Upload
truongdan
View
212
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ÈÀÅÉ 3
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
1\1\ nthvbyb @cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf# gbhdtkfl b[vfhf ]\rfhbv (H.C.Currie) 1952
otkc\ tc nthvbyb rfhuf [fyc fqbmvt,jlf ytjkjubpvfl= vfuhfv sfylfsfy
tyj,hbdb rdktdbc tc vbvfhsekt,f .fkbfy ufydbsfhlf lf nthvbybw lfvrblhlf\
1969 otkc hjvib xfnfht,ek cjwbjkbyudbcnt,bc rjyuhtcpt l\]\]fbvcvf
(D.H.Hymes) tc vbvfhsekt,f lff[fcbfsf hjujhw tybc vbpyj,hbdb vjltkbcf lf
tlefhl ctgbhbc rjywtawbbc ithoyvf\
pjuflfl= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf itbcofdkbc vbvfhst,fc tyfcf lf cfpjufljt,fc
ijhbc+ fvfcsfy= tyfwf lf cfpjufljt,fw ufyb[bkt,f= hjujhw cnhemneht,b\
cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc fvjwfyff uffhrdbjc= se hjujhbf ehsbthsvbvfhst,f tyj,hbd
cbcntvfcf lf cjwbfkeh cnhemnehfc ijhbc\ fv cbcntvt,c ijhbc itb.kt,f
rfepfkehb vbvfhst,t,bc fqvjxtyfw\
1\2\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc .bhbsfl lf cfyhlty lt,ekt,fl itb.kt,f xfbsdfkjc
bc= hjv tybc sdbsufydbsfht,f v[jkjl vjxdtyt,bsbf\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc ths-
ths evsfdhtc fvjwfyfc ofhvjflutyc bvbc xdtyt,f= hjv dfhbfynekj,f -
cfvtnydtkj xdtdt,bc vhfdfkathjdyt,f - sfdbceafkb rb fh fhbc= fhfvtl
ufhrdtekfl erfdibhlt,f cbcntveh cjwbfkeh ufyc[dfdt,t,c\ tyj,hbdb
ufyc[dfdt,ekj,f= vhfdfkudfhj,f fhbc cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc itcofdkbc .bhbsflb
j,btmnb\
ÈÀÅÉ ***
2
fvltyfl= ** cfereybc kbyudbcnbrbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf tybc cjwbfkeh
vjdktyfl ufy[bkdf\ f\vtbt= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc ths-thsb lfvae.yt,tkb= sdkblf=
hjv tyf hjujhw vjdktyf itb.kt,f ufdbujs v[jkjl vbcb cjwbfkehb ,eyt,bc
ufsdfkbcobyt,bs\
1\3\ f\vtbtv fxdtyf= hjv cbnydt,bc vybidytkj,bc wdkbc vbptpc ofhvjflutyc
fhf rjyntmcnbc ibyfufyb wdkf= fhf acbmjkjubehb ghjwtct,b= fhfvtl
cjwbfkehb afmnjht,b - cbnydbs fqybiyekb htfkbt,bc wdkf= cbnydbc [vfht,bc
bcnjhbekb gbhj,t,bc wdkf= cbnydbc [vfht,f cfpjufljt,bc afhsj fy dbohj
ohtt,ib lf c[df\ cbnydbc vybidytkj,f erfdibhlt,f wbdbkbpfwbbc ufydbsfht,fc=
byntktmnefkeh ghjuhtcc+ ktmcbrjybc itvflutykj,bc wdkfc= uhfvfnbrekb
ajhvt,bcf lf rfntujhbt,bc ufhlfmvyfc lf c[df\
tybc ufydbsfht,fpt ufdktyfc f[ltyc bctsb afmnjht,b= hjujhbw fhbc
gjkbnbrehb cfpqdht,bc lflutyf= nthbnjhbekb lf htkbubehb ufthsbfyt,f lf
f\i\ fqcfybiyfdbf= hjv cjwbfkeh ghjwtcsf ufdktyf c[dflfc[df tyj,hbd
ljytt,pt c[dflfc[dff\ ydtkfpt firfhfl tc ufdktyf fbcf[t,f ktmcbrfpt=
hjvtkbw eiefkjl fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb htfkbt,bc fqybidyfcsfy=
bltjkjubfcsfy lf c[d\
1\4\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf bvltyfl vybidytkjdfyb vbvlbyfhtj,ff lf vbcb
vbqotdt,b bvltyfl lblbf= hjv cjwbfkehb kbyudbcnbrf tybc itcf[t, vtwybtht,bc
ths-thsb lbl itvflutytk yfobkfl ufyb[bkt,f cnhemnehek kbyudbnbrfcsfy
thsfl\
hjujhw dbwbs= cnhemnehekb kbyudbcnbrf ufyb[bkfdc tybc ibyfufy
cnhemnehfcf lf cbcntvfc= cjwbfkehb kbyudbcnbrf rb cofdkj,c tybc fhct,j,bc
ajhvt,c cjwbfkeh ufhtvjib= vbc rfdibht,c cjwbfkeh ghjwtct,sfy= ufdktyt,c=
hjvkt,bw cjwbfkeh afmnjht,c fmds tyfpt\
@iblf# lf @ufht# kbyudbcnbrfc ijhbc fynbyjvbbc lflutybs a\cjcbehvf
lfcf,fvb vbcwf tybc fv jhb fcgtmnbc vrdtsh ufvb/dyfc thsvfytsbcfufy\
cnhemnehekb lf cjwbfkehb kbyudbnbrf itbcofdkbc thscf lf bvfdt j,btmnc
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
3
- tyfc= vfuhfv sdbsjtekc fmdc fv cfuybcflvb vblujvbc= ghj,ktvt,bc lfcf[dbcf lf
itcofdkbc vtsjlbc cgtwbabrf\ cnhemnehekb kbyudbcnbrf sfdbcb fhcbs
fqothbsb vtwybtht,ff= [jkj cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf - yjhvfnbekb\
2\1\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf itbcofdkbc vtnydtkt,fc= vbc sfdbceafk dfhbfynt,c=
hjvkt,bw erfdibhlt,f c[dflfc[df ufyc[dfdt,t,c cfpjufljt,fib\
tyj,hbdb ufyc[dfdt,t,b itbcofdkt,f tsyjuhfabekb vjyfwtvt,bc ajypt=
cjwbfkehb ufyc[dfdt,t,bc ajypt\ tybc lbfktmnb tybc v[jkjl utjuhfabek
lbfktmnc rb fh ofhvjflutyc= fhfvtl cjwbfkehb ufyc[dfdt,t,bc lf c[dflfc[df
cfpjufljt,hbdb .fkt,bc ptvjmvtlt,bs bmvyt,f\
2\2\ cjwbfkehb lbfktmnjkjubbc itcofdkf ufycfresht,ek yehflqt,fc
bodtdc\ itbcofdkt,f vbvfhst,f @tyf-cfpjufljt,f#= tybc c[dflfc[df rjyrhtnekb
vf[fcbfst,kt,b cjwbfkeh rjyntmcnsfy lfrfdibht,bs= tybc cjwbfkehb
aeymwbt,b lf f\i\
fvltyfl nthvbyt,b - lbfktmnb= tybc dfhbfynb= tybc cnbkb= dth
ufybcfpqdht,f v[jkjl tyj,hbdb afmnjht,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs - fewbkt,tkbf
cjwbfkehb lf reknehekb ufhtvjc ufyc[dfdt,t,bc vbqt,f v[tldtkj,fib\
vwlfhbf bc lt,ekt,f= hjv ite.kt,tkbf cbhsekbc vb[tldbs thsvfytsbcfufy
ufydfc[dfdjs njvj,hbdb tyt,b lf wbdbkbpt,ek cfmfkfmj cfpjufljt,fsf tyt,b\
fv tyt,c htfkehfl ufvjfhxtdc bc= hjv sfyfvtlhjdt mfkfmbc tyfib fhct,j,c
