Пояснительная запискаpsxt.ucoz.com/zaocnoe/inyaz/kontrolnaja_dlja_zaochnikov.pdfShortly before the piston reaches the outer dead-centre, the inlet valve is closed

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Пояснительная записка

Рабочая программа дисциплины ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык предполагает

выполнение обучающимися заочной формы обучения контрольных работ.

Проверку (рецензирование) контрольных работ осуществляет преподаватель

дисциплины. Контрольная работа оценивается по системе «зачтено», «не зачтено».

Цели и задачи контрольной работы

Контрольная работа выполняются каждым обучающимся заочной формы

обучения в соответствии с учебным планом. Выполнение обучающимся

контрольной работы - составная часть учебного процесса, одна из форм

организации и контроля самостоятельной работы обучающегося.

Задачами выполнения контрольной работы являются:

- самостоятельное изучение соответствующей темы (раздела) учебной дисциплины;

- формирование навыка самостоятельной работы по подбору и обработке

литературы, обобщению опубликованных данных и формулированию выводов по

конкретной теме;

- выявление способности выполнять задания по изучаемой дисциплине;

- контроль качества усвоения изученного материала и самостоятельной работы

обучающегося.

Подготовка контрольной работы

Приступая к написанию работы, обучающийся должен изучить дисциплину в

объеме, установленном учебным планом и в соответствии с программой курса.

Обучающийся выполняет одну контрольную работу, состоящую из нескольких

заданий.

Выполнение работы осуществляется поэтапно:

- ознакомление с заданием;

- подбор и изучение литературы, рекомендованной по варианту задания;

- письменное оформление работы.

Требования к оформлению контрольной работы

Работы оформляются одним из двух способов: компьютерным или рукописным.

При оформлении компьютерным способом – работы оформляются на одной

стороне стандартного листа формата А4 (210х297 мм) белой бумаги, текст

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оформляется шрифтом Times New Roman, кегль шрифта 14 пунктов, межстрочный

интервал – полуторный.

Оформление работы в тетради - на обложку тетради наклеивается титульный

лист, сама работа пишется разборчивым почерком, высота букв и цифр должна

быть не менее 2,5 мм.

Работа должна иметь общую нумерацию страниц. Номер страницы не

ставится на титульном листе.

Для пометок рецензента должны быть оставлены поля шириной 3-4 см.

При выполнении контрольных заданиях в отдельной тетради. На обложке

тетради напишите свою фамилию, инициалы, шифр, адрес, номер контрольного

задания и свой вариант.

Текст задания необходимо переписывать. Задания выполняются в той

последовательности, в которой они даны в пособии.

Порядок представления контрольной работы в образовательное учреждение,

ее проверки, рецензирования и переработки.

Обучающийся сдает домашнюю контрольную работу в срок установленный

преподавателем. При необходимости на полях работ указываются замечания, а по

тексту делаются правки. Домашняя контрольная работа, выполненная небрежно,

неразборчивым почерком, а также не по заданному варианту, возвращается

обучающемуся без проверки с указанием причин.

Кроме замечаний и исправлений, сделанных в тексте и на полях домашней

контрольной работы, пишется рецензия.

Приложение №1

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Титульный лист домашней контрольной работы

ГБПОУ «Починковский сельскохозяйственный техникум»

Домашняя контрольная работа №______

по дисциплине:_____________________________

Вариант №

обучающегося заочного отделения

группы №, _____________ специальность, курс _________________

ФИО (в родительном падеже)

Дата поступления работы:____________________

Дата проверки работы:_______________________

Отметка о зачете:_____________________

Проверил преподаватель (название дисциплины) ___________

Подпись преподавателя:_______________

Дата _________________________

с. Починки

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Варианты для контрольной работы №1

№1

I. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Types of Loading As to the manner in which loads are applied or transmitted to a structure of

machine they may be considered as static loads, repeated loads, impact and energy loads.

In static, steady or dead loads are forces that are applied slowly and remain nearly

constant after being applied to the body such as the loads on most buildings or the load

applied to a bar in the usual type of testing machine.

1. Repeated loads are forces that are applied a very large number of times causing a

stress in the material that is continually changing, usually through some definite range.

Such are the loads applied to the connecting rod of an engine is running, the wheel loads

on a railroad rail as a train passes over the rail and similar ones.

2. Impact loads are forces that are applied to the resisting body in a relatively short

period of time. An impact load, in general, is applied by a moving body when it comes in

contact with the resisting body. The force exerted by the moving body and die period

during which it acts in general cannot be determined. For this reason in some problems it

is more satisfactory to calculate the stress and strain produced by an impact load from the

energy delivered to the resisting body by the moving body.

Other Classifications of Loads. -Loads may be classified as distributed loads and

concentrated loads. A distributed load may be uniformly distributed or non-uniformly

distributed. A concentrated load is one whose area of contact with the resisting body is

negligible in comparison with the area of the resisting body.

II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в

а) the Participle

б) the Gerund

в) the Subjunctive mood.

III. Переведите текст на английский.

Зимние шины не рекомендуется эксплуатировать при температуре выше +5 по

Цельсию. Они мало того, что становятся мягче и буквально «плавятся», но кроме

того еще и не выполняют в полной мере своих функций, устойчивость автомобиля

на дороге при этом становится большим вопросом.

IV Заполните пропуски наречиями some, any, по, по смыслу:

1. ... pupils went to the river ... to the woods.

2. ... of my friends live in Moscow.

3. ... have you ... English dictionaries?

4. Is there ... ink in the inkstand? Yes, there is ...

5. Bring ... chalk, please.

6. There is ... chalk in the box.

7. Is there... milk in the jug? Yes. there is.…

V. Выберите правильный вариант:

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1.Before you , don't forget to lock the door.

a)-are leaving b)-will leave c)-leave d)-shall leave

2.Please do not speak to anyone before the police .

