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Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Observation of 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
by Pi-SAR-X2 and its polarimetric
calibration
1Toshifumi Moriyama, 2Yoshio Yamaguchi, 2Takanori
Ishikuro, 3Jyunpei Uemoto, 3Toshihiko Umehara, 3Akitsugu Nadai, 3Shoichiro Kojima
1, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Japan
2, Niigata University, Japan
3, Applied Electromagnetic Research Institute, National Institute of Information
and Communications Technology (NICT), Japan
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
• 2016 Kumamoto earthquake
• Emergency observation and response of 2016 Kumamoto
earthquake by various institutes and companies
• Japanese airborne X-band POLSAR “Pi-SAR2” and its
observation
• Polarimetric calibration of Pi-SAR2
• Results
• Conclusions
Outline
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
2016 Kumamoto earthquake
Land slides around Great Aso Bridge
(from google)
■April 14, 2016, 21:26 (JST)(Foreshock):Epicenter: North-northwest of Kumamoto's city center
Depth : 11km
Moment Magnitude Scale: :6.5
⇒The worst-hit area was in the eastern Kumamoto
suburb of Mashiki.
■April 16, 2016, 1:25 (JST)(Main shock after 28hours
of Foreshock):Epicenter: Higashi Ward of Kumamoto City
Depth :12km
Moment Magnitude Scale :7.3
⇒Significant additional damage occurred in many areas
of Kumamoto Prefecture recovering from the April 14
earthquake
■Damage:Foreshock: 9 dead,
Mainshock: 41 dead
(Total: 50 dead, 1,684 injured)by Wikipedia
A location of Kumamoto, Japan
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
2016 Kumamoto earthquake
■The sequence of 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes:
(Fore) April 14, 21:26, Seismic intensity 7, Kumamoto area
April 14, 22:07, Seismic intensity 6, Kumamoto area
April 15, 0:03, Seismic intensity 6, Kumamoto area
(Main) April 16, 1:25, Seismic intensity 7, Kumamoto area
April 16, 1:45, Seismic intensity 6, Kumamoto area
April 16, 3:55, Seismic intensity 6, Aso area
April 16, 9:48, Seismic intensity 6, Kumamoto area
■The number of times about eathquakes over Seismic intensity 4:
In April,
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
【Administrative agency】・JAXA->
The International Charter “Space and Major Disasters”
・The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan
【 Air Survey company】・Aero Asahi Corp.
・ Asia Air Survey Co., Ltd.
・Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.
・PASCO Corp.
【Sales company of satellite data 】・JAPAN SPACE IMAGING CORPORATION
・Satellite Image Marketing Corporation
・Space Engineering Development Company
【National Institute, others】・ National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology (NICT)
・Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan
Emergency observation and response of 2016 Kumamoto
earthquake by various institutes and companies・Providing a unified system of space
data acquisition and delivery to those
affected by natural or man-made
disasters
・Providing the aerial photographs and
the DinSAR results by PALSAR2.
・Providing the aerial photographs
by their own aircraft and the
satellite data by partnership with
foreign space agency.
・Providing the satellite data by
partnership with foreign space
agency.
・Providing POLSAR image by their
own sensor and the satellite data
and its analysis data by partnership
with JAXA.
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Japanese airborne X-band POLSAR and its observation
Airborne Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (POLSAR):
■ Observation of Pi-SAR2(NICT)
http://aer.nict.go.jp/institute/pdf/PiSAR2_J_Hi.pdf
Polarimetric observation
Interferometric observation
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Pi-SAR2 equipped with jet (Gulfstream II) took off the prefectural Nagoya Airport around 7AM on April 17.
Pi-SAR2 arrived the damaged areas in Kumamoto Prefecture at 8:15AM.
Pi-SAR2 observed the area across Kumamoto Prefecture and Oita Prefecture from 8,700 meters above
sea level for 2 hours.
Japanese airborne X-band POLSAR and its observation
Airborne Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (POLSAR):
■ Observation of Pi-SAR2(NICT)
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Airborne Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (POLSAR):
■ Observation of Pi-SAR2(NICT)(30cm resolution,there are data before and after
earthquake)
VV image
(False color:
before image
before image
after image)
Great Aso
Bridge
disappeared
after
eqarhquaek.
Japanese airborne X-band POLSAR and its observation
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
http://aer.nict.go.jp/institute/pdf/PiSAR2_J_Hi.pdf
Airborne Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (POLSAR):
■ Observation of Pi-SAR2(NICT)
Polarimetric observation
Interferometric observation
Japanese airborne X-band POLSAR and its observation
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
インターフェロメトリーデータ
y
x
Target 1
Target 2 Reference plane
H
VR
VR
HR
HR
polB
pol
0
0
H pol. ant.
V pol. ant.
V pol. ant
H pol. ant
Bpol=0.2m
Polarimetric calibration of Pi-SAR2
Compensation of phase error caused by ground height among polarimetric channels:
Before compensation
Pauli decomposition image
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Polarimetric calibration of Pi-SAR2
Compensation of phase error caused by ground height among polarimetric channels:
Before compensation
Pauli decomposition image
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Interferometry image
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Phase error between HH and VV channels every observation campaign:
Makoto Satake, Jyunpei Uemoto, Takeshi Matsuoka, Tatsuharu Kobayashi, Shoichiro Kojima, Toshihiko Umehara,
Toshifumi Moriyama, "Polarimetric calibration of PI-SAR2: Experimental results of 2013 to 2015 observations",
Proceedings of 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) , pp.3655 - 3658, 2015
Polarimetric calibration of Pi-SAR2
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Before calibration After calibration
Pauli decomposition image observed on April 17)(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Compensation of phase error caused by ground height among polarimetric channels:
Polarimetric calibration of Pi-SAR2
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
|HH| |HV| |VV|
flight
illu
min
atio
n
■ Arg(<Shh*Svv>)image(mgp data: 11x11pixels)and Histogram of phase between HH and VV
0 500 1000 15002000 25003000 3500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
az
gr
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
Phase [degree]
Pix
el num
ber
-27.75° -158.66°
186.41°
Phase error between HHとVV channels every observation campaign:
Polarimetric calibration of Pi-SAR2
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Aerial photograph distributed by GSI
(Observed on April 16)
Mashiki town in Kumamoto prefecture
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
Pauli decomposition image observed
on April 17 (|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Mashiki town in
Kumamoto prefecture
(Detection of an earthquake fault)
Aerial photograph distributed by GSI
(Observed on April 16)
Pauli decomposition image observed
on April 17
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
After earthquake 2016/04/17
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)Google image
Central area of Kumamoto city
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
After earthquake 2016/04/17
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Before earthquake 2013/10/16
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Central area of Kumamoto city
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Central area of Kumamoto city
(Enlarged view of Kumamoto castle)
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
After earthquake 2016/04/17
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Before earthquake 2013/10/16
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
After earthquake 2016/04/17
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Before earthquake 2013/10/16
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Central area of Kumamoto city
(Enlarged view of Kumamoto castle)
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Image around
Great Aso Bridge
Before earthquake 2015/12/5
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
After earthquake 2016/4/17
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
Image around
Great Aso Bridge
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Polarimetric and Interferometric analysis methods
T Tk k THVVVHHVVHH SSSSS 22
1kCoherency matrix:
4componet decomposition technique (G4U)
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Polarimetric data analysis
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Polarimetric data analysis
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Polarimetric data analysis
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Pi-SAR2 Surface(%) Double(%) Volume(%)
Before 44.35 13.07 42.58
After 51.60 12.66 35.74
Polarimetric data analysis
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
y
Target 1
Target 2Reference plane
H
MR
MR
SR
SR
B
0
0
Master ant.
Slave ant.
AL
x
■ Interferometry
Interferometric observation
Polarimetric and Interferometric analysis methods
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Interferometric data analysis
After earthquake 2016/04/17Before earthquake 2013/10/16
Interferometry images around Great Aso Bridge before and after earthquake
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
No change(Green)
Blue
Black
Fa
lling
Ris
ing
Red
Yellow
Interferometric data analysis
DinSAR images around Great Aso Bridge bewteen Oct. 16 in 2013 and April 17, 2016
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
No change(Green)
Blue
Black
Fa
lling
Ris
ing
Red
Yellow
Interferometric data analysis
DinSAR images around Great Aso Bridge bewteen Oct. 16 in 2013 and April 17, 2016
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
After earthquake 2016/4/17
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
Image around
Great Aso Bridge
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Conclusions
By using Pi-SAR2 data, the areas damaged by 2016 Kumamoto earthquake
were confirmed. In order to investigate the data, the polarimetric and
interferometric analysis were used.
Due to high resolution(30cm), the earthquake fault and the damage of
Kumamoto castle were confirmed.
By using G4U, it is confirmed that the surface scattering component are
increased and the volume scattering component are decreased in the land
slide areas.
Interferometric data shows that the forest areas falls due to land slides.
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
2016 Kumamoto earthquakes
■City lifeline(Electricity, City gas, Water, Kyusyu Shinkansen)
1) Electricity
On April 20, the electricity was provided to most homes and
factories except for the areas being closed down to traffic.
2) City gas
On April 30, the city gas service was recovered in
Kumamoto city.
3) Water
On April 30, the water was provided to most homes in
Kumamoto city.
4) Kyushu Shinkan-sen
On April 28, Kyushu Shinkansen was recovered.
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Polarimetric analysis
Rough
surface
Rough
surface
HH HV=VH VV
HH HV
VH VV
S SS HV
S S
2 * *
2* *
2* *
2
2 2 2
2
HH HH HV HH VV
HV HH HV HV VV
VV HH VV HV VV
C HV
S S S S S
S S S S S
S S S S S
hv hv hv
s d vsurface double volumeC HV f C f C f C
Scattering matrix
Averaged covariance matrix
, ,s d vf f f : Features in region of interest
Polarimetric images
Double
bounce
Double
bounce Canopy
Layer
Canopy
Layer
Polarimetric decomposition
technique, Entropy/Alpha analysis
Transformation, Averaging
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Satellite data :DinSAR results by using ALOS2/PALSAR2 data were introduced by GSI JAPAN.
(a) Phase image
Between March 7 and April 18 in 2016
(b) Phase image
Between April 17 and May 1 in 2016
http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/H27-kumamoto-earthquake-index.html#3
Emergency observation and response of 2016 Kumamoto
earthquakes by various institutes and companies
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000140103.jpg
Aerial photograph :Aerial photograph were introduced by GSI JAPAN.
Emergency observation and response of 2016 Kumamoto
earthquakes by various institutes and companies
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Image around
Great Aso Bridge
Before earthquake 2015/12/5
(|SHH-SVV|,|SHV|,|SHH+SVV|)
Pi-SAR2 image of damaged areas
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Spaceborne POLSAR ALOS/PALSAR
May 24, 2014
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
December 3, 2015 (Before earthquake:6m resolution)
area1
area2
area3
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
area1
area2
area3
一般的に:市内は紫,森林は緑,耕作地は青で表示されます.
April 21, 2016 (after earthquake:6m resolution)
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Area3: Around Mt. Aso
December 3, 2015 (Before earthquake:6m resolution)
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
After earthquake:White areas
are increased.
Area3: Around Mt. Aso
April 21, 2016 (after earthquake:6m resolution)
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
December 3, 2015 (Before earthquake:6m resolution)
Area2: Around Great Aso Bridge
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
April 21, 2016 (after earthquake:6m resolution)
Area2: Around Great Aso Bridge
After earthquake:Land slides
are detected.
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
December 3, 2015 (Before earthquake:6m resolution)
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
April 21, 2016 (after earthquake:6m resolution)
After earthquake:Red areas
are increased.
After earthquake:Red areas
are decreased.
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
Pi-SAR-X2でのデータ補正 その1
■ 偏波観測について
y
x
Target 1
Target 2 Reference plane
H
VR
VR
HR
HR
polB
pol
0
0
H pol. ant.
V pol. ant.
V pol. ant
H pol. ant
Bpol=0.2m
■V pol. antとH pol. ant間の位相差
■ V pol. antとH pol. ant間の位相差(Flat earth phase)
(1’)
(2’)
⇒ (2’)-(1’):Flat earth phase removing
(0 is unknown)
0 0 0
2cosV H pol polafter flat earth
B
0
2sin 1V H pol polB on target
0
2sin 2V H pol polB on target
Multi-look Ground-range Polarimetry data(MGP):
,
exp ,
HH HH
HV HV after flat earthHV
Z S
Z S j
exp ,
exp 2
VH VH after flat earth
VV VV after flat e
V H
thH rV a
Z S j
Z S j
ポラリメトリのデータにインタフェロメトリーのデータが残っている
Nagasaki University CEOS SAR CAL/VAL., 2016 Sept. 8
y
Target 1
Target 2Reference plane
H
MR
MR
SR
SR
B
0
0
Master ant.
Slave ant.
AL
x
y
x
Target 1
Target 2 Reference plane
H
VR
VR
HR
HR
polB
pol
0
0
H pol. ant.
V pol. ant.■ インターフェロメトリー観測について ■ 偏波観測について
0
0
cos
cos
pol pol
V H M Safter flat earth after flat earth
B
B
⇒ (2’)-(1’):Flat earth phase removing
(0 is unknown)
0 0 0
2cosV H pol polafter flat earth
B
⇒ (2)-(1):Flat earth phase removing
(0 is unknown)
0 0 0
2cosM S after flat earth
B
Pi-SAR-X2でのデータ補正 その1