ltrjlbht,ekb= cnfylfhnekb fye kbnthfnehekb tyt,b= hjvkt,bw
ufyc[dfdlt,f yjdtklqbehb xdtekt,hbdb vtnydtkt,bcfufy\ kbnthfnehekb lf
yjdtklqbehb vtnydtkt,bc lfgbhbcgbht,bc fhct,j,f fhbc cojhtl cfmfkfmj
reknehbc vsfdfhb tyj,hbdb vf[fcbfst,tkb\
2\3\ bctsb cjwbjkbyudbcnehb ufvjrdktdt,b= hjvkt,bw vsfdfh fmwtync sdbs
tyfpt frtst,ty= fhbc cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc kbyudbcnehb vbvfhsekt,f (/\ufvgthw –
J.Gumperz) - fm ofhvjflutyty eahj rjyrhtnek ufvjrdktdt,c (W.Labov)=
cflfw ufy[bkekbf [jkvt vtnydtkt,bc cjwbfkehb dfhbfynt,bc fvcf[dtkb
afmnbehb vfcfkf\ tyj,hbdb wdkbkt,t,b eylf ufyb[bkt,jltc tybc ibyfufyb
ÈÀÅÉ ***
4
cnhemnehbc lf ufht cjwbjkbyudbcnehb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc ehsbths vbvfhst,fsf
itltufl\
2\4\ /\ufvgthwb ufyfhxtdc tyj,hbdb dfhbfynekj,bc jh cf[tc| f\ lbfktmnehb
dfhbfynt,b= hjvkt,bw cjwbfkeh fy nthbnjhbek /ueat,c ijhbc bxtyc sfdc+ ,\
@iblf gbhjdyekb# dfhbfynt,b= hjvkt,bw ufgbhj,t,ekbf cfrjveybrfwbj
cbnefwbbs\ rth.jl= tc bc itvs[dtdff= hjltcfw thsb lf bubdt vjkfgfhfrt
lbfktmnehb yjhvt,blfy uflflbc yjdtklqbeh cfcfe,hj yjhvt,pt\ vjwtvek
tyj,hbd cfpjufljt,fib fctsb vjkfgfhfrt fhbc c[dflfc[df cjwbfkehb lf
aeymwbjyfkehb cfkfgfhfrj cnbkt,bc vfnfht,tkb\ cfvtnydtkj ehsbthsj,bc
fctsb cjwbfkehb lbathtywbfwbf .fkbfy vybidytkjdfybf lf vfc c[df vtwybtht,bw
vbvfhsfdlyty\
3\1\ vybidytkjdfybf cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc bc vbvfhsekt,f= hjvtkcfw eojlt,ty
tsyjuhfabekc (l\]fbvcb)\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc fv vbvfhsekt,bc stjhbbcf lf
ghfmnbrbcfsdbc .bhbsflbf jhb hfv| f\ tybc afhlj,bsb ,eyt,bc uffpht,f lf ,\
wlf bvbcf= hjv kbyudbcnbrfib xfvj'fkb,ltc f[fkb vbvfhsekt,f - tybc
tsyjuhfabf\
3\1\1\ tybc afhlj,bsj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs l\]fbvcbcfsdbc gbhdtkflbf reknehf=
hjvtkbw ufyfgbhj,t,c tybc [vfht,bc nbgt,c\ lbfktmnbc= tybcf se cnbkbc
lf[fcbfst,bcfc fh itb.kt,f itvjdbafhukjs ,eyt,hbdb cfrjveybrfwbj
cfiefkt,t,bcf lf tybc ajhvfkehb ybiyt,bc fqothbs\ fewbkt,tkbf cjwbj-
reknehekb afmnjhbc ufsdfkbcobyt,f= hjvtkbw tybc [vfht,bc nbgcf lf
vjltkt,c ufycfpqdhfdc= fuhtsdt lff[fcbfst,c tybc itvtwyt,bs lf tvjwbeh
qbht,ekt,fc cjwbfkehb sdfkcfphbcbs\ fvltyfl= eylf itbmvyfc vtnydtkt,bc
tsyjuhfabf - tybc ajhvfkeh-uhfvfnbrek fqothfcf lf reknehbc
tsyjuhfabek fqothfc ijhbc ufhlfvfdfkb hujkb\
3\1\2\ l\]fbvcb sdkbc= hjv uhfvfnbrf kbyudbcnehfl fhbc ltnthvbybht,ekb=
[jkj vtnydtkt,bc thsyjuhfabf - afhlj,bsbf\ kbyudbcnehb tsyjuhfabf
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
5
itbcofdkbc cfvtnydtkj cbnefwbt,c= vtnydtkt,bc aeymwbt,cf lf vjltkt,c –
hbsfw ufybcfpqdht,f vtnydtkt,bc tsyjuhfabekb rjyntmcnb\
fv rjyntmcnbc itcofdkf uekbc[vj,c cfvtnydtkj fmnbc= vtnydtkt,bc
aeymwbbc= tybc hjkbc lf[fcbfst,fc= hfw= w[flbf= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbcfsdbc vtnfl
vybidytkjdfybf\
4\1\ vtnydtkt,bc itcofdkbc lhjc fqbybiyt,f js[b cf[bc cbhsekt\
4\1\1\ fhfcojhb vtnydtkt,f\ sbsmjc cfyjdtksfjl wyj,bkbf= hjv
vtnydtkt,bc lhjc dth [th[lt,f tyj,hbdb rjvgtntywbbc chekyjabkb
ufy[jhwbtkt,f\ fvbnjv bsdkt,f= hjv vtnydtkt,f cfdctf itwljvt,bs –
obyflflt,t,b fhfcojhfl fhbc ufajhvt,ekb\ vfuhfv cnfnbcnbrehvf
ufvjrdktdfv (d\kf,jd) w[fl'j= hjv obyflflt,t,bc 75% ydtkf sdfkcfphbcbs
cojhfl fhbc fut,ekb\ se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s tkbaccf lf itvjrkt,bc c[df
otct,c= afkccnfhnt,c= itxtht,fcf lf c[df lf,hrjkt,t,c= vfiby vrfwhfl vwlfh
ufvjyfsmdfvsf hfjltyj,f obyflflt,fsf 2%-cfw rb fh itflutyc\
4\1\2\ vtnydtkt,bc fhfthsudfhjdyt,f\ dfhbfynt,b vtnydtkt,fcf lf
cfvtnydtkj rjktmnbdib\ fhct,j,c vtnydtkt,bc ajytnbrehb= cbynfmcehb lf
vjhajkjubehb dfhbfynt,b (vfu\= ofvbrbs[fdc - ofvbrbs[bf+ vbyf[fdc - vbyf[bf+
dktd - dcdfv lf fvudfhb)\
dfhbfynt,c eylf vjt.t,yjc itcf,fvbcb flubkb tyj,hbd cnhemnehfib\ fm jhb
itcf.kt,kj,ff| f\ dfhbfynt,b ufytresdyt,f c[dflfc[df cbcntvt,c fye c[dflf[cdf
lbfktmnt,c= lf vfsb vjyfwdktj,f ybiyfdc rjlt,bc @uflfhsdfc#\ ,\ dfhbfynt,b
sfdbceakfl vjyfwdktj,ty lf vfs ijhbc fhxtdfyb tyj,hbdb cnhemnehbc
ljytpt eahj lf,kff ofhvjlutybkb\
vtnydtkt,bc fhfthsudfhjdyt,f .bhbsflb tyj,hbd afmnjht,bc vjmvtlt,bc
,eyt,hbd lf yjhvfkeh itltuc ofhvjflutyc\ vtnbw= d\kf,jdb sdkbc= hjv
cnbkbcnehb vf[fcbfst,kt,bcf lf cfrjveybrfwbj cbcntvbc vhfdfkathjdfyb lf
]tnthjutyekb [fcbfsbc ufhtit lfbhqdtjlf tyj,hbdb jhufybpvbc ,eyt,hbdb
ÈÀÅÉ ***
6
cbwjw[kt\ fvltyfl= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf brdktdc iblf dfhbfynekj,fc
cfvtnydtkj rjktmnbdib\
dfhbfynt,bc fhct,j,bc vjltkb cfrvfjl ufvzdbhdfktf lf fh vjbs[jdc
fcj,bs byajhvfynbc vtnydtkt,bc xfothfcf lf cnfnbcnbreh fyfkbpc\
dfhbfynekb vtnydtkt,bc .bhbsflb vjltkt,bc ufvjcfdktyfl cfrvfhbcbf rfhufl
fvjhxtekb 25 wlbc gbhb\ fv lhjc w[flfl xfyc c[dflfc[df cjwbfkehb atybc
