Ng Php Ting Anh

Phonetic Symbols

Contents

4Phonetic Symbols

7Alphabet

8Personal pronouns as Subject

10Simple Present of To Be

12Plural Nouns

14Articles

17Demonstrative Pronouns Adjectives: This / That / These / Those

19Possessive Adjectives

20Adjective of Quality

22There is / There are

23Possessive Case

25Countable & Uncountable Nouns

26Quantitative Adjectives: Some / Any

28Would like

28Imperative forms

30Personal Pronouns as Object

32Modal verb : Can

34Simple Present of To Have

36Possessive Pronouns

37Indefinite Pronoun: One

38Two Object Verb

39What ... Like?

40Present Continouns Tense

43Order of Adjectives

45Adverbs: too / so; either / neither

47Near Future Tense

49Preposition of place

51Simple Present of Ordinary Verbs

55Frequency Adverbs

56Want

57Adverbs of Manner

58Simple Past Tense of To Be

60There was / There were

61Adverbs of Degree: Too / Enough

62Structures: Too ... To / Enough ... to

64Simple Past Tense of To Have

66Simple Past Tense of Ordinary Verbs

71Quantitative Adjectives: many / much / a little / a few

72Adjective - Adverb

74Past Continouns Tense

76Contrast Between Simple Past & Past Continouns

77Modal Verb: Could

80Modal Verb: Must

82Modal Verb: Need

84Ordinal & Cardinal Numbers

85Present Perfect Tense

89Contrast between Simple Past & Present Perfect

90Comparative

93Superlative

96Modal Verb: Have To

100Simple Future Tense

102Indefinite Pronouns: Someone / Someone / Somebody / Something / Somewhere

104Indefinite Pronouns: Both / Neither / Either

106Conditional Sentences

108Wish Sentences

109Structure with Used to

110Struncture: So.... that

112Structure: So that

112Causative forms

114Tag Question

115It + to take

115Preposition: For

116Relative Pronouns: Who / Which / That

118Relative Adverb: Where

119Interrogative Pronoun: Who

120Interrogative Adjective Pronoun: What

122Interrogative Adjective Pronoun: Which

124Interrogative Adjective Pronoun: Whose

126Interrogative Adverb: How

128Interrogative Adverb: Where

129Interrogative Adverb: When

130Ch : Trong cu tr li trn, when l mt t ni

130Interrogative Adverb: Why

Phonetic Symbols

Phin m l mt trong nhng phn kh nht ca ngn ng Ting Anh. N rt a dng v phong ph nhng hnh thc khc nhau. c c nhng k hiu phin m trong Ting Anh, bn cn nghin cu mt cch k cng nhng biu tng phin m sau. Chng s gip cho bn c c bt c t no bn gp trong mt cun t in.

* Vowels: nguyn m

Trong Ting Anh c 12 nguyn m n.

Mi k hiu nguyn n trong Ting Anh, chng ti ss a ra mt k hiu nguyn m Ting Vit cho cc bn d dng luyn c.

Phin m

Quc tTng ng

Ting VitV d

i:i: (c c ko di) see, meet, meal

Ii six, sit, hit

ee ten, led, bet

Be (c c ko di) hat, man, cat

K:a: (c c ko di) arm, farm, car

Oogot, hot, not

J:o: (c c ko di) saw, nor, o

Fuput, good, could

u:u: (c c ko di) too, two, pool

Lcup, run, come

Z: (c c ko di) learn, first, fur

E ago, porter, w

* Dipthongs: nguyn m i

Hai nguyn m n hp li to thnh mt nguyn m i.

Trong Ting Anh, c 8 nguyn m i.

Phin m

Quc tTng ng

Ting VitV d

elypage, cage, came

EFunose, bone, home

alaifive, nice, kind

aFaucow, now, out

JIoiboy, toy, join

IEihear, near, fear

eEehair, where, fair

ju:iutube, suit, new

Ring m /ju:/ va l nguyn m va l ph m (Bn nguyn m bn ph m.)

- Bn nguyn m /ju:/V d:

tube/tju:b/

new/nju:/

- Bn ph m /ju:/V d:

university/ju:nlvEsltl/

European/ju:ErEpi:En/

Ch : Thng thng trong mt t c bao nhiu nguyn m th c by nhiu vn.* Consonants: ph m

Phin m

Quc tTng ng

Ting VitV d

pppen, put, pub

bb bad, boat, book

tth tea, table, teach

dd do, deep, dig

kkh cat, coat, cup

gg get, go, give

tGch chair, teach, watch

dC jack, June, judge

fph fall, fat, four

vv very, voice

Hththin, thought, month

D this, that, then

sx so, seven, sew

Gs she, ship, shoot

z zoo, zip, pens

C vision, pleasure

hh house, hope

mm man, make, meet

nn no, name, none

Ang sing, sink, drink

ll leg, lip, look

rr red, room, foor

jd yes, young, you

w wet, way, why

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Alphabet

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Pht m:

aEl

bBl

cSl

dDl

ei:

fEf

gdCi:

heltG

iAl

jdCel

kKel

lEl

mEm

nEn

oEF

ppi:

qkju:

ra:

sEs

tti:

uJu

vvi:

wdblju:

xEks

yWal

zzed, zi:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Personal pronouns as Subject

Singular (s it)Plural (s nhiu)

First person

(Ngi th nht)IWe

Second person

(Ngi th hai)youYou

Third person

(Ngi th ba)he

she

itThey

* Ngi th nht (first person):

cp n ngi ni (the person speaking).

I

(ti, t, tao, mnh, b)

we

(chng ta, chng ti, chng mnh)

* Ngi th hai (second person):

cp n ngi nghe, ngi i din, ngi c ni vi (the person spoken to).

you

(bn, anh, ch, ng, b, my)

you

(cc bn, cc anh, cc ch, cc ng, cc b, chng my)

you va hnh thc s t va hnh thc s nhiu.

* Ngi th ba (third person):

cp n ngi khc ngoi hai trng hp trn (the person spoken about).

he

(anh y, ng y, n, hn)

she

(ch y, b y, c y, hn, n)

it

(n, vic )

they

(h, chng n)

Ch : i t I (ti) lung c vit hoa d n ng bt k v tr no trong cu.

Trong Ting Anh, i t c xng h mang ngha khc nhau theo vn cnh. trong nhng vn cnh khc nhau th cc bn phi hiu v dch ngha ca cc i t nhn xng mt cch linh ng.

V d: (xt tnh hung sau:)

Teacher: How are you?

(Cc em c kho khng?)

Pupils: We are fine, thanks.

(Chng em kho, cm n c.)

Trong trng hp trn, c gio ang cho hi cc hc sinh v th you khng mang ngha l cc bn m phi l cc em, v We c ngha l chng em.

Tt c nhng i t nhn xng c cp trn ng vai tr l ch ng trong cu. Vy ch ng l g?

Bn c th hiu ch ng l thnh phn tr li cho cu hi:Ai/ci g + ng t, hnh ng, s vic?

Trong cu khng nh, ch t thng ng trc ng t.

V d:

1.He is a teacher.(ng y l mt gio vin.)Phn tch:

Ai l gio vin? --> ng y

Nh vy ng y l ch ng.

2.The book is on the table.(quyn sch nm trn bn.)

Phn tch:

Ci g trn bn? --> quyn sch

Nh vy, quyn sch l ch ng.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Simple Present of To Be

Trong phn ny, cc bn lm quen vi ng t To Be th hin ti n.

ng t TO BE th hin ti n gm ba dng: am, is, are c dng theo ch t.* Affirmative: ( th khng nh)

- Nu ch t l ngi th nht, s t th ta dng am.

I am

vit tt:

ImV d:

I am Nam

(Ti l Nam.)

I am a teacher.

(Ti l gio vin.)

- Nu ch t l ngi th ba, s t th ta dng is.

He is

vit tt:

Hes

She is

vit tt:

Shes

It is

vit tt:

Its

V d:

He is Tom.

(Anh y l Tom.)

She is Mai.

(C y l Mai.)

It is a book.

( l mt quyn sch.)

- Ngoi hai trng hp trn th ta dng are.

You are

vit tt:

Youre

We are

vit tt:

Were

They are

vit tt:

TheyreV d:

You are a pupil.

(Cc bn l hc sinh.)

You are pupils.

(Cc bn l nhng hc sinh.)

They are teachers.

(H l nhng gio vin.)

We are engineers.

(Chng ti l nhng k s.)

* Negative: ( th ph nh)

Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, i vi ng t To Be, ta ch cn thm not sau ng t To Be.V d:

I am not a teacher.

(Ti khng phi l gio vin.)

Ch : am not khng c hnh thc vit tt.

She is not Mai.

(Tn c y khng phi l Mai.)

He is not a doctor.

(Anh y khng phi l bc s.)

It is not a book.

(N khng phi l mt quyn sch.)Ch : is not c vit tt l isnt

You are not a pupil.

(Bn khng phi l hc sinh.)

You are not pupils.

(Cc bn khng phi l nhng hc sinh.)

They are not teachers.

(H khng phi l nhng gio vin.)

We are not engineers.

(Chng ti khng phi l nhng k s.)

Ch : are not c vit tt l arent

* Interrogative (YES-NO Question)

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn. i vi ng t To Be, ta a To Be ra ng trc ch ng.

Cu nghi vn cn c gi l cu hi Yes No question v th khi tr li nhng cu hi ny, chng ta thng dng: Yes hoc No.

Nu ng , chng ta c mu cu: Yes, Subject + Be.

Nu khng ng , chng ra s dng mu cu: No, Subject + Be + not

V d:

Interrogative:

Are you a teacher?

(c phi bn l gio vin?)

Answer:

Yes, I am.

No, I am not.

Interrogative:

Is she Mai?

(C phi tn c y l Mai?)

Answer:

Yes, she is.

Or:No, she isnt.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Plural Nouns

a. Hnh thc:

Danh t dng s nhiu c thnh lp bng cch thm s/es vo sau danh t s t v loi b a/an trc danh t .

* Nguyn tc chung: thm S vo sau danh t.

V d:

a book

books

( nhng quyn sch)

a pen

pens

(nhng cy vit)

a boy

Boys

(nhng cu b)

* Nu danh t tn cng l cc ph m /s/ /Z/ /tG/ /G/ th ta thm es vo sau danh t.

V d:

a box

Boxes

(nhng ci hp)

a watch

watches

(nhng ci ng h)

a glass

glasses

(nhng ci ly)

a dish

dishes

(nhng ci a)

* Nu danh t tn cng l f, fe th ta i f, fe thnh v ri thm es vo sau danh t.

V d:

a knife

knives

(nhng a b)

a leaf

leaves

(nhng chic l)

* Nu danh t tn cng l y v trc y l ph m th ta i y thnh i ri thm es vo sau danh t.

V d:

a baby

babies

(nhng a b)

a candy

candies

(nhng ci ko)

* Nu danh t tn cng l y v trc y l nguyn m th ta nguyn y, ri thm s vo sau danh t.