а)-come b)-are coming c)- ll come d)-came

3.His parents will be very glad if she ______the university.

a)-enter b)-’II enter c)- enters d)- entered

4.When you ______my brother, you ______him.

a)-'II see: - won’t recognize: b)- see won't recognize: c)-saw, recognize; d)-'II see, don't

recognize

5.We won't discuss the matter until the headmaster_______.

a)-'II arrive b)- won't arrive c)- doesn’t arrive d) -arrives

VI. Замените инфинитив в скобках глаголами в Past Simple:

1.That boy (break) my window.

2.I (drive) to work every day last year.

3.Laura (hit) that boy

4.James (keep) the book about films.

5.We (meet) them at the same place every week.

6.You (pul) that there.

7.We (sit) at the same desks.

8.An American (win) Wimbledon last year.

№2

I. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Four-stroke engine The internal combustion engine is a machine that develops power from the

combustion of fuel within a cylinder. The cycle of operation is as follows:

Suction Stroke- Just before the piston reaches the inner dead-centre, a valve,

usually of the "poppet" ty pe, is opened.

On its outward stroke, the piston draws into the cylinder an explosive mixture of

air and fuel vapour.

Shortly before the piston reaches the outer dead-centre, the inlet valve is closed and

the compression stroke begins.

Compression stroke- During this stroke, the w'hole of the gas in the cylinder is

compressed into the free space at the head of the cylinder.

Explosion, or Working Stroke- When the compression stroke is almost complete,

the explosive mixture is ignited by an electric spark or by other suitable means. The gases

reach their maximum pressure almost immediately, and work is done until the piston has

again reached a position just before the outer dead- centre, when a second exhaust valve

is opened.

If the ignition takes place too late, the piston begins its outward journey before the

maximum pressure is developed and power is lost.

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If, on the other hand, the explosive mixture is ignited too early, the maximum

pressure is reached before the piston has completed its inward journey, and engine is

slowed down or even stopped.

Exhaust Stroke- The burnt gases are driven out in front of the and its return until

the inlet valve again opens, when the cycle is repeated.


а) the Participle

б) the Gerund


III. Переведите текст на английский.

Летняя резина, при приближении температуры воздуха к «нулю» твердеет и

становится абсолютно «дубовой», что существенно повышает вероятность заноса

(даже на относительно сухом покрытии), а также вероятность разрыва колеса при

обычном проколе.

IV Заполните пропуски подходящими артиклями a\ an или the:

1.I wrote to her but... letter never arrived.

2.Britain is ... island.

3.What is . .. name of this village?

4.Jane is ... very nice person. You must meet her.

5.Montreal is ... large city in ... Canada.

6.What is ... largest city in ... Canada?

7."What time is it?" "I don’t know'. I haven't got... watch."

V. Замените неопрделенную форму глагола, данную в скобках,

соответствующими формами в the Future Progressive или the Present Simple:

1.The delegation (to start) for London as soon as they (to receive) their visas.

2.At the travel bureau they (to tell you exactly when the train (to leave)

3.Ask the Smith if it (to take) him long ю make a duplicate of this key.

4.I (not to think) I (to be able to) call on them and (to say) good-bye before I (to go)

abroad.

5.If you (not to want) to climb the tree you can shake it and the apples (to fall) down to

the ground.

6.If I (to go) to Moscow 1 usually (to stay) at my friends.

7.Ask him when he (to finish) packing.

VI. Определите, какое значение приобретают выделенные слова в контексте

следующих предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.The soldier is now at his post.

2. The man did his best to get a better post.

3. I will send you the book by post.

4. The wooden gate was supported by two metal posts.

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№3

1. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Two-Stroke engine.

This engine differs from the four-stroke engine in having one working stroke

during each complete revolution of the crankshaft.

During the inward stroke of the piston a port leading to the crankcase is uncovered

and the explosive mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the crankcase. On beginning its

outward stroke, the inlet port is soon covered, and the mixture is compressed in the

crankcase to pressure of about 20 lb. per sq. in. As the outer dead- centre is approached

the exhaust port is opened, and shortly afterwards another port opens, which allows the

partially compressed charge of gas to enter the cylinder, driving out the exhaust gas

before it. A baffle in the piston top directs the unbumt charge to the top of the cylinder,

thus preventing undue loss through mixing with the exhaust gas.

The gas is compressed on the inward stroke and is exploded as the piston reaches

inner dead-centre.


а) the Participle

б) the Gerund


III. Переведите текст на английский язык.

Инжекторный двигатель существенно улучшает эксплуатационные и мощностные

показатели автомобиля (динамика разгона, экологические характеристики, расход

топлива), инжекторные двигатели, безусловно, гораздо совершеннее

карбюраторных. Отечественные инжекторные двигатели хорошо адаптированы к

нашему холодному климату, поэтому неплохо заводятся при очень низкой

температуре.

IV. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу местоимениями.

1.When Mary came to the dining room ... took off... coat and sat down. The waitress soon

brought ... some soup. When Mary finished ... dinner ... looked at... watch, put on ... coat

and went out.

2.(Say the same about Peter): When Peter ...

3.(Now Mary speaks about herself): "When I

4.(Now Mary- and Peter tell us what they did in the dining room when they went their

together): "When we ...".


соответствующими формами в Use the Present Indefinite, the Present Perfect or

the Past Indefinite.

1 You ever (to be) to the picture gallery?-Yes, I (to be). I (to visit) it once when I was a

youth and the pictures (to make) a great impression on me. Since then I (not to be) here.

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2. You already (to see) the new Indian film? - Yes. I (to see) it. I (to manage) to see it

yesterday. I (to go) to the cinema in the evening and (to get) two tickets easily.

3. You always (to take) books from our library? - Yes. as a rule, I (to take).

4. I (not to see) Jane lately. When you (to see) her last? - I (to meet) her two days ago. I

(to think) that she (to change) very much.