vtnydtkt,bcfsdbc ufhrdtek lfvf[fcbfst,tk ybifysf vfqfkb [fhbc[bc
htuekfhj,f\
4\1\3\ vtnydtkt,bc cvtybsb fqmvbc cbhsektt,b lf vfsb xfothf\ tyj,hbd
cbuyfkt,c sfy f[kfdc zfh,b thstekt,bc lblb hfjltyj,f= hjvkt,bw
vfbywlfvfbyw fh vjmvtlt,c itnyj,byt,bc fqmvfpt\ vfuhfv kbudbcnbcfsdbc
vybidytkjdfybf tyj,hbd vjyfwtvsf pecnb fqyec[df\ fvltyfl cfertstcj itltuc
b.ktdf kf,jhfnjhbekb xfyfothb= sevwf vtnydtkt,f fv gbhj,t,ib lfzbvekb
lf jabwbfkehb [lt,f\
4\1\4\ bidbfsb cbynfmcehb ajhvt,b\ tybc cfvtnydtkj ajhvt,bc qhvf
fyfkbpbcfsdbc fewbkt,tkb [lt,f byajhvfynbcfufy ufdbujs bidbfsb
vjhajkjubehb se cbynfmcehb ajhvt,b\ bidbfsb cbynfmcehb ajhvt,bc
itcofdkbc lhjc vjyfwtvsf cfiefkj pjvbc rjhgecb firfhfl fh fhbc cfrvfhbcb+
bidbfsb dfhbfynekb ajhvt,bc ufvjcfdktyfl kbyudbcnvf byajhvfynsfy cfe,hbc
lhjc eylf vjf[th[jc lf vfc cfzbhj ajhvf fsmvtdbyjc bct= hjv sdbsjy fh
b[vfhjc bub\ tc kbyudbcnbcfufy cfrvfj ufvjwlbkt,fc vjbs[jdc\
5\1\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc fvjwfyt,bc lfpecnt,bc vbpybs fqothty fv lfhubc
gfhfvtnht,c\ rdkfd [fpufcvbs fqbybit,f tyj,hbdb dfhbfynekj,bc
ufgbhj,t,ekj,f= fye bv cjwbfkehb afmnjht,bc vjmvtlt,f= hjvtksfw cfreshbd
tyj,hbdb ufyc[dfdt,t,b tsfyflt,f\ fv afmnjht,blfy .bhbsflbf| vjkfgfhfrt
(sender - ufvupfdyb)= vcvtytkb (receiver - vbvqt,b) lf ufhtvj= dbsfht,f (setting)\
tc afmnjht,b ofhvjflutyc cjwbjkbyudbcneh vf[fcbfst,kt,c= fye bcts
wdkflt,c= hjvtk,bw ufycfpqdhfdty cjwbfkeh rjyntmcnc\ vfs pju/th
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
7
eojlt,ty bylbrfnjht,c+ bcbyb vtn-yfrkt,fl thsyfbhfl ufvjdkbylt,f ydtkf
bylbdblevbcfsdbc yt,bcvbth rjyntmcnib\
cjwbfkehb rjyntmcnt,b itb.kt,f lfkfultc ufhrdtekb bthfhmbbc cf[bs
cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb= fcfrj,hbdb /ueat,bc vb[tldbs\ vfiby dfv,j,s= hjv
bylbrfnjht,b cnhfnbabwbht,ekbf\
5\2\ mdtvjs ufydb[bkfds cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc idbl gfhfvtnhc\
5\2\1\ vjkfgfhfrbc (sender) cjwbfekehb vf[fcbfst,kt,b ydtkfpt rfhufl xfyc
@rkfcj,hbd lbfktmnt,ib#= hjltcfw ufyc[dfdt,f vtn'dtkt,fib ittcf,fvt,f
ufyc[dfdt,fc cjwbfkeh atyt,ib\ fctsbf= vfufkbsfl= rfcnehb lbfktmnt,b
byljtsib\ fctsbdtf ufyc[dfdt,t,b @vfvfrfwbcf# fy @mfkbc# vtnydtkt,fc ijhbc
pju tyfib\
5\2\2\ vcvtytkbc (receiver) cjwbfkehb vlujvfhtj,f vfiby [lt,f firfhf=
hjltcfw cnfnecbs eahj vfqfkb gbhbcflvb vbvfhsdbc lhjc b[vfht,f
ufyc[dfdt,ekb ktmcbrf= hjujhw tc [lt,f pjub fqvjcfdkehb lf jrtfybbc tyt,bc
itvs[dtdfib (mfhsekibw udfmdc| vj,h.fylbs= lf,h.fylbs= ,h.fyts= brflhts)\
fctsbdtf t\o\ @cf,fdidj# vtnydtkt,f - tyf= hjvkbsfw vbvfhsfdty
,fdidt,c\ cfbynthtcjf t\ctgbhbc vfufkbst,b uenrf tyblfy - fm c[dflfc[df cnbkc
bytyt,ty= hjwf tcfe,ht,bfy repbfy= wfksdfkf= /e/f fy lfewdtstk vfvfrfwt,c\
fctsb ufycfresht,ekb cnbkb vfibyfw fhbc ityfhxeyt,ekb= hjltcfw fcts
vfvfrfwt,pt cfe,h,ty (t\b\ hjltcfw bcbyb fh fhbfy vcvtytkt,b)\
5\2\3\ rjveybrfwbbc lhjc ufhtvj (dbsfht,f) lf[fcbfslt,f fuhtsdt ydtkf bv
gjntywbehfl htktdfynehb vf[fcbfst,tkbs= hjvkt,bw fh t[t,f sdbs
vjkfgfhfrtcf fy vcvtytkc\ vfufkbsfk= fgfxt,b ufvjbytyt,ty ufycfresht,ek tyfc
cfv[tlhj dbsfht,fib\ fctsbdt ufyc[dfdt,t,bf fhfjabwbfkeh lf jabwbfkeh
cnbkt,c ijhbc\
bv itvs[dtdt,ib= hjltcfw c[dflfc[df cnbkb ufyc[dfdlt,f thsvfytsbcfufy
ajhvbsf lf aeymwbbs= dfv,j,s= hjv cfmvt udfmdc lbukjcbfcsfy\ cojhtl fctsb
dbsfht,ff f[kf fhf,ekb tybc mdtyyt,ib= cf,th.ytsib= idtbwfhbbc uthvfyek
ÈÀÅÉ ***
8
yfobkib - iby lf jabcib cfkfgfhfrj cnbkt,b vrdtshfl ufyc[dfdlt,f
thsvfytsbcfufy\
ptvjs ufy[bkekb gfhfvtnht,b thsvfytsc uflfrdtsty lf ufycfpqdhfdty
cjwbjkbyudbcnehb mwtdbc nbgt,c\ vfufkbsfl= t\o\ @vfvfrfwbcf# lf @mfkbc#
vtnydtkt,f bylbtksf pju njvib bsdfkbcobyt,c hjujhw vjkfgfhfrtc= bct
vcvtytkc\ @vfvfrfwbc# vtnydtkt,f ufvjbytyt,f bv itvs[dtdfib= hjltcfw vfvfrfwbf
fy vjkfgfhfrt fy vcvtytkb+ @mfkbc# vtnydtkt,fc rb bytyt,ty bv itvs[dtdfib=
hjltcfw vjkfgfhfrtw lf vcvtytkbw mfkbf (t\ctgbhb)\
5\2\4\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf ufyfhxtdc rdktdbc cbymhjyek lf lbfmhjybek
fcgtmnt,c\ itb.kt,f= vfu\= vj[ltc byljtsbc rfcneh lbfktmnsf ufyc[dfdt,t,bcf
lf aeymwbt,bc itcofdkf= dsmdfs= sfyfvtlhjdt tnfgpt= fy vjb.t,yjc bcnjhbekb
cfae.dkt,b fcts lbfktmnt,ib ufyc[dfdt,t,bc fhct,j,bcfsdbc\
5\2\5\ t\o\ @[fk[ehb kbyudbcnbrf# bvbc itcofdkff= se hfc abmhj,ty
flfvbfyt,b sfdbcb lf c[dbcb tyj,hbdb mwtdbc itcf[t, thsbc v[hbd= [jkj vtjhtc
v[hbd itbcofdkt,f bc= se hjujh ufvjbytyt,ty bcbyb tyfc (H.M.Hoenigswald)\
@[fk[ehb kbyudbcnbrbc# vjyfwtvt,b efqhtcfl cfbynthtcjf
cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbcfsdbc\
fctsb @[fk[ehb bynthghtnfwbt,bc# lhjc .kbth [ibhfl [lt,f thsvfytsib
@vfqfkb$lf,fkb# vtnydtkt,bc jhb vybidytkj,bc thsvfytsib fqhtdf| thsbf
jabwbfkehb$fhfjabwbfkehb vtn'dtkt,f= [jkj vtjhtf vjkfgfhfrbc fvf se bv
cjwbfkehb cnfnecbc itltufl vbqt,ekb @vfqfkb$lf,fkb# vtnydtkt,f\