V d:

a key

keys

(nhng cha kho)

a day

days

(nhng ngy)

* i vi mt s danh t bt quy tc, cc bn cn phi hc thuc lng.

a man

--> men (mt ngi an ng --> nhng ngi n ng)

a woman

--> women (mt ngi n b --> nhng ngi n b)

a foot

--> feet

(mt bn chn --> nhng bn chn)

a child

--> children

(mt a tr --> nhng a tr)

a tooth

--> teeth

(mt ci rng --> nhng ci rng)

a goose

--> geese

(mt con ngng --> nhng con ngng)

a louse

--> lice

(mt con rn --> nhng con rn)

a mouse

--> mice

(mt con chut --> nhng con chut)ox

--> oxen

(mt con b --> nhng con b)

b. Quy tc pht m ca cc danh t tn cng l s/es:

* es thng c c l /Iz/ khi n ng sau cc m gi (hissing sounds) hoc sau /s/, /z/, /tG/, /dC/, /G/

V d:

glasses

(nhng ci ly)

boxes

(nhng ci hp)

watches

(nhng ci ng h)

fishes

(nhng con c)

* S thng c c l /s/ khi ng sau /p/, /t/, /k/, /H/, /f/.

V d:

cups

(nhng ci tch)

students

(nhng sinh vin)

desks

(nhng ci bn)

Ngoi cc trng hp trn, cc t tn s thng c c l /z/.

V d:

pupils

(nhng hc sinh)

doctors

(nhng bc s)

clowns

(nhng anh h)

pens

(nhng cy vit)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Articles

C hai loi mo t: mo t xc nh (Definite Article) v mo t khng xc nh (Indefinite article)

a. Definite Article: the

- Hnh thc:

Mo t the tn ti cng chung mt hnh thc the cho d n i vi danh t s t hay s nhiu.V d:

the girl

(mt c gi)

the girls

(nhng c gi)

- Cch dng:

* Ta dng mo t xc nh the trc mt danh t xc nh r hoc c cp n ln th hai.V d:

There are a boy and a girl. The boy is tall but the girl is short.

(C mt cu b v mt c gi. Cu b th cao nhng c b th thp.)

* Ta dng mo t xc nh the i vi nhng danh t c xem l duy nht.V d:

the world

(th gii)

the earth

(tri t)

the ocean

(i dng)

the sun

(mt tri)

the moon

(mt trng)

the sky

(bu tri)

the equator

(ng xch o)

the starts

(nhng v sao)

* Ta dng mo t the trc nhng tnh t dng so snh nht hoc s th t.

V d:

the best student.

(sinh vin gii nht.)

the biggest house

(ngi nh ln nht)

the first person

(ngi th nht)

the second person

(ngi th nh)b. Indefinite articles

Mo t a/an:

- Hnh thc:

* Nu danh t bt u bng mt ph m (cosonant) th mo t ng trc n l a.V d:

a man

(mt ngi)

a hat

(mt ci m)

a lamp

(mt cy n)

Tuy nhin trong trng hp, c nhng t bt u bng ph m cm (khng c pht m) v sau n l nguyn m ta vn dng an.V d:

an apple

(mt qu to)

an island

(mt hn o)

an uncle

(mt ng ch)

an egg

(mt qu trng)Trong trng hp danh t bt u bng mt bn ph m /ju:/ th mo t ng trc n l a.V d:

a university

(mt trng i hc)

ju:

khng th ni: an university

* Cch s dng

A/An c s dng trc danh t s t, m c khi danh t ny c cp n ln u tin v ch ngi hoc vt chung chung.

This is a passport.

(y l h chiu.)

That is an eraser.

(y l mt cc ty)

A/An c s dng trc danh t ch ngh nghip.

He is an actor.

(Anh y l mt din vin.)

She is a teacher.

(C y l mt gio vin)

A/An c ng trc mt t nh lng.

A lot of food

(nhiu thc n)

A box of chalks.

(mt hp phn)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Demonstrative Pronouns Adjectives: This / That / These / Those

* Demonstrative pronouns:

That, this, these, those l nhng i t ch nh.

That & this i vi danh t s t.

- That: , kia, ci , ci kia

Ta dng that khi ni v mt ngi hay mt vt xa.

- This: y, ny, ci ny

Ta dng this khi ni v mt ngi hay mt vt gn.V d:

Affirmative:

This is Lan.

(y l lan)

-->

Negative: This is not Lan. (y khng phi l lan)

-->

Interrogative: Is this lan? (y c phi l lan khng?)

Affirmative:

That is your book.

( l quyn sch ca bn.)

-->

Negative:

That is not your book.

( khng phi l quyn sch ca bn)

-->

Interrogative:

Is that your book?

( c phi l quyn sch ca bn khng?)

These & those i vi danh t s nhiu.

These: nhng ngi, vt ny, n c s dng ch nhng ngi hoc vt gn.V d:

These are your pens.

(y l nhng cy bt ca bn.)

-->Are these your pens?

(y c phi l nhng cy bt ca bn?)

-->Yes, they are.

These are his pencils.

(y l nhng cy bt ch ca anh y.)

--> Are these his pencils? (y c phi l nhng cy bt ch ca anh y?)

--> No, they arent.

Those: Nhng ngi hoc vt kia, nhng ngi hoc vt , n c s dng ch nhng ngi hoc vt xa.V d:

Those are your books.

( l nhng quyn sch ca bn.)

-->Are those your books?

( c phi lk nhng cy bt ca bn?)

--> Yes they are.

Those are her notebooks.

( l nhng quyn v ca c y.)

--> Are those her notebooks?

( c phi l nhng quyn v ca c y?)

-->No, they arent.

* Demonstrative Adjectives: That, this, these, those

Nhng tnh t ch nh this. that, these, those ng trc danh t v b ngha cho danh t .

This, that: ng trc danh t s t.V d:

This is good.

(Quyn sch ny hay.)

That book is good.

(Quyn sch hay.)

These, those: ng trc danh t s nhiu.V d:

These books are good.

(Nhng quyn sch ny hay.)

Those books are good.

(Nhng quyn sch hay.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Possessive Adjectives

Cc bn hc v personal Pronouns (i t nhn xng) ng vai tr ch t (Subject). By gi, chng ta lm quen vi cc tnh t s hu (Possessive Adjectives.)

Cc tnh t s hu tng ng vi i t nhn xng:

Personal PronounPossessive adjective

Imy

Youyour

Hehis

Sheher

Itits

Weour

Youyour

Theytheir

V d:

My book is red.

(Quyn sch ca ti mu .)

He is helping his sister.

(Anh y ang gip ch ca anh y)

Our sister is helping him.

(Ch ca chng ti ang gip anh y.)

My name is Ba.

(Tn ca ti l Ba.)Ch :

- Tnh t s hu khng thay i d n i vi danh t s t hay danh t s nhiu.

- Tnh t s hu lun ng trc danh t s t ln s nhiu v b ngha cho danh t v tnh t s hu.

- Nu mt danh t c nhiu tnh t b ngha th tnh t s hu lun ng trc cc tnh t kia.V d:

It is my book.

(y l quyn sch ca ti.)

It is her red hat.

(y l ci m mu ca c y.)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adjective of Quality

* Tnh t ch cht lng bao gm nhiu loi nh sau:

- Tnh t ch kch c (khng k tnh t tittle)

small # big

(nh # ln)

long # short

(di # ngn)

- Tnh t ch s m t chung: (bao gm tnh t ch tnh cht, tnh cch, tnh cm)

kind # mean

(tt bng # hn)

tame # wild

(thun, thun ho # hoang d)

ugly # beatiful

(xu # p)

hot # cold

(nng # lnh)

old # new

(c # mi)- Tnh t m t v tui tc: (bao gm c tnh t tittle)

old # young

(gi # tr)

little # adult

(nh # trng thnh)- Tnh t m t v hnh dng:

fat # thin

(mp # m)

tall # short

(cao # ln)- Tnh t m t v mu sc:

black # white

(en # trng)- Tnh t ch vt liu:

woolen

(bng len)

wooden

(bng g)

golden

(bng vng)- Tnh t ch ngun gc:

(Quc tch ca mt ngi, a im ca vt c lm ra.)

Vietnam --> Vietnamese (nc Vit Nam --> ngi Vit Nam)

Japan --> Japanese

(nc Nht --> ngi Nht)

China --> Chinese

(nc Trung Quc --> ngi Trung Quc)

- Tnh t ch mc ch:

walking

(i b, i do)

weeding

(giy c)V d:

walking stick

(gy i b)

weeding hoe

(cuc giy c)

* Tnh t cht lng l t thng c t sau ng t TO BE hay trc danh t ni v tnh trng hay tnh cht ca ngi, vt, s vt.

Cu trc cu:

S + BE + Adj

OR:

S + BE + a/an + Adj +NounV d:

She is young.

-->She is a young girl.

Chi is tall and thin

(Chi cao v gy.)

Tuan is fat and short.

(Tun mp v ln.)

--> Tuan is a fat and short boy.

Hung is heavy and strong

(Hng nng k v mnh)

--> Hung is a heavy and strong boy.

Bas face is round.

(Khun mt ca Ba trn tra.)

-->Ba has a round face.

Mais hair is black and long.

(Mi tc ca Mai mu en v di)

Mai has long and black hair.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There is / There are

khng nh s hin din ca vt hay ngi mt ni xc nh no , ta dng cu trc cu nh sau:

There + BE + Noun

th hin ti, ng t To Be c chia l is hay are tu thuc vo danh t theo sau n l s t hay s nhiu.

V d:

There is a book on the table.

(C mt quyn sch trn bn.)

Affirmative:

There is one book on the table.

(C mt quyn sch trn bn.)

Negative:

There are not two pencils in the box.

(Khng c hai cy bt ch trong hp.)

Interrogative (Yes No Question):

Are there many pictures in the box?

(C nhiu bc nh trong hp phi khng?)

Answer:

No, there arent./ Yes, there are.

------------------------------------------------

Possessive Case

S hu cch ca danh t (Possessive case of noun)

L cch ni v cch vit ngn gn, ch quyn s hu trc tip ca mt ngi trn mt ngi hay mt vt. S hu cch ca danh t c to thnh bng cch thm s vo sau danh t .

Danh t dng s hu cch c gi l possessor.

Danh t ng sau possessor c gi l possession.V d:

Toms

father

(cha ca Tom)

Minhs

wife

(v ca Minh)

Dicks

friends

(nhng ngi bn ca Dick)

Peters

book

(sch ca Peter)

Marys

books

(nhng quyn sch ca Mary)

Possessor Possession

i vi danh t s t (singular noun), S hu cch ca danh t c thnh lp bng cch thm s vo sau danh t ch ngi s hu (Possessor) .V d:

My mothers blouse.

(Chic o cnh ngn ca m ti.)

Johns car.

(Chic xe hi ca John.)

Her bosss car.

(Chic xe hi ca ng ch.)

i vi danh t s nhiu dng bt quy tc, s hu cch ca danh t c thnh lp bng cch thm s vo sau danh t ch ngi s hu (Possessor).V d:

child (singular noun) --> children (plural noun)

The childrens toys.

(Nhng chi ca tr em.)

man --> men

The mens shoes.

(Nhng i giy ca n ng.)

i vi danh t s nhiu dng quy tc (thm s hnh thc s nhiu), s hu cch ca danh t c thnh lp bng cch thm vo sau danh t ch ngi s hu (Possessor).V d:

The students pens.(Nhng cy bt mc ca sinh vin.)

The teachers books.(Nhng quyn sch ca gio vin.)

Ch : - ng t c chia theo possession ch khng chia theo possessor.

V d:

Jims book is on the table.(Quyn sch ca Jim trn bn.)

Jims books are on the table.

(Nhng quyn sch ca Jim trn bn.)

- Khi cc bn ni n vt s hu mt vt no , chng ta khng dng s hu cch. Cc bn s dng of ch s s hu .V d:

The roof of the building.(Mi ca to nh.)

Khng ni: The buildings roof.

The end of the street.

(Cui con ng.)

- Cc bn c th dng hai dng s hu cho ni chn, cc t chc.

