O INSTITUTI RCHAEOLOGICI LOVENIAE 8...ven mikroskopski pregled pelodnih preparatov ter izde-lavo in interpretacijo pelodnih diagramov. Pelodne vzor-ce smo analizirali po prirejenem

1

OPERA INSTITUTI ARCHAEOLOGICI SLOVENIAE

8

3

LJUBLJANA 2004

HOČEVARICAENEOLITSKO KOLIŠČE NA LJUBLJANSKEM BARJU

AN ENEOLITHIC PILE DWELLING IN THE LJUBLJANSKO BARJE

Anton Velušček Petra Leben-SeljakKatarina Čufar Vesna MalezBorut Toškan Nicoletta MartinelliMarijan Govedič Zoran MilićFranc Janžekovič Ana MladenovičMarjeta Jeraj Jernej PavšičJanez Dirjec Dragomir SkaberneBernd Kromer Žiga Šmit

Uredil / Edited byAnton Velušček

56

HOČEVARICA: TERENSKE RAZISKAVE, PREDSTAVITEV ... HOČEVARICA: FIELD RESEARCH, A PRESENTATION ...

3.2 PALAEOBOTANICALANALYSES OF THE HOČEVARICAPILE DWELLING

AbstractPaleobotanical investigations of the Hočevarica pile

dwelling comprise of analyses of the plant macro-remainsfrom the cultural layer and pollen from the archaeologicalprofile. The remains of seeds and fruits suggest that dwel-lers were collecting fruits such as acorns, stones of corneli-an cherry, hazelnuts, grapes, raspberries, strawberries andthe fruits of water chestnut, but they were also cultivatingbarley and wheat. Beside numerous orach seeds and char-red cereal grains, which represent one of the oldest archa-eobotanical finds from the Ljubljansko barje, agriculturewas further documented by a large amount of cereal pol-len. The entire pollen record from the cultural layer re-flects the vegetation development during the settlementperiod. It shows a significant human impact on the sur-rounding landscape, especially the reduction of nearby for-est and usage of the cleared land for farming. The remainsof macroscopic charcoal indicate that hazel, alder and ashwood was most often used as fuel. Radiocarbon dates oforganic sediment and seeds from the cultural layer indica-te the period between 3670 and 3380 cal BC (2 sigma).

3.2.1 ANALYSES OF PLANT MACRO-REMAINSAND POLLEN

Paleobotanical investigations, which accompaniedthe archaeological excavations at Hočevarica in 1998,comprised of the analyses of plant macro-remains fromthe cultural layer and the analyses of pollen from thearchaeological profile.

3.2.1.1 Sampling and methods

The samples for archaeobotanical analyses weretaken from different layers and depths of the 2 m deepexcavation trench with a surface of 2 × 4 m2. The trench

3.2 PALEOBOTANIČNERAZISKAVE NA KOLIŠČUHOČEVARICA

MARJETA JERAJ

IzvlečekPaleobotanične raziskave s kolišča Hočevarica zaje-

majo analize rastlinskih makroostankov iz kulturne plastiin pelodne analize sedimentov iz arheološkega profila.Rezultati analiz semen in plodov kažejo, da so koliščarjinabirali divje rastline in sadeže, kot so drnulje, lešniki, želo-di, maline, jagode, grozdje in plodovi vodnega oreška, inda so gojili ječmen in pšenico. Poleg številnih semen lobod-nic ter predvsem ožganih žitnih zrn, ki sodijo med najsta-rejše arheobotanične najdbe z Ljubljanskega barja, polje-delstvo na Hočevarici dokazujejo visoke vrednosti pelodažit. Človekov vpliv na pokrajino, še posebej izsekavanjegozdov in obdelovanje zemlje, je jasno razviden v pelod-nem zapisu, ki prikazuje razvoj okoliške vegetacije v časunaselbine. Determinacija makroskopskega oglja z najdiščakaže, da je bil za kurjavo najpogosteje uporabljen les leske,jelše in jesena. Radiokarbonski datumi organskega sedi-menta, žitnih zrn in grozdnih pešk iz kulturne plasti kažejona obdobje med 3670 in 3380 cal BC (2 sigma).

3.2.1 ANALIZE RASTLINSKIHMAKROOSTANKOV IN PELODA

V okviru paleobotaničnih raziskav na najdiščuHočevarica, ki so bile opravljene v sklopu arheološkegaizkopavanja v letu 1998, smo analizirali rastlinske mak-roostanke iz kulturne plasti ter opravili pelodne analizesedimentov iz profila arheološkega izkopa.

3.2.1.1 Metode

Vzorce za arheobotanične raziskave smo dobili priarheološkem izkopavanju dva metra globoke sonde spovršino 2 × 4 m2. Vzorčili smo v mikrokvadratih 1, 4, 5

57


was divided into eight 1 m2 large sections (micro-quadrants). Sampling was performed in sections 1, 4, 5and 8, at a depth ranging between 190 and 125 cm, cor-responding to the cultural layer. The sediment was was-hed and wet-sieved through three different sieves withaperture sizes measuring 3 mm, 1 mm and 0.5 mm (fig.3.2.1). After the sediment was dried up, plant remains,animal remains and archaeological artifacts were pick-ed out.