vrdktdfhc yjdtksdbc eylf f[cjdltc [fk[ehb sdfkcfphbcbc qbht,ekt,f
cjwbjkbyudbcnehb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc itcfveifdt,kfl= vfuhfv eylf a[bpkfl
byjc= hjv fh vj[ltc c[dflfc[df wyt,t,bc fqhtdf vcufdc itvs[dtdt,ib\
5\2\6\ vhfdfkathjdyt,bc vfcinf,b\ tc gfhfvtnhb t[t,f thsb lf bvfdt
cfpjufljt,bcf fy thbc yfobkt,c ijhbc= fylf c[dflfc[df cfpjufljt,t,cf lf
c[dflfc[df tht,c ijhbc cfvtnydtkj ufyc[dfdt,t,c\
fm ofhvjlutybkbf cfvb cfrkfcbabrfwbj nbgb|
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
9
1\ veknblbfktmnehb nbgb\ fv itvs[dtdfib itbcofdkt,f tybc cjwbfkehfl
itgbhj,t,ekb dfhbfynt,b thsb tybcf lf thsb thbc afhukt,ib\ fctsbf=
vfufkbsfl= vfqfkb atybcf lf c[dflfc[df cfiefkj atybc vtnydtkt,fsf ijhbc
ufyc[dfdt,f lbl ,hbnfytsib+ fy jabwbfkeh lf fhfjabwbfkeh vtnydtkt,fc
ijhbc ufyc[dfdt,f nfvbkbc tyfib (cfv[hts byljtsb)\
2\ vtjht cfrkfcbabrfwbj nbgbf veknbtyj,hbdb nbgb\ tc bc itvs[dtdt,bf=
hjltcfw thsb cfpjufljt,bcf fy thsb cf[tkvobajc ibuybs c[dflfc[df tyt,b
aeymwbj,c\ tc [lt,f vhfdfkthjdfy mdtyyt,ib= hjujhbwff ,tkubf= ufyf= byljtsb=
rfyflf lf c[df\
3 vtcfvt cfrkfcbabrfwbj nbgbf veknbcjwbfkehb nbgb\ tc bc itvs[dtdt,bf=
hjltcfw c[dflfc[df cfpjufljt,fib cfe,hj,ty c[dflfc[df tyt,pt\ vrdktdfhbc
fvjwfyf fv lhjc bvfib vlujvfhtj,c= hjv thsvfytsbcfufy ufvjfwfkrtdjc
tyj,hbdb ufyc[dfdt,t,b lf cjwbfkehb ufyc[dfdt,t,b ejhabc stjhbbc
cfae.dtkpt= hjvtkbw sdkblf= hjv fhct,j,c rjhtkfwbf tyj,hbd
cnhemneht,cf lf reknehbc fhftyj,hbd fcgtmnt,c ijhbc\ fctsb vbvfhst,t,b
itb.kt,f dbdfhfeljs= vfufkbsfl= ]j,bc tybc uhfvfnbrfcf lf ]j,b cfpjufljt,bc
cjwbfkeh cnhemnehfc ijhbc= lf f\i\ (fctsb cf[bc ihjvt,b mjylf /\k\abithc=
hjvtkbw cofdkj,lf tyj,hbd lf cfpjufljt,hbd cnhemneht,c rey.ek
gjyfgtpt)\
5\2\7\ ufvjytyt,f\ tc gfhfvtnhb uekbc[vj,c cjwbjkbyudbcnehb fqothblfy
vjvlbyfht vfcfkbc eahj afhst lf qhvf fyfkbpc\ fmfw itudb.kbf
ofhvjdflubyjs cfvb rfntujhbf|
1\ cjwbjkjubbc bynthtct,b\ cjwbjkbyudbcnehb vjyfwtvt,b fv sdfkcfphbcbs
ofhvjflutyc vskbfyb cjwbfkehb cnhemnehbc fy wfkrtekb cjwbfkehb
vjdktyt,bc bynthghtnfwbbc cfiefkt,fc\
vfufkbsfl= rfcnehb lbfktmnt,bc cfv yfobkbfyb lfyjaf cfv[hts byljtsib
jabwbfkehb vtnydtkt,bc jh cfat[ehbfy lfyjafcsfy thsfl itb.kt,f c[df
vjyfwtvt,sfy thsfl byjc ufy[bkekb bct= hjv ufvjxyltc cfv[hts byljtsbcfsdbc
ÈÀÅÉ ***
10
lfvf[fcbfst,tkb cjwbfkehb cnhemnehf lf ufyc[dfdt,t,b\ fvfc ufhlf fvfdt
upbs itudb.kbf ufvjdffirfhfdjs cbnefwbfsf lf flfvbfysf cjwbfkehfl
qbht,ekb lfyfotdht,f\ tyj,hbdb rhbnthbevt,b bvbcsdbcfw itb.kt,f ufvjlutc=
hjv vj[ltc eahj rth.j cf[bc rkfcbabrfwbf= hjvtkbw t[t,f flfvbfyt,cfw lf
cbnefwbt,cfw\ vfufkbsfl= flfvbfyb= hjvtkbw ufhrdtekfl vtnydtkt,c,
lf[fcbfslt,f hjujhw ,hfvbyb= [jkj cbnefwbf= hjvtkibw ufvjbytyt,f tc tyf=
lf[fcbfslt,f hjujhw vrfwhfl ajhvfkehb\
2\ kbyudbcn-bcnjhbrjcbc bynthtct,b\ bcnjhbekb sdfkcfphbcbs qbht,ekbf
itvltub cfrbs[t,b| c[dflfc[dfyfbhfl [lt,f se fhf tyj,hbdb wdkbkt,t,b
c[dflfc[df cjwbfkeh gbhj,t,ib~ [lt,f se fhf tc wdkbkt,t,b thsyfbhfl lf
thsyfbhb cbxmfhbs thsb tybc c[dflfc[df lbfktmnt,bc afhukt,ib~ hjujhbf
cjwbfkehb lbfktmnt,bc bcnjhbekb vbvfhst,f thsvfytssfy~ gfce[bc ufwtvf
[lt,f fy fhct,ekb bcnjhbekb ljrevtynt,bc fyfkbpbs= fy tyj,hbdb
wdkbkt,t,bc sfyfvtlhjdt ghjwtct,bc itcofdkbs (d\kf,jdb)\
3\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc rhbnthbevb (fv ghjwtcc lfodhbkt,bs ufydb[bkfds
mdtvjs)\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbs lfbynthtct,ekyb fhbfy kbyudbcnt,b= ufyfskt,bc
veifrt,b= rfyjyitvjmvtlyb lf flvbybcnhfnjht,b= hjvkt,bw mvybfy jabwbfkeh
tyj,hbd gjkbnbrfc\
fv lhjc itb.kt,f ofvjbzhfc itvltub rbs[dt,b| tybc hjvtkb dfhbfynt,b
xfbsdkt,f @jabwbfkeh# fy @thjdyek# tyfl~ hjvtkb tyff ufvjcfltub
jabwbfkehb ljrevtynt,bcfsdbc= kbnthfnehekb itvjmvtlt,bcfsdbc=
cfufyvfyfskt,kj lfotct,ekt,t,ib= cfcfvfhskjib~ hjujhb eylf byjc
lfvjrblt,ekt,f bv tyj,hbdb dfhbfynt,bc vbvfhs= hjvkt,bw fh fhbc
cfymwbjybht,ekb~ hfvltyfl eylf ittcf,fvt,jltc thbc gjkbnbrehb
cnhfnbabrfwbf tyj,hbd lfyjafc~ hjujh eylf vj[ltc othbkj,bsb cbcntvbc
yjhvbht,f~ ydtkfpt hsekbf fv ghj,ktvt,bc uflfzhf fahbrbcf lf fpbbc
f[fkufphlf tht,bcfsdbc\
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
11
6\1\ itb.kt,f lf,t/bst,bs bsmdfc= hjv *^* cfereytvlt vstkb kbyudbcnbrf
yjhvfnbekb byj\ gfybyblfy vj'jkt,ekb ,th.ty-kfsbytk uhfvfnbrjcsf
xfsdkbs uhfvfnbrf vbpyfl bcf[fdlf othbkj,bsb lf ptgbhb vtnydtkt,bc
ehqdtdb rfyjyt,bc lflutyfc\
tc ntyltywbf *^* cfereytibw ufuh.tklf - bfrj, uhbvb lf fduecn
ikfb[thb= fuhtsdt @f[fkufphlf uhfvfnbrjcsf# crjkf cnfylfhnekb tybc
ghj,ktvt,c cofdkj,lyty\ ajytnbrbc ae.tvlt,tkb byukbctkb ]tyhb cebnb
fmnbehfl vjqdfotj,lf @vfhskothbc htajhvfnjhsf fcjwbfwbbc# veifj,fib\ fv
ghj,ktvt,pt veifj,lyty f\vtbt lf j\tcgthctyb\
fvthbrfib fvfdt ghjktvt,bs bydyty lfrfdt,ekyb tldfhl cfgbhb lf