V d:

Londons museums.

(Nhng vin bo tng ca London.)

orThe museums of London.

The companys future.

(Tng lai ca cng ty.)

orThe future of the company.

* Cch pht m s

s c 3 cch pht m nh danh t s nhiu.

/z/: Johns

/s/: students

/iz/: bosss--------------------------------------------------------

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

* Cc bn hy xt mt s trng hp khc nhau gia danh t m c v danh t khng m c sau:

- Danh t m c (countable noun)Xt v d:

I eat two bananas every day.

(Mi ngy, ti n hai qu chui.)

I like banana.

(Ti thch chui.)

==> Banana l mt danh t m c.

i vi danh t m c, khi chuyn danh t t s t sang danh t s nhiu, ta thm S sau danh t .

Danh t m c ch nhng s vt hay s vic ta c th m hay tnh ton.

C th ni one banana, two bananas...

- Danh t khng m c (uncountable noun)Xt v d:

I eat rice every day.

(Mi ngy, ti u n cm.)

I like rice.

(Ti thch n cm.)

==> Rice l mt danh t khng m c.

Cc danh t khng m c ch c mt dng.

Danh t khng m c ch nhng s vt hay s vic chng ta khng th m hay tnh ton c. Ta khng th ni one rice two rice...

Nhng danh t khng m c thng c cc n v o lng (ton, kilogram, meter...) i km.

* Nhiu danh t c th dng nh l danh t m c hay khng m c, thng l vi cc ngha khc nhau.

Xt v d:

I bought a paper.

(Ti mua mt t bo.)

Paper: danh t m c.

I need some paper.

(Ti cn mt t giy)

Paper: danh t khng m c.

There is a hair in my soup.

(C mt si tc trong chn sp ca ti.)

Hair: danh t m c

You have long hair.

(Bn c mi tc di.)

Hair: danh t khng m c.

-----------------------------------------------------------

Quantitative Adjectives: Some / Any

Some & any l nhng tnh t ch s lng.

a. Some & any ng trc danh t s nhiu.

Mt s cch dng khc ca some v any nh sau:

* Some:

- Some c s dng trong cu khng nh.

- Some i vi danh t khng n c, c ngha cht t.V d:

There is some wine in the bottle.

(C mt cht ru trong chai.)

Wine: danh t khng m c.

- Some cng c th i vi danh t m c, s nhiu, c ngha l mt vi.V d:

There are some students in the class.

( C mt vi sinh vin trong lp.)

Student: danh t c th m c.

* Any:

- Any c ngha l no, no c.

- Any c dng trong cu nghi vn v ph nh.

- Any i vi danh t khng m c.V d:

Is there any wine in the bottle?

(C mt cht ru no trong chai khng?)

There isnt any wine in the bottle.

(Khng c mt cht ru no c.)

- Any cng c th i vi danh t m c, s nhiu.

V d:

Are there any students in the class?

(C sinh vin no trong lp khng?)

There arent any students in the class. (Khng c sinh vin no trong lp c.)b. i khi Some & any i vi danh t hnh thc s t, m c khi:

- Some: c ngha khng ch r, khng ni r.V d:

Some man is in that house.

(Mt ngi n ng no trong ngi nh kia.)

- Any: c ngha mi (= every), khng c bit, khng mang tnh c th.V du:

Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words.

(Bt c mt quyn t in no cng cho bn bit ngha ca nhng t ny.)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Would like

Would like: Mun, cn, thch.

Would like: c vit tt: d like

Sau would like c th l mt danh t (Noun) hay l mt to- infinitive.

th khng nh, would like c s dng by t mun ca mnh hoc a ra li ngh, yu cu mt cch lch s.V d:

I would like a menu.

(Ti cn mt thc n)

= Id like a menu.

I would like some cheese.

(Ti mun dng mt t pho mt.)

= Id like some cheese.

I would like to buy a dictionary, please.

(Ti mun mua mt quyn t in.)

= Id like to buy a dictionary, please.

th nghi vn hay cu hi, would like c s dng nh l mt li mi lch s v t nh.V d:

Would you like some soup?

(Bn mun dng mt t sp khng?)

Which soup would you like?

(Bn mun dng loi sp g?)

Trong cu hi, would s c t trc ch ng.

----------------------------------------------

Imperative forms

a. Hnh thc:

Dng khng nh:

Vo (bare infinitive)Dng ph nh:

Dont + VoV d:

Open the door, please.

Dont look at your books.

Dont be late.

Bn c th thm please vo u cu hoc cui cu khi a ra mt cu mnh lnh lch s v t nh.

b. Cch s dng:

- Cu mnh lnh dng ra lnh cho ngi khc thng ch dng trong hon cnh ngi ln tui ra lnh cho ngi nh tui.

Sit down.

(Hy ngi xung.)

- Cu mnh lnh dng nh mt li mi.

Have some tea please.

(Dng mt t nc tr nh?)

- Cu mnh lnh c s dng nh l mt li ch dn.

Take the second turning the lest.

(Hy r tri ti ng t th hai.)

- Cu mnh lnh c dng nh mt li cnh co.

Look! A bus is coming.

(Nhn ka! xe bt ang n.)

- Cu mnh lnh c dng nh mt li cm on.

Keep off the grass.

(Cm i trn c.)* i vi cc ng t i vi mt gii (two-word verb)

- Vi loi ng t c th tch ra (separable), cc bn c th t mt tn ng gia ng t v gii t.

put on

mc (qun o), bt (n), ln cn.

take off

ci (qun o), ly i, ct cnh.

put away

dnh, dnh dm, em i ni khc.V d:

1. Put on your shoes.

(Hy mang giy vo.)

2. Put them on.

3. Take off your hat.

(Hy m m ra.)

4. Take it off.

5. Put away these dishes.

(Hy em nhng ci a ny i ni khc.)

6. Put them away

- i vi cc ng t khng th tch ra (inseparable), cc bn khng th t mt tn ng gia ng t v gii t.

listen to

(nghe, lng nge)

wait for

(ch, i)

look at

(nhn, xem)V d:

1. Listen to the music.

(Hy nghe nhc.)

Khng th ni: Listen the music to.

2. Wait for me.

(Hy i ti nh.)

Khng th ni: Wait me for.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Personal Pronouns as Object

Cc bn bit v i t nhn xng (personal pronouns) ng vai tr ch ng (subject). By gi cc bn s hc thm v i t nhn xng lm tn ng (object) trong cu.

Cc i t nhn xng lm tn ng tmg ng vi cc i t nhn xng lm ch ng:

SubjectObject

First personIme

weus

Second personyouyou

Third personHehim

Sheher

Itit

Theythem

Tn ng l thnh phn tr li cho cu hi:

ng t + ai / ci g?

- i t nhn xng lm tn ng ng sau ng t thng.

V d:

Road signs hepl us

(Nhng k hiu giao thng ng ph gip chng ta.)

Gip ai ? --> gip chng ta (us).

V th, us lm tn ng trong cu.

- i t nhn xng lm tn ng i khi ng sau gii t.V d:

He often goes to the zoo with me. (Anh y thng i n s th vi ti.)

i n s th vi ai? --> vi ti.

V th, me lm tn ng trong cu.

My father give it to me on my birthday.

(Cha ti tng n cho ti nhn ngy sinh nht ca ti.)

Trong cu ny c hai tn ng trong cu:

Cho ci g? --> cho n (it). V th it lm tn ng trong cu.

Cho ai? --> cho ti (me). V th me lm tn ng trong cu.

----------------------------------------------------------------

Modal verb : Can

a. Can l mt ng t khim khuyt

- Sau can l mt ng t nguyn mu khng to: Can + B.IAffirmative:

th khng inh, can ng dng cho tt c mi ngi.

I can swim.

He can swim.

They can swim.Negative:

Khi mun i sang th ph nh, ta thm not vo sau ng t can.

I cannot swim. / I cant swim

He cannot swim. / He cant swim

They cannot swim. / He cant swim

Cannot c vit tt l cant

Interrogative (hoc Yes-No Question):

Khi t cu hi, ta o ng t can ra trc ch t.

Can I swim?

Can he swim?

Can they swim?

Answer:

Yes, you can.

No, you cant.

Wh Question:

Khi t cu hi Wh, cc bn c cc cu trc cu sau:

WH... + CAN + S + B.I?V d:

What can I do to make you happy?

Where can I stay?

WH...+ CAN + B.I?

V d:

Who can answer this question?

WH... + NOUN + CAN + S + B.I?

V d:

Which thing can I do?

b. Cch dng

- ng t can c dng trong cu khng nh din t mt kh nng c th lm mt iu g trong hin ti hoc tng lai.V d:

You can ski on the hills. (Bn c th trt tuyt trn i.)

- Can c s dng din t mt s cho php lm iu g trong hin ti v tng lai.V d:

Why dont you ring him? You can use my phone.

(Ti sao bn khng gi in cho anh y?

Bn c th s my in thoi ca ti.)

- Can th ghi vn c s dng nh l mt li ngh, li xin php.V d:

Can you help me?(Bn c th gip ti c khng?)

Can I help you?

(Ti c th gip g bn khng nh?)

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Simple Present of To Have

ng t thng Have l mt ng t bt quy tc v th cc bn cn hc thuc cc chia ca n. Have mang ngha l s hu hay c

Affirmative:

I have

(got)

You have

(got)

He has

(got)

She has

(got)

It has

(got)

We have

(got)

You have

(got)

They

(got)

Ch : Have c vit tt l veNegative:

Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, i vi ng t c bit Have, ta c hai cch i:

- Thm not sau ng t Have hoc Has.

- Hoc mn tr ng t do / does, ri thm not sau tr ng t .

I have not

(got)

I dont have

You have not

(got)

You dont have

He has not

(got)

He doesnt have

She has not

(got)

She doesnt have

It has not

(got)

It doesnt have

We have not

(got)

We dont have

You have not

(got)

You dont have

They have not

(got)

They dont have

Ch : have not c vit tt l havent

has not c vit tt l hasnt

Interrogative:

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn, ta cng c hai cch i:

- Ta a ng t Have hoc Has ra ng trc ch ng.

- Mn tr ng t do / does, sau a chng ra ng trc ch ng.

Thm du hi cui cu.

Have I

(got)?

Do I have?

Have you

(got)?

Do you have?

Has he

(got)?

Does he have?

Has she

(got)?

Does she have?

Has it

(got)?

Does it have?

Have we

(got)?

Do we have?

Have you

(got)?

Do you have?

Have they

(got)?

Do they have?

Got c th c i theo sau ng t have. N khng lm thau i g v ngha. Have got vn c ngha l c hoc s hu. Tuy nhin got khng c them vo trong nhng cu tr li ngn.

V d:

Have you got any children?

(Bn c con cha?)

Yes, I have.

Has he got a bicycle?

(Anh y c xe p ch?)

No, he hasnt.Ch : im khc nhau gia have/has v there are / there is nh sau:

- There is / are: cp n ngi hay vt hin c mt a im no .

V d:

There is a telephone on the table.

There are some books in the drawer.

- Have / Has (got): khi xc nh r quyn s hu.

V d:

Ive got a camera.

Shes got a sister.

----------------------------------------------------

Possessive Pronouns

Cc bn lm quen vi tnh t s hu, by gi cc bn s lm quen vi i t s hu. C mt s c im khc nhau gia i t s hu v tnh t s hu nh sau:

a. Hnh thc:

Tnh t s hui t s hu

mymine

youryours

hishis

herhers

itsits

uorours

youryours

theirtheirs

b. Cch dng:

Tnh t s hu ng trc danh t, b ngha cho danh t v mt s hu.

i t s hu c dng thay th cho mt tnh t s hu v mt danh t c cp n, nhm trnh s lp li.