The analyses of seeds, fruits and macroscopic char-coal from the cultural layer were also carried out. Seeds,fruits and their remains were examined using a stereo-scope with 5x to 50x magnification. The remains wereidentified by comparison to modern reference collec-tions of seeds and fruits, and by using different identifi-cation keys and manuals. Macroscopic charcoal wasdetermined using a stereoscope (up to 50x magnifica-tion) as well as a compound stereomicroscope with re-flective light and 100x to 400x magnification. Transver-sal, radial and tangential sections of manually brokenpieces were inspected for each sample. Their anatomi-cal features determined the particular family, genus orspecies of wood. Charcoal fragments were also compa-red with the slides of fresh cut wood and with the keysfor wood identification.

The sediment samples for pollen analyses wereobtained from the northern profile of the archaeologi-cal excavation. They were taken from 2 to 5 cm thicklayers with different sediment structures. In the labora-

in 8, v različnih plasteh in režnjih na globini med 190 in125 cm, ki v celoti pripada kulturni plasti. Že na terenusmo sediment sprali in ga presejali skozi sita z velikost-mi odprtin 3 mm, 1 mm in 0,5 mm (sl. 3.2.1). Iz preseja-nega in posušenega materiala smo poleg arheološkihnajdb in živalskih kosti izločili tudi rastlinske makroos-tanke.

Opravili smo analize semen, plodov in makroskops-kega oglja iz kulturne plasti. Semena, plodove in njiho-ve fragmente smo določevali s stereolupo pri 5- do 50-kratni povečavi. Za taksonomsko identifikacijo smouporabljali zbirko recentnih semen in plodov ter ključein priročnike za določevanje. Lesno oglje smo preisko-vali s stereolupo (do 50-kratna povečava) in s stereo-mikroskopom v odbojni svetlobi (100-kratna, 250-krat-na in 400-kratna povečava). Pri vsakem vzorcu smo pre-gledovali sveže prelomne ploskve v transverzalni, radial-ni in tangencialni ravnini. Glede na anatomske značil-nosti oglja v posameznih prelomih smo določili, katerilesni vrsti, rodu ali družini pripada posamezni kos. Zaidentifikacijo oglja smo uporabljali ključe za določeva-nje lesa in preparate svežega lesa.

Sl. 3.2.1: Priprava za sejanje (v ozadju) in vreče sedimenta izkulturne plasti na Hočevarici. Foto: M. Jeraj.Fig. 3.2.1: Equipment for sieving (in the background) and bagswith sediment from the cultural layer at Hočevarica. Photo:M. Jeraj.

58

tory, pollen was then extracted from the sediment follo-wing an adapted procedure based on the method descri-bed by Faegri and Iversen (1989). Pollen samples werequalitatively and quantitatively examined under a lightmicroscope with 100x, 200x and 450x magnification.Different keys and images from several manuals wereused for the identification, as well as a comparison witha reference collection of modern pollen. Ultimately pol-len diagrams were made and interpreted.

The sample of organic sediment from the depth of142.5 cm, grape seeds and charred cereal grains wereAMS radiocarbon dated at Beta Analytic Inc. (Miami,FL, USA) and the University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ,USA).

3.2.1.2 Plant macro-remains

The remains of seeds, fruits, moss and algae, aswell as fragments of charcoal and wooden piles wererecovered from the archaeological excavation at Hoče-varica at the depth of between 130 and 190 cm. Theresults of carpological and anthracotomic analyses arepresented below.

3.2.1.2.1 Seeds and fruits

The cultural layer in the sampled micro-quadrantsrevealed more than 30,000 seeds, fruits and their frag-ments, larger than 3 mm, and even more seeds, smallerthan 3 mm (tables 3.2.1 and 3.2.2). In general they werewell preserved, and with the exception of cereal grainsalmost completely non-carbonized. Their preservationvaried from whole and undamaged to broken and hard-ly recognizable seeds. The most frequent were seeds ofChenopodiaceae, acorn fragments (Quercus sp.), grapeseeds (Vitis vinifera), fruit stones of dogwood (Cornusmas, C. sanguinea) and nutlets of red raspberry (Rubus

Vzorce za pelodne analize smo vzeli iz severnegaprofila arheološkega izkopa. Vzorčili smo od 2 do 5 cmdebele plasti, ki so se razlikovale glede na sedimentolo-ško sestavo. Laboratorijski del analiz je vključeval ek-strakcijo peloda iz sedimenta, kvalitativen in kvantitati-ven mikroskopski pregled pelodnih preparatov ter izde-lavo in interpretacijo pelodnih diagramov. Pelodne vzor-ce smo analizirali po prirejenem standardnem postop-ku, ki sta ga opisala Faegri in Iversen (1989). Preparatesmo pregledovali s svetlobnim mikroskopom pri 100-kratni, 200-kratni in 450-kratni povečavi. Za določevan-je peloda smo uporabljali različne ključe in priročniketer referenčno zbirko trajnih preparatov.

Organski sediment iz globine 142,5 cm ter grozd-ne peške in žitna zrna iz kulturne plasti so bili radiokar-bonsko datirani v laboratorijih Beta Analytic Inc., Mia-mi, FL, ZDA in University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,ZDA.

3.2.1.2 Rastlinski makroostanki

Pri arheološkem izkopavanju smo v globini med 130in 190 cm našli ostanke semen, plodov, mahu in alg,kose oglja ter kole. Rezultati karpoloških in antrakotom-skih raziskav so prikazani v nadaljevanju.