k\,kevabklb= hjvtkbw ufvjsmdfvlf bvtlc= hjv ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib tybc
itcofdkf lft[vfht,jlf vtwybtht,c flfvbfyt,bc mwtdbc ufut,fcf lf xdtdt,bc
vfhsdfib\
fvfdt lhjc= *^* cfereybc lfcfchekc erdt lfboytc yjhvfnbekb lf
fqothbsb kbyudbcnbrbc ufhxtdf thsvfytsbcfufy\ othlyty= (tcfbf ntuythb)= hjv
tyfc rb fh eylf itdemvyfs rfyjyt,b= fhfvtl eylf fqdothjs vfcib vjmvtlb
rfyjypjvbtht,t,b\ fvfy vbcwf cojhtl lfcf,fvb cnhemnehek kbyudbcnbrfc\
sevwf fv sfdib xdty cojhtl yjhvfnbekb kbyudbcnbrbc= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc
.bhbsfl ghj,ktvt,pt lf fv ghj,ktvt,bc uflfzhbc vtsjlbrfpt itdxthlt,bs\
cnfylfhnbpfwbf cfzbhj byj obuybc ,tzldbc ntmyjkjubfibw\ ptvjlfy
rfhyf[bcf lf bybwbfnbdbc ufhlf lbl vybidytkj,fc b.tylyty c[dflfc[df
cfpjufljt,hbdb ufthsbfyt,t,b - cftrktcbj vhtdkb= kbnthfnehekb crjkt,b
lf c[df\
6\2\ fvltyfl cjwbjkbyudbcnehb rdktdbc lhjc ufycfresht,ekb vybidytkj,f
tybzt,f kbnthfnehek tyfc= hjvtkbw bmvyt,f cfpjufljt,bc ufhrdtekb
vjs[jdyt,bc lfcfrvfyjabkt,kfl\
sfdlfgbhdtkfl kbnthfnehekb tyf ufbubdt,ekb byj ohbkj,bs
vobuyj,hek tyfcsfy lf ufyc[dfdlt,jlf [fk[ehb tybcfufy\ vjudbfyjl rb bub
ÈÀÅÉ ***
12
ufyb[bkt,jlf hsek cnbkbcneh (othbkj,bsb fy ptgbhb) cnhemnehf=
vhfdfkaeymwbehb jltyj,fl= hjvtkcfw ufyfc[dfdt,lyty vjyjaeymwbehb [fk[ehb
tybcfufy= hjvkbc lfybiyekt,f v[jkjl ufut,byt,ff\
f,cnhfmnek tyt,pt cfe,fhb= fphbc ufvjsmvbc cbcntvehj,f lf cbpecnt
f[fcbfst,c cfpjufljt,bc ufyfskt,ek atyt,c= kbnthfnehekb tybc
vfnfht,kt,c\ fv upbs [lt,f kbnthfnehekb tybc byntktmnefkehb ktmcbrjybc
phlf lf cbnydf-wyt,t,bc ufxtyf\ kbnthfnehekb tybc uhfvfnbrekb
rjycnhemwbt,b hsekbf lf ufvzdbhdfkt+ vbcb tyj,hbdb cfiefkt,t,b pecnb=
wfkcf[f lf cgtwbfkbpbht,ekbf\
kbnthfnehekb tybc cfpjufljt,hbdb hjkbc ufydbsfht,f jhb ntyltywbbs
[fcbfslt,f| f\ ufdhwtkt,bc ntyltywbf lf rjbytl mwtdf+ ,\ vjyjgjkbehb hjkbc
lfvrdblht,f= vvfhsdtkb rkfcbc vf[fcbfst,tk ybiyfl mwtdf\
6\3\ tyj,hbdb yjhvbc wyt,f xfvjyfkb,lf ghfqbc kbyudbcneh /ueaib\
yjhvfib buekbc[vt,f bv uhfvfnbrek cfiefkt,fsf thsbfyj,f= hjvtkbw
cfyjdtksfjl b[vfht,f lf hvtkbw cnf,bkbpfwbbcfrty vbbcohfabc\
kbnthfnehekb tyf wyj,bthfl lfveifdlt,f kbyudbcn-stjhtnbrjct,bc vbth
bvbcfsdbc= hjv vfy it.kjc erts itfchekjc sfdbcb aeymwbf - byjc ufhrdtekb
cfpjufljt,hbdb cfiefkt,f cfyjdtksfj rjveybrfwbbcfsdbc\
tybc yjhvfcsfy vbf[kjdt,f (yjhvfkbpfwbf) xdtekt,hbd [lt,f thsb
gbhjdyt,bc vbth= hjvtkbw uflfodtnbkt,t,c bqt,c\ fqjh.byt,bc gthbjlfvlt
fctst,b b'dyty uhfvfnbrjct,b lf hbnjht,b\ vfufkbsfl= kfsbyehb uhfvfnbrf
fhct,bsfl erdt vbqt,ekb yjhvt,bc ybveib (rjlb) byj= fye wfkcf[fl
ufvj[fnfdlf vfhskothbc= uhfvfnbrbcf lf ktmcbrjybc yjhvt,c\
sfyfvtlhjdt tyt,bc gbhdtkb uhfvfnbrt,bcf lf ktmcbrjyt,bc itmvyf lftvs[df
itcf,fvbcb mdt'yt,bc uf.kbtht,fc *&-*&^ cfereytt,ib\ fvfdt lhjc bmvyt,jlf
gbhdtkb frfltvbt,b= hjvtksf eghdtktc vbpfyc ofhvjflutylf tybc cbovbylbc
lfwdf\ tc ghjwtct,b [tkc eoyj,lf wtynhfkbpt,ekb mdtyyt,bc itmvyfcfw\
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
13
frfltvbt,bc veifj,bc vsfdfh [tkitcf[t, itltuc ofhvjflutylyty
ktmcbrjyt,b\ byukbcib fv ghjwtct,c sfdb lffluf ctvetk ]jycjyvf= hjvkbc
ktmcbrjyb (1755 o\) bmwf byukbcehb tybc gbhdtk vybidytkjdfy cf[tkv.qdfytkjl
(ufdb[ctyjs cek[fy-cf,f jh,tkbfybc @cbnydbc rjyf#)\
fctsb vjqdfotj,bc itltub b'j itveifdt,ek yjhvfcsfy vbf[kjt,ekb tybc
cofdkt,f e,hfkj [fk[bcfsdbc - vjcf[ktj,f boyt,lf cfe,fhc hfqfw @f[fk#
tyfpt - c[df itvs[dtdfib bcbyb vtjht [fhbc[bc vjmfkfmtt,fl bsdkt,jlyty
sfdbfyscfdt cfvij,kjib\
7\1\ yjhvfnbekb uhfvfnbrbc itmvyf itb.kt,f xfbsdfkjc ufhrdtekb cf[bc
vfhsdfl fy vfybgekfwbfl tybc vbvfhs= hfcfw cjwbjkbyudbcnbrfib tojlt,f
tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf\
7\2\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf itbwfdc itvltu tnfgt,c (c[df cf[bc lfutuvdbc
vcufdcfl)| afhsj vfcinf,bs vfcfkbc ituhjdt,fc= fknthyfnbekb utuvt,bc
ufy[bkdfc= uflfoydtnbkt,bc vbqt,fcf lf c[dflfc[df vtsjlt,bs fv
uflfoydtnbkt,bc lfythudfc\
7\3\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf ybiyfdc yjhvfnbekb jhsjuhfabbc= uhfvfnbrbcf lf
ktmcbrjybc itmvyfc+ fv yjhvfnbek htrjvtylfwbt,c ptgbhb se othbkj,bsb
vtnydtkt,bc lhjc ufvjbytyt,ty fhfthsudfhjdfyb tyj,hbdb rjktmnbdbc otdht,b\
7\4\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf itb.kt,f ofhvjdblubyjs= hjujhw tyj,hbd
wdkbkt,fsf itafct,f - tc fhbc tyj,hbdb byjdfwbt,bc vbvfhs ujybthb vblujvbc
wlf\ bub afmnj,hbdfl ofhvjflutyc tyj,hbd itafct,fcf lf hxtdfc\ hfvltyflfw
yjdtkb flfvbfyb cofdkj,c tyfc cek sfdblfy lf sfy fhfclhjc fh cofdkj,c
pecnfl bv tyfc= hvtkptw cfe,hj,ty vbcb vfcofdkt,kt,b lf fvfc ufhlf= tyf
it.kt,f itbwdfkjc sdbs thsb flfvbfybc cbwjw[kbc ufyvfdkj,fibw - fhxtdbc
afmnb cf[tptf\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf udte,yt,f= hjv fhct,j,c ufhrdtekb
cnfylfhnt,b= hjvtksf ajypt itafclt,f c[dflfc[df tyj,hbdb byjdfwbf\
ÈÀÅÉ ***
14