V d:

This is our room. That is theirs.

Poss. Adj + NounPoss. Pron

i t s hu c th lm ch ng hoc tn ng trong cu.

V d:

This is my book. Its mine.

Poss. Adj Poss Pron (O)

My dress is blue. Here is yellow. o

Poss Adj

Poss Pron (S)Ch : Cng nh tnh t s hu, cc i t s hu vn gi nguyn hnh thc ca chng cho du chng c thay th cho tnh t s hu vi danh t hnh thc s nhiu hay s t.V d:

These are my books. Those are mine.--------------------------------------------------------

Indefinite Pronoun: One

Xt tnh hung sau:

Alice went to the dentists to test her teeth. Conversation between the dentist and Alice as following:

Alice:

My teeth hurt. I can not chew.

(Rng ca ti au. Ti khng th nhai.)Dentist:

Which one is it?

(Ci rng no au?)Alice:

The one is in the upper jaw.

(Ci rng hm trn.)

Trong on i thoi trn, chng ta c th on one thay th cho danh t c cp trong cu trc?

One l i t thay th cho danh t tooth. ng l nha s phi ni Which tooth is it? v Alice p: the tooth is in the upper jaw.

* Chng ta s dng i t one hoc ones thay th cho danh t c cp n trong cu hay mnh trc.

Ones thay th cho danh t s nhiu v one thay th cho danh t s t.V d:

Mary wants a red skirt but Mrs Green bought her a blue one.

(Ma ry mun mt vy ngn mu nhng b Green mua cho c y mt vy ngn mu xanh.)

i t one cu trn thay cho danh t skirt.We dont like these magazines. We like those ones.

(Chng ti khng thch nhng tp ch ny. Chng ti thch nhng tp ch kia.)

i t ones cu trn thay cho danh t magazines.

Chng ta c th s dng mo t the vi one hoc ones khi danh t c xc nh.V d:

Whichs coat is yours?

(Ci o khoc no ca bn?)

The one on the chair is mine.

(o khoc trn gh ca ti.)---------------------------------------------------------

Two Object Verb

Two-object verb: l loi ng t i vi hai tn ng trong mt cu.

Two-object verb + O (someone) + O (something)

Tn ng l thnh phn tr li cho cu hi:

ng t + ai/ci g?V d1:

Give me the book.

(Hy a cho ti quyn sch.)

Phn tch:

Cho ai? --> cho ti

-->Nh th me (ti) l tn ng.

Cho ci g? --> cho quyn sch

-->Nh th the book (quyn sch) l tn ng.

V d2:

Can you show me the book?

(Bn c th cho ti xem quyn sch?)

Phn tch:

Ch cho ai? --> ch cho ti

-->Nh th me (ti) l tn ng.

Ch ci g? --> Ch quyn sch

-->Nh th the book (quyn sch) l tn ng.

Trong mt s trng hp, i vi Two-object verb c gii t theo sau ta c th t gii t gia hai tn ng: tn ng ch ngi v tn ng ch vt khi v tr ca hai tn ng ny c th o ngc li.

Two-object verb + O (something) + preposition + O (someone)V d:

Give the book to me.

(Hy a cho ti quyn sch.)

Can you show the book to me?

(Bn c th cho ti xem quyn sch?)

Ch : Mt ng t c gii t theo sau nh:

bring something to someone.

(Mang ci g n cho ai.)

send something to someone.

(Gi ci g n cho ai.)

buy something for someone.

(Mua ci g cho ai.)

Take someone to somewhere.

(a ai n ni no.)--------------------------------------------------------------------

What ... Like?

Khi mun hi v c im, tnh cht, ca mt ngi, mt vt hay mt s vic no , cc bn c th s dng What ..Like trong cu trc sau:

WHAT + TO BE + S + LIKE?

Ngha: ... nh th no?V d:

What is the weather like in the summer?

(Thi tit nh th no vo ma h?)

-->It is very hot.

(Tri rt nng.)

What is the weather like in your country?

(Thi tit nh th no nc bn?)

--> It is very sunny in dry season and rainy in rainy season.

(Tri rt nng vo ma kh v ma nhiu vo ma ma.)

What is she like?

(C y nh th no nh?)

-->She is very nice.

(C y d thng.)

What is that book like?

(Quyn sch nh th no?)

-->It is very good.

(N hay lm.)

---------------------------------------------------------------

Present Continouns Tense

Th hin ti tip din: (Present continouns tense)a. Cch thnh lp:

S + BE + V ingV d:

Im reading.

(Ti ang c.)

He is reading.

(Anh y ang hc.)

They are reading.

(H ang c.)Negative:

Mun chuyn mt cu khng nh th hin ti tip din sang cu ph nh th ta thm not vo ngay sau ng t TO BE.

S + BE + Not + V ingV d:

Im not reading.

He isnt reading.

They arent reading.Negative:

Mun chuyn mt cu khng nh th hin ti tip din sang cu nghi vn th ta o ng t TO BE ra trc ch t.

V d:

Are you reading?

Is he reading?

Are they reading?

Wh Question:

Khi t cu hi vi Wh Question, ta c cc cu trc cu sau:

Wh... + BE + S + V - ing?V d:

What are you doing?

(Bn ang lm ci g vy?)

-->Im eating.

(Ti ang n.)

What is he doing?

(Anh y ang lm ci g vy?)

-->Hes reading.

(Anh y ang hc.)WH... + BE + V ing?V d:

Who is reading in the living room?

-->My father is reading in the living room.b. Cch dng:

- Th hin ti tip din c dng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra trong khi ni, thng i km vi cc trng t nh: now, at the moment, at present.

V d:

The farmers are working in the fields now.

(By gi, nhng bc nng dn ang lm vic trn cnh ng.)

They are playing football at rhe moment.

(Lc ny, h ang chi bng .)

- Th hin ti tip din dng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra cha chm dt, thng i km vi trng t still.V d:

He is still talking to his girlfriend on the phone.

(Anh ta vn cn ang ni chuyn vi bn gi qua in thoi.)

- Th hin ti tip din dng din t mt hnh ng nht thi sm mun ri cng chm dt, thng dng vi today, this morning, this week.V d:

Mary usually gets up at 5 oclock everyday but today she is getting up at 6 oclock.

(Mary thng thc gic vo lc 5 gi mi ngy nhng hm nay c y thc dy vo lc 6 gi)

- Th hin ti tip din dng din ta mt bc mnh ca ngi ni, thng i km vi trng t always.

V d:

Tom, Why are you always quarrelling with your brother?

(Tom, ti sao con lun tranh ci vi anh trai vy?)

- Th hin ti tip din dng din t mt hnh ng d nh lm trong tng lai c s sp xp.

V d:

Tom is arriving tomorrow on the 5.30 train.

(Ngy mai Tom s n trn chuyn tu lc 5.30.)

*Mt s quy tc thm ing vo mt ng t:

- Hu ht cc ng t thm ing u khng thay i dng gc.

V d:

wait + ing -->waiting

- ng t tn cng nguyn m e, b e trc khi thm ing.

V d:

drive --> driving

- ng t c mt nguyn m ng trc ph m cui, gp i ph m trc khi thm ing.V d:

swim --> Swimming.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Order of Adjectives

Cc bn lm quen vi cc tnh t ch cht lng (adjectives of quality) nh: Tnh t ch kch c, tnh t ch s m t chung (bao gm tnh t ch tnh cch, tnh cm), tnh t m t v tui tc, tnh t m t v hnh dng, tnh t m t v mu sc, tnh t ch vt liu, tnh t ch ngun gc, tnh t ch mc ch.

By gi cc bn s lm quen vi trt t ca cc tnh t ny nu nh mt danh t c nhiu loi tnh t i trc b ngha cho n.

Trt t ca cc loi tnh t s c sp xp theo th t nh sau:

12345678910

TnhTnhTnhTnhTnhTnhTnhTnhDanhDanh

tt cht mt mt mtt chttt

chs mt vt vt vchngunchphchnh

kchttuihnhmuvtgcmc

cchungtcdngscliuch

V d:

Chi has long black hair.

(Chi c mi tc en di)

(1) (5)

Mai has oval brown eyes.

(Mai c cp mt mu , hnh tri xoan.)

(4) (5)

Its a long white Vietnamese dress.

(1) (5) (7)

( l mt chic o di trng ca ngi Vit Nam.)

Its an elegant French clock.

(2) (7) ( l mt chic ng h xinh xn ca Php.)Its an old plastic bucket.

( l chic thng nha c k.)

(3) (6)

Its a new riding boot.

( l chic giy ng mi ci xe.) (3) (8)

Ch :

Nu trong cu c tnh t s hu, th tnh t s hu s ng v tr u tin.

V d:

He loves his kind old mother very much.

(Anh y yu ngi m gi hin t ca anh y nhiu.)

Nu trong cu c danh t ph lm chc nng b ngha cho danh t chnh th danh t ph s ng sau cc tnh t, gn danh t chnh.

V d1:

Its a dark blue nylon skirt.

( l mt ci vy ngn bng ni lng mu xanh en.)

nylon: danh t ph

Skirt: danh t chnh

V d2:

Its a short light brown cotton dress.

( l mt chic o m ngn bng c tng mu nht.)

cotton: danh t ph

dress: danh t chnh

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Adverbs: too / so; either / neither

a. TOO / SO

din t s ng tnh, ng ta dng cc trng t SO hoc TOO.

- SO / TOO: cng vy, cng th

- TOO c t cui cu khng o ng.

- SO c t u cu v phi o ng.

- Cu cp trc phi th khng nh.

* i vi ng t To Be:

V d:

Hes a student. Shes a student, too.

(Anh y l mt sinh vin. C y cng l mt sinh vin)

Hes a student. So is she.

(Anh y l mt sinh vin. C y cng l mt sinh vin.)

I was hungry. She was, too.

(Ti i. C ta cng i.)

I was hungry. So was she.

(Ti i. C ta cng i.)

* i vi ng t thng:

- th hin ti, bn phi mn tr ng t do / does thay cho ng t c s dng trong cu trc trnh s lp li.

V d:

I like potatoes. She does, too.

(Ti thch khoai ty. C y cng thch khoai ty.)

I like potatoes. So does she.

(Ti thch khoai ty. C y cng thch khoai ty.)

- th qu kh, bn phi mn tr ng t did thay cho ng t c cp trc trnh s lp li.

V d:

I watched television last night. He did, too.

(Ti xem ti vi ti qua. Anh y cng vy.)

I watched television last night. So did he.

(Ti xem ti vi ti qua. Anh y cng vy.)

b. EITHER / NEITHER

din t s ng , ng tnh nhng li l ph nh ta dng cc trng t either hoc neither.

Either / Neither: cng khng.

- either: c t cui cu, khng o ng, lun c not ng trc either.

- neither: c t u cu, phi o ng.

- Cu c cp trc phi th ph nh.

* i vi ng t to be:

V d:

She wasnt hungry. I was not either.

(C y khng i. Ti cng khng i.)

She wasnt hungry. Neither was I.

(C y khng i. Ti cng khng i.)

They arent thirsty. We are not either. (H khng kht. Chng ti cngkhng kht.)They arent thirsty. Neither are we. (H khng kht. Chng ti cng khng kht.)* i vi ng t thng:

- th hin ti:

V d:

My father doesnt drink tea. My brother doesnt either.

(B ti khng ung tr. Anh trai ti cng khng.)