3.2.1.2.1 Semena in plodovi

V kulturni plasti smo v vzorčnih mikrokvadratihnašli več kot 30000 semen in plodov. V glavnem so bilizelo dobro ohranjeni in razen žitnih zrn nezogleneli.Večinoma smo našli cele in nepoškodovane, od nekate-rih pa so se ohranili le posamezni deli. Prevladovala sosemena lobodnic (Chenopodiaceae), ostanki želodov(Quercus sp.), peške vinske trte (Vitis vinifera), koščicerumenega in rdečega drena (Cornus mas in C. sangui-nea), oreški maline (Rubus fruticosus), roglji plodov vod-

Takson % Takson %

Quercus sp. 31,4 Prunus spinosa 0,67

Vitis vinifera 27,4 Cyperaceae 0,26

Cornus mas 13,4 Apiaceae 0,15

Rubus fruticosus 13,2 Sambucus ebulus 0,13

Cerealia 5,2 Nuphar luteum 0,13

Corylus avellana 4,4 Tilia sp. 0,08

Cornus sanguinea 2,7 Potamogeton natans 0,02

Trapa natans 1,0

Tab. 3.2.1: Deleži semen in plodov večjih od 3 mm v kulturni plasti na Hočevarici.Table 3.2.1: Proportions of seeds and fruits larger than 3 mm, from the cultural layer at Hočevarica.


59

fruticosus) (fig. 3.2.2). Poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum),achenes of strawberry (Fragaria vesca), spines of waterchestnut fruits (Trapa natans), charred grains of barley(Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum monococcum, T.turgidum ssp. dicoccum), and broken hazelnut shells(Corylus avellana) were also quite common. Among theless abundant remains of seeds and fruits larger than 3mm, there were fruit stones of blackthorn (Prunus spin-osa), achenes of Cyperaceae and f loating-leavedpondweed (Potamogeton natans), fruits of linden (Tiliasp.) and Apiaceae, seeds of yellow water lily (Nupharluteum) and seeds of red elderberry (Sambucus ebulus)(table 3.2.1). Achenes of nettle (Urtica sp.) and Astera-ceae, and seeds of Caryophyllaceae, were also recove-red among the fragments smaller than 3 mm (table 3.2.2).

The analyses of seeds and fruits larger than 3 mmshow that their distribution varied among the examinedsections. The largest amount, 3400 seeds/fruits, wasfound in section 4 at a depth of between 167 and 179cm. Generally, there were more remains found in sec-tions 1 and 4 than in sections 5 and 8. However, acornfragments, grape seeds, fruit stones of cornelian cherryand nutlets of raspberry were the most common remainsin all of them.

Grape seeds and charred cereal grains were alsoAMS radiocarbon dated. The radiocarbon date of thegrape seeds, found at a depth of between 159 and 142cm, is 4780 ± 40 BP (3640–3520 cal BC (1 sigma),3650–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)). The cereal grains, foundin the layer between 190 and 181 cm, were dated to 4810± 40 BP (3650–3530 cal BC (1 sigma), 3670–3380 calBC (2 sigma)).

nega oreška (Trapa natans), makova semena (Papaversomniferum), oreški jagodnjaka (Fragaria vesca), ožganazrna ječmena (Hordeum vulgare) in pšenice (Triticummonococcum, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum) ter zdrobljenelupine lešnikov (Corylus avellana) (tab. 3.2.1 in 3.2.2; sl.3.2.2). Od semen in plodov večjih od 3 mm so bili medmanj pogostimi najdbami koščice črnega trna (Prunusspinosa), plodovi ostričevk (Cyperaceae), lipe (Tilia sp.),plodiči kobulnic (Apiaceae) in plavajočega dristavca(Potamogeton natans) ter semena rumenega blatnika(Nuphar luteum) in divjega bezga (Sambucus ebulus)(tab. 3.2.1). Med semeni in plodovi manjšimi od 3 mmpa smo poleg že nekaterih omenjenih našli še oreškekoprive (Urtica sp.), rožke nebinovk (Asteraceae) in se-mena klinčnic (Caryophyllaceae) (tab. 3.2.2).

Pri analizi plodov in semen, večjih od 3 mm, smougotovili, da so bili ti v mikrokvadratih 1, 4, 5 in 8 raz-porejeni različno. Največ, tj. 3400, smo jih našli v mi-krokvadratu 4 na globini med 179 in 167 cm. Na splošnojih je bilo v mikrokvadratih 1 in 4 bistveno več kot v 5 in8. V vseh so bile najštevilčnejši ostanki želodov, grozd-ne peške, koščice drnulj in oreški maline.

Grozdne peške in ožgana žitna zrna so bila tudiradiokarbonsko datirana. Starost pešk iz plasti med 159in 142 cm je 4780 ± 40 BP (3640–3520 cal BC (1 sig-ma) oziroma 3650–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)); starost žit-nih zrn iz plasti med 190 in 181 cm pa je 4810 ± 40 BP(3650–3530 cal BC (1 sigma) oziroma 3670–3380 calBC (2 sigma)).

Sl. 3.2.2: Najpogostejši ostanki semen in plodov s Hočevari-ce: ostanek želoda (Quercus sp.) (a), drnulja (Cornus mas)(b), ožgana žitna zrna (Cerealia) (c), peška vinske trte (Vitisvinifera) (d), seme lobodnice (Chenopodium) (e) in orešekmaline (Rubus fruticosus) (f). Foto: M. Jeraj.Fig. 3.2.2: The most common remains of seeds and fruits fromHočevarica: fragment of acorn (a), stone fruit of corneliancherry (Cornus mas) (b), charred cereal grains (Cerealia),grape seed (Vitis vinifera) (d), orach seed (Chenopodium) and(e) raspberry nutlet (Rubus fruticosus) (f). Photo: M. Jeraj.

