwÏK|

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b‡f¤i 2015)

m¤§vbbv †c‡jb mvsevw`K gvndzRyi ingvb

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Av Kv gy wMqvm DwÏb wgwé AwWUwiqv‡g G cyi¯‹vi cÖ vb Kiv nq| (m~Î:

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gZjy gwjøK| (m~Î: B‡ËdvK, 31†k A‡±vei 2015)

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m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Qb| MZ 2iv wW‡m¤i cÖavbgš¿xi Z_¨ Dc‡`óv

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