DA DANQ HOA NGHIEP Vg KINH DOANH COA N Q A N H A N G THCTdNG MAI TROMG TIEN

TRINH HOI NHAP QOOC TE

Th.S: Tr^m XuSn Hifcfng

Tru&ng Dai hoc Kinh teTP.HCM

Hoi nbap qudc te dang la mot trao lUu , bieu hien xu hudng la'l yeu khach quan cua nen kinh te the gidi. Cac nUdc sfn sang nhanh chdng hdi nbap thanh mot tbi tnfdng loan cau duy nba'l, mac du xua'l phal diem cua mdi nUdc khac nhau, di chuycn vdi nbiJug tdc dp khac nhau nhUng tat ca dcu bj loi cudn vao lien Irlnh hoi nhap. NH la mot bd phan chu chdl cua nen kinh te , vl vay hoi nbap qudc te la dieu khdng the tranh khdi. Mi e dp md cifa hdi nbap cua NH difdc dinh lUdng bdi miJc dp lif do hda lai chinh cua qudc gia, bing vi^c thao dd tifng budc cac rao can khdng can ihiet ddi vdi cdc nUdc trong khu vifc va the' gidi ddng ihdi phai hoan thien cdc san pham dich vu tai chinh - ngan hang Rgay cang phii hdp vdi ihdng le qudc te .

Viet Nam dang trong lien trlnh hdi nbap vdi khu vifc va the gidi dUdc danh dau bdi sif kien lich suf quan trpng, chinh phu Viet Nam da ky ke'l hiep djnb khung ve hdp tdc thifdng mai dich vu (AFTA) cua hiep dinh ASEAN ngay 15/12/1995, Hiep dinh ihUdng mai Viel-My ngay 13/12/2001, va dang chuan bi gia nbap vao WTO ..., de cd the dat difdc nbifng cam ke'l difa ra dac biet trong ITnb vifc hdi nbap NH, vdi 130

nbiTng thach thiJc va thdi cd dang chd ddi d phia tnfdc, van de da dang hda nghiep vu kinh doanh trd tbdnh van de song con ddi vdi NHTM nifdc ta hien nay.

ThUc trqng

He thong NHVN vifa chuyen sang cd che tbi tnfdng tif 1988 den nay da cd nhifng bifdc chuyen hifdng tich cifc theo chieu hifdng ngay cang on dinh nhanh chdng trd thanh kenh ddn nbap vd'n quan trpng hang dau va chu yeu. Ben canh dd, NH con cung cap nhiTng san pham tien ich cho nen kinh te, tinh den nay chiing ta da xay difng difdc mang lifdi NH cd mat khap ndi trong nifdc vdi nhieu loai hinh sd hiIu,De'n nam 2001,sau thdi gian ed cau lai he thong ngan hang thifdng mai sdt nbap va giai the mot so' ngan hang cd phan chiing ta cd dUdc 6 ngan hang qudc doanh ,39 ngan hang cd phan ,4 ngan hang lien doanh va 26 ngan hang nifdc ngoai cd mat tai Viet Nam . Ve cd cau ngan hang qudc doanh chie'm vi tri chu yeu nim giif 50% ngudn vd'n buy ddng ,55% thi phan tin dung ; Ngan hang cd phan nam giiT 29% thi phan ngudn von buy ddng , 27% thi phan tin dung ,trong khi dd cac ngan hang nude ngoai chi chiem 16% ngudn vd'n buy ddng nhifng lai n^m giif 23% thi phan tin dung. De dtfng viTng trong mdi Uafdng canh tranh kha gay gat, ddi hdi cdc NHTM ludn cai tien nghiep vu kinh doanh, da dang hda san pham tiep can difdc nhu cau thi tnfdng . Song, mot dieu khdng the phu nhan ndng life tai chinh cua cac NHVN con yeu kem, cdng nghe NH lac hau, san pham NH con ban che, chu yeu la cac san pham truyen thong, chifa day manh khai thac san pham mdi, thu nbap tif san pham tin dung chiem ty trpng kha cao 70-80%.

131

s6 lUONG NCAN HANC TAI VI$T NAM

Co cau von cua hf thong NH

• 9% 12%

60 ',

ONHCP aNHOD Q N H L D & N H N N Q

132

Thifc trang ve tinh hinb phdt trien cac nghiep vu NH difdc bieu hien nhif sau:

• Nghiep vu huydgng von:

+ Nhin chung: ngudn vd'n buy ddng cua NHTM khdng ngifng tang len ve so' lifdng, cac blnh thiJc buy ddng vd'n ngay cang da dang: tien gdi thanh loan, tien gdi khdng ky ban, tien gdi cd ky ban vdi nhieu loai ky ban 3 thang, 6 thang, 9 thang, 12 thang, lanh lai dau ky, cudi ky boac tifng tbdng. Phat hanh ky phie'u trai phie'u b^ng VND, boac USD.Dong thdi ke't hdp vdi xd so khen thifdng cd tang qua gia tri cao de thu hut khach hang. Hau bet khi buy ddng cac khoan tien deu cd bao biem tien gdi nhim dam bao quyen Idi khdch hang va an loan cho NH.