Takson %

Chenopodiaceae 71,0

Papaver somniferum 11,2

Fragaria sp. 8,9

Rubus fructicosus 2,3

Urtica sp. 2,3

Asteraceae 1,5

Sambucus ebulus 1,0

Scirpus sp. 0,8

Caryophyllaceae 0,7

Potamogeton sp. 0,2

Tab. 3.2.2: Deleži semen in plodov manjših od 3 mm v kultur-ni plasti na Hočevarici.Table 3.2.2: Proportions of seeds and fruits smaller than 3mm, from the cultural layer at Hočevarica.


60

3.2.1.2.2 Charcoal

About 580 charcoal fragments, sampled from thedifferent micro-quadrants were analysed (table 3.2.3).The fragments measured between 0.5 and 5 cm. Thepreservation of their anatomical features varied, thusidentification of the species or genus level was not al-ways possible. The majority of charcoal sampled washazel (Coryllus avellana), alder (Alnus glutinosa) and ash(Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior). The rest was identified asmaple (Acer campestre, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus),trees and shrubs from the Rosaceae family, includingmountain ash (Sorbus sp.), pear/apple (Pyrus/Malus),hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) and Prunus sp., beech (Fagussylvatica), oak (Quercus sp.), poplar (Populus sp.), birch(Betula sp.), willow (Salix sp.), buckthorn (Frangula al-nus), walnut (Juglans regia), cranberry bush (Viburnumsp.), spindle tree (Euonymus sp.), dogwood (Cornus sp.)and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus). The charcoal of co-nifers was relatively rare and it belonged to fir (Abiesalba), juniper (Juniperus communis), yew (Taxus bacca-ta) and pine (Pinus sp.).

3.2.1.2.2 Oglje

Pregledali smo okrog 580 od 0,5 do 5 cm velikihkosov oglja iz različnih mikrokvadratov, plasti in režnjev.Ohranjenost anatomskih značilnosti je med vzorci va-riirala, tako da je bila v nekaterih primerih identifikacijarastlinskega taksona mogoča le do družine. Največ ko-sov oglja je pripadalo leski (Corylus avellana), črni jelši(Alnus glutinosa) in jesenu (Fraxinus ornus/excelsior).Od ostalih lesnih vrst, rodov ali družin smo določili ogljejavorja (Acer pseudoplatanus/platanoides/campestre),oglje dreves in grmov rožnic (Rosaceae) iz poddružinePrunoideae (Prunus sp.) in poddružine Maloidae, kotso jerebika (Sorbus sp.), hruška/jablana (Pyrus/Malus)in glog (Crataegus sp.), oglje bukve (Fagus sylvatica),hrasta (Quercus sp.), breze (Betula sp.), topola (Populussp.), vrbe (Salix sp.), brogovite (Viburnum sp.), krhlike(Frangula alnus), trdoleske (Euonymus sp.), drena (Cor-nus sp.), belega gabra (Carpinus betulus) in oreha (Ju-glans regia). Oglja iglavcev je bilo malo in je pripadalojelki (Abies alba), brinu (Juniperus communis), tisi (Tax-us baccata) in boru (Pinus sp.) (tab. 3.2.3).

Vrsta/species oglje/charc.

(%)

Vrsta/species oglje/charc.

(%)

Corylus avellana 25,5 Populus sp. 1,2

Alnus glutinosa 25,0 Betula sp. 1,0

Fraxinus excelsior 11,1 Crataegus sp. 0,9

Fraxinus ornus 5,2 Salix sp. 0,5

Fagus sylvatica 5,0 Frangula alnus 0,3

Quercus sp. 4,0 Juglans regia 0,3

Acer campestre 3,6 Viburnum opulus 0,2

Sorbus sp. 3,6 Euonymus europaea 0,2

Pyrus/Malus 3,5 Cornus sanguinea 0,2

Prunus sp. 2,8 Carpinus betulus 0,2

Acer platanoides 2,3 Juniperus communis 0,2

Abies alba 1,6 Taxus baccata 0,2

Acer pseudoplatanus 1,2 Pinus sylvestris 0,2

Tab. 3.2.3: Deleži oglja vseh determiniranih drevesnih vrst v kulturni plasti na Hočevarici.Table 3.2.3: Proportions of charcoal from all the determined tree types in the cultural layer at Hočevarica.

3.2.1.2.3 Ostali rastlinski ostanki

V kulturni plasti z najdišča Hočevarica so bili medrastlinskimi makroostanki še koli, koščki lesa, brsti, rast-linske maligne tvorbe, ostanki mahu vrste Neckera cris-pa (Neckeraceae), oogoniji alg iz družine Characeae

3.2.1.2.3 Other plant macro-remains

Among the plant macro-remains in the cultural layerat Hočevarica, there were also wooden piles, fragmentsof wood, buds, tumor structures, the remains of mossNeckera crispa (Neckeraceae), oogoniums from the al-


61

(najverjetneje iz rodu Chara sp.) (sl. 3.2.3a) in šiške. Vvečjih količinah smo v globini med 190 in 178 cm v mik-rokvadratih 1, 4 in 5 našli ostanke mahu iz družineDrepanocladaceae (sl. 3.2.3b).