7\5\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpyt,b\ 1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vpfyc fh itflutyc
fhw tyj,hbd ufhlfmvyfsf [tkitoyj,f lf fhw sfdblfy fwbkt,f\
2\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpfyb fh fhbc vjkfgfhfrtsf vtnydtkt,bcf se
vhfdfkathjdyt,bc lfwdf\
3\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc fvjwfyf fh fhbc tyj,hbdb ctc[t,bc [tkitoyj,f fy vbcb
frh.fkdf\
4\ tyj,hbd lfutuvdfc ie.kbf v[jkjl iteoyjc [tkb fy gehbabrfwbfc (tybc
@cbovbylbc# lfwdfc) fy ]b,hblbpfwbfc\ vfc ite.kbf v[fhb lfezbhjc tyj,hbdb
htcehct,bc ufafhsjdt,fc fy itpqeldfc\
5\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpfyb fh fhbc vtnydtkt,bc tatmnehj,bc ufphlf
vj[ltybkb tyj,hbdb ajhvt,bc cfiefkt,bs - tyj,hbd lfutuvdfc ite.kbf
v[jkjl [tkb iteoyjc tyj,hbdb cbpecnbcf lf ufvjvcf[dtkj,bc ufydbsfht,fc\
6\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpfyc fh itflutyc vjwtvekb tybc ityfhxeyt,f\
itb.kt,f bct vj[ltc= hjv tyj,hbdvf lfutuvdfv [tkb iteoyjc vjwtvekb tybc
vbf[kjdt,fc) vtjht tybcfrty\
7\5\2\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc lhjc ufycfresht,ekb vybidytkj,f tybzt,f
othbkj,bs tyfc= vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= hjv cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc cgtwbfkbcnt,b fh
efhyjaty ptgbhb tybc gbhdtkflj,fcf lf othbkj,bsb tybc vtjhflj,fc (hjujhw
bcnjhekfl= bct tybc cbymhjyekb itcofdkbc lhjcfw)\
cjwbfkbuydbcnbrbc sdfkcfphbcbs othbkj,bsb tybc aeymwbbc vybidytkj,f
ufycfresht,ekbf - tc fhbc thsbfyb cfrjveybrfwbj cfiefkt,f lhjbsf lf
cbdhwbs thsvfytsbcfufy lfijht,ekb vjkfgfhfrt-vcvtytkbcfsdbc\ othbkj,bsb
ntmcnt,b [fyuh.kbdb lhjbc vfy.bkpt byf[t,f\ fvbnjv cjwbjkbyudbcnt,b vfc
sdkbfy fhf v[jkjl xfothbk ,eyt,hbd vtnydtkt,fl= fhfvtl ufyb[bkfdty vfc
hjujhw ufycfresht,ek rjlc= hjvtkbw ufdktyfc f[ltyc tyj,hbdb rjktmnbdbc
vtnydtkt,fpt\
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
15
8\1\ hjltcfw kbyudbcnehb fqothbc j,btmnptf cfe,fhb cjwbjkbyudbcnbrfib
[vfhj,ty nthvbyc @blbjktmnb#= hfvltyflfw fm itbcofdkt,f bylbdblefkehb
ufyc[dfdt,t,b rjyrhtnek vf[fcbfst,kt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs\
nthvbyb @blbjktmnb# itvjbnfyf ,\,kjrvf= hbsfw fqybiyfdlf thsb gbhbc
vtnydtkt,fc thscf lf bvfdt stvfpt thscf lf bvfdt sfyfvjcfe,htcsfy lhjbc
vjrkt vjyfrdtsib\ fv nthvbyvf afhst ufvjytyt,f ]gjdf\ blbjktmnb xfbsdkt,f
kbyudbcnbrbc fqothbc ztivfhbn j,btmnfl= hbsfw fv nthvbybs
cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf vrdtshfl egbhbcgbhlt,f a\ lt cjcbehbc wyt,fc langue
hjvtkbw ybiyfdc cbcntvfc= hjvtkbw cfthsjf vstkb cjwbfkehb /ueabc ydtkf
otdhbcfsdbc\
8\2\ hjvtkbvt blbjktmnbc itcofdkbc lhjc kbyudbcnvf itb.kt,f
ufvjbytyjc ufhrdtekb ntmybrf lf ofhvjflubyjc fv bltjktmnbc pecnb lf
fvjvoehfdb xfothf cnfylfhnekb kbyudbcnehb fqothbc nthvbyt,ib\ fcts pecn
abmcfwbfc deojlt,s @uhfajktmnc#\
8\2\1\ blbjktmnbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs uhfajktmnb| 1\ xfcojht,ekbf= 2\
lfyfotdht,ekbf= 3\ lfyjdyt,ekbf lf 4\ cnf,bkbpt,ekbf\ tc bvfc ybiyfdc= hjv|
1\ uhfajktmnb fh itbwfdc itwljvt,c= afkcnfhnt,c= hfw ptgbhb
vtnydtkt,bcsdbc fhbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb\
2\ uhfajktmnbc lfyfotdht,ekj,f ybiyfdc= hjv cbnydt,b ufvjyjabkbf
thsvfytsbcfufy – t\b\ uf,vekb lf lfeyfotdht,tkb vtnydtkt,f ofhvjlutybkbf
thsvfytsbc vjvltdyj wfkrtek thstekt,fl\
3\ uhfajktmnb lfyjdyt,ekbf ybiyfdc bvfc= hjv bub yfcofdkbf bct= hjujhw
cofdkj,ty vtjht tyfc - hfvltyflfw uhfajktmnbothbkj,bsbf\ fvbnjv vbcb
ufvjytyt,f vtn abmhcf lf .fkbc[vtdfc vjbs[jdc= dblht ptgbhb vtnydtkt,f\
4\ uhfajktmnb cnf,bkbpt,ekbf ybiyfdc= hjv bub lblb gjntywbehb .fkbc
vmjytf= htuekfhekbf lf cnf,bkehb\
ÈÀÅÉ ***
16
5\ lfcf[tkt,ekb sfdbct,eht,t,bc ufhlf uhfajktmnb ofhvjflutyc t\o\
@vtjhfl sfhuvfyc#= hfw itcf.kt,tkc [lbc bub c[df bltjktmnt,bcfsdbcfw byjc
ufvjytyt,ekb\ uhfajktmnib eylf ofhvjlutybkb byjc bctsb [fhbc[bc
cnf,bkehb xfyfothb= hjv c[df blbjktmnt,vf itc.kjy fv xfyfothib fqvjfxbyjy
cojhtl vfssdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb thstekt,b\ uhfajktmnb eylf byjc bvltyfl
thsudfhjdfyb= hjv vbcb cfiefkt,bs itcf.kt,tkb uf[ltc c[dflfc[df cf[bc
cfvtnydtkj xdtdt,bc fqyec[df\
8\2\2\ cnfylhnekb jhsjuhfabf ufhrdtekfl lfvjerblt,tkbf rjyrhtnekb
cfvtnydtkj xdtdt,bcfufy\ fvbnjv jhsjuhfabbc itcofdkbc lhjc jh ghj,ktvfc
dfoylt,bs| f\ ufyc[dfdt,f othfcf lf vtnydtkt,fc ijhbc= ,\ ufyc[dfdt,fc
blbjktmncf lf vbc xfyfothc ijhbc\ tc erfyfcrytkb f[ltyc ufdktyfc tyj,hbd
wdkbkt,fpt= hfw othbkj,bsb tybc vjmvtlt,bs [lt,f - flfvbfyb rbs[ekj,c
xfothbk ntmcnc lf fv lhjc bmvyt,f cojhtl othbkj,bsb ntmcnbctekb
vtnydtkt,f\ hjltcfw jhsjuhfabf vskbfyfl ajytnbrehbf= vfiby bmvyt,f
ufvjsmvbc vtnb thsudfhjdyt,f blbjktmnt,ib (fctd mfhsekib lf= vfufkbsfl=
uthvfyekib eahj vtnfl dblht byukbcehib)\