Trong thdi gian gan day cac NH bd sung mot so' san pham mdi nhif tiet kiem tich luy ciia NH Sai gdn thifdng tin vdi nhieu hinh thtfc da dang nhif tiet kiem tich luy giao due, tich luy cho an sinh, tiet kiem tich luy tieu dung, tiet kiem tich luy phifdng tien van chuyen, tiet kiem tich luy du lich, tiet kiem tich luy thanh dat, tiet kiem tich luy tich luy nha dat ... . ; tiet kiem tich luy cua NH Dau tif Phdt trien. NH cdng thifdng vdi hinh tbiJe tiet kiem dien tuT thifc chat day la hinh thiic md tai khoan tien gdi tiet kiem cd ky ban khach hang se difdc hudng miJc lai sua't hap dan de giao dich, ngoai ra cd the chuyen ddi de dang giifa cac hinh thiJc tien gdi khdng can suT dung sd tiet kiem ddng thdi cho phep ket hdp vdi chuyen tien tif ddng suf dung the ATM, the tbdng minb ...

133

Tiet kiem gdi gdp cua NH cd phan Sai gdn Qudc le Tinh Hinh Buy Ddng Von cua NHTM 1990 - 2001

Ndm

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

S6 lUdng (ty d6ng)

13.880

16.520

20.799

27.843

31.917

46.332

90.539

115.651

147.340

191.542

238.470

Ty Id tang so vdi nam irudc

18%

19%

14%

59%

32%

31%

31.5%

25%

27.4%

30%

24.5%

Nguon'.Tong hdp bao cao thudng nien cua Ngan hang nha nUdc

+ Tuy nhien he tbdng NH chifa that sif khai thdc hel tiem nang ve vdn trong nen kinh te, vdn huy ddng difdc chu yeu la ngudn vd'n ngin ban, nen chifa dap uTng day du nhu cau vd'n trung dai ban. Chifa dam bao yeu to linh ddng cho ngUdi gdi lien, cu the gdi mot ndi khdng the nit difdc nhieu ndi, cho tha'y mang lifdi NH thieu sif nd'i ket hod nbap thong nhat, trong khi dd d cdc nUdc U-en the gidi dieu ndy da difdc dp dung vao thap nien 80, mot khdch bdng gdi tien vao mot NH cd quyen nil ra ba't ky NH nao trong nifdc boac ngoai nifdc. ChUa gin lien giifa san pham huy ddng vdn vdi sin

134

1 pham thanh loan, cdc sd tiet kiem chiJng chi lien gdi, cdc chiJug tif cd gia ... ban che' trong chuyen nhifdng thanh todn lam giam di tinh thanh khoan cua nd tren thi tnfdng, chifa tao difdc thdi quen chuyen nhifdng trong dan cif da anh hifdng khdng it den phat trien thi tnfdng tai chinh tbiJ ca'p d nifdc ta. Cac NH vin con thu ddng chd ddi khdch hang, chUa chu ddng td cbiJc quang ba sau rdng de ban cac san pham cua minh tren thi trUdng .

• Ve cho vay:

+ Hoat ddng cho vay cua NH dap u'ng difdc nhu cau vd'n cho nen kinh te'. Cai tien cd cau tin dung theo hifdng tich cifc chu trpng tap trung vd'n tai trd cho nhifng nganh nghe then chd't trpng diem theo dinh hUdng phdt trien kinh te, nang dan ty le cho vay trung dai ban va cho vay ngoai qudc doanb,manh dan bd trd cho cac doanh nghiep vifa va nbd vdi nhieu blnh tbiJc cho vay kha phong phii nhif tin dung u'ng tru'dc,tai trd xua't nbap khau,cbie't kba'u,cho thue tai chinh ddng tai trd, bao lanh Cac NH da bat dau khai thdc mang lifdi tin dung ban le cho vay cac mdn nbd de md rdng tin dung va phan tan rui ro, mot so' blnh tbiJc tin dung mdi dUa ra da ngdy cang dap u'ng difdc'yeu cau thi tnfdng nhif : cho vay tieu diing, tin dung sinh vien , tin dung du lich, cho vay phdt hanh va thanh loan the tin dung ... NH A chau, Sai gdn Thifdng tin md them san pham dich vu nha da't cho vay mua nha tra gdp, sufa chiTa nha. Ngan bang Ky thifdng vdi chifdng trlnh mua nha, d td xin, cho vay dau tif chiJng khodn...

135

Tinh Hinh dif ncf tin dung 1991-2001

Nam

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

So lupng (ty dong)

10155

16.520

25.426

38.072

45.448

82.806

104.326

124.709

139.0016

173.770

213.902

Ty le tang so vdi nam trudc

24%

49%

67%

49%

19.3%

82%%

. 26%

19.5%

11.4%

25%

23 .1%

Ngudn: Tdng hc?p bao cao thudng nien cua NgSn hang nha nude 1991-2001

136

Ty 1? ncf qua han cua NHTM 1991 - 2001

Nam

Ty l# no

qua h^n

1995

7.8%

1996

9.3%

1997

12.4%

1998

12%

1999

13.2%

2000

11.67%

2001

9.1%

2002'

Ngutm: Tap chi ngan hang so chuyen do irang 38 nam 2001, bao cao NHnha nUdc200I

+ Tuy nhien chat lifdng tin dung mot sd' NH cdn ban

che, ty le nd qua ban khd cao trong khi theo tbdng le qudc te

cac NH phai kiem soat nd qud ban khdng qud 5%. Da so' cdc

NH chifa chu trpng ky thuat phan tdn rui ro bang cdch da

dang hda nghiep vu cho vay, tif 80%-90% tap trung vao tin

dung i?ng tnfdc, cdn cho thue tai chinh, dong tdi trd,chiet

kha'u rat ban che. Thau chi cho mdi cho phep dp dung tuT

01/02/2002 ke tif khi cd hien life cua quyet 1627, nbifng

thifc te vIn chifa dp dung.