3.2.1.3 Palinološki profil

Zgornji meter profila v arheološkem izkopu zaradipedogeneze in kontaminacije ni bil primeren za pelod-ne raziskave. Vzorčili smo v globini med 190 in 105 cmin opravili pelodne analize 26 vzorcev, pri čemer je bilpelod v vseh vzorcih dobro ohranjen. V vzorcih iz globi-ne med 130 in 105 cm je bila pelodna vsebina skromnain ni prikazana v pelodnem diagramu. Prevladovale somonoletne spore praprotnic. Pelodna vsebina ostalihpregledanih vzorcev v globini med 190 in 130 cm v celo-ti sovpada s kulturno plastjo. Prikazana je v pelodnemdiagramu, ki smo ga razdelili na pet odsekov. Pelodnidiagram izbranih taksonov iz arheološkega profila naHočevarici z opisi posameznih odsekov je bil že preds-tavljen (Jeraj 2000). Tokrat je prikazan pelodni zapis izprofila ter interpretacija celotnega diagrama (sl. 3.2.4):

Spodnji odsek (A) pelodnega diagrama, v kateremprevladuje drevesna vegetacija (AP), kaže, da je v okoli-ci Hočevarice tik pred naselitvijo ali pa na samem začet-ku poselitve uspeval mešan listnati gozd. V njem so pre-vladovali jelša (Alnus), leska (Corylus), bukev (Fagus),hrast (Quercus) in lipa (Tilia). Med nedrevesno vegeta-cijo (NAP) so ugotovljene nizke pelodne vrednosti žit(Cerealia), lobodnic (Chenopodiaceae), trav (Poaceae)in zelišč iz družin križnic (Brassicaceae) in kobulnic(Apiaceae), ki nakazujejo človekovo prisotnost in dejav-nost v bližini najdišča.

Na začetku odseka B je razviden oster prehod oddrevesne k zeliščni vegetaciji, ki pomeni odprte površi-ne v bližnji okolici. Te so koliščarji uporabljali predvsemza poljedelstvo, kar je razvidno iz visokih pelodnih vred-nosti žit in lobodnic, pa tudi za pašništvo, na kar kažejovisoke vrednosti leske. Redčenje okoliškega gozda se kažev upadanju pelodnih vrednosti drevesnih vrst, kot sobukev, hrast in lipa. Poleg žit in lobodnic na prisotnostčloveka kažejo tudi povečane pelodne vrednosti trav,kobulnic in nebinovk (Asteraceae).

Upad pelodne krivulje žit med odsekoma B in Cter sočasen dvig krivulj lobodnic in trav verjetno pome-ni začasno opustitev okoliških kultiviranih površin. Opus-titev je kratkotrajna, saj se že na začetku odseka C poja-vi izrazit dvig pelodnih vrednosti žit, ki znotraj odsekaprecej nihajo. Minimum krivulje žit sovpada z viškikrivulj lobodnic in trav, kar bi lahko pomenilo menja-vanje kultiviranih in opuščenih površin oziroma polje-delstvo na stopnji kolobarjenja. Pelod bukve, lipe in hras-ta je prisoten le še v sledovih, kar kaže na močan antro-pogeni vpliv oziroma na izsekane gozdne površine vbližnji in verjetno tudi v daljnji okolici.

gae family Characaeae (most likely Chara sp.) (fig.3.2.3a) and galls. Also, at a depth between 190 and 178cm a larger quantity of the remains of moss from thefamily Drepanocladaceae (fig. 3.2.3b) was found as well.

3.2.1.3 Palynological profile

The first meter below the surface of the examinedarchaeological profile was not suitable for pollen analy-ses, primarily due to pedogenesis and contamination.Therefore the sampling was performed at a depth ofbetween 190 and 105 cm. The pollen grains and sporeswere well preserved in all samples. Only a small amountof pollen was found in the layer between 130 and 105cm, and it is not presented in the pollen diagram. Mo-nolete spores prevailed. The pollen content of the sedi-ments from between 190 and 130 cm is classified intofive pollen zones. The pollen diagram from the archa-eological profile at Hočevarica has already been presen-ted and described (Jeraj 2000). Its summary and inter-pretation are presented in the following (fig. 3.2.4).

Arboreal vegetation (AP), mostly composed of al-der (Alnus), hazel (Corylus), beech (Fagus), oak (Quer-cus) and linden (Tilia), prevail in the pollen zone A. Itindicates the vicinity of a mixed-deciduous forest justprior to or in the beginning of the settlement period.Determined among herbaceous vegetation (NAP) wasa small amount of the pollen of cereals (Cerealia), orachs(Chenopodiaceae), grasses (Poaceae), crucifers (Bras-sicaceae) and umbellifers (Apiaceae). It is suggestive ofpossible human presence and activity close to the site.However, this part of the diagram most likely refers tothe period before or at the very beginning of the settle-ment at Hočevarica since the traces of humans are notvery distinctive.

A significant transition from arboreal to non-arbo-real vegetation is noticed in the beginning of the zone

Sl. 3.2.3: Oogonij alge (a) iz družine Characeae (0,8 × 0,5mm) in ostanki mahu (b) iz družine Drepanocladaceae(dolžina 5 mm) – velike količine mahu smo našli predvsem vglobini med 190 in 178 cm. Foto: M. Jeraj.Fig. 3.2.3: Oogonium (a) from the algae family Characaeae(0.8 × 0.5 mm) and moss remains (b) from the family Drepa-nocladaceae. Photo: M. Jeraj.