9\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbcfsdbc vybidytkjdfybf= fuhtsdt= tyj,hbdb cnbkbc
ghj,ktvf\ tc ghj,ktvf vzblhjl erfdibhlt,f othbkj,bsb lf ptgbhb
vtn'dtkt,bc thsvfytsbcfufy ufhxtdfc= vfuhfv bub fhct,h,jlf othbkj,bsb tybc
itmvyfvltw\ vfufkbsfl= fvthbrtkb bylbtkt,bc tyt,bc vrdktdfht,b wfkrt
ufvjyjalyty cnbkc= hjvtkcfw eojlt,lyty fhf - yjdtklqbehc (non-casual)= fy
ajhvfkehc (t\]feutyb)\ fctdt ufyc[dfdlt,f elfvothkj,j tyt,ib cnbkt,b=
hjvkt,bw rfyjybc= hbnefkbc lf tgjcbc cathjt,c ufytresdyt,f\ fctsb cnbkb
yjdtklqbehb cnbkbcfufy ufyc[dfdlt,f vtnb vybidytkjdyj,bs= cbvrdtshbs lf
f\i\ fv cnbkbc ntmcnt,b @f,fhbf# vjcfvfhsktc= cfcekbthj gbhc= gjtnc (,fhlc)=
hjvkt,bw nhflbwbbc lfvwdtkt,bw fhbfy lf= fvfdt lhjc tyj,hbdb byjdfwbt,bc
(cbf[ktt,bc) itvjvnfyybw\
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
17
9\2\ eahj vrdtshb [lt,f ufyc[dfdt,f ajhvfkehcf lf yjdtklqbeh cnbkt,c
ijhbc ohbkj,bsb cbcntvt,bc itvjqt,bc itvltu= hflufyfw lfvothkj,f phlbc
vt[cbtht,bc vjwekj,fc lf vbcb cbpecnbc [fhbc[c\
tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf egbhdtktcfl t[t,f jabwbfkeh= othbkj,bs cnbkc\
tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc evsfdhtcb vbpfybf othbkj,bsb ajhvt,bs ufdktybc vj[ltyf
jabwbfkeh cnbkpt\ jabwbfkehb cnbkbc ufdktyf yjdtklqbeh vtnydtkt,fpt
vtjhflbf\
10\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf bm [lt,f cfzbhj= cflfw fhbc cfrjveybrfwbj xfdfhlyf\
rjveybrfwbbc lfhqdtdf itb.kt,f c[dflfc[df pjvbs vj[ltc\ fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs
ufvjyjaty cfvb cf[bc cfrjveybrfwbj cbnefwbfc\
10\1\1\ gbhdtkb nbgbc cfrjveybrfwbj cbnefwbfc mvybc cfvtndtkj rjktmnbdb=
cflfw vjkfgfhfrtt,c ijhbc ufyc[dfdt,f blbjcbyrhtnekbf= fye blbjktmnehb
(vfufkbsfl= fctf bckfylbfib)\ fctsb itvs[dtdt,bcfsdbc tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf
ptlvtnbf= hfvltyflfw bylbdblefkeh ufyc[dfdt,fsf vj[cyf [lt,f eiefkjl
cfrjveybrfwbj ehsbthsj,t,bc lhjc= hjltcfw t\o\ @[vfehb rjlib# lfydfybkbf
vbybvevpt\
10\1\2\ vtjht nbgbc cfrjveybrfwbj cbnefwbf ctvtnydtkj rjktmnbdb= cflfw
[lt,f yfobkj,hbdb ufut,f (fctsb dbsfht,ff= vfufkbsfl= byukbcib)\ fctsb
dbsfht,bc lhjc tyj,hbd rjktmnbdib cfae.dtkb bmvyt,f thjdyekb tybc
itmvybcfsdbc\
10\1\3\ vtcfvt nbgbc dbsfht,ff cfvtnydtkj rjktmnbdib= cflfw fh [lt,f
ehsbthsufut,f lf cfzbhjf sfh/bvfyb (hjujhw tc [lt,f idtbwfhbfib)\ fcts
cbnefwbfib bmvyt,f cfae.dtkb cfthsfijhbcj fy lfv[vfht tybc itvjnfybcfsdbc\
vtjht lf vtcfvt itvs[dtdt,ib cfzbhjf tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf| jhbdt itvs[dtdfib
cfzbhjf cfthsj rjlbc itvjnfyf= lfv[vfht tybc itvjnfyf= hjvtkbw rjveybrfwbbc
ufy[jhwbtkt,bc cfiefkt,fc vbcwtvc ydtkf vcehdtkc\
ÈÀÅÉ ***
18
11\1\ tyj,hbdb rjveybrfwbbc vbpfyb thsb it[tldbs fhbc byajhvfwbbc cohfab lf
bjkb uflfwtvf\ vfuhfv h\bfrj,cjybcf lf c[dfsf ufvjrdktdt,vf w[flyj= hjv
rjveybrfwbf fh ybiyfdc v[jkjl byajhvfwbbc htathtywbek uflfwtvfc\ fhct,j,c
gbhjdyt,bc (ego-c) ufvj[fndbc aeymwbf= hjvtkcfw h\bfrj,cjyb eojlt,c
tvjnbehc= fuhtsdt vcvtytkbcflvb vbvfhsdbc aeymwbf= hjvtkcfw bc eojlt,c
rjyfnbeh aeymwbfc\ fctdt fqbybiyt,f rjveybrfwbbc yfrkt, vybidytkjdfyb
aeymwbt,b| afnbrehb= vtnftyj,hbdb lf gjtnehb\
11\2\ cjwbfkehb cfrjveybrfwbj ehsbthsj,f vjbwfdc vjkfgfhfrbcf lf
vcvtytkbc hsek ehsbthsvbvfhst,fc\ tyf v[jkjl cfpjuljt,hbdb ehsbthsj,bc
cfiefkt,f rb fh fhbc= fhfvtl bylbdblefkehb sdbsufvj[fndbcfw\ hjujhw
cfpjufljt,hbdb ehsbthsj,bc cfiefkt,f bub rjlbc thsudfhjdyt,fc
ufyfgbhj,t,c= hjujhw bylbdblbc ufvj[fndbc cfiefkt,f - rjlbc
vhfdfkathjdyt,fc\
12\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpfyb dth bmyt,f f,cjkenehfl thsudfhjdfyb rjlbc
itmvyf cbdhwtcf lf lhjib\ thsflthsb lhjib ewdktkb yjhvbc itmvyf ydtkf
lbfktmnpt vjkfgfhfrbcfsdbc itwljvff\lfutuvdf itb.kt,f ufydb[bkjs hjujhw
vhfdkbc (blbjktmnt,bc) itwdkf thsbs lf= bvfdt lhjc= thsbcf - vhfdkbs\ tc
bvbc ufvj [lt,f= hjv cnfylfhnekb tyf cnf,bkehbf lf wdfkt,flbw\
tc ybiyt,b yjdtkb yjhvbc vf[fcbfst,kt,bf\ cnf,bkehj,f fhbc
thsudfhjdyt,bc lbfmhjybekb rjhtkfnb= wdfkt,flj,f rb - vhfdfkathjdyt,bc
lbfmhjybekb rjhtkfnbf\ wjw[fkb tybc yjhvt,b evtntcfl cnf,bkehb lf
thsudfhjdfybf= vfuhfv vjkfgfhfrbcfsdbc bub vfbyw epheydtkyjac
dfhbfynekj,bc cfrvfjl vfqfk [fhbc[c\
13\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc itpqeldf\ yjhvfnbekb wdkbkt,t,bc itvjnfybc
lhjc fewbkt,tkbf lflubyltc wdkbkt,t,bc cfpqdfhb\ vfufkbsfl= yjhdtubekb
tybc cnfylfhnbpfwbbc lhjc bdfh ffct[vf lfflubyf= hjv fv tybcfsdbc yjhvfc
ofhvjflutyc bc lbfktmnt,b= hjvkt,bw fhct,j,c ufhrdtek cjakt,ib\ tybc
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
19
bltynbabrfwbbcfsdbc fewbkt,tkbf kbyudbcnehb utjuhfabbc= bcnjhbbc=
othbkj,bsb lf ptgbhb nhflbwbt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,f\
13\2\ se tyj,hbdb cnfylfhnb bmvyt,f bctsb tybcfsdbc= hjvtkcfw lfvothkj,f