• Nghi§p vu d^u tuf: Hien nay cac NH d nifdc ta chi dijfng lai vdi nhifng hinh thufc ddn gian nhif gdp vd'n tbdnb lap ngan hang lien doanh, tham gia dau tif chu'ng khoan tren thi trtfdng tai chinh (chi mdi thifc hien nbifng nam gan day khi thi tnfdng chu'ng khoan Viet Nam ra ddi), ty le dau tif vao chu'ng khdan cua cdc NH cdn tha'p (chi tif 3%-5% trong khi dd d cdc nifdc tren the gidi ty le nay la tren 20%).

137

• Nghiep vu trung gian

+ Djch vu thanh toan: Mac du trong thdi gian qua c6 nhieu cai tie'n,Nghi dinh 64/2001/ND-CP ve boat ddng thanh loan qua cdc to chuTc dich vu thanh loan da difdc Chinh phii ban hanh thay the cho Ngbi dinh 91/CP ngay 25/11/1994. Trien khai hinh thuTc thanh loan hien dai nhif the thanh loan ciia NH Ngoai ThUdng. NH Cdng Thifdng, NH Ndng Nghiep,NH A Chau, Eximbank, Sai gdn ThUdng tin

Dae biet sau thanh cdng viec ndi mang thi diem thanh todn lien hang cua 6 NH (Ngoai ThUdng, Dau TU, Ndng Nghiep, Cdng ThUdng, A Chau, Eximbank) b^t dau 2/5/2002, thifc hien mot khoan thanh loan khdng qua 10 giay vd mdi vifa qua NH nha nUdc da chap thuan cho 20 ddn vi la chi nhanh cua 12 NH tham gia (3 NH cd phan gom; Ddng A , i bUdng Ddng, Nam A; hai NH lien doanh gom: Indovina. Chohung bank; bay NH nUdc ngoai gom: Bangkok bank, ABN-AMRO bank, China Trust Comercial bank, ANZ, Credit Agicole, indosuez, Chinfon Bank va Wooribank). Tinh den ngay 2/12/2002 da cd 71 ddn vi tham gia, trong tifdng lai se ga'p nil chuan bi nd'i mang cho loan bp he thong NH ca nifdc ...

Trong ITnh vifc nay van can nhieu no life de kh^c phuc ty le lien mat trong nen kinh te' kha cao khoang 40%, trong khi do cdc cdc nifdc tren the gidi khoang 10 %. Cdc blnh ihilfc thanh todn bpc Id nhieu ban che, chu yeu Id siif dung uy nhicm chi chiem tren 80% - 90 % tren tong sd giao dich thanh loan, hinh tbiJc uy nhiem thu va s6c dp dung khd

138

khi^m td'n, s^c tCf 7% nam 1995 giam xud'ng den 2001 chi cdn 2%-3% tren tong sd giao dich thanh toan, cdn ihif tin dung trong nifdc gan nhif khdng suT dung. Cdc quy dinh thanh todn qua NH chu'a phij hdp, cdng chung Viet Nam hay cdn xa la vdi NH, thu tuc nfdm ra. Dac biet cac chu'ng tif thanh todn hau nhu* chifa chuyen nhifdng theo nbif tbdng le qud'c te ngoai trif sec theo ngbi dinh 30/CP ngay 9/5/1996 cho phep difdc chuyen nhu'dng nbu'ng hau nhU' nbiTng ngifdi thu hifdng sec khdng thich chuyen nhifdng. Cac chu'ng tif thanh loan trong nu'dc chu'a la chiJng tif thanh loan qudc te ....Ve the thanh loan hien nay gom cd the tin dung qudc te, the thanh todn vd the ATM la mot phifdng tien thanh loan hien tai nhifng chu yeu do cdc NH thifdng mai Idn thifc hien nhU NH Ngoai ThUdng, Exim Bank, NH A Chau thifc hien phdt hanh the tin dung qudc te Visa card. Master card, cdn cdc NH Cdng Thifdng, NH Ndng Nghiep, NH Dau Tif ... phdt hanh the ATM va dai ly thanh toan the tin dung qudc te'.Mdt so NH nhuf A Chau, Sai gdn Thu'dng Tin trien khai the thanh todn ket hdp vdi he tbd'ng sieu thi, thanh todn cifdc phi taxi trong thanh phd' Ho Chi MInh.Tinb den cudi nam 2001 da phdt hanh khoang 10000 the chiem 0.012 % dan sd',ne'u so vdi iO% dan so' thanh tbi cd thu nbap kha trd len thi ty le nay la 0.6% nhif vay thi tnfdng nay bd trong hdn 99% . Cac dich vu NH hien dai phat trien khd nhanh trong nhUng nam gan day, dac biet la dich vu NH bdn le vdi nbu'ng u'ng dung cdng nghe tin hoc internet banking , home banking ...Tuy nhien cdc loai blnh tren chi mdi dijfng lai d rnHc dp tra ciJu cdc thong tin cd lien quan de'n tai khoan cua khach hang tai NH, vi^c trien khai thanh todn qua may tinh khdch hang tai nha

139

CO the se difdc thtfc hien trong thcfi gian tdi nhifng vi^c trien khai v in con nhieu vifdng m^c do thieu cd sd ha t§ng hien dai dong bo va nbifng van ban phap ly cu the de giai quyet nhiTng khie'u kien xay ra vh\i khi di? li^u cua khach hang bi xoa sach bdi virus hay hacker -

Thanh toan quo'c te: Trong giai doan nen kinh te bao cap tnfdc day Vietcombank la NH duy nhal ddc quyen kinh doanh trong linh vifc nay. Khi chuyen sang cd che tbi tnfdng cdc NH deu difdc phep thifc hien nbu'ng thUc sU chi tap trung vdo 4 NH qudc doanh (trong dd Vietcombank van chiem thi phan cao nhat 30.2 % nam 2001) va mot so NH CO phan nhif Eximbank, A chau, Ddng A... . Da so cac NH cung cap cac-lien ich cua NH trong thanh loan xuat nbap khau, tdc dp thanh loan nhanh vl hau bet NH tham gia he tbdng thanh loan SWIFT vdi nhdng phifdng thuTc thanh todn phd bien nhif: tin dung chu'ng tif, nbd thu chuyen lien, tien den ket hdp vdi cdc ky thuat tai trd nhif md L/C, cho vay thanh loan L/C, chiet khau bp chufng tif hdng xua't khau... hien nay cdc NH da nang mufc chiet khau 95% gid tri bd chu'ng tif hang xua't khau.

Dich vu ve tai chinh: khd mdi me chi mdi blnh thanh hdn hai ndm gan day, khi thi trUdng cbiJng khdan Viet nam ra ddi tbdng 7/2000 .Thi Uifdng chu'ng khdan Viet Nam boat ddng trong bodn canh cdc yeu to dang blnh thanh va phdt Uien . Sd' lifdng

140

bang hda tham gia tren thi tnfdng kha khiem td'n, tinh den nay cd 19 cd phie'u cua cdc cdng ty difdc niem ye't vdi tong vd'n dieu le la 878 ly dong, 10 cdng ty chu'ng khdan, 91 nbd dau tif cd td chuTc va 33 nha dau tif nu'dc ngoai gan 1200 tai khoan, hdn 8000 nha dau tif tham gia chiem chifa den 0.1% dan so'. Tong so* so' tien dau tU vao chufng khdan cbi chie'm 0.3% GDP so vdi kha nang nhan rdi tien cua cdng chung khoang 6-8 ty USD chie'm 25% GDP. Qua so' Heu tren chu'ng minh quy md thi tnfdng tai chinh ra't nbd d vao giai doan sd khai nen chifa thifc sif la ddng life thue day dich vu tai chinh phdt trien. Cdc NH chi tbtfc hien mot so' nghiep vu ddn gian nbif: mdi gidi chu'ng khdan, bao lanh phdt hanh chu'ng khdan, quan ly chu'ng khdan

Mpt so' chi tieu ve thi tri oTng chiing khoan Viet Nam trong 2 nam qua

S6' c6ng ly churng khoan

S(5 IU(?ng chUng khoan da(?c niSm y^t

S6' lU(?ng trai phie'u dU0c n\6rr\ y6't

Thang7 2000

2

2

0

Thang 7 2002

10

19

9

141

Cac dich vu khac:

Kinh doanh ngoai hdi da so cbi difng lai giao dich mua ban ngoai le \di khach hang trong nUdc cac loai nghiep vu nhif : spot, forward, swap giup cac ngan hang can dd'i ngoai te nh^m phuc vu cho thanh todn xua't nbap khau . Cdc nghiep vu kinh doanh ngoai bdi tren tbi tnfdng hdi doai qudc le chi dp dung mot sd' it NH nhif Vietcombank, Eximbank, A chau,Ddng A ...

Tiiy theo dieu kien kinh doanh cua minh cdc NH khai thac them mot sd' san pham dac thij cua minh, md them mpt so' dich vu tif n ich nhi/:

Quan ly vo'n tflp trung: danh cho khdch hang cd nhieu tai khoan boat ddng tren nhieu dja ban se du*dc quan ly ve mot tai khoan chinh tranh lang phi vdn va nang cao ndng life dieu hanh .

Dich vu dau tif tif dong: Tren cd sd thoa ihuan giCa ddi ben, khi sd' dtf tai khoan thanh loan cua doanh nghiep vUdt mufc quy dinh, phan tien vu'dt se difdc tif ddng chuyen vao tai khoan dau lU vdi lai sual cao hdn va ngifdc lai va tif ddng se dUdc chuyen vai tai khoan thanh todn khi doanh nghiep cd nhu cau rut vd'n.