5. You (to have) dinner already? -No. not yet. The Waitress (to take) my order fifteen

minutes ago and (not to

bring) me anything yet

6. Where you (to get) this fine new bicycle from? - My parents (to give) it to me as a

birthday present.

VI. Выберите правильный вариант:

1.I want to go shopping but if you_______ to come, you_____ .

a)-want, need b)-not want, needn't c) -don't want, needn't d)-do want, needn't

2.If you_______ on this tram it'll take you to the downtown

a)'II get b)- have got c)- got d)-get

3.He _____ to the country tomorrow if the weather is fine.

a)go b)-goes c)- '11 go d)-'d go

4. You'll understand nothing unless you_______ the book yourself.

a) read b)-won't read c) -don’t read d)- '11 read

5. You'll understand this rule alter your teacher______ it to you.

a) - ll explain b)- explain c)-explains d)- don't explain.

№4


Basic elements of hydraulic systems

The basic elements of hydraulic systems are:

1 The fluid.

2. The generator element (pump).

3. The transmission element (pipes and connections).

4. The control element (valve or restrictor).

5. The motor element (jack or continuous motor).

6. Tank and filter.

It can only function as a pump while die piston is moving into the cylinder and acts as a

motor while the piston moves back. If non-return valves are added, the inlet valve is

connected to a tank and the piston is given a to-and-fro motion, the device, becomes a

source of continuous supply of liquid, except for interruptions during the suction stroke,

which can be avoided by having two or more cylinders and pistons. Thus we obtain

continuous pump.


а) the Participle

б) the Gerund

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III. Заполните текст подходящими предлогами

It was two o'clock when John went... the dining-room to have dinner. Peter was

already there. He sat... a table with a book ... his hands. John took the menu ... the next

table. When the waitress came, he ordered some soup and meat. "Can you bring me some

white bread?" asked John. "Yes, of course. I can", answered the waitress, "1 shall bring-

you some ... a minute". She came back ... a few minutes. "What will you have ... dessert?"

she asked. John asked her to bring him some ice-cream. "I'm sorry'", said die waitress. "It

will only be ready ... half an hour". So they took some milk, paid ... their dinner, and went

out... the street. John then went ... the library, Peter went home.

IV. Перепишите предложения используя the Future и the Past

1.The tourists are shown many places of interest in our town.

2.The Moscow University is greatly admired by everybody.

3.New metro station is built in our town.

4.The poem is recited in our group.

5.We are told to wait outside.

V.Перепишите предложения используя the Past Indefinite or die Past Perfect.

1. They (to complete) all the preparation for the fancy-dress ball by 5 o'clock.

2. On leaving the hospital the man (to diank) the doctor who (to cure) him of his disease.

3. In the morning all the passengers (to feel) good after the night they (to spend) in the

comfortable sleeper.

4. During my last visit to the picture gallery I (to find) that I no longer (to like) the

pictures which (to impress) me when I first (to see) them Evidently my taste (to change).

5. Last night he (complete) the experiment which he (to begin) some niondis before, s

They (to be) friends for some ten years before I (to meet) them.

6. No sooner she (to open) the drawer than she (to find) the photo which she (to think)

she (to lose) long before.

7. I (to refuse) to give a definite answer before I (to receive) a letter from him.

11

№5.


Elementary Hydraulic Systems

The simplest hydraulic system is perhaps the hydraulic shock absorber which

consists of a pump (piston) and resistance. Another elementary type of system is the

hydraulic weighing machine, which consists of a non- continuous pump element(piston

or diaphragm) and a pressure gauge.

Other elementary systems consists of a jack, transmission line, and a pump of the

non-continuous type without control gear, although valves may still be present for

secondary' purposes. Systems of this type are used for remote transmission of manual or

pedal effort or motion, or for remote transmission of instrument indication.

The simplest best known system of this type hydraulic brake.


а) the Participle

б) the Gerund


III. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Основные параметры подшипников:

Максимальные динамическая и статическая нагрузка (радиальная и осевая).

Максимальная скорость (оборотов в минуту для радиальных подшипников).

Посадочные размеры.

Класс точности подшипников.

Требования к смазке.

Ресурс подшипника до появления признаков усталости, в оборотах.

Шумы подшипника

IV. Вставьте где необходимо артикли a. an. the

I have ... hobby. I like to cook. During my leisure time 1 make ... cakes and pies. It is not

difficult to make ... pie. Sometimes my brother helps me. He is ... good boy and we get

along well with ... each other. My brother usually goes ... shopping and buys ... different

tilings, which are necessary for ... cooking. My cakes are tasty but I like ... pies ... best of

all.

V. Перепишите предложения используя the Past Indefinite или the Past Perfect.

1. No wonder he (to look) tired after the strain under w'hich he (to be) lately.

2. She just (to ask) a porter to carry her as they (to be) too heavy for her.

3. Where (to be) your monitor? "She (to go)" to the library

4. I regularly (to see) him every morning at the tram stop, but 1 (not to see) him these two

or three days.

5. It (to be) cold in winter in Moscow as a rule?- Yes. generally it (to be), but this winter

(to be) exceptionally warn.

6. Why you (not to shave) in the morning?-l(to shave)even- other day.

VI. Перепишите предложения используя the Passive Voice.

1.A guide will show the visitors the new buildings.

12

2.Someone told him to make a report on ancient architecture.

3.Mr. Smith taught her Greek and gave her a dictionary'.

4.The teacher told John to learn the alphabet.

5. I will tell you another fable next time.

6. They invited the rest of us to go sightseeing.

№ 6


Tubing, Tube Connectors, and Flexible Hose

The various units of a hydraulic system are connected with some form of tubing or

flexible hose.

Tubes are joined by means of tube connectors, usually of the same material

Tubing. Some of the factors governing the selection of tubing are corrosion,

temperature weight, mechanical strains, abuse and pressures.

Because of its light weight, aluminum-alloy tubing and fittings are used wherever

possible.

Fittings are designed to withstand the bursting pressure that the tube of maximum

wall thickness will withstand, assuming that the tube and fittings are of similar materials.

For general heighpressure installations steel tubes and fittings are recommended.

Flexible Hose. Flexible hose is used to connect hydraulic units between stationary'

and moving parts. Hoses are made up of varying layers of synthetic rubber, fabric, and

wire braid.

In installing flexible hose care must be taken that the hose is free from twists.

Under pressure a twist will rotate the hose and loosen the connection, causing failure.


а) the Participle

б) the Gerund



Для разных температурных режимов производители автошин разрабатывают

разный химический состав резины для конкретного температурного диапазона.

Зимние шины при температуре выше +5 по Цельсию не рекомендуется

использовать, они становятся мягче и буквально «плавятся», но кроме того еще и

не выполняют в полной мере своих функций, устойчивость автомобиля на дороге

при этом становится большим вопросом.

Летняя резина, при приближении температуры воздуха к «нулю» твердеет м

становится абсолютно «дубовой», что существенно повышает вероятность заноса

(даже на относительно сухом покрытии), а также вероятность разрыва колеса при

обычном проколе Всесезонные шины лучше всего чувствуют себя именно в

околонулевой температуре, скажем, от -5 до +10 градусов.

13

IV. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу предлогами.

This writer is known all ... the world. Many people are fond ... his books. 1 read

one of his novels ... a month ago. He tells his stories ... such a way that you remember

them ... a long time. Although his characters arc imaginary it always seems that they live

... real life.... the beginning of the year they made a trading expedition ... Africa. Crusoe

left ... saying good-bye to anyone. ...his way ... London he had his first experience ... a

shipwreck.

V. Заполните пропуски словами many, much или little, a little:

When we came to the dining-room there were ... people there already. We sat down

at a table, took the menu-card and began to read it. "I shall not eat... today", said,"... soup,

some milk and ... cake-no thing else"

"I never eat very ... said Mary". But today 1 am hungry, and 1 want to eat as ... as I

can: soup. meat, fish and potatoes". "But it will take a lot of time", said Peter, "and we

have very ...time, you know. We have ... things to do before the lecture begins"

VI. Замените неопрделенную форму глагола, данную в скобках,

соответствующими формами в the Present Continuous :

1.It (to rain)? Yes. it (to rain) very hard.

2.The delegation (to leave) Moscow tomorrow.

3.Somebody (to talk) the next room.

4.Who (to make) such a noise?

5.What you (to read) now? I (to read) stories by Maugham.

6.Somebody (to nock) at the door.

7.You (to go) anywhere tonight.

№7


Machine Elements

Screw fastenings

Machine parts are held together by parts:

1.working in tension,

2.working in shear.

3.creating friction, and

4.using both shear and friction forces.

Types of Fastenings-All fastenings can be divided into two classes- disconnectable

fastenings and permanent joints.

Disconnectable fastenings, in turn are effected by:

a) bolts and screws

b) wedges

c) dowel pins

d) keys

Permanent joints are obtained by means of:

a) press fits

b) shrink fits

14

c) rivets

d) welding, brazing, and soldering

e) casting

Forms if Threads. Screw' fastenings are used for holding two or more machine

parts together or for adjusting one part with relation to another. In screw fastenings the

threads are made in several forms but are always of triangular- type single thread.

Screw threads are made right-hand and left- hand.


а) the Participle

б) the Gerund


III. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Свеча зажигания — устройство для воспламенения топливно-воздушной смеси в

самых разнообразных тепловых двигателях. Бывают искровые, дуговые,

накаливания, каталитические. В бензиновых двигателях внутреннего сгорания

используются искровые свечи.

IV. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу предлогами.

... week-days w-e work. We rest... Sundays. I get up ... the morning. We sleep ... night.

She

promised to do this work ... time We have our vacation ... January. We live ... the

twentieth century. We tell the ... a clock or a watch. Our child is in the fresh air ...

morning ... night. My father comes home ... noon


соответствующими формами в the Present Simple или the Present Progressive:

1.Why you (walk) so fast today0 You usually (walk) quite slowly -I (hurry). I am afraid to

miss the train.

2. Cuckoos (not to build) nests. They (to use) the nests of other birds.

3. I always (to buy) lottery tickets, but I seldom (to win)

4. You cannot (to have) the book now' because my brother (to read) it.

5. Some people (to do) everything with their left hand,

6. Who (to make) that terrible noise?-lt is my son.

7. How you (to feel)?

VI. Раскройте скобки. Используйте прилагательные или наречия.

1 If you read this joke (proper) you will understand it.

2. It was a (gay) song and she sang it (gay).

3. She spoke very (good) and everybody wondered where she had learnt to speak so

fluently

4. She was (kind ) to him and he was (happy).

5. The children were running among the trees laughing (happy).

6. (Usual) I get up (early) but that Sunday I got up (late).

7. The work must be done (careful).

15

№8


PINS.

Geometrically pins can be divided into cylindrical pins, called straight pins, and

conical or taper pins. Dynamically pins can be classified as those used only to locate the

relative position of two parts when there is little or no force acting upon the pin. and

those that fasten tvvo or more parts together and are subjected to considerable stresses,

which are mostly in shear but sometimes in bending. Locating pins are called dowel pins

or simply dowels. A connecting pin, like a dowel, may be used either as a permanent

connection or as a fulcrum for a movable joint.


а) the Participle

б) the Gerund



Комбинированный двигатель внутреннего сгорания (комбинированный ДВС)

— двигатель внутреннего сгорания, представляющий собой комбинацию из

поршневой (роторно-поршневой) и лопаточной машины (турбина, компрессор), в

котором в осуществлении рабочего процесса участвуют обе машины.