62

B. It reflects the appearance of open landscape, whichwas used for agriculture and pasturing. This is furtherdocumented by high pollen values of cereals and Che-nopodiaceae, and by the consistent presence of Corylus.The reduction of the surrounding forest is also shownby the decrease in pollen values of trees like beech, oakand linden. Additionally, the increase in pollen valuesof other anthropogenic indicators such as grasses, um-bellifers and composites (Asteraceae) represents furtherevidence of habitation at Hočevarica.

The decrease of the cereal pollen curve betweenzones B and C, and the concurrent increase in the grassand orach curves, probably suggest that dwellers fromHočevarica temporarily abandoned the cultivated fields.However, another significant increase, and continuedoscillation in the cereal curve reappears in the begin-ning of zone C. Its minimum values match the maxi-mum values of the pollen curves of orachs and grasses,which may indicate the alternation of cultivated andabandoned land, or farming at the level of crop rota-tion. The pollen of beech, linden and oak, which onlyappears sporadically, shows the reduction of nearby andprobably also distant forests.

The increased values of arboreal pollen and theconcurrent decreased values of herbaceous pollen inzone D most likely suggest the abandonment of the sett-lement and fields around Hočevarica. Hazel, which alsoovergrew the abandoned land, dominates. The radiocar-bon date of the organic sediment from a depth of bet-ween 145 and 140 cm is 4780 ± 40 BP (3640–3520 calBC (1 sigma), 3650–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)).

The cereal curve drops completely in zone E, whi-le the arboreal pollen, including oak, linden, dogwood(Cornus), hornbeam (Carpinus), hophornbeam (Ostrya)and birch (Betula), increase again. This is indicative ofthe regeneration of forestland and the abandonment ofagricultural and residential areas. Nevertheless, the pol-len of plants, closely associated with humans, and an-other increase in the cereal pollen curve towards theend of the zone, still suggest the presence of humans inthe close vicinity.

3.2.2 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The paleobotanical studies from Hočevarica showthat the pile dwellers were gatherers and farmers, andthat their activities had a significant influence on the

Naraščanje vrednosti drevesnega peloda in soča-sen upad vrednosti zeliščnega peloda v odseku D naj-verjetneje pomeni, da so koliščarji začeli opuščati nasel-bino in okoliška polja. Prevladuje leska, ki se je začelarazraščati tudi na opuščenih površinah. Radiokarbonskidatum organskega sedimenta v globini med 145 in 140cm je 4780 ± 40 BP (3640–3520 cal BC (1 sigma) ozi-roma 3650–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)).

V odseku E pelodna krivulja žit popolnoma upade,obenem pa narastejo pelodne vrednosti listavcev,predvsem hrasta, lipe, drena (Cornus), belega gabra (Car-pinus), črnega gabra (Ostrya), vrbe (Salix) in breze (Betu-

Sl. 3.2.4: Pelodni diagram iz arheološkega profila na Hočeva-rici.Fig. 3.2.4: Pollen diagram from the archaeological profile atHočevarica.


63

la). To kaže na ponovno zaraščanje gozda ter opustitevkmetijskih in bivalnih površin. Kljub vsemu pelod zeliščiz družin, ki so v tesni povezavi s človekovo dejavnostjo(križnice, kobulnice, zlatičnice), ter dvig krivulje žit protikoncu odseka še vedno nakazujejo človekovo prisotnostv bližnji okolici.

3.2.2 Razprava in zaključki

Paleobotanične raziskave z najdišča Hočevaricakažejo, da so bili koliščarji tako nabiralci kot poljedelci,ki so s svojo dejavnostjo v veliki meri vplivali na razvojvegetacije in oblikovanje paleokrajine v času naselbine.Glede na večje padce krivulje drevesnega peloda v pe-lodnem zapisu iz arheološkega profila sklepamo, da sozačeli izsekavati okoliške bukovo-jelove in mešane hras-tove gozdove, najdbe kolov in makroskopskega oglja padokazujejo, da so les uporabljali za gradnjo bivališč inza kurjavo. Velika količina peloda žit in lobodnic, ostan-ki kultiviranih žit ter številna semena lobodnic iz kultur-ne plasti so dokaz, da so na izsekanih površinah obdelo-vali polja ali, kot kažejo tudi najdbe kosti domačih živali(glej poglavje 3.7), so jih spremenili v pašnike. Pridelovaliso ječmen in pšenico, kar dokazujejo številna ožgana zrnaječmena (Hordeum vulgare) in pšenice (Triticum mono-coccum, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum) (Jeraj 2002). Njihovastarost je 4800 ± 40 BP (3650–3530 cal BC (1 sigma)oziroma 3670–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)) in so ena najsta-rejših arheobotaničnih najdb z Ljubljanskega barja.

Ostanki plodov in semen kažejo, da so prebivalciHočevarice nabirali sadeže in plodove dreves in grmov(Corylus, Quercus, Cornus, Rubus, Fragaria, Prunus, Sam-bucus), ter zelišča (Chenopodiaceae, Papaveraceae, Ur-tica) iz bližnje okolice ter plodove vodnih rastlin (Trapa,Nuphar). Zanimiva najdba s Hočevarice so grozdne peške(Vitis vinifera), ki so najstarejši ostanki vinske trte v Slo-veniji (starost: 4780 ± 40 BP (3640–3520 cal BC (1 sig-ma) oziroma 3650–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)). Večinaohranjenih semen, plodov in njihovih fragmentov jenajverjetneje zaloga ali ostanek hrane tedanjih prebival-cev in njihovih domačih živali. Ožgana zrna pšenice(Triticum sp.) in ječmena (Hordeum sp.), koščice drnul-je (Cornus mas) in robide (Rubus sp.), peške vinske trte(Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) ter zdrobljene lupine lešni-kov (Corylus avellana) poznamo tudi z drugih najdiščna Ljubljanskem barju (npr. Šercelj 1975; Šercelj, Culi-berg 1980; Culiberg, Šercelj 1980b).