U2

• Trd luang cho nhan vien cua cdc cdng ty , thanh todn tien dien nude cho cd nhan ...

• • Dich vu Electronic Banking: Khach hang cd % the truy cap tbdng tin 24/24 nhif la'y ty gid, bieu

phi, lai sua't. Kiem ira so' dif tai khoan, la'y so' phdt sinh trong ngay. la'y sd phu sao ke lai theo yeu cau, mang lai nbifng tien ich cho khdch bang la khdng phai den NH de giao djch, khdng bi le tbudc gid gia'c lam viec, kiem sodt difdc tbdng tin ttfc thdi.

• Dich vu ATM: diing de kiem tra so' dif tai kboan,rut tien mat 24/24, chi tra tien dien nifdc,dien thoai,cbuyen khoan trong he thong VCB.

• Ngoai ra, NH Phifdng Nam cd them san pham cho thue kho gdi hang dong thdi nhan cam cd' cdc bien lai gdi hang ....

Mot so' san pham mdi nhif mdi gidi tien te, mua ban nd tren thi tnfdng nd, factoring, option, future.... vIn chifa thifc hien.

Qua thifc trang tren cho tha'y trong thdi gian vifa qua cdc NH cbii trpng den viec ddi mdi san pham de thu hiit khdch hang, ludn trong tuf the san sang vao cupc, nhung ddnh gid chung trlnh dp nghiep vu NH nifdc ta chi d miJc trung blnh so vdi cdc nifdc trong khu vifc van cdn nhieu bat

143

cap han che, NH chifa thifc sif la ngifdi ban dong hanh ciia cdng chiing.

• Nguyen nhan: *

• He tbdng phap luat cbifa hoan chinh dong bd va tbdng nhat, nhieu van ban cdn chdng cheo, cdn chiu sif can thiep qua sau cua NH Nha nifdc vao ddi sd'ng cua cdc NHTM chu'a tao dUdc mdi tnfdng kinh doanh lanh manh, blnh dang giifa cdc loai blnh NH.

• ChUa chu trpng xay difng chinh sdch khach hang hdp ly, thu ddng ngdi chd khach hang, cdng tdc marketing yeu kem.

• Quy md vd'n tif cd cua NH tha'p, cac NH qudc doanh ndm giiT 60% thi phan tin dung ca nUdc (NH Cdng thUdng, NH Dau Tif Phdt Trien, NH Ngoai ThUdng 1100 ly cdn NH Ndng Nghiep phdt trien ndng thdn 2270 ly) cdn NH cd phan vd'n dieu le ti 20 ty den 350 ty . Ty le vdn tif c6 chiem lif 3%-4%/Tdng Ngudn vdn ciia NHTM trong khi d cdc nifdc tren the' gidi trung binh Id 8%-10%. So vdi cac nifdc trong khu vifc, nhif Thdi Lan, Singapore, Han qudc ... vdn dieu le cua NH nifdc ta chi khoang ti 20-30% vdn dieu le ciia NH cdc nifdc nay. Tiem life tai chinh nho khdng tifdng xiJng yeu cau tdc dp phdt Uien kinh te trong giai doan hdi nbap, long mij'c tin dung

144

cung UTng cho n^n kinh te' chUa vifdt qud 35% GDP, trong khi d cdc nifdc trong khu vifc ty le nay phai tren 60%..

• Cdng nghe thanh toan NH chu'a cd sif dau tif diing mufc dong bp va tbdng nhat, chu'a bien dai hda , cdc thao tdc cdn mang tinh-thu cdng chifa thifc sif tao difdc hap din vdi cdng chung

• Ky nang quan tri ciia NH cdn yeu kem cdn mang nang tinh bao cap chu'a biet each khai nbiTng Idi the vd'n cd ciia minh ve cd sd vat cha't mang lifdi, ngudn nhan life .

• Thieu ban mot thi tnfdng tai chinh linh ddng, so' lifdng cdc dinh che tai chinh trung gian chie'm ty trong qua khiem td'n, hang hda tren tbi tnfdng cdn it chifa tao difdc siJc bat cho thi tnfdng.

• • Thu nbap ciia ngifdi dan Viet Nam tha'p, chifa

cd thdi quen giao dich vdi NH cdng vdi nbu'ng quy dinh trong thanh todn cdn ru*dm ra nen cdng chiing e ngai den vdi NH.

• Cdc bi^n phap da dang hda cdc nghiep vu NH trong tien trinh hgi nhqp:

Trong tien trlnh bdi nbap ve phia Viet Nam phai thifc c hien day dii cdc cam ket trong Hiep dinh thifdng mai Viet- My, ve dich vu tai chinh ngan hdng trong chifdng III va

145

phu luc G va F nhin chung difdc the hien qua mot sd vd'n de

cdban sau:

• Cdc loai hinh dich vu tai chinh hoa ky dUdc phep

kinh doanh tai VN:

+ Nhan lien gdi va cdc khoan tiet kiem ti cdng chiing

+ Cho vay cdc blnh thtfc bao gom tin dung lieu dung,tin dung the chap, bao tieu cdc giao dich ihUdng mai khac.

+ Thue mua tai chinh.

+ Tat ca cdc giao dich thanh todn va chuyen lien bao gom cdc the tin dung gbi nd,bdo nd,sec du lich, vd hdi phieu NH.

+ Bao lanh va cam ket

+ Mdi gidi lien te.

+ Quan ly tai san nhif quan ly lien mat quan ly danh

muc dau tif,mpi blnh ibifc quan ly dau tif tap the, quan ly hifu lri,cdc dich vu trdng coi bao quan l\i\x giif va liy thdc.

.»/ + Cdc dich vu thanh loan vd quyet todn ddi vdi cdc

tai san tai chinh bao gom cdc cbii'ng khdan cdc san pham tdi chinh phdt sinh vd cdc cdng cu thanh todn khdc.

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+ Cung cap tbdng tin tai chinh va xtT ly dif lieu tai chinh cdc phan mem ciia cdc nha cung cap cac dich vu tai chinh khdc.

+ Tif trung gian mdi gidi vd cdc dich vu tai chinh phu trd khdc lien quan den den cac boat ddng neu tren,tif van va ngbien ciJu dau tif cdc danh muc dau tif, tif van ve thu dac,chie'n lUdc cdng ty.

+ Budn ban cho tai khoan ciia minh hay cho tai khoan ciia khach hang tai sd giao dich chuTng khdan,tren thi IrUdng OTC bay tren cdc thi tnfdng khac vdi cdc san pham sau: Cac san pham tren thi tnfdng lien te ba gom sec hdi phie'u chuTng chi tien gdi ; ngoai bdi ; cdc san pham tai chinh phdt sinh, cac hdp dong giao djch Future, option ... ; cac cbii'ng kbddn cd the chuyen nhifdng difdc ; cac cdng cu cd the thanh loan va tai san tai chinh khdc ke ca vang nen

+ Tham gia vao viec phat hanh mpi chu'ng khdan, ke ca bao lanh phat hanh va chao ban nhif dai ly ( theo each cdng khai boac tbda thuan rieng ) va cung cap cdc dich vu lien quan den viec phat

5'' hanhdd.

• Ve tii cdch phdp ly cua cdc to chtic tdi chinh Hoa ky

hoat dQUg kinh doanh ngan hdng tai Viet Nam :

+ Chi nbdnb Ngan hang hoa ky tai Viet Nam.

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+ Ngan hang lien doanh Viet nam -Hoa ky.

+ Ngan hang con 100% vdn Hoa ky.

+ Cdng ty cho thue tdi chinh 100% vd'n hoa ky.

Cdc dinh che taichinh - tin dung tren cua Hoa ky phai tuan thu cdc quy dinh sau day khi boat ddng tai Viet Nam

+ Doi vdi chi nhdnh NH hoa ky phai cd vdn phap dinh do NH me cap tdi thieu la 15 trieu USD va NH me cd van ban chiu mpi trdch nhiem trong boat ddng nhiing cam ke'l ciia cbi nhdnh tai Viet nam.

+ Dd'i vdi NH lien doanh Viet Nam - Hoa Ky hay NH con 100% vdn Hoa ky vdn dieu le tdi thieu 10 trieu USD.

+ Ddi vdi cdng ty thue mua tai chinh 100% vdn hoa ky va cdng ty thue mua lai chinh lien doanh Viet Nam - Hoa Ky thi chu dau tUphaikih doanh lien tuc 3 ndm phai cd lai, vd'n 4ieu le ddn vi tdi thieu la 5 trieu USD.

• Ve Id trinh thUc hien cdc cam ket trong hi^p dinh:

Cd 7 cot mdc Id trinh trien khai thifc hien cdc dich vu tai chinh Hoa Ky tai Viet Nam:

+ Thur nha't: Trong vdng 3 ndm ke tif khi hiep dinh c6 bieu life, blnh ibuTc phap ly duy nhat Id cdc nha cung cap dich 148

vu Hoa Ky cd the cung cap cdc dich vu tdi chinh tai Viet Nam vd lien doanh vdi cdc dd'i tdc tai Viet Nam sau 3 nam.Sau dd ban che nay se difdc bai bd.

+ Thif bai: Sau 9*nam ke tijf khi hiep dinh cd bieu li/c cdc NH hoa Ky difdc phep thanh lap NH con 100% vdn Hoa ky tai Viet Nam .Trong thdi gian 9 nam dd cdc NH Hoa Ky cd the thanh lap NH lien doanh vdi Viet Nam trong dd phan gdp vd'n ciia Hoa ky khdng thap hdn 30% nhifng khdng vifdl qud 49% vd'n phdp dinh ciia lien doanh.

+ Thvt ba: Trong vdng 8 nam dau ke tif khi hiep dinh cd bieu lLfc,Viet Nam cd ban che quyen ciia mot chi nhdnh.NH Hoa Ky nhan lien gdi bang Viet nam ddng tif tif cdch phdp nhan Viet nam md NH khdng cd quan be tin dung theo miJc vd'n phdp dinh ciia chi nhanh phii hdp vdi bieu sau.Sau thdi gian dd cac cdc ban che se difdc bai bd.

Nam thu' I: 50% (Von phap dinh chuyen vao)

Namthu'2: 100%

Namtbur3:250%

Nam tbiJ 4: 400%

Namthii'5:600%

Ndm tbi? 6: 700%

Namtbur7:900%

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Thi? tU: Trong vdng 10 ndm ke tif khi Hiep dinh cd hieu life,Viet Nam cd the ban che quyen cua mot chi nhdnh Ngan hang Hoa Ky nhan tien giifi b^ng ddng Viet Nam tif cac nha cung cap dich vu Viet Nam md ngan hang khdng cd quan he tin dung theo muTc vdn phap dinh ciia chi nhdnh phij hdp vdi bieu sau ; sau thdi gian dd cdc ban che nay se difdc bai bo.

Ndm ibuf I: 50% (Vd'n phap dinh chuyen vao)

Namthu'2: 100%

NamlhLif3:250%

NamlbiJ'4:350%

Nam thi? 5: 500%

Namlhi?6;650%

Nam tbi? 7: 800%

Namihi?8:900%

Nam thi? 9: 1000%

Nam tbi? 10: Ddi xuf qud'c gia day du

Trong thdi ban bao Imi, khdng cd nam nao ty 1§ huy

ddng vd'n lien ddng ca 2 kenh tren day ciia NH hoa ky vifdl

mi?c dd'i xiJ qud'c gia.

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I Thi? nam: Sau 8 nam ke li? khi Hiep dinh cd bieu life, cdc dinh che tai chinh vd'n cd dau tif Hoa Ky difdc phep

I phdp hanh the tin dung tren cd sd dd'i xi? qud'c gia.

Thi? sdu: Chi nhdnh Ngan hang Hoa Ky khdng difdc dat cdc may nit tien tif ddng (ATM) tai cdc diem ngoai van phdng cua bp cho tdi khi cdc Ngan bang Viet Nam difdc phep lam dieu dd.Cbi nhdnh Ngan hang Hoa ky khdng dUdc lap cdc diem giao dich phu tbudc.

Tbi? bay: Sau 3 nam ke tijf khi Hiep dinh cd hieu life, Viet Nam danh dd'i xiJ qud'c gia day dii dd'i vdi quyen tiep can NHNN dd'i vdi cdc boat ddng chiet khau, Swaps,Forward.

Qua cdc cam ket cd ban cua Hiep dinh thifdng mai Viet -My ve dich vu NH. Cdc NH boa ky se dp dung tai nUdc ta trong nhifng nam dau tnfdc mat cac NH Hoa ky tham gia vdi tif each dd'i tdc lien doanh cbi thifc bien tru'dc mot sd san pham boat ddng chu yeu mang tinh chat tham dd khao sat de tijfng bifdc md rdng boat ddng kinh doanh cua minb.Trong vdng 8 ndm tdi Viet Nam phai dd bd cac quy dinh ban che ve boat ddng ndi te dd'i vdi cdc NH My cung nhif dd'i vdi NH nUdc ngoai.Ti? day cho den nam 2010 phai dd bd hoan loan nhifng quy dinh cam dodn dd'i vdi NH My, difdc phep Ihdnh lap NH con va cdng ty cho thue tdi chinh 100% tai Viet Nam. Dd'i vdi cbi nhdnh vd'n difdc cap la 5 trieu USD va cdng ty cho thue tai chinh la 5 trieu USD. Tnfdc thdi cd tren bupc cac NH Viet nam phai bifdc di thich hdp cac muc tieu

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cu the trong lien trinh hdi nbap, dac biet trong trong linh vuc dich vu NH can phai cd nhifng bien phdp cu the sau:

Thi? nhi?t: Xay difng Id trlnh hdi nbap nUdc ta phii hdp vdi lien trinh hdi nbap cdc nifdc trong khu vifc cd the chia thanh ba giai doan:

* Giai doan 2002 - 2005 : Day la giai doan NH Viet Nam chuan bi 'May da " chuyen minh de hdi nbap, idng cifdng si?c manh canh tranh dam bao an loan cho NH . Muc lieu tnfdc mat trong nhifng ndm tdi nam tdi la hien dai h6a va ddi mdi cdng nghe ciia he tbdng NH, day nhanh viec dp dung cdng nghe tbdng tin, phan dau he tbdng tai chinh -ngan bang dat trlnh dp trung blnh trong khu vifc, theo diing tbdng le qudc te':

Tiep tuc md rdng,hoan thien vd nang cao chd't lUdng phuc vu cac nghiep vu truyen tbd'ng tif tnfdc den nay da va dang 1dm, da dang hda cdc hinh thu'c buy ddng vdn md rdng cdc dich vu licl kiem tich lOy, ke'l hdp vdi cac san pham thanh loan, chuyen lien tif ddng , thanh tddn the, cho ph6p gdi mot ndi dUdc nit lien nhieu ndi.

Trien khai nhanh chdng nghiep vu chie't khau, tha'u cbi, day manh nghiep vu ddng lai trd cho vay hdp vd'n, tdi trd vdn dau tif chu'ng khdan ...

Md rdng mang ludi thanh todn lien hang di^n tilf loan he tbd'ng dam bao tc'c dp thanh todn nhanh, an

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todn ket hdp he tbd'ng bdn le vdi cdc dich vu electronic banking, home banking. Cai tien dich vu thanh loan the xay difng may riit tien difdc thifc

^ hien nhieu loai the.