My father doesnt drink tea. Neither does my brother.

(B ti khng ung tr. Anh trai ti cng khng.)

- th qu kh:

Lan didnt like milk. I didnt either.

(Lan khng thch sa. Ti cng khng.)

Lan didnt like mikl. Neither did I.

(Lan khng thch sa. Ti cng khng.)--------------------------------------------------------------------

Near Future Tense

a. Cch thnh lp:

Affirmative:S + IS / AM /ARE + GOING TO + B.IV d:

They are going to visit their grandmother in one month.

(Mt thng na, h s i thm b ngoi.)

Negative:

S + IS / AM / ARE + NOT + GOING + B.I.V d:

They arent going to visit their grandmother in one month.

Interrogative (Yes-No question):

IS / AM / ARE + S + GOING TO + B.I?V d:

Are they going to visit their grandmother in one month?

Answer:Yes, they are. / No, they arent.

Wh Question:

WH.... + IS / AM /ARE + S + GOING TO + B.I?V d:

What are they going to do in one month?

(H s lm g trong mt thng na?)WH... + IS / AM /ARE + GOING TO + B.I?

V d:

Who is going to visit the president HoChiMinhs mausoleum in one month?

(Ai s thm lng ch tch H Ch Minh trong mt thng na?)

b. Cch s dng:

- Th tng li gn dng din t mt hnh ng sp xy ra hay mt d nh s c thc hin trong tng li.

- Cc trng t thng xut hin trong cu th tng lai gn nh: tonight, tomorrow, next, in three days....V d:

Im going to visit my uncle tomorrow.

Ch : Hai ng t go / come him khi chia th ny, thng hai ng t ny c chia th hin ti tip din.

He is going to school in fifteen minutes.

(Anh y s i n trng trong mi lm pht na.)

They are coming to the party tonight.

(Ti nay, h s i n ba tic.)

WH... + NOUN + TO BE + S + GOING TO + B.I?V d:

Which book are you going to borrow from library?

(Bn s mn quyn sch no th vin?)

-->I am going to borrow picture books.

(Ti s mn nhng quyn truyn tranh.)

-----------------------------------------------------------

Preposition of place

Trong Ting Anh, khi cc bn mun m t v tr ca mt vt hay mt ngi, ta thng s dng cc gii t ch ni chn.

on: trn

V d:

The cat is on the chair.

(Con mo trn gh.)

under: di

V d:

The mouse is under the chair.

(Con chut di gh.)

in: trong, ti

V d:

Gatwick Airport is in England.

(Phi trng Gatwick nc Anh.)

into: vo trong

V d:

The small car is going into the car park.

(Chic xe hi nh sp sa i vo bi u xe hi.)

out of: ra khi

V d:

The big car is coming out of the car park.

(Chic xe hi ln sp sa i ra khi bi u xe hi.)

up: ln

V d:

The first lift is coming up.

(Cu thang my th nht sp i ln.)

down: xung

V d:

The second lift is coming down.

(Cu thang my th hai sp i xung.)

along: dc theo

V d:

The car is coming along the street.

(Chic xe hi ang i dc theo con ng.)

across: bng qua, ngang qua

V d:

The dog is running across the road.

(Ch ch ang chy ngang qua ng.)

round: vng quanh

V d:

The lorry is coming round the bend.

(Chic xe ti ang i vng quanh ng r.)

inside: bn trong

V d:

A lot of people are inside the stadium.

(Nhiu ngi ang trong sn vn ng.)

outside: bn ngoi

V d:

John is standing outside the stadium.

(John ang ng bn ngoi sn vn ng.)

between: gia

V d:

Gatwick Airport is between London and Brighton.

(Phi trng Gatwick gia London v Brighton.)

in front of: pha trc

V d:

The man is in front of the tree.

(Ngi an ng pha trc ci cy.)

behind: pha sau

V d:

The lion is behind the tree.

(Con s t ng sau ci cy.)

through: xuyn qua

V d:

They walked home through the park.

(H i b xuyn qua cng vin v nh.)

opposite: i din

V d:

The car is parked oppsite the phone box.

(Chic xe hi u i din vi phng in thoi cng cng.)

over: khp, bn trn

V d:

The bridge is over the river.

(Chic cu bc ngang qua dng sng.)Simple Present of Ordinary Verbs

a. Cch thnh lp:

S + V_(s/es)Affirmative:

th khng nh, ng t chnh trong cu c chia nh sau:

- Nu ch ng trong cu l ngi th ba s t, thm s vo ng t.

- Nu ch ng l ngi th ba s t m cc ng t tn cng l o, ch, s, x, sh, z, thn es vo ng t.

V d:

do --> does

miss --> misses

mix --> mixes

catch --> catches

watch --> watches

wash --> washes

buzz --> buzzes

- Nu ch ng l cc ngi cn li, ta gi nguyn ng t dng nguyn mu.

Negative:

Khi mun chuyn mt cu t th khng nh sang th ph nh, cc bn thc hin cc bc sau:

- Mn tr ng t does i vi ch ng l ngi th ba s t. Mn do i vi ch ng l cc ngi cn li.

- Thm not sau ng t.

V d:

Affirmative:

My father gets up at 4 oclock every morning.

(B ti thc dy vo lc 4 gi ng mi bui sng.)

Negative: -->My father doesnt get up at 4 oclock every morning.

Interrogative:

Khi mun chuyn mt cu t th khng nh sang th nghi vn, cc bn thc hin cc bc sau:

- Mn tr ng t does i vi ch ng l ngi th ba s it. Mn do i vi ch ng l cc ngi cn li.

- t tr ng t ng trc ch ng.

V d:

Affirmative:

The Engllish eat turkey on Christmas day.

(Ngi Anh n mn ga ty vo ngy l Ging Sinh.)

Interrogative:

Do the English eat turkey on Christmas day?

Ch : Khi mn tr ng t thi ta a ng t chnh tr v dng nguyn mu.

Wh Question:

Khi t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t, tnh t nghi vn, cc bn c cc cu trc sau:

WH... + DO / DOES + S + B.I?V d:

What does your father do every morning?

(B ca bn lm g vo mi bui sng?)

WH... + V_(s/es) + O?

V d:

who often washes the dishes after the meals?

(Ai thng ra bt a sau nhng ba n?)

WH... + NOUN + DO / DOES + S + B.I?

V d:

Which book do the children often borrow from the library?

(Bn tr thng mn loi sch g th vin?)

What book do the children often borrow from the library?

b. Cch dng:

- Th hin ti n dng din t mt thi quen, mt tp qun (thng i vi cc trng t ch s thng xuyn.)

V d:

My father usually gets up at 4 oclock every morning.

(B ti thng thc dy vo lc 4 gi ng mi bui sng.)

- Th hin ti n dng ni v mt s kin khoa hc, mt chn l.

V d:

The earth moves round the sun.

(Tri t quay quanh mt tri)

- Th hin ti n dng din t mt s vic c n nh trong thi kho biu.

V d:

On Monday, I have English.

(Vo ngy th hai, ti c tit hc ting Anh.)

Does Lan have math on Friday?

(Lan c tit hc ton vo ngy th Su c phi khng?)

- Th hin ti n dng ni v mt phong tc, tp qun.

V d:

The Vietnamese often wear Ao Dai dress when they go to church.

(Ngi Vit Nam thng mc o di khi h i nh th.)

The English eat turkey on Christmas day.

(Ngi Anh n mn g ty vo ngy l Ging Sinh.)

c. Cch pht m s, es

Cch pht m s, es nh danh t s nhiu.

- c /s/ sau cc m /f/ /p/ /k/ /t/

- c /iz/ sau cc m /z//d//s////t/

- c l /z/ sau tt c cc m khc.

----------------------------------------------------

Frequency Adverbs

Cc trng t nh: always, occasionally, often, once, twice, sometimes, never, usually c s dng din t mt mc thng xuyn.

Chng ta c trng t ch mc thng xuyn cao nht l always, ri n usually, often, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never.* V tr ca cc trng t ch s thng xyn:

- Cc trng t ch s thng xuyn thng ng sau ng t to be.V d:

There is always a crowd in front of the box-office.

(Lun c mt m ng ng trc phng in thoi.)

They were never late for class last year.

(Nm ngoi, h cha bao gi i hc tr.)

- Cc trng t ch s thng xuyn thng ng trc cc ng t thng.

V d:

She frequently goes to the pictures on Saturdays.

(C y thng xuyn i n rp chiu phim vo nhng ngy Th By.)

We often went swimming when we were young.

(Chng ri thng i bi khi chng ti cn tr.)

- Cc trng t ch s thng xuyn thng ng gia cc tr ng t v ng t chnh.

V d:

You should always ride a bicycle carefully.

(Bn nn lun lun li xe cn thn.)

- i khi trng t sometimes c th ng u cu.

V d:

Sometimes I get up at 9 oclock.

(Thnh thong, ti thc gic vo lc 9 gi.)

- Khi trng t often i vi very hoc so th n thng ng sau so v very.V d:

What a pity! I cant go so often as you can.

(Tht ng tic! Ti khng th i thng xuyn nh bn c.)

Why dont you go so often?

(Ti sao bn khng i thng xuyn nh th?)

* Chng ta cng lu n mt s cm trng t ch s thng xuyn khc nh: once a week, twice a month, three times a year, hoc every + s m + danh t ch thi gian nh: every two hours, every two months.V d:

I go to the pictures once or twice a week.

(Ti i n rp chiu phim mt hoc hai ln mt tun.)

Chng ta t cu hi v s thng xuyn bt u vi: How often....?

V d:

How often do you go to the pictures?

(Bn thng i xem phim bao nhiu ln?)Want

Khi cc bn ni mun iu g, ci g? hay mun lm mt iu g th cc bn c th s dng ng t Want din t.

- Sau want c th l mt danh t.

WANT + NOUNV d:

I am thirsty, I want a drink.

(Ti kht, Ti mun ung nc.)

He is hung ry, he wants some food.

(Anh y i, anh y mun mt t thc n.)

She is tired, she wants a rest.

(C y mt mi, c y mun ngh ngi.)- Sau want c th s dng mt ng t nguyn mu c to.WANT + TO INFINITIVEV d:

I am thirsty, I want to drink.

(Ti kht, Ti mun ung.)

He is hungry, he wants to eat.

(Anh y i, anh y mun n.)

She is tired, she wants to rest.

(C y mt mi, c y mun ngh ngi.)

-------------------------------------------------------------

Adverbs of Manner

Trng t ch th cch c s dng m t mt hnh ng, ng tc din ra nh th no.

V d:

They are talking noisily. (H ang ni chuyn m vi nhau.)

He drives carefully.

(Anh y li xe rt cn thn.)

Cch thnh lp trng t ch th cch.

ADJECTIVE + LY --> ADVERB OF MANNER

Mt s quy tc thnh lp trng t ch th cch nh:

- Nu tnh t tn cng l mt y, ta chuyn y thnh i, ri thm ly.

V d:

noisy ==> noisily

(n o, m )

- Nu tinh t tn cng l mt nguyn m e, ta vn gi nguyn m e ri thm lyV d:

extreme ==> extremely

(v cng, tt bc)

Mt s trng hp loi tr, ta b nguyn m e khi thm ly nh:

true ==> truly

(tht s, ng)

due ==> duly

(n k, n hn)

whole ==> wholly

(ton b, y , nguyn vn)

- Nhng tnh t tn cng l cc hu t able, ible, ta b e v thm y.