fhf fmdc= vfiby ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf tyj,hbdb rjktmnbdbc cfvtnydtkj yjhvt,b\
se v[jkjl thsb yjhvf fhct,j,c= vfiby vstkb cbhsekt vlujvfhtj,c
jhsjuhfabbc itmvyfib – tc itlfht,bs vfhnbdb ntmybrehb fvjwfyff\ vfuhfv se
thspt vtnb yjhvf fhct,j,c= vfiby ghj,ktvf hseklt,f lf fewbkt,tkbf
itbmvyfc itafct,bc ufhrdtekb vtsjlb\
13\3\ rbltd eahj hsekbf dbsfht,f= se vjwtvek tyj,hbd rjktmnbdib
fhct,j,c thspt vtnb jhsjuhfabf\ vfiby eylf gbhlfgbh fdbhxbjs hjvtkbvt
vfsufyb fy xfdfcojhjs bub c[dflfc[df vjyfwtvbc vb[tldbs\
13\4\ .dtkb nhflbwbbc vmjyt tyj,hbd rjktmnbdib fhct,j,c vtnydtkt,bcf lf
othbc nhflbwbekb itafct,bc cbcntvf= hjvkbc xfcojht,f itb.kt,f .ytkb
fqvjxyltc\ fvbnjv v[jkjl bv yjhvfkbpfnjhc tmyt,f ofhvfnt,f= hjvtkbw
itc.kt,c sfdbc fvjwfyt,c vbecflfujc cfpjufljl ufdhwtkt,ekb itafct,f lf
it[tlekt,fyb\ eylf fhct,j,ltc j,btmnehb rhbnthbevt,b - vfufkbsfl= uh.tkbf
se vjrkt cbnydf= f[fkbf bub se .dtkb - hjvkt,bw ufbsdfkbcobyt,c
cfrjveybrfwbj fvjwfyt,c= cfvtnydtkj /ueabc sdbslfvrdblht,fcf lf
cnf,bkehj,fc\
14\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc rhbnthbevt,b\ fljka yjhrtyvf yjhvbc itvjnfyfcsfy
lfrfdibht,bs itvjbnfyf cfrvfjl ujybdhekb gbhwbgb| fh fhbc cojhb bc= hfw
ufeut,fhbf= jhfphjdfyb fy .ytkfl ufcfut,b\ fh fhbc cojhb bc= hfw .ytkfl
ofhvjcfsmvtkbf lf .ytkfl lfcfvf[cjdht,tkb+ fh fhbc cojhb bc= hfw uh.tkbf
lf hsekb= fy bctsb cbf[ktf= hfw tyfc fhfathc vfnt,c\ pjuflfl fv
rhbnthbevt,c tatmnehj,bc (itltubfyj,bc) rhbnthbevt,c eojlt,ty\
/th rbltd *^* cfereytib fv,j,lf t\ntuythb= hjv ydtkfpt rfhub tyf bc fhbc=
hjvtkptw fphb fldbkfl uflvjbwtvf lf fldbkfl fqbmvt,f\ fv lt,ekt,bc
vybidytkj,f bvfibf= hjv [fpufcvekbf vjkfgfhfrbc bynthtct,bcf lf vcvtytkbc
ÈÀÅÉ ***
20
bynthtct,bc c[dflfc[dfj,f\ rjveybrfwbf tae.yt,f vjkfgfhfrbc trjyjvbeh
vtnydtkt,fcf lf vcvtytkbc trjyjvbeh fqmvfc ijhbc ojyfcojhj,fc\ tc eahj
fldbkb lfcfwfdbf ptgbhb vtnydtkt,bc lhjc= hflufy bynjyfwbf= ;tcnb lf c[df
cfiefkt,t,b eahj yfstkc [lbc fphc\ othbkj,bs tybc [vfht,bc lhjc
fewbkt,tkbf flhtcfnbc vfmcbvfkehb ufsdfkbcobyt,f lf fvbc ufvj[fndf
tmcgkbwbnehb othbkj,bsb vbybiyt,t,bs\
fldbkfl cfcofdkb lf fldbkfl ufvjcfytyt,tkb ajhvff cojhtl itltubfyb=
vfuhfv fctsb ajhvbc fhxtdf yjdtksdbc fldbkb fh fhbc| dbyw bub bwbc= vbcsdbc
vfhnbdbf= c[dbcsdbc rb cbcntvf itb.kt,f hsekb fqvjxyltc itcfcofdkfl\
vfufkbsfl= dbyw xbyehb bthjukbat,b bwbc= bvfc eahj efldbklt,f fv cbcntvbs
xfothbkb ntmcnt,bc ofrbs[df= dblht bvfdt ntmcnbc ofrbs[df fy,fyehb xtothbs\
fctdt fh fhbc vfhst,ekb= hjv vjrkt cbnydt,b yjdtksdbc eahj itltubfybf=
dblht uh.tkb= lf hjv fyfkbpehb uhfvfnbrf ertstcbf aktmcbehpt\ ztivfhbnb
tyj,hbdb trjyjvbf bc fhbc= ydtkfpt vtnb cb[ibht mjyltc ydtkfpt vjrkt
cbnydt,c\ eahj bidbfsb cbnydt,b= hjvkt,bw xdtekt,hbd itevxytdtkbf
vcvtytkbcfsdbc= eahj uh.tkb eylf byjc lf= itcf,fvbcfl= eahj zfh,b\
14\2\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbcfsdbc vybidytkjdfybf fltrdfnj,bc rhbnthbevb
(t\]feutyb)\ tc rhbnthbevb uekbc[vj,c bvfc= hjv tyfv htfubht,fc f[ltyc
vjkfgfhfrbcf lf vcvtytkbc vjs[jdyt,pt\ tyfib yjdtksdbc vjbgjdt,f
cfiefkt,t,b - ctc[t,f fy iblf htcehct,b - ktmcbrjybc ufphlbcfsdbc= serb fvfc
vjbs[jdc yjdtklqbehb rjynfmnbc cfzbhjt,f (vfu\= fhf,t,bcfsdbc @fmktvbc#
wyt,bc cfzbhjt,fv lf qbht,ekt,fv= [jkj tcrbvjct,bcfdbc @sjdkbc#
qbht,ekt,fv cfrvfjl ufyfdbsfhf itcf,fvbcb tyt,bc ktmcbreh vfhfuib tc
ktmcbrehb thstekt,b)\ vtjht nbgbc tyj,hbd rjktmnbdt,ib fctsb ktmcbrehb
ufafhsjt,bc oyfhj itb.kt,f byjc c[df tht,sfy rjynfmnb lf vfsb tyt,blfy
c[dflfc[df cf[bc kbnthfnehbc sfhuvyf\
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
21
fltrdfnehj,f bphlt,f fhf v[jkjl cfvtwybthj lf abkjcjabehb
nthvbyjkjubbc phlbc [fh/pt= fhfvtl tvjwbehb lf gjtnehb ufvjvcf[dtkj,bc
ufydbsfht,bc [fh/ptw\ fm oyfhjl itb.kt,f ufvjlutc cjakbc lbfktmnb\
fltrdfnehj,bc rhbnthbevb udte,yt,f= hjv vjwtvekb ajhvf eylf
uflvjudwtvltc bv byajhvfwbfc= hjvtkbw cfcehdtkbf vjkfgfhfrtsfsdbc lf bv
cbpecnbsfw= hjvtkbw cfcehdtkbf vfssdbc\
14\3\ vtcfvt rhbnthbevbf @dfhubcbfyj,bc# (приемлемость) rhbnthbevb\ tc fhbc
itafct,bc cjwbjkjubehb rjvgjytynb\ flht fv nthvbybc itcf,fvbcfl [vfhj,lyty
@epecc# fy @[vfht,fc#\
j\tcgthctyb fv,j,lf= hjv fhct,j,c epecbc cfvb nbgb|
1\ ufcfut,b [vfht,f - rjveybrfwbbc vbybvfkehb vjs[jdybc lfrvfyjabkt,f+
2\ rjhtmnekb [vfht,f - tyj,hbdb yjhvt,bc lfwdf+
3\ rfhub [fht,f - cbw[flbcf lf tyj,hbdb cbvidtybthbc vfqfkb cnfylfhnt,bc
lfwdf\
vtjht nbgbc cfvtnydtkj rjktmnbdib= hjvtkbw fh fhbc ]jvjutyehb lf fhw
,jkjvlt ]tnthjutyekbf= itb.kt,f ufvjdyjs tybc vfnfht,tksf mdt/ueab (t\o\
@kbltht,b#)= hjvtksfw vb,f.dty c[df /ueat,b ghtcnb;ekb vtnydtkt,bc
uflvjcfqt,kfl\ tc bodtdc @kbltht,bc# epecbc ufafhsjt,fcf lf ufdhwj,fc\
vfuhfv @tkbnfhekb# lf @ghtcnb;ekb# tyt,bc yjhvt,b yjdtksdbc hjlb
bvfh/dt,c\ vfufkbsfl= lfvgyhj,sf tyt,bcfsdbc obyffqvltuj,bc ufotdbