238

ENERGIJA I SIROVINE

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Sirovine

• cjelokupna količina postojećeg materijala koji u budućnosti može biti dostupan korištenju

Rezerve

• sirovine koje su već pronađene i mogu biti legalno eksploatirane na isplativoj ekonomskoj osnovi

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Sirovine i rezerve

Poznate

sirovine

Nepoznate

sirovine

Ekonomske

Subekonomske

Poznate i brzo

obnovljive

Poznate, ali se ne mogu brzo

obnoviti

Hipotetske

sirovine

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239

Sirovine su klasificirane kao:

• obnovljive:

• neobnovljive:

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Vrste sirovina

• energetske

• mineralne

• voda

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Vrste izvora energije

• neobnovljivi

• obnovljivi

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240

Proračun rezervi neobnovljivih izvora energije u svijetu

Fosilna goriva

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Izvori energije na Zemlji

• solarno zračenje• geotermalna energija• gravitacijska energija

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Transfer energije

CO2 + H2O + solarna energija glukoza + O2

(fotosinteza)

glukoza + O2 CO2 + H2O + energija

(oksidacija)

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241

Fosilna goriva

• oni izvori energije koji su se formirali kao rezultat zatrpavanja (prekrivanja) i posljedičnom transformacijom organskog materijala

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Vrste fosilnog goriva

• nafta• prirodni plin• ugljen• uljni škriljavci• katranski pijesci

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Kako nastaju nafta i zemni plin?

• produkcija• prezervacija• zatrpavanje (burial)

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242

Što još?

• migracija• hvatanje fluida u zamku

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Termalni uvjeti nastanka nafte

• relativno uski raspon temperature: ≈ 50-200 °C

• temperatura i vrijeme određuju vrstu i nazočnost ugljikovodika:

nafta - mokri plin - suhi plin - nestanak

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Vrste zamki

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243

Zamke u antiklinalama

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Rasjedna zamka

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Stratigrafska zamka

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244

Zamka u domi soli

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Proizvodnja i potrošnja

• potrošnja naglo povećana od 1949.• razvoj mnogoljudnih zemalja -

porast broja stanovnika i standarda (Kina, Indija)

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Pretpostavljene rezerve nafte po područjima koncem 2000.

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245

Kako nastaje ugljen?

• produkcija• prezervacija• zatrpavanje (burial)

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Proces nastanka ugljena

treset lignit bituminozniugljen

antracit

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Razvijene zemlje

Zemlje u razvoju

Svjetske potrebe za energijom

Zemlje u tranziciji

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246

Primarna proizvodnja energije u svijetu

Razvijene zemlje

Zemlje u razvoju

Zemlje u tranziciji

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Alternativni izvori energije

• nuklearna

• obnovljiva

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1) nuklearna energija

- prednosti:

- nedostatci:

Alternativni izvori energije

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2) solarna energija

- prednosti:

- nedostatci:

Alternativni izvori energije

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3) geotermalna energija

- prednosti:

- nedostatci:

Alternativni izvori energije

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Mineralnesirovine

prirodno zlatona kvarcu

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Hidrotermalni mineralni talozi

• hidrotermalni talozi: minerali taloženi iz vrućih voda, obično udruženi s magmatskim intruzijama

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Neke rude metalnih sulfida

galenit cinabarit pirit sfalerit

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Neke rude bakra

halkopirit malahit halkocit

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Velike količine sulfidnih ruda nastaju u sredini srednjeoceanskih hrbtova

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Uloga tektonike ploča na raspored ruda

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250

Manganske nodule s dubokomorskog

dna

~7.5 cm

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Lokacije nekih važnijih ležišta krutih ruda na morskom dnu

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