GHU NG LNHThng 124I Gii thiu chung v nghu:Cc loi nghu: nghu v trng, nghu v nu, nghu la.

Nghu v trng.

Nghu v nu.

Nghu la.Mi trng sng: c nui nhiu cc tnh ven bin nht l vng BSCL nh C Mau, Bc Liu, Tin Giang, Kin Giang, Sc Trng, Bn Tre v Tr Vinh. Nghu sng vi trong y ct bn ca vng triu, ch yu gii triu gia v di triu, c th gp su 4m. Trong t nhin cha gp loi ny vng y bn, y rn chc.Sinh sn: Nghu l loi phn tch c, ci ring, cha gp hin tng lng tnh. Ma ca chng l quanh nm, tp trung vo thng 6,chim n 60% c th chn mui. S trng trong non so trung bnh trong mt c th l 5362000.Nghu c v ci phun tinh trng v trng vo nc, trng c th tinh pht trin thnh u trng, u trng ca chng sng tri ni trong nc mt thi gian th hnh thnh v ri chm xung y. u th nghu ln ln thnh nghu cm b bng na ht go, v mng, dp, nng 0,04-0,07g/con (15.000-25.000 con/kg) vi su khong 1cm, nghu cm theo triu ln kim n nn thng b sng cun v dng triu a i tng i xa, c khi ln b phi kh m cht. Khong hn 1 thng sau nghu cm ln thnh nghu ging, nng 0,16-0,20g/con (5.000-6.000con/kg), v tng i cng, c th em ng cc bi.Tp tnh n: l loi ng vt n lc. Trong ng tiu ha: 75-90% l m bn hu c, cn li l cc sinh vt ph du ch yu l cc loi to silic ph du.Sinh trng: trong iu kin thun li nghu pht trin qua 3 giai on: trng n nghu cm: 2 thng. nghu cm n nghu ging ( 800-1000con/kg): 6 8 thng. nghu ging n nghu tht (c 50 con/kg): 10-11 thng.Tng thi gian t khi nghu c sinh ra n lc thu hoch l 18 20 thng, c chiu cao v t 4 71mm. Khng nn nghu qu ln mi thu hoch v n s lm gim nng sut.gi tr kinh t: dng lm ging, sn xut v ch bin nhm p ng nhu cu trong nc v xut khu. Vi c tnh tng din tch nui vo nm 2015 l 15950 ha vi sn lng 142700 tn, kim ngch xut khu t 114,16 triu USD.Nm 2010, cc tnh BSCL thu hoch 25000 tn nghu, s tht v khong 1 t con nghu ging nhn to cung cp cho ngi nui cc a phng.cch ch bin: nghu thng c ch bin nhanh, cng nh cc loi hi sn khc, thng c v tanh c trng. Phi kho kt hp vi cc loi gia v nng nh t, s, ring hay l chanh nghu mi c v thm ngon v ngt tht. C nhiu cch ch bin v d nh: nu canh, nu lu, xo, hp thi, hp s, b l, nu sa t, nng,cch bo qun: trc tin gi nguyn v v ti nc ln cung cp m cho nghu, gi ni rm mt, trnh nng, trnh ma l c th c trong vng 1 2 ngy. bo qun trong i sng: ng lnh ( dng t lnh ). bo qun trrong cng nghip: sy kh trong chn khng ( 0-600C ); sy kh thng hoa ( < 00C ); ng lnh ( < -180C ).Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca tht nghu khc nhau khi c nghu khc nhau v vng nui khc nhau:Bng 1: TPHH theo c nghu:C nghu (g)Thnh phn ha hc (%)

ProteinLipitKhong tngNc

2011.94 0.142.40 0.013.25 0.0380.41 1.15

2512.86 0.152.57 0.013.59 0.0380.98 1.13

3313.12 0.162.92 0.014.24 0.0379.67 1.12

5012.64 0.152.63 0.013.70 0.0481.02 1.12

Bng 2: TPHH ( 40con/kg ) theo vng nui:Vng thu muThnh phn ha hc (%)

ProteinLipitKhong tngNc

Bi nui Long Ha12.57 0.202.51 0.013.08 0.0380.76 1.12

Bi nui Tn Thnh12.88 0.202.48 0.013.61 0.0381.03 1.01

Bi nui Phong Thanh12.78 0.212.57 0.013.53 0.0480.32 1.11

Gii thiu chung v phng php bo qun ng lnh (p dng cho cc loi thy sn ni chung):Nguyn tc: h nhit thc phm xung di 80C, nc trong thc phm s ng kt li, nhit h cng thp, nc ng kt cng nhiu v thc phm s bo qun c cng lu di. Trc tin cn cp ng thc phm ti nhit nh cng nhanh cng tt gi cht lng ca nguyn liu, sau em bo qun nhit cn thit vi thi gian theo yu cu ca mi loi nguyn liu.Ch bin lnh c tin hnh trong mi trng lnh. Trong qu trnh x l phi gi nhit 1-50C, sau nhanh chng a sn phm i cp ng h nhit trung tm ca sn phm xung t nht l -120C. Tip theo, a sn phm i bo qun nhit -180C -240C.Mc ch: h thp nhit , lm chm s h hng ca nguyn liu cho n khi r ng nguyn liu sau thi gian bo qun lnh th cht lng ca nguyn liu thy sn ng lnh c gng gn nh nguyn liu ti ban u.L sn phm thy sn xut khu thng c bo qun lnh ng v tr ng. Dng phng php ny cho php sn phm thy sn c phn phi n mi th trng trn ton th gii.C s ca k thut lnh ng: nc trong nguyn liu thy sn. c ch ng bng trong qu trnh lm lnh ng. lm lnh ng chm v lm lnh ng nhanh. Nghu ng lnh

c nhiu loi nghu ng lnh : nghu nguyn con luc ng lnh, nghu tht luc ng lnh, nghu tht bm ng lnh, nghu na mnh luc ng lnh, nghu la tht luc ng lnh, II.Quy trnh ch bin nghu ng lnh:

Thuyt minh quy trnh:1. Tip nhn nguyn liu v ra 1:- Nguyn liu c chuyn v nh my bng xe thng kn sch. Thigian vn chuyn khng qu 8h.- L bin nhn phi c chng nhn xut x hp l, ngy v s lngkhai thc phi ph hp vi thc t.- Nghu cn sng, t ct, t l dp nt khng qu 1%.- Nghu c ra bng nc sch trong tng st nha v chuyn sangcng on tip theo.- Cng on ny rt quan trng v nhm loi b nhng l hng khngt cht lng cm quan, hay khai thc khng hp l.- Ra sch bn ct ngoi v nghu loi b vi sinh vt gy bnh bmtrn b mt v.2. Cng on ngm, ra 2 :Mc ch:- Nng mui thch hp v lng khng kh st vo h ngm to ucho nghu sng v nh ct bn trong.- Ra li lm sch bn, ct m nghu nh ra trong khi ngm loibt vi sinh vt trn b mt v.-Nghu sau khi ra nh nhng vo h ngm nc mui c h thngst kh.- dy ca nguyn liu khng qu 50 cm.- Sau khi ngm 4 6h tin hnh kim tra ct trong tht nghu bng cchdng dao tch v nu nghu sch ct th tt bm st kh x van y h cho cn nc, xc nghu vo st nha, ra nghu li mt ln nabng nc sch trc khi a vo luc.3. Cng on luc:- Nghu sau khi ra nh nhng vo bng chuyn luc. Nhit bung luc duy tr ln hn hoc bng 100oC, t 1 n 3pht.Nghu sau khi luc chn c a i lm ngui.4. Cng on lm ngui:- Nghu sau khi ra khi bng chuyn luc tip tc vo bng chuyn lmngui c gin phun nc sch lm gim nhit trc khi chuynsang cng on tch non.- Thi gian lm ngui 2-3 pht . Sau khi lm ngui nhit khong35- 45oC- Lm ngui nghu c th thc hin cng on tch non d dng.Thit b luc & lm ngui kiu mi

+ Np liu+ Luc+ Lm ngui s b bng phun nc+ Lm lnh bng b nc c hoc c dn lnh t trc tip trong b lnh th hai c bm tun hon.C b iu chnh vn tc bng ti xc nh chnh xc thi gian hp.Thit b c thit k d dng v sinh, ph hp vi tiu chun HACCP/FDA.Cng sut thit k theo yu cu ca khch hng.Ton b thit b ch to bng thp khng r m bo tui th cao, vn hnh khng s c.5. Cng on tch non:Mc ch- Nhm t yu cu sn phm : khng st mnh v, khng rch t ctht.- Nhit thch hp gip hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh.- Nghu chn sau khi lm ngui c a n bn vi s liu thchhp, tch non nh nhng khi v, loi b cc mnh v b, v nghuchuyn sang cng on ph phm.- Cng nhn s dng tay c eo gng tch tht nghu ra khi v. Thtnghu c chuyn n cng on k tip sau.- Trong qu trnh tch non, non nghu c cha trong r t trongthao nc lnh nhit < 7oC.6. Cng on ra nc mui :Tht nghu c ra qua nc mui nng 18 22%. Tht nghu ni ln c vt i, v nghu v cc loi tp cht nng s c loi b cng on ny. Trong mi ln ra thi gian nh hn hoc bng 1 pht, c 15 pht x 1 ln, b sung thm mui v nc duy tr nng theo yu cu. Thay nc mui sau mi 2 gi lin tc.6. Cng on ra nc mui:Mc ch- Nc mui nng 18 22 % c t trng cao gip tch ly ct ra khinon.- Nghu sau khi tch non nh nhng vo bn nc mui ( nng 18 22 % ) loi b tp cht v mnh v.- Trong mi ln ra thi gian nh hn hoc bng 1 pht. C 15 pht xmt ln b sung nc v mui duy tr nng theo yu cu.- Thay nc mui sau mi 2 gi lin tc.7. Cng on ra 3:Mc ch:- Lm sch ct, tp cht cn st li trong nghu , loi b bt vi sinh vtv gim nng mui.- Nghu sau khi ra bng nc mui c ra tip trong bn nc lnh3 ngn c vi chy lin tc. B sung vy thng xuyn m bo nhit nc nh hn hoc bng 5oC . Khong 30 pht thay nc mt ln.8. Cng on sc kh:Mc ch- Lm sch ct v tp cht c trong nghu- Nc lnh lm hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh.- Nghu cha trong tng st inox t trong bn nc lnh c dn ng sckh lin tc.- Thi gian sc kh 10 15 pht. Dng vy gi nhit nc nhhn hoc bng 10oC.- nghu t st li sang st nha sang cng on phn c- Khong 30 pht x cn nc, ra sch bn thay nc mi.9.Cng on phn c :Vi mc ch: sn phm t ng u v c loi ht tp cht, ming cn st li. Phn loi nghu vn, nghu b rch tht. nghu c p hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh, phi thng xuyn b sung thm vy gi nhit nghu 50C. Ty theo yu cu khch hng, cng nhn s cho phn c nh : 300/500, 500/800, 800/1000 con / kg.10. Cng on ra 4:Mc ch :- Lm sch ct cn st li trong nghu- Nghu sau khi phn c c nhng ra trong bn 3 ngn c vi nccha lin tc, c b sung vy thng xuyn m bo nhit nc