V d:

capable ==> capably

(c kh nng, c nng lc)

sensible ==> sensibly

(nhy cm, c c xt on)

- Nhng tnh t tn cng l mt nguyn m i vi ph m l th ta gi nguyn v thm ly.

V d:

beautyful ==> beautyfully

(p, hay)

final ==> finally

(cui cng)* i khi mt s trng t ch th cch khng c hnh thnh t mt tnh t thm ly m n i cc trng hp ngoi l nh:

good ==> well

(tt, p)

hard ==> hard

(kh, cc)

fast ==> fast

(nhanh)Simple Past Tense of To Be

Trong phn ny, cc bn lm quen vi ng t To Be th qu kh n.

ng t To Be th qu kh n gm hai dng: were, was c dng theo ch t.

Affirmative: th khng nh

- Nu ch t l s t th ta dng was.

V d:

I was in Manchester.

(Ti sng thnh ph Manchester.)

He was in Manchester.

(Anh y sng thnh ph Manchester.)

She was in Manchester.

(C y sng thnh ph Manchester.)

It was in Manchester.

(N sng thnh ph Manchester.)

- Nu ch t l s nhiu th ta dng were.

V d:

We were in Manchester.

(Chng ti sng thnh ph Manchester.)

You were in Manchester.

(Cc bn sng thnh ph Manchester.)

They were in Manchester.

(H sng thnh ph Manchester.)Negative: th ph nh

Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, i vi ng t To Be, ta ch cn thm not sau ng t To Be.

I was not in Manchester.

He was not in Manchester.

She was not in Manchester.

It was not in Manchester.

We were not in Manchester.

You were not in Manchester.

They were not in Manchester.

Ch :

Was not c vit tt l wasnt

were not c vit tt l werent

Interrogative (YES-NO Question):

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn, i vi ng t To Be, ta a To Be ra ng trc ch ng.

Was I in Manchester?

Was he in Manchester?

Was she in Manchester?

Was it in Manchester?

Were we in Manchester?

Were you in Manchester?

Were they in Manchester?

Answer:

Yes, you was. / No, you werent.

* i vi cu hi bt u bi WH, bn theo cu trc cu sau:

WH... + TO BE + S ?V d:

Where were you yesterday?

(Ngy hm qua bn u?)

Where were they last night?

(m qua h u?)* Cc trng t, tnh t thng xut hin th qu kh nh:

Yesterday

Last (year, month, week, day....)

Ago

There was / There were

khng nh s hin din ca vt hay ngi mt ni xc nh no , ta dng cu trc nh sau:

There + Be + NounTrong th qu kh, ng t To Be c chia l was hay were tu thuc vo danh t theo sau n l s t hay s nhiu.

V d:

There was a bookshop her last year.

(C mt hiu sch y nm ngoi.)

Affirmative:

There were two men at the door 5 minutes ago.

(C hai ngi n ng ca ra vo cch y 5 pht.)

Negative:

There wasnt a tennis court in this city then.

(Lc , thnh ph ny khng c sn qun vt.)

Yes No question (interrogative):

Was there an interesting film on television last night?

(Ti qua, c mt b phim hay trn ti vi ?)

Answer: Yes, there was. / No, there wasnt.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Adverbs of Degree: Too / Enough

* TOO

- Too: l mt trng t ch mc .

- Trng t too: c ngha l qu, ch mt mc cao hn mc c cho php, mong mun.

- Too: ng trc cc tnh t, trng t ch th cch v b ngha cho cc tnh t, trng t ch th cch :

Too + Adjective / Adverb of manner.V d:

There is too much pollution in the city.

(C qu nhiu khng kh nhim thnh ph.)

There are too many people in Ho Chi Minh city.

(C qu nhiu ngi thnh ph H Ch Minh.)

He drives too fast.

(Anh ta li xe qu nhanh.)

He sings too badly.

(Anh ta ht qu d.)

* ENOUGH

- Enough: l mt trng t ch mc .

- Trng t enough:c ngha l , ch mt mc va , kha kh.

- Enough: ng trc cc tnh t, danh t b ngha cho tnh t, danh t :

Enough + NounV d:

There arent enough books for all the students. (Khng c sch cho tt c sinh vin)

There is enough fresh air in the countryside.

(C khng kh trong lnh min qu.)Adjective + EnoughV d:

She is old enough to travel by herself.

(C y ln i du lch mt mnh.)

The suitcase is light enough to carry.

(Chic va li nh mang.)Structures: Too ... To / Enough ... to

Xt on i thoi sau:

- Tom: Mary, Bring me the hoe please!

(Mary, hy mang ci cuc n y cho anh!)

- Mary: Er.. er.. Its too heavy to bring.

(Er..er.. N qu nng n ni em khng th mang c.)

Trong on i thoi trn Mary t chi mang ci cuc n cho anh trai v cho rng iu qu sc i vi c b. Its too heavy to bring. Ngc li Tom cho rng Mary sc lm vic . Its light enough for you to bring.

a. Cc bn s c cu trc din t mt iu g qu kh nng lm.

S + BE + TOO + ADJECTIVE + TO INFINITIVEV d:

The hoe is too heavy to bring.

(Ci cuc qu nng khng th mng li.)

The cieling is too high to touch.

(Tng nh qu cao khng th chm n c.)

- Nu trong cu cp n i tng khng c kh nng lm c cng vic th cc bn c cu trc cu sau:

S + TO BE + TOO + ADJECTIVE + FOR + SOMEONE + TO INFINITIVEV d:

That house is too expensive for us to buy.

(Cn nh qu t chng ti khng th mua ni.)

- i khi trong cu cc bn cng c th b to infinitive m ngi c vn hiu c bn mun ni.

V d:

That T-shirt is too big for me.

(Chic o s mi qu ln i vi ti.)b. Ngc li vi cu trc cu too... to, chng ta c cu trc vi Enough ...to biu l kh nng ca ai c th lm c iu g .

Cu trc:

S + BE + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + TO + INFINITIVEV d:

Jim is old enough to work in the workshop.

- Nu chng ta mun cp n i tng thc hin c hnh ng th ta c cu trc cu:

S + BE + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + FOR + SOMEONE + TO - INFINITIVEV d:

Its light eough for you to bring.

---------------------------------------------------------

Simple Past Tense of To Have

ng t thng Have l mt ng t bt quy tc v th cc bn cn hc thuc cc chia ca n. Have mang ngha l s hu hay c.

th qu kh, n c mt dng l Had i vi tt c mi ngi.

Affirmative: (Th khng nh)

I had

(got)

You had (got)

He had (got)

She had (got)

It had

(got)

We had (got)

You had (got)

They had (got)

Ch : Had c vit tt l d.Negative: (Th ph nh)

Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, i vi ng t c bit Have, ta c hai cch i

- Thm not sau ng t Had.

- Hoc mn tr ng t did, thm not sau tr ng t ri a ng t Had v dng nguyn mu Have.

I had not

(got)

I didnt have

You had not

(got)

You didnt have

He had not

(got)

He didnt have

She had not

(got)

She didnt have

It had not

(got)

It didnt have

We had not

(got)

We didnt have

You had not

(got)

You didnt have

They had not

(got)

They didnt have

Ch : had not c vit tt l hadntInterrogative: (Th nghi vn)

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn, ta cng c hai cch i.

- Ta a ng t Had ng trc ch ng.

- Mn tr ng t did, sau a chng ra ng trc ch ng. Thm du hi cui cu.

Had I

(got)?

Did I have?

Had you (got)?

Did you have?

Had he (got)?

Did he have?

Had she (got)?

Did she have?

Had it

(got)?

Did it have?

Had we (got)?

Did we have?

Had you (got)?

Did you have?

Had they (got)?

Did they have?

Got c th c i theo sau ng t had. N khng lm thay i g v ngha. Had got vn c ngha l c hoc s hu. Tuy nhin got khng c thm vo trong nhng cu tr li ngn.

V d:

- Had you got any children?

(Bn c con cha?)

+ Yes, I had.

- Had he got a bicycle?

(Anh ta c xe p khng?)

+ No, he hadnt.Ch : im khc nhau gia had v there were / there was nh sau:

- There were / there was: cp n ngi hay vt hin c mt a im no .

V d:

There was a telephone on the table.

(Ci my in thoi trn bn.)

There were some books in the the drawer.

(C mt vi quyn sch trong hc bn.)

- Had (got): Khi xc nh r quyn s hu.

V d:

I had got a camera.

(Ti c mt ci my nh.)

She had got a sister.

(C y c mt ch gi.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Simple Past Tense of Ordinary Verbs

a. Cch thnh lp th qu kh:

Affirmative:

Regular verbs

th khng inh, i vi ng t quy tc, th qu kh c thnh lp theo cng thc:

S + V_ed

Hnh thc qu kh ca ng t quy tc c thnh lp bng cch thm ed sau cc ng t nguyn mu.

V d:

work + ed --> work

(lm vic)

watch + ed--> watched(Xem)

Quy tc thm ed:

- ng t tn cng bng e, ta thm d.

live --> lived

(sng)

tybe --> tybed

(nh my)

- ng t tn cng bng y, trc y l mt ph m th y c i thnh i ri thm ed.

study --> studied

(hc, nghin cu)

try --> tried

(c gng, th)Nhng:

stay--> stayed

( li)

Khng i y thnh i v trc y l mt nguyn m

- ng t ch c mt vn tn cng bng mt ph m, trc ph m l mt nguyn m, ta gp i ph m tn cng ri thm ed.

stop--> stopped

(dng li)

beg--> begged

(xin, n xin, van xin)

- ng t c hai vn, c trng m nm vn hai th bn gp i ph m cui nu ng t tn cng bng mt nguyn m ng gia hai ph m.

control--> controlled(t ch, iu khin)

occur

--> occurred

(xy ra)Nhng:

happen --> happened

(xy ra)

khng gp i ph m v trng m ri vo vn u

listen

--> listened

(lng nghe)

Cch pht m ed

- i vi cc ng t c m cui l: /f//k//p//s//t///, ed c c l /t/V d:

laughed /lft/

(ci)

worked /w:kt/

(lm vic)

stopped /stpt/

(dng)

passed /p:st/

(bng qua, vt qua)

washed /wt/

ra, git)

watched /wtt/

(xem)

- i vi cc ng t c m cui l: /t/ /d/, ED c c l /Id/V d:

wanted /wntId/

(mun cn)

needed /ni:dId/

(c n)

- i vi cc m cn li (ngoi tr tt c cc m trong hai trng hp tr n), ed c c l /d/

closed/klzd/

(ng)

V d:

He enjoyed the film.

(Anh y thch b phim .)

His secret ary typed and signed the letters for him.

(Th k ca ng y nh my v k nhng l th cho ng y.)

Inrregular verbs:

i vi ng t bt quy tc, th qu kh c thnh lp theo cng thc:

S + V_2nd column

C khong 300 ng t bt quy tc. Cc bn s c cc ng ng t ny ct th th hai ca bng ng t bt quy tc. i vi nhng ng t nh th ny, cc bn phi hc thuc lng.

Infinitive formPast tense

gowent(i)

getgot(n, nhn)

buybought(mua)

singsang(ht)

V d:

Last Saturday, Mr Brown went to town. (Th By va qua, ng Brown i ra tnh.)

He drank four or five drinks.

(ng ung khong bn hoc nm ly ru.)

He got the food for his wife.

(ng mua thc n cho v.)Negative:

Khi chuyn sang th ph nh th qu kh n, cc bn thc hin cc bc sau:

- Mn tr ng t did.

- Thm not sau tr ng t.

- a ng t chnh v dng nguyn mu.

V d:

He did not enjoy the film.

Last Saturday, Mr Brown did not go to twon.

Ch : did not = didntInterrogative (Yes-No Question)

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn th qu kh n, cc bn thc hin cc bc sau:

- Mn tr ng t did v t did ng trc ch ng.

- a ng t chnh tr v dng nguyn mu.

- t du chm hi cui cu.

V d:

Did he enjoy the film?

Answer:Yes, he did / No, he didnt.

Last Saturday, did Mr Brown go to town?

Answer:Yes, he did / No, he didnt.WH Question:

Khi mun t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t nghi vn, cc bn c cng thc sau:

WH... + DID + S + B.I ?V d:

When did they leave?

(H ri khi no vy?)

When did they come to?

(H i n u vy?)

WH ... + V (in the past) + O?V d:

Who visited you last summer?

(Ma h va qua ai n thm bn?)WH... + NOUN + DID + S + B.I?

V d:

Which game did you like when you were a little boy?

(Tr chi no bn thch khi bn cn l mt cu b?)

b. Cch dng th qu kh n:

- Th qu kh n c s dng din t mt s vic, hnh ng hon thnh trong qu kh ti mt thi gian xc nh r.

V d:

I met him yesterday.

(Ngy hm qua, ti gp ng y.)

- Th qu kh n c s dng din t mt thi quen trong qu kh.

V d:

He always carried an umbrella when he was young.

(Cu y lun mang theo d khi cu cn nh.)

- Th qu kh n dng din t mt s vic, hnh ng xy ra trong sut mt khong thi gian di trong qu kh nhng chm dt trong hin ti.

V d:

He worked in that bank for four years.

(ng y lm vic trong ngn hng c bn nm.)

By gi anh ta khng cn lm vic na.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quantitative Adjectives: many / much / a little / a few

Much, Many, A little, A few l nhng tnh t ch s lng, chng ng trc danh t v b ngha cho danh t v mt s lng.

* A little

- A little ch mt s lng (khng m c) t i.

- ng trc danh t khng m c.

V d:

He has a little Brandy everyday.

(Anh ta ung mt t ru Brandy mi ngy.)

Brandy: l danh t khng m c

* A few:

- A few ch mt s lng (m c) nh, t.

- ng trc danh t m c hnh thc s nhiu.

V d:

He eats a few bananas everyday.

(Anh ta n mt vi qu chui mi ngy.)

Bananas: danh t m cCh :

- Khi tnh t few, little khng i km vi mo t a, biu hin mt s lng hy nh l khng c, khan him, thiu thn.

V d:

There was little time for consultation.

(Khng thi gian lm cng vic t vn.)

Hu nh l khng c thi gian.

Few towns have such splendid trees.

(Him c thnh ph no c nhng cy p n th.)

Hu nh l khng c thnh ph no.

* Much:

- Tnh t Much ch mt s lng (khng m c) nhiu.

- Much i vi danh t khng m c.

V d:

He hasnt got much money.

(Anh y khng c nhiu tin.)

Money: danh t khng m c

* Many:

- Tnh t Many ch mt s lng (m c) nhiu.

- Many i vi danh t m c, hnh thc s nhiu.

V d:

She hasnt got many Dollars.

(C y khng c nhiu ng M.)

Dollar: danh t m c.

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Adjective - Adverb

Trong phn trc, cc bn lm quen vi tnh t ch cht lng v cc trng t ch th cch. By gi cc bn s tham kho mt s c im khc nhau gia tnh t v trng t .

* Adverb:

- V tr:

Trng t (hay cn gi l ph t) ng sau ng t thng.

V d:

She danced beautifuly.

(C y nhy p tht.)

Trng t ng sau tn ng.

V d:

He gave her the money reluctantly.

(Anh y cho c ta tin mt cch lng l.)

They speak Enghlish well.

(H ni ting Anh tht thng tho.)Ch : khng t trng t ng gia ng t v tn ng.

Khi chng ta c ng t i vi gii t v theo sau l mt tn ng (verb + preposition + object) th trng t c th ng hai v tr: ng trc gii t hoc ng sau tn ng.

V d:

He looked at me suspiciously.

(Anh ta nhn chm chm vo ti y v nghi ng)

Or:He looked suspiciously at me.

Trong trng hp tn ng c gii thch bng mt cm t th trng t bt buc phi ng trc gii t.

V d:

He looked suspiciously at everyone getting off the plane.

(Anh y nhn chm chm vo mi ngi ang i xung my bay y v nghi ng.)

Getting off the plane b ngha cho everyone v th cc bn khng th t trng t sau everyone.

- Chc nng:

Mc d trng t th cch ng mt s v tr khc nhau nhng n vn b ngha cho ng t thng v cch thc hnh ng din ra nh th no.

He sings well.

SV Adv

* Adjective

- V tr:

Tnh t ng trc danh t (Noun).

He is a good student.

(Anh ta l mt sinh vin gii.)

Tnh t ng sau ng t ni (Linking verbs)

This soup smells delicious.

(Mn xp ny mi v tht thm ngon.)- Chc nng:

Tnh t: b ngha cho danh t ng sau n.

V d:

He is a good student.

(Anh y l mt sinh vin gii.) Adj N.

Tnh t lm b ng (complements) cho ng t ni.

V d:

He feels thirsty.

(Anh ta cm thy kht.)

link-V C

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Past Continouns Tense

a. Cch thnh lp th qu kh tip din

Affirmative:

th khng inh, th qu kh tip din c thnh lp nh sau:

S + WAS / WERE + V_INGV d:

I was reading.

(Ti ang c.)

They were reading.(H ang c.)Negative:

Khi chuyn sang th ph nh, ta thm not sau ng t to be.

V d:

I was not reading.

They were not reading.Ch :

was not c vit tt : wasnt

were not

werentInterrogative (yes-No question)

Khi chuyn sang th nghi vn, bn a ng t to be ra ng trc ch ng.

WAS /WERE + S + V_INGV d:

Was you reading?

Answer:Yes, I was / I wasnt

Were they reading?

Answer:Yes, they were / No they werent

Wh Question:

Khi t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t nghi vn, bn c cu trc sau:

WH... + WAS / WERE + S + V_ING?V d:

What was he doing when you came?

(Anh ta ang lm g khi bn n?)

What was she doing at eight oclock this morning?

(C ta ang lm g vo lc 8 gi sng nay?)

WH... + WAS / WERE + V_ING?

V d:

Who was cleaning the kitchen at this time last night?

(Ti qua, vo lc ny, ai ang lau chi nh bp vy?)

b. Cch s dng th qu kh tip din:

- Th qu kh tip din ng din t mt hnh ng ang din ra ti mt thi im xc nh trng qu kh. Thng c gi c th theo km.

V d:

At 8 oclock last night, I was reading book.

(Vo lc 8 gi ng ti qua, ti ang c sch.)

- Hai hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh, mt hnh ng ng din ra th mt hnh ng khc xy n, ct ngang hnh ng kia. Ta dng th qu kh tip din din t hnh ng ang xy ra v th qu kh din t hnh ng ct ngang.

Ta thng dng hai t ni when v while ni hai hnh ng trn.

V d:

They were working in their office when the fire bell rang.

(H ang lm vic trong vn phng ca h th chung cu ho reng.)

He was walking to his car when the robber attacked him from behind.

(ng y ang i b n xe hi ca mnh th mt tn cp tn cng ng y t pha sau.)

- Hai hnh ng hay s vic cng xy ra trong qu kh v c ni vi nhau bng mt lin t while.V d:

I was reading a newspaper while John was playing the piano.

(Ti ang c mt t bo trong lc John ang chi piano.)

While my mother was mending some clothers, my father was cleaning his motorcycle.

(Trong lc m ti ang may v mt s qun o th cha ti ang lau chic xe m t ca ng y.)

Ch :

Mnh i vi lin t when hoc while c th ng u hoc ng cui

Nu mnh i vi lin t when hoc while ng u, gia hai mnh phi c du phy.

Contrast Between Simple Past & Past Continouns

Hy c on vn sau:

It was a lovely day, and the sun was shining. I was walking along the field when I saw a plane. It was flying very low. It was making a strange noise. I knew there was a problem. I came down in the next field, and I heard a crash. I ran to the village and phoned for help.

Cc bn tht rng, trong on vn trn, ngi vit k li mt s vic xy ra trong qu kh. Trong vn k chuyn, ngi ta thng dng th qu kh v th qu kh tip din din t mt s vic v ang xy ra. Gia hai th ny c nhng c im khc nhau:

Past continouns:

- Dng th qu kh tip din ch ra rng chng ta ang gia hnh ng.

V d:

I was walking across the field.

(Ti ang i b bng qua cnh ng.)

- t bi cnh m u cu chuyn.

The sun was shinging.

(Mt tri ang to nng.)Simple past:

- Dng m t cc hnh ng ln lt xy ra trong qu kh. Din t hnh ng ny chm dt th hnh ng khc xy ra tip sau.

V d:

I knew there was a ploblem.

(Ti ngh c mt trc trc g .)

I came down in the next field.

(Ti i b xung cnh ng k tip.)

I heard a crash.

(Ti nghe thy mt ting sm.)

I ran to the village and phoned for help.

(Ti chy v lng v gi in thoi cp cu.)

Ch : Ngi ta thng khng chia cc ng t ch gic quan (think, feel, knew) th tip din:

- Th qu kh n c dng din t mt hnh ng ct ngang hnh ng ang din ra.

V d:

I was walking along the field when I saw a plane.

(Ti ang i b dc theo cnh ng th ti thy mt chic my bay.)

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Modal Verb: Could

a. Could l qu kh ca can.

Sau could l mt ng t nguyn mu khng to: Could + B.IAffirmative:

th khng nh, Could c dng cho tt c mi ngi.

V d:

I could swim.

(Ti c th bi.)

He could swim.

(Anh y c th bi.)

They could swim.

(H c th bi.)Negative:

Khi mun i sang th ph nh, ta thm not vo sau ng t Could.

V d:

I could not swim

=I couldnt swim.

He could not swim.

=He couldnt swim.

They could not swim.

=They couldnt swim.

Could not c vit tt l couldnt

Interrogative (hoc Yes-No Question):

Cng nh ng t hnh thi can, khi t cu hi, ta o could ra trc ch t.

V d:

Could I swim?

Could he swim?

Could they swim?

Answer:

Yes, you could.

No, you couldnt.

Wh...Question:

Khi t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t, tnh t nghi vn, cc bn s c cu trc cu sau:

WH... + COULD + S + B.I?V d:

What could I do?

(Ti c th lm g y?)

Where could I stay?

(Ti c th li u?)

WH... + COULD + B.I?V d:

Who could go to Moscow?

(Ai c th i n Maxcva?)

WH... + NOUN + COULD + S + B.I?

V d:

Which passport could I use?

(Ti c th s dng h chiu no?)b. Cch dng

- ng t hnh thi could c dng trong cu khng nh din t mt kh nng c th lm iu g trong qa kh.

V d:

I could swim when I was five. (Ti c th bi khi ti ln nm.)- Could th khng nh din t mt s cho php lm mt iu g trong qu kh.

V d:

On Sundays we could stay up late.

(Vo nhng ngy ch Nht, chng ti c th thc khuya.)

=On Sundays we were allowed to stay up late.

- Could th nghi vn c s dng nh l mt li ngh hay l mt li xin php trong qu kh.

V d:

Could students choose what they wanted to study?

(Nhng sinh vin c th chn nhng g h mun hc khng?)

Could Tom use the car when he was under eighteen?