Iz antrakotomskih raziskav je razvidno, da so naj-več kurili z leskovim (Corylus), jelševim (Alnus) in jese-novim (Fraxinus) lesom, uporabljali pa so tudi les javor-ja (Acer), jerebike (Sorbus aucuparia), sadnega drevja(Pyrus/Malus), bukve (Fagus), hrasta (Quercus), breze(Betula), topola (Populus) in še nekaterih drugih, v glav-nem listnatih dreves. Ogenj jim verjetno ni služil le zaogrevanje in pripravo hrane, pač pa tudi za osvetljevan-

surrounding vegetation and landscape. Large decreasesof arboreal pollen during the settlement period eviden-ce the cutting of surrounding beech-fir and mixed oakforests. Moreover, the recovered wooden piles and ma-croscopic charcoal from the cultural layer suggest thata variety of wood was used for construction and as fuel.A large amount of cereal (Cerealia) and orach (Cheno-podiaceae) pollen, numerous grains of barley (Hordeumvulgare) and wheat (Triticum monococcum, T. turgidumssp. dicoccum), and abundant seeds of Chenopodiace-ae, indicate cultivation on cleared surfaces (Jeraj 2002).Furthermore, the pollen of hazel (Corylus) and the dis-covered bones of domestic animals (see chapter 3.7) areall evidence of pastureland.

The remains of fruits and seeds suggest that thedwellers from Hočevarica were collecting hazelnuts (Co-rylus), acorns (Quercus), cornelian cherries (Cornus),grapes (Vitis), raspberries (Rubus), strawberries (Fraga-ria), blackthorn (Prunus), elder (Sambucus), as well assome herbs (Chenopodiaceae, Papaveraceae, Urtica) andaquatic plants (Trapa, Nuphar). On the other hand, theremains of cultivated cereals show that they were alsofarmers. Charred grains of cultivated barley and wheatare dated to 4810 ± 40 BP (3650–3530 cal BC (1 sig-ma), 3670–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)), and present one ofthe oldest archaeobotanical finds from the Ljubljanskobarje. Another noteworthy botanical remain from Hoče-varica are grape seeds (Vitis vinifera), which were alsoradiocarbon dated to 4780 ± 40 BP (3640–3520 cal BC(1 sigma), 3650–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)).

The majority of preserved seeds, fruits and theirfragments most likely represent the stores or leavings ofhumans and domestic animals. A larger concentrationof remains at a particular place within the site may indi-cate the location of storage, a fireplace, refuse dump orcattle shed. On the other hand, scarce finds were morelikely deposited by rivers or creeks.

Anthracotomic analyses indicate that fire was mostoften made using the wood of hazel (Corylus), alder (Al-nus) and ash (Fraxinus); although the wood of other treesand shrubs like maple (Acer), mountain ash (Sorbus), pear/apple (Pyrus/Malus), beech (Fagus), oak (Quercus), birch(Betula), and poplar (Populus), was used as well. Howe-ver, fire was not used only for heating and cooking, ratheralso for making pottery, for defense purposes and in ritu-als, as known from other Neolithic and Eneolithic popu-lations throughout Europe (Gregg 1988). No systemati-cal anthracotomic investigations have yet been carriedout on the Ljubljansko barje, however xylothomical analy-ses of wooden piles regularly accompanied archaeologi-cal excavations (Culiberg, Šercelj 1991). Wooden pilesfrom Hočevarica were analyzed in the context of dendro-chronological studies and therefore the results are pre-sented separately (see chapter 6.1).

In contrast to plant macro-remains, which provideinformation regarding the nutrition of the pile dwellers


64

je, izdelavo lončenine, v obrambi in pri ritualnih obre-dih, kot je splošno znano za neolitske in eneolitske po-pulacije v Evropi (Gregg 1988). Do sedaj na Ljubljan-skem barju ni bilo sistematičnih antrakotomskih raziskav,zato pa so bile opravljene številne ksilotomske analizekolov (Culiberg, Šercelj 1991). Koli s Hočevarice so bilianalizirani v sklopu dendrokronoloških raziskav in sozato obravnavani ločeno od ostalih paleobotaničnihnajdb (glej poglavje 6.1).

Poleg rastlinskih makroostankov, ki posredujejopredvsem informacijo o prehrani koliščarjev in njihoviselektivni uporabi rastlin, smo analizirali tudi pelod izkulturne plasti. Pelodni zapis iz arheološkega profila za-jema prostorsko širšo sliko ter prikazuje spremembe vrazvoju vegetacije in pokrajine v obdobju, ko je bila naHočevarici koliščarska naselbina. Na podlagi radiokar-bonskega datuma organskega sedimenta v globini med145 in 140 cm, ki je 4780 ± 40 BP (3640–3520 cal BC (1sigma) oziroma 3650–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)), ter slikerazvoja vegetacije uvrščamo zapis v obdobje subboreala.

Opazna značilnost pelodnega diagrama je krivuljapeloda žit (Cerealia), ki prevladuje v večjem delu z vred-nostmi do 50 % in dokazuje dobro razvito poljedelstvona Hočevarici. Od ostalih antropogenih indikatorjev(Behre 1981) se pojavlja še pelod lobodnic (Chenopo-diaceae), trav (Poaceae), kobulnic (Apiaceae) in nebi-novk (Asteraceae). Upadanje vrednosti drevesnega pe-loda (AP), predvsem bukve (Fagus), hrasta (Quercus)in lipe (Tilia), kaže na sočasno izsekavanje okoliškihgozdov. Redčenje gozdnih površin na račun pašništvanakazujejo tudi visoke vrednosti peloda leske (Corylus),medtem ko je stalna in pogosta prisotnost jelše (Alnus)indikator za močvirno okolje. Sekundarno spremenjenavegetacija in človekov vpliv na naravno okolje sta raz-vidna tudi v ostalih pelodnih zapisih na arheološkihnajdiščih ali v njihovi bližini na Ljubljanskem barju (Šer-celj 1955; 1975; 1976; Culiberg, Šercelj 1978; 1980b;Gardner 1999b). Za razliko od Hočevarice je bil pelodžit v kulturnih plasteh na Maharskem prekopu, na Par-tih in v Notranjih Goricah ugotovljen v manjših količi-nah (Šercelj 1975; Culiberg, Šercelj 1978; 1980a; Gard-ner 1999b).

Radiokarbonski datumi sedimenta in semen iz kul-turne plasti kažejo, da sega kolišče na Hočevarici v sre-dino četrtega tisočletja pr. Kr. (glej poglavje 6.5). V pe-lodnem zapisu sta opazni dve zaporedni obdobji pride-lovanja žit, ki bi lahko pomenili dve zaporedni naselbin-ski fazi. Iz sočasnih dvigov krivulje žit in padcev krivuljelobodnic, ki so pleveli opuščenih kultiviranih površin(Bakels 1991), sklepamo, da so koliščarji menjavali polje-delske površine. Zadnji padec krivulje žit je zabeleženpo 4780 ± 40 BP (3640–3520 cal BC (1 sigma) oziroma3650–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)), kjer se krivulja dreves-nega peloda (AP) ponovno dvigne. To bi lahko pomeni-lo opustitev poljedelskih in pašniških površin in more-biten konec naselbine na Hočevarici.

and their selective use of available plants, the pollen re-cord from the cultural layer at Hočevarica has a muchbroader spatial and temporal resolution. It indicateschanges in the surrounding vegetation and landscapeduring the 4th millennium B.C., and probably extendsfrom the short period before or from the very beginningof habitation to the period when the settlement was aban-doned. According to the obtained vegetation develop-ment and to the radiocarbon date of the organic sedi-ment from the depth of between 145 and 140 cm, whichis 4780 ± 40 BP (3640–3520 cal BC (1 sigma), 3650–3380 cal BC (2 sigma)), the record belongs to the Sub-boreal period.

The pollen diagram from the archaeological prof-ile is characterized by a high amount of cereal pollen,which dominates with values of up to 50 % and suggestsa well-developed agricultural level at and around Hoče-varica. Furthermore, pollen of other anthropogenic in-dicators (Behre 1981) like Chenopodiaceae, grasses(Poaceae), umbellifers (Apiaceae) and composites (As-teraceae) is also present. The decrease of arboreal pol-len (AP), especially the pollen of beech (Fagus), oak(Quercus) and linden (Tilia), indicates clearing of thesurrounding forests. Additionally, the thinning of woodson account of using the cleared land for pasturelandsare documented by the high pollen values of hazel (Co-rylus). The constant presence of alder (Alnus) is indica-tive of a marshy environment. Secondary modified ve-getation and human influence on the environment arealso evident from other pollen diagrams from the Lju-bljansko barje, including the archaeological profiles andnearby cores (Šercelj 1955; 1975; 1976; Culiberg, Šer-celj 1978; 1980b; Gardner 1999b). In contrast to Hoče-varica, cereal pollen from the cultural layers at Mahar-ski prekop, Parte and Notranje Gorice appeared in smallquantities (Šercelj 1975; Culiberg, Šercelj 1978; 1980a;Gardner 1999b).

The radiocarbon dates of the sediment and seedsfrom the cultural layer suggest that the pile dwelling atHočevarica existed around the mid 4th millennium B.C.(see chapter 6.5). Two successive periods of cultivation,which may suggest two successive stages of the settle-ment at Hočevarica, can be detected from the pollendiagram. Furthermore, concurrent increases in the ce-real pollen curves and decreases in the Chenopodiace-ae curves are observed. This may suggest the alterna-tion of cultivated fields since Chenopodiaceae evidencethe abandonment of fields (Bakels 1991). The last de-crease of cereal pollen is observed at 4780 ± 40 BP(3640–3520 cal BC (1 sigma), 3650–3380 cal BC (2sigma)), when the arboreal pollen increases again. Thisdate may indicate the end of the settlement and also theabandonment of cultivated and pastured lands in thesurroundings of Hočevarica.

Translation: Marjeta Jeraj


Documents

O INSTITUTI RCHAEOLOGICI LOVENIAE 8...ven mikroskopski pregled pelodnih preparatov ter izde-lavo in interpretacijo pelodnih diagramov. Pelodne vzor-ce smo analizirali po prirejenem