IV. Вставьте somebody, anybody, nobod)’, (no one. none), something, nothing,

eveiybody, everywhere nowhere, somewhere, anywhere по смыслу:

I. Good morning...!

2. He never goes by train: he goes...by plane.

3. There is...here.

4. He did...all day yesterday.

5. They want chairs. They have ... to sit.

6. ... of the pupils will go to school. It is too cold.

7. ... is coming to see us.

8. She will tell us ... about her holidays.

9. He will go ... to have a little rest.

10. Is ... coming to inspect us?

11. Have you ... interesting to tell us?

12. Haven't you ... to go?

V. Замените глаголы в скобках нужными в the Past Indefinite или the Past

Continuous

1.John (to write) the label when the bell (to ring) and a short man (to enter). A dog (to

follow) him.

2.There (to be) silence while the man (to look) John up and down.

3.I (to see) the light in your windows as I (to pass).

4. During the dinner while he (to eat) his piece of cold meat, his aunt (to help) herself to

wine.

16

5. While he (to read) a newspaper she (to sit) studying him, and by the look in her eyes he

(to see) that she (to reflect) on something concerning him.

6. Jim half (to dream) still when he (to come) to the place of his destination.

VI. Замените глаголы в скобках на Gerunds. Поставьте предлоги где

необходимо.

1. I have no intention ... (to stay) here any longer.

2. She insisted ... (to help) me.

3. Are you fond of... (to play).

4. They have had very much experience ... (to cast).

5. There was no possibility ... (to come) in time.

6. There is little chance ... (to see) him today.

7. We have the pleasure ... (to invite) them to the evening party.

8. I think ... (to go) to the South in summer.

9. We are proud ... (to fulfill) that task ahead of time.

10. They had not any difficulty ... (to get) new machines.

№9


KEYS

Types of kevs.-The main function of a key is to transmit torque between a shaft and

a machine part assembled oil it. In most cases keys prevent relative motion, both rotary

and axial. In some constructions keys allow an axial motion between the shaft and the

hub, such keys are called feather or spline keys. In spite of the tendency to standardize

there are many key types in use by various manufacturers.

According to various characteristics keys can be distinguished as straight and

tapered; rectangular, dovetailed, chamfered round, and disk- shaped: radial and

tangential; and (according to their use) for light duty and for heavy duty.


а) the Participle

б) the Gerund



Для разных температурных режимов производители автошин разрабатывают

разный химический состав резины, таким образом «затачивая» конкретную шину

под эксплуатацию в конкретном температурном диапазоне.

IV. Заполните пропуски предлогами.

When the waitress came, he ordered some soup and meat. "Can you bring nfe some white

bread?" asked John. "Yes. of course. I can", answered the waitress. "I shall bring you

some ... a minute". She came back ... a few minutes. "What will you have ... dessert?" she

17

asked. John asked her to bring him some ice cream. "I'm sorry'", said the waitress. "It will

only be ready ... half an hour". So they took some milk, paid ... their dinner, and went out

... the street. John then went... the library. Peter went home.

V. Вставьте артикли a. an. the , где необходимо:

I have ... hobby. I like to cook. During my leisure time I make ... cakes and pies. It is not

difficult to make ... pie. Sometimes my brother helps me. He is ... good boy and we get

along well with ... each other. My brother usually goes ... shopping and buys ... different

tilings, which are necessary for ... cooking. My cakes are tasty but I like ... pies . .. best of

all.

VI. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в the Future Perfect где возможно:

1.After the clerk (to decode) the telegrams he (to take) them to the chief.

2. I am sure he (to throw) some light upon this matter before I (to leam) about it from my

sister's letter.

3. The secretary- (to look through) all the papers by the time the director (to come).

4. Do not start arguing until you (to hear) what I have to say.

5.I suppose that when my letter (to reach) you, you (to return) from your voyage.

6.If you do not hurry, the train (to leave)

7. We (not to be able) to start the experiment before we (to obtain) the necessary data.

№10


Press, Shrink, and Friction Joints

Definitions. A press joint, also called a force joint, is obtained by forcing a shaft

into a hole that is slightly smaller than the shaft This is possible because of the elasticity

of the materials which produces the grip that holds the hub and shaft together.

A shrink joint differs from a press joint chiefly by the method of assembling it. The

hub is heated to expand its bore and to slip it on the shaft. When the hub cools down to

the temperature of the shaft, the grip is produced in the same way as in the force joint.

The shrink joint is also used to connect machine parts by means of special rings, anchors,

and tie rods.

In a friction joint the holding grip is produced by the conical shape of the shaft end

and the hub bore and by the pull of a nut, or by a slotted hub whose bore is smaller than

the shaft and which is spread by a wedge when the joint is being assembled.


а) the Participle

б) the Gerund



Если Вы ездите в основном на газе, снимите электромагнитный клапан

бензина и штатный бензонасос, установите вместо последнего заглушку. Купите и

18

установите электромагнитный бензонасос печки от автомобиля ЗАЗ-968 вместо

штатного. Это существенно улучшит эксплуатацию автомобиля.

IV. Заполните пропуски, подходящими предлогами.

This writer is known all... the world. Many people are fond ... his books. I read one of his

novels ... a month ago. He tells his stories ... such a way that you remember them ... a

long time. Although his characters are imaginary it always seems that they live ... real

life.

... the beginning of the year they made a trading expedition ... Africa. Crusoe left ...

saying good-bye to anyone. ...his way ... London he had his first experience ... a

shipwreck.

V. Замените глаголы в скобках на the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous

1. John (to write) the label when the bell (to ring) and a short man (to enter), A dog (to

follow') him.

2. There (to be) silence while the man (to look) John up and down.

3. I (to see) the light in your windows as I (to pass).

4. During the dinner while he (to eat) his piece of cold meat, his aunt (to help) herself to

wine.

5. While he (to read) a newspaper she (to sit) studying him, and by the look in her eyes he

(to see) that she (to reflect) on something concerning him.

