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New Direction in Social Policy of China:
the Interaction between Social Services and Social
Organizations
Lijie FangInstitute of Sociology
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
What‘s old in social policy?
• 1990s: employment based social insurance system Unemployment insurance Pension insurance for employees Urban employee medical insurance
• 2002-2008: universal social security system New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme(NCMS) Urban resident medical insurance Pension for rural and urban residents The minimum standard of living
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
What‘s old in social policy?
• How to understand?
From 1990s to the beginning of 21st century:
-- from employment based to citizen based
-- both production-centered
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
The rapid increase of aging population
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
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Population aged above 65 (thousand) Propotion of aged popution(%) Old-age dependencyrate(%)
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
The huge group of migrates
• There were more than 243 million migrates in 2013.
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
Problems
• Problem1:
The protection against economic risk is not enough in a aging society, neither to a huge amount of migrates.
• Problem2:
The state’s supply fell short of the growing demand for social services.
• Problem3:
As governments take more and more responsibilities of social welfare, the conflicts between governments and residents are increasing rapidly.
(Strong incentives of local government to share responsibilities with other roles)
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
What’s happening now?
• New directions in social policy since 2008:
Shifting from social security construction to social
service delivery
Shifting from citizen based and production centered to
be combined with settlement based (in community
level)
Highlighting more plural participations than
government’s responsibilities
Begin with the capacity building of social organizations.
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
What’s happening now?
• What kinds of social organizations are we talking about?
--Social service organizations: the one who deliver social service directly, e.g. social care organizations
--Social worker organizations: whose work are aimed to organizing and enabling users.
--The rural village organization: especially the one with village social workers.
Through the work of the last two types of organizations, users and residents are enabled not only to participate in the policy process, but also to cooperate to deliver services by themselves.
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
What’s happening now?
• The development of social service organizations
In March 2013, the Chinese Government decided to
relax the tight control over social service providing
NGOs and relabeled them as “social organizations”.
Local authorities support SOs by subsidizing them,
as well as purchasing services from them.
More and more local authorities also purchase
services form professional social worker
organizations to enable the community residents.
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130
100
200
300
400
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Amount of Social Oganizations
• By the end of 2013, the total number of SOs reached 547 thousands, 9.6% more than the previous year.
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
Implications
• Welfarist incorporation refers to `a political and economic arrangement between the state and organized society, whereby selected civic organizations are invited by the state to assist in the implementation of policy’. It is distinct from the idea of corporatism (Howell,2015).
• The growing of competition may increase the efficiency of social services, as well as users’ rights .
• As the local authorities purchase more services from SOs, SOs tend to move closer to government instead of users.
• Along with the improvement of users’ ability, users will have deeper influence on the distribution of welfare resource.
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
Implications
Social Services
Local governmen
ts
SOs for service delivery
Local residents
SOs for residents’ enabling
Service Purchase
Capacity Building &Service Purchase
ServiceDelivering
Enabling
中国社会科学院社会学研究所
Implications
Implications beyond social services:
(Innovative meaning as a New Emerging economy)
Social: welfare society (beyond welfare state?)
Political: grassroots civil society