(Tom c c php s dng xe hi khi anh ta di mi tm tui khng?)

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Modal Verb: Must

a. Must l ng t hnh thi. N c s dng th hin ti v tng lai.

- Sau Must l mt ng t nguyn mu: Must + B.IAffirmative:

th khng inh, Must c dng cho tt c mi ngi.

I must study.

(Ti phi hc.)

You must study.

(Bn phi hc.)

He must study.

(Anh y phi hc.)

She must study.

(C y phi hc.)

It must study.

(N phi hc.)

We must study.

(Chng ti phi hc.)

You must study.

(Cc bn phi hc.)

They must study.

(H phi hc.)Negative:

th ph inh, ta thm not sau must.

I must not study.

You must not study.

He must not study.

She must not study.

It must not study.

We must not study.

You must not study.

They must not study.

Must not c vit tt l mustnt.

Interrogative:

th nghi vn, ta chuyn Must ng trc ch ng.

Must I study?

Must you study?

Must she study?

Must he study?

Must it study?

Must we study?

Must they study?

Answer:

Yes, you must / No, you mustntWh... Question:

Khi t cu hi bt u bi trng t hoc tnh t nghi vn Wh..., cc bn p dng cc cu trc cu sau:

WH... + MUST + S + B.I?V d:

What must I do?

(Ti phi lm g by gi?)

Where must I stay?

(Ti phi li u?)WH... + MUST + B.I?

V d:

Who must go to Moscow on the tonights plane?

(Ai phi i n Maxcva trn chuyn bay ti nay?)

WH... + NOUN + MUST + S + B.I?V d:

Which passport must I use?

(Ti phi s dng h chiu no?)

b. Cch dng:

- Must c s dng din t mt s bt buc, cn thit i vi ngi trong cuc.

V d:

Mother: You must wipe your feet when you go to bed.

(M: Con phi ra sch chn khi con i ng.)

- Must c s dng din t mt trch nhim v bn phn ca ngi ni, do s tc ng ch quan.

V d:

I must finish my work on time.

(Ti phi hon thnh cng vic ca ti ng thi hn.)

Gii thch: Ti ngh ti phi hon thnh. l bn phn ca ti.

I must go home now, my parents are waiting for me.

(Ti phi v nh by gi, b m ti ang i ti.)

Gii thch: Ti phi v khi phi b b m la mng.

- Must th ph nh c dng din t mt s cm on.

V d:

You mustnt carry your gun into the theatre.

(ng khng c mang theo sng khi i vo rp ht.)

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Modal Verb: Need

Need: C ngha l cn, mun

Khi Need l ng t hnh thi, sau Need l mt ng t nguyn mu:

Need + B.I

Affirmative:

th khng nh, Need c dng cho tt c mi ngi.

V d:

I need reserve a room.

(Ti cn t phng.)Negative:

th ph nh, ta thm not sau Need.

V d:

I need not reserve a room.

Ch : Need not c vit tt l neednt.

Interrogative (Yes-No question)

th nghi vn, ta a Need ng trc ch ng.

V d:

Need I reverve a room?

Answer:

Yes, you need. / No, neednt.Wh Question:

Khi t cu hi bt u vi cc trng t nghi vn, ta c cu trc cu sau:

WH... + NEED + S + B.I?V d:

What need I do?

(Ti cn ci g?)

Where need I stay?

(Ti cn u)

WH... + NEEDS + B.I?

V d:

Who needs go to Moscow on the tonights plane?

(Ai cn i n Maxcva vo chuyn bay ti nay khng?)

Which book need I read?

(Ti cn c loi sch g?)

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Ordinal & Cardinal Numbers

CARDINAL NUMBERS

ORDINAL NUMBERS

- Cc s m t 1 n 10:

one

1

first

1st

two

2

second

2nd

three

3

third

3nd

four

4

fourth

4th

five

5

fifth

5th

six

6

sixth

6th

seven

7

seventh

7th

eight

8

eighth

8th

nine

9

ninth

9th

ten

10

tenth

10th

- Cc s m t 11 n 19:

eleven

11

eleventh

11th

twelve

12

twelfth

12th

thirteen

13

thirteenth

13th

fourteen

14

fourteenth

14th

fifteen

15

fifteenth

15th

sixteen

16

sixteenth

16th

seventeen

17

seventeenth

17th

eighteen

18

eighteenth

18th

nineteen

19

nineteenth

19th- Cc s sau y u tn cng l ty.

twenty

20

twentieth

20th

thirty

30

thirtieth

30th

forty

40

fortieth

40th

fifty

50

fiftieth

50th

sixty

60

sixtieth

60th

seventy

70

seventieth

70th

eighty

80

eightieth

80th

ninety

90

ninetieth

90th- Cc s khc:

twenty-one

21

twenty-first

21st

twenty-two

22

twenty-second

22nd

twenty-three

23

twenty-third

23rd

twenty-four

24

twenty-fourth

24th

twenty-five

25

twenty-fifth

25thMt s ch :

- Khi c s in thoi, ngi ta c theo tng con s m.

V d:

821416: eight-two-one-four-one-six

- Nu s in thoi c hai s trng, ng cnh nhau th bn c double trc khi c con s .

V d:

822416: eight- double two-four-one-six

- Khi c nhng con s thp phn, phn t, cc bn c theo s m. Phn mu c theo s th t.

6/8 : six-eighth.

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Present Perfect Tense

a. Cch thnh lp:

Affirmative:

th khng nh, th hin ti hon thnh c hnh thnh vi th hin ti ca Have kt hp vi ng t dng qu kh phn t.

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE.

Have / Has trong cu trc trn l tr ng t.

Past participle: c hai dng

- Qu kh phn t ca cc ng t quy tc: V-ed

worked

(lm vic)

opened

(m)V d:

I have worked for 5 years.

(Ti lm vic c nm nm nay ri.)

- Qu kh phn t ca ng t bt quy tc: Cc bn c chng ct th ba ca bng ng t bt quy tc.

be was / were been

(l, tn ti)

go went - gone

(i)

see saw seen

(thy)V d:

She has seen that film already. (C y xem b phim ri.)Ch :

Have c vit tt l: ve

Has c vit tt l: sNegative:

th ph nh, bn thm not sau tr ng t have hoc has.

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE.V d:

I have not worked for 5 years.

She has not seen that film already.

Ch :

Have not c vit tt l: havent

Has not c vit tt l: hasnt

Interrogative:

th nghi vn, bn a Have / Has ra ng trc ch ng.

HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE?V d:

Have you worked for 5 years?

Has she seen that film already?

WH Question:

Khi t cu hi bt u vi Wh Question, bn p dng cu trc sau:

WH... + HAVE / HAS + S + P.P?

V d:

Where has he gone ?

(Anh y va mi i u?)

WH.... + HAS + P.P?

V d:

Who has gone to Paris?

(Ai tng i n Paris?)

-->Janet has gone to Paris.

(Janet tng i n Paris.)

b. Cch dng:

- Th hin ti hon thnh din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh m thi gian khng c xc nh r hoc ngi ni khng mun cp n thi gian. Trng t thng i vi cch dng ny l: alreadyV d:

Shes seen that film already.

- Th hin ti hon thnh din t mt hnh ng va mi xy ra. Cc trng t thng i vi cch dng ny l: just, recently, yet, stillV d:

Ive just painted the door.

- Th hin ti hon thnh din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh nhng vn ko di n hin ti. Hoc mt hnh ng din ra trong qu kh m kt qu ca n vn cn lu li hin ti.

V d:

I have worked for four years.

Gi s by gi l nm 2001 vy ti bt u lm vic vo nm 1997 v n nm 2001 l lm vic c 4 nm.

I have seen that film.

Ti xem b phim trong qu kh v by gi ti vn cn nh b phim .

Cc trng t thng i vi cch dng ny l: for, since

- For + a period of time

Sau for l mt khong thi gian

V d:

For 5 years

For 5 days

- Since + a point of time.

Sau Since, bn s dng mt im hay mt mc thi gian.

V d:

Since 1567

Since yesterday

V th nu sau Since l mt cu, ta thng chia cu ny th qu kh.

V d:

I have met him since he was a little boy.

(Ti tng gp anh y k t khi anh y cn l mt cu b con.)

Ch :

ng t be v go i vi gii t to c dch ging nhau nhng ngha ca mi ng t s khc nhau:

V d:

- I have been to DaLat. (Ti i n Lt v by gi ti c mt nh.)

- I have gone to DaLat.

(Ti i Lt v vn cn ang trn ng i, cha tr v nh.)

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Contrast between Simple Past & Present Perfect

Trong phn ng php ny, chng ta s so snh nhng im khc nhau gia th hin ti hon thnh v th qu kh n.

The present perfect tense

Th hin ti hon thnh c dng ni n mt s vic bt u trong qu kh, tip tc trong hin ti v c th ko di n tng lai.

Now

Have lived

Past Future

- Th hin ti hon thnh cng c dng ni v mt s vic ti mt thi im khng c th trong qu

The simple past tense

- Th qu kh n dng ni v s vic xy ra trong qu kh v khng cn lin h n hin ti.

Now

lived

87 88 89 90

Past Future

- Th qu kh n c dng cp s vic xy ra mt thi im c th trong qu kh thi

Thiu

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Comparative

Khi chng mun nhn mnh vo s khc nhau gia hai th, cc bn s dng cu trc so snh hn.

C hai dng so snh hn: So snh hn i vi tnh t, trng t di & So snh hn i vi tnh t, trng t ngn.

Cc tnh t, trng t ngn (short adjective / adverbs) c ln ch c mt vi vn, i khi l hai vn. Tnh t, trng t di (long adjectives / adverbs) c hai hoc ba vn tr ln.

a. i vi cc tnh t, trng t ngn, ta c cu trc so snh hn nh sau:

Short Adjective / Adverb ER + ThanV d:

The new room looks bigger than the old room.

(Cn phng mi trng c v ln hn cn phng c.)

Chng ta s dng so snh tng i vi than khi chng ta cp n nhng th m chng ta ang so snh.

Trong cu trn, chng ta so snh gia the new room v the old room.

Trong mt s trng hp, chng ta c th b than khi nhng th m chng ta cp n so snh r rng trong vn cnh.

V d:

Jack is big, but Fred is bigger.

(Jack th to con nhng Fred th li to con hn.)

* Mt s hnh thc so snh quy tc ca cc tnh t, trng t khi thm er:

i vi cc trng t, tnh t tn cng bi mt ph m y, ta chuyn y thnh i v thm er.V d:

pretty --> prettier

busy -->busier

Tuy nhin vn cn trng hp ngoi l:

shy -->shyer

i vi cc trng t, tnh t tn cng nguyn m e, ta ch thm r sau cc trng t, tnh t .

nice --> nicer

Nu tnh t tn cng bng ph m-nguyn m-ph m, ta gp i ph m cui trc khi thm er

big --> bigger

Tuy nhin, ta khng gp i ph m cui trong cc t tn cng bng -w, -y.

slow --> slower

coy -->coyer* Mt s hnh thc so snh bt quy tc ca cc tnh t v trng t cn phi hc thuc:

good -->better

well -->better

many -->more

much -->more

far -->

farther / further

bad -->worse

badly -->worse

tittle -->less

V d:

I had a bad cold yesterday, but Im better now.

(Ngy hm qua, ti b cm nng nhng by gi ti kho hn.)

b. i vi cc tnh t, trng t di, khi so snh ta thm more, less trc cc tnh t, trng t .

Khi chng ta mun so snh nhiu hn, chng ta c cu trc:

More + long Adj /