Tang cUdng dich vu tif vd'n khdch hang, tiep tbi san pham NH cdc dich vu tien ich cho khach hang thu ho thue, dich vu bao biem.

* Giai doan 2005-2010: day la giai doan "tien len" thifc hien cam ket, dd bd cdc rao can ddi NH Hoa ky cung nhif cdc NH nUdc ngoai khdc tai Viet nam:

Tao dieu kien thuan Idi xay difng mdi trU'dng canh tranh chung mot san chdi , khdng ban che so' lu'dng nha cung cap dich vu NH, khdng ban che ve tdng gia tri giao dich, khdng ban che tdng sd' ngUdi tuyen dung ciia cdc td chu'c tai chinh nUdc ngoai, khdng cd bien phdp ban che' hay yeu cau phai mang mot blnh thu'c phdp nhan nao cu tbe.Khdng ban che' ty le gdp Vd'n ciia ben nifdc ngoai ...

Phdt trien tbi tnfdng tai chinh vdi nhieu dinh che tai chinh trung gian nbif cdng ty tai chinh, quy dau tif, quy hu\i bong .... Md them cac nghiep vu mdi nbif mdi gidi tien te, mua ban nd, option, forward,future, quan ly doanh muc dau tif..

Hien dai hda cdng nghe thanh todn dam bao nhanh chdng an loan hieu qua, cho phep cdc chu'ng ti?

• thanh loan difdc chuyen nhifdng de dang theo diing thong le qudc te tao tinh thanh khoan cao , la dieu

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kien giiip cho tbi tnfdng thi? cap nhanh chdng phii Uien .Xoa bd khoan cdch giCfa thanh loan U-ong nUdc vdi thanh loan qudc te, cdc phUdng lien thanh loan trong nifdc se la nhifng phUdng tien thanh qud'c te va ngUdc lai.

* Giai doan 2010 - 2020: Xay difng he tbd'ng tdi chinh - ngan bang vdng manh, cd the khang dinh difdc vi tri minh tren tbi tnfdng qudc te, thi tnfdng tai chinh Viet nam trd thanh yeu tdciia thi tnfdng tdi chinh qudc te.

Thi? hai: Hoan thien khung phdp ly bodn chinh, day du, ddng bd theo chieu hifdng on dinh lau dai nbdm tao moi tnfdng kinh doanh thuan Idi, an loan cho ngan hang. Dong thdi theo diing lieu chuan va tbdng le qudc te,

Thd' ba : Cung cd' tdng cifdng si?c manh NH bhng cdch tang ndng life lai chinh NHNH phai dat mufc vdn lif cd theo lieu chuan qudc le mdi cd the nang cao ndng life canh tranh.

+ Dd'i vdi NH qudc doanh, Nha nu'dc nen manh dan tang vdn dieu le, cd the bdng each phat hanh trai phieu ihu hiit vdn

+ Dd'i vdi NH cd phan khuyen khich cdc NH huy dong vd'n bdng cdc dUa cd phie'u len sdn giao dich tren thi tnfdng chiing khdan ddng thdi khdng dinh vi lii cua minh tren thifdng tnfdng,

Thi? tif : Tiep tuc thifc hien cd ca'u lai he tbd'ng NH , kien quyet giai the boac hdp nhd't cdc NH cd phan n^m uong

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vdng kiem sodt dac biet trong thdi gian vijfa qua , tich cifc xtf ly va thu hdi nd qua ban nbam lanh manh hda tinh hinh tai chinh NH .

Thi? nam : Ti?ng budc tao san chdi blnh dang cho cac NH trong nUdc khdng phan biet loai blnh sd hifu, nen tdn trpng muc lieu kinh doanh cua NH, tach cbi?c ndng chinh sdch ra khdi chi?c nang kinh doanh, nam tao mdi tnfdng kinh doanh thifc sif linh ddng cho NH .

Thi? sau : Ddn gian hda tbii tuc thanh todn tien hdnb bai bd nbilng quy dinh khdng can thie't nbam tao dieu kien thuan Idi cho cdng chiing den vdi NH.

Thi? bay : Hoan thien va nang cao trlnh dp quan tri NH theo lieu chuan qud'c te , xay difng cdc cdng cu quan ly nii ro theo hifdng ngdn chan rui ro .

Thi? tam: Nhanh chdng ban hanh phdp lenb chd'ng rifa tien nh^m dam bao an todn cho sif dich chuyen cdc lifdng vd'n ngoai te ra vao, ngan chan du'dc hien tifdng ddo bd'i vd ngdn chan cdc hanh vi tdi pham qud'c te ma NH la phifdng ti^n de dat den muc tieu.

Tom tai: Hoan thien va da dang hda cac nghiep vu NH la djnb hifdng quan trpng trong tien trinh hdi nhap, md ra cd hoi va tiem ndng trao ddi qudc te',liep nhan ludng vdn va cdng nghe nUdc ngoai, ti?ng budc xay difng lap doan NH ngay cang vifng manh iren ihj trUdng tai chinh qudc te va la ddng life tbiic day nen kinh te Viet Nam phat trien tren da hdi nhap qud'c le.

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