6. Jim half (to dream) still when he (to come) to the place of his destination.

VI. Замените глаголы в скобках на Gerunds. Поставьте предлоги, где

необходимо.

1. I have no intention ... (to stay) here any longer.

2. She insisted ... (to help) me.

3. Are you fond of ... (to play).

4.They have had very much experience ... (to cast).

5. There was no possibility ... (to come) in time.

6. There is little chance ... (to see) him today.

7. We have the pleasure ... (to invite) them to the evening party.

8. I think ... (to go) to the South in summer.

19

Варианты для контрольной работы №2

№1

1.Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим

признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s

какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Some programming languages are used only with a particular model of

computer.

2. The computer's language is very difficult.

3. Bill Gates is still continues to work personally in product development at

Microsoft.

2. Перепишите предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения при-

лагательных, и переведите их на русский язык..

1. The most compact computers are called laptops.

2. The Internet system is more interesting than television.

3. We are going to invent the fastest computer in the world.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,

обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. Everybody knows that we can use computers for some purposes.

2. Any student of our group can make these computer operations.

3. This computer is mine.

4.Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовремен-

ные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на

русский язык.

1. Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for information

on all sorts of topics.

20

2. This development began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the new operating

system.

3. The new computers will help the petroleum companies to estimate possible

reserves of petroleum and gas, by data processing.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-

дите 3-й абзац текста.

WHAT IS COMPUTER

The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of

electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components.

Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer

system is a combination of five elements: hardware, software, people, procedures,

data/information.

When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer

system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner

in which the various individual systems are connected - for example, by phone

lines, microwave transmission, or satellite - is an element of the total computer

system.

Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how

to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what

to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system:

they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that

those instructions present. The basic job of the computer is the processing of in-

formation. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a program

and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then

give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed,

refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into in-

formation. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.

№2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим

21

признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - sи






1 Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of automation.

2. Software interfaces are specific messages established between programs.

3. Bill Gates' company produces the most famous computer programs.


лагательных, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Indirect addresses allow greater flexibility in programming because it is

possible to modify a program.

2. What are the latest achievements of modern electronics?

3. Later many people tried to make efforts to built and standardize the Internet.



1. It has a certain learning power.

2. Each browser provides a graphical interface.

3. You can send e-mail no somebody and get the answer.




1. In 1981 IBM Company offered its own microcomputer model.

2. This program will allow the user to select icons from a display screen instead

of typing commands.

3. Computer is an electronic device that can receive a program and then carry

out this program by calculating numeral information.


22

дите 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста.

HARDWARE

What is hardware? Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the

hardware - the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical devices composing

a computer system. Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:

processing hardware, storage hardware, output hardware and input hardware.

The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form

suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It

looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the

computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves

across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user

usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to signal a menu selection or a

command to the computer.

The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution

of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components

of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit and main memory.

The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a

form that is relatively permanent and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage

hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems except that it

stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are

hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM.

The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view

information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either

hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as

paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is

displayed on a monitor.

6. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной

форме.

What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware?

23

№3


признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s и






1. Jane uses the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages.

2. The user pays his service provider a monthly or hourly fee.

3. Pascal's invention was the first mechanical computer.



1. In 1998 there were more than 30 million users of the WWW.

2. The most popular Internet service is e-mail.

3. It is better to check up the computer before work.



1. Both of devices were designed by our postgraduate students.

2. You can access this information through one interface or tool called a Web

browser.

3. Some American banks and companies conduct transactions over the Internet.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовремен-



Nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet.

1. The operator pressed the keys and made the adding machine operate.

2. What memories will this new microcomputer use?

24



TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs

instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-

purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers

can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines

the order in which these operations are performed. Programs usually fall in one of

two categories: system software and applications software.

System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating

system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of

a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is

first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers

memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of

the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is

loaded, the applications software can be brought in.

Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application

software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to at-

tract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has

increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as

much as possible in one program to make software interface look more attractive to

the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the

marketing point of view. Data communication within and between computers systems

is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one

computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security

and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two

computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network

communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various

communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.

25


форме.

In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?

№4








1. All sorts of things are available on the WWW.

2. Sally's programs are very interesting.

3. This radio station broadcasts live on the WWW.



1. The most important problem is security.

2. More than 100 million computers connected with the global Internet in 2001.

3. It is easier to send important information over the network.



1. Much of Gate's success is based on his ability to translate technical visions

into market strategy.

2. Any two computers on the Internet can stay in touch with each other as long as

there is a single route between them.

3. It consists of some devices using different means.


26



4. Computer writes programs in an appropriate machine language.

5. I began to use the WWW in 2001.

6. Just a little bit of exploring the WWW will show you what a lot of fun and use it is.



WINDOWS 95

Windows 95 is a new operational system with an easy interface based on the

expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files and

their types. Windows 95 makes the way you and your computer interact easy. Most

everyday tasks are now easier to accomplish than ever before. For example, the

second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. The old Windows 3.0 Program

Manager and File Manager have been replaced. The desktop tools that replace them

are very like those found on a Macintosh. For example, there is a Recycle Bin that

makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files.

Your computer probably will crash less running Windows 95 than it did with

Windows 3.1 and 3.0 or even DOS. Most memory related problems have been

removed. Built-in networking features make it easy to reliably share files with co-

workers across the room or across the world. And MS-DOS as we know it is so well

hidden that you'll rarely give it a thought. Yes, you can still run DOS programs and

older Windows applications but most users will probably want to spend most of

their time using Windows 95 applications instead.

Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we'll all think more

about our data and less about the specific name-brand programs used to create

them. Window 95 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer

hardware. And portable computer users will like what Microsoft has done to make

their lives calmer. A new Windows shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach

frequently used files and other necessities. A new Find feature helps you to locate

and examine the contents of files in a flash.

6. Прочитайте текст и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной форме.

27

What new principles are used in Windows 95?

№5




а) показателем третьего лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple.

б) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.


1. People communicate through e-mail, discussion groups, chat channels and

other means of informational exchange.

2. Computers are one of great importance in modern schools, hospitals, shops,

banks and offices.

3. There is a students' scientific and technical society at our Institute.



1. The results of your last experiment are more better.

2. This program is as complete as it must be.

3. A bit is the smallest part of information.



1. If something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it is

available on the WWW.

2. There are many complex parts and units in every computer.

3. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks connected

to the Internet and exchanged their information in the same basic ways.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовремен-

28



Contact with the machine increases the children's interest in learning, makes

them more serious about studying new subject.

1. A lot of people made money from the Internet.

2. The commercial use of the network will drastically increase.



INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve

information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business,

government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through

electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of in-

formational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business

transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are

connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection

of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a

web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser.

The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing

extremely fast. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place

to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text,

icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you

select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on

the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational

purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if

something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available

29

on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world,

learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer

games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

6. Прочитайте текст и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной форме.

What resources are available on the WWW?

№6

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них

глагол-сказуемое и определите видовременную форму и залог. Переведите

пред-

ложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод

пассив ных конструкций.

а) 1. They had written the program for the computer by June.

2. When I came into the room my friend was calculating his program.

б) 1. This digits are easily multiplied.

2. I was asked many questions about my new program.

2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle 1 и Participle II и уста

новите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,

обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на


The input unit consists of some devices using different means.

1. The operator pressing the keys makes the adding machine operate.

2. Having punched holes in a card the operator put it into the computer.


модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский

язык.

1. Ordinary computer can remember only the data stored in the hard disk.

30

2. Young people who finish the school must be trained to operate computers.

3. Babbage's machine could not operate since there were no reliable equipment.

4.Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-


PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers are also called microcomputers or home computer. The most

compact are called laptops. They are portable and work on built-in batteries.

Personal computers are designed for use at homes, schools, and offices. At home

they can be used for home management (balancing the family finances, for exam-

ple) and for playing computer games, watching films or listening to music.

Schoolchildren can use computers for doing their homework and many schools

now have computers for independent learning and computer-literacy studies. In the

office personal computers may be used for word processing, bookkeeping, storage

and handling of necessary information.

Because a CPU calculates, performs logical operations, contains operating

instructions, and manages data flows, a complete microcomputer as a separate system

was designed and developed in 1974. In 1981, IBM Company offered its own

microcomputer model, the IBM PC that became a necessary tool for almost every

business. The PC's use of a 16-bit microprocessor initiated the development of

faster and more powerful personal computers, and its use of an operating system

that was available to all other computer makers led to a standardization of the industry.

In the mid-1980s, a number of other developments were especially important for

the growth of personal computers. One of these was the introduction of a powerful

32-bit CPU capable of running advanced operating systems at high speeds.

Another innovation was the use of conventional operating systems, such as UNIX,

OS/2 and Windows. The Apple Macintosh computers were the first to allow the

user to select icons - graphic symbols of computer functions - from a display screen

instead of typing commands. New voice-controlled systems are now available, and

users are able to use the words and syntax of spoken language to operate their

personal computers.


31

форме.

How can people use the personal computer?

№7


глагол-сказуемое и определите видовременную форму и залог. Переведите пре

ложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пасси

ных конструкций.

а) 1. The word "program" has come into the use to refer to the sequence of

instructions which a computer carries out.

2. The development of computers as machines for handling information has

gone a long way.

б) 1. It is usually stored on a magnetic tape or a magnetic disk.

2. Much of Gate's success is based on his ability to translate technical vision

into market stragedy.

2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и уста




1. When passed through the reading equipment the characters are read in a way

similar to a way used for a magnetic type.

2. When applying the mathematical methods to the solving of technical problems

engineers are most often are interested in obtaining a finite numerical results.

3. When pressing the keys the operator makes the adding machine operate.



язык.

1. A module may be a complete program or it may be a relatively independent

part of a larger program.

2. Information has to be in the form of digits or characters for a digital computer

to perform reasonable operations.

32

3. It can handle execution of any operations and can provide standard processing

for all interrupts.



FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Babbage, Charles (1792-1871), British mathematician and inventor, who

designed and built mechanical computing machines on principles that anticipated the

modern electronic computer. Babbage was bom in Teignmouth, Devon, and

educated at the University of Cambridge. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society

in 1816 and was active in the founding of the Analytical, the Royal Astronomical,

and the Statistical Societies.

In the 1820s Babbage began developing his Difference Engine, a mechanical

device that could perform simple mathematical calculations. Although Babbage

started to build his machine, he was unable to complete it because of a lack of

funding. In the 1830s Babbage began developing his Analytical Engine, which was

designed to carry out more complicated calculations, but this device was never

built, too. Babbage's book, «Economy of Machines and Manufactures» (1832),

initiated the field of study known today as operational research.

William Henry Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1955. He is an American

business executive, chairman and chief executive officer of the Microsoft

Corporation. Gates was the founder of Microsoft in 1975 together with Paul Alien,

his partner in computer language development. While attending Harvard in 1975,

Gates together with Alien developed a version of the BASIC computer programming

language for the first personal computer.

In the early 1980s, Gates led Microsoft's evolution from the developer of computer

programming languages to a large computer software company. This transition began

with the introduction of MS-DOS, the operating system for the new IBM Personal

Computer in 1981. Gates also led Microsoft towards the introduction of application

software such as the Microsoft Word processor. Much of Gates' success is based on

his ability to translate technical visions into market strategy. Although Gates has

33

accumulated great wealth from his holdings of Microsoft stock, he has been known

as a tough competitor who seems to value winning in a competitive environment

over money. Gates still continues to work personally in product development at

Microsoft.


форме.

What was the aim of the Babbage's Analitical Engine?

№8


глагол-сказуемое и определите видовременную форму и залог. Переведите

предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод

пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Now scientists have designed machines that are capable of learning from

experience and remembering what they have learned2. In this chapter we shall discuss the

possible features that control panel might

have.

б) 1. Internet was designed to survive a nuclear war.

2. Nearly everything we do in the world is helped or even controlled by

computers.

2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и уста-




Performing addition the computer must have two numbers to be added.

1. The density of memorizing elements in MOS memory is very high.

2. Logical operations performed by a computer are comparing, selecting, sorting

and determining.



34

язык.

1. Any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each

other as long as there is a single route between them.

2. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the

world and can do it very cheaply.

3. Our lab assistant has to construct this electronic device.



THE INTERNET

The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all

over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was

designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest

path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on

the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single

route between them. The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people,

who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-

mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading

USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.

In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a

reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of

these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the

world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only-

have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their

countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages

over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: an

user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes

towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by

the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires

and wireless stations.

However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you

send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different

35

networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination

by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of

computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the

Internet. In spite of the fact that there; are many strong encoding programs available,

nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any

form of encoding, i.e. «in the clear». But when it becomes necessary to send important

information over the network, these encoding, programs may be useful. Some

American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet.

However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take

time to be resolved.


форме.

What services are available on the Internet?

№9

1.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них


ложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассив ных

конструкций.

а) 1. Не has given a short answer to my question.

2. The condition code indicates whether or not the channel has performed the

function specified by the instruction.

б) 1. The Internet technology was created by Vinton Cerf in early 1973 as a part

of a project of the United States Department of Defence.

2. Computers are used more and more often in the world today.

2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и уст




1. The first automatic computers were not very reliable and scientists went on

36

improving them.

2. Showing the work of a new computer program the professor gave us all the

necessary explanations.

3. Yesterday 1 received a letter sent by my friend with the help of the Internet.



язык.

1. Modern computers have much better memories and they can store much

information.

2. To record each bit of information a computer must have the special equipment.

3. In the office personal computers may be used for word processing,

bookkeeping, storage and handling of necessary information.



BILL GATES

Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, the icon of American business and the richest

man in the world. Microsoft, the business he started with a friend in 1975, has

become the world's largest computer software company. Although the company is

in big trouble today - the US government has broken it up - experts say it will

remain successful.

Bill Gates was born on the 28th of October, 1955, in Seattle, USA. Seattle was

once famous for producing Boeing aircraft, but is now better known as the home of

Microsoft. From his parents Bill got a good business sense and a quick mind. His

father is a lawyer and his late mother was a teacher and then a company director. At

school Bill soon showed that he was very intelligent. His favourite subjects were

Maths and Science. At 13 he got interested in computers. Bill Gates and his friend

Paul Alien were soon spending all their time writing programmes and learning about

computers instead of doing their homework. After finishing school in 1973, Bill

went to Harvard, America's most famous university. Most of the time he worked on

the computers in the university laboratory. The next year, he and Paul Alien wrote

an operating program for the Altair, one of the world's first microcomputers. Bill

37

knew, even then, that he would revolutionize the world of computing and he left Harvard

before finishing his studies. The two friends started Microsoft in 1975, and

very soon it became a business success.

In 1980, Gates bought a small company which produced an operating system

called DOS. He made some changes to it and renamed it MS-DOS. He sold the

rights to use this system to IBM. Since 1980 MS-DOS has been the standard operating

system for all PCs. Microsoft has also developed such well-known programs as

Windows, Excel and Internet Explorer.

Bill's dream is to computerize everything - TVs, telephones, lights, even the way

you cook dinner... One reason for his success is that Bill has always been very

ambitious and hard-working.

4.Прочитайте текст и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной форме.

What are the most famous Gates' programs?

№10



ложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассив ных

конструкций.

а) 1. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of

automation.

2. Our lecture left for London and we have never seen him since.

б) 1. Personal computers are also called microcomputers or home

computers.

2. Since the transistor was invented, no single electronics innovation has had

such an impact as microcomputer.

3. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и уста


обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения

38


1. Programs written in an appropriate machine language can be directly accepted

and used by a computer.

2. You can chat with some people while at the same time discussing absolutely

different things and in different languages..

3. When passed through the reading equipment the characters are read in a way

similar to a way used for a magnetic type.

4.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них

модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения

на русский язык.

5. Computer is an electric device that can receive a program and then carry out

this program by calculating numerical information.

6. In future the machines will be able to solve many problems which today are in

the competence of man.

7. Cyberspace exists by it's own laws, you may ignore the user if you do not like

him or if he is too impudent.



COMPUTERS

The use of computers. Just as television has extended human sight across the

barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human

mind across the existing barriers.

Computers in medicine. Computers are one of great importance in modern

hospital. The chief use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge

which has been equired in the last 50 years. No doctor can possible keep up with all

discoveries. The only solution of the problem is store medical knowledge in a

computer. Today there are medical computer centers were all existing knowledge of

symptoms of various diseases and of their treatment is stored. Doctors feed data on

symptoms in the computer and get the necessary information on correct diagnostics

and treatment.

39

Computers that can be learn. Ordinary computer can remember only the data

stored in the hard disk. Now scientists have designed machines, that are capable of

learning from experience and remembering what they have learned. Such a machine

is capable of recognizing objects without human help or control. Of course, they

made many mistakes. There is another similar machine which can look at letter

alphabet a simple words and they «say» thought a louder speaker what it has seen.

The machine has as certain learning power.

Computers at the school. Information science with the ideas and message of

processing and storing information is of great importance today. That's why computer

technology must be told in secondary school. The new subject «basic information

science», and «computing machine» was introduced for the signor forms at schools.

Contact with the machine increases the interest in learning, makes them more serious

about studying new subject. School computers are used not only for studying

information science, but also examinations purposes. Young people who finish the

school must be trained to operate computers.


форме.

How do we use computers in medicine?

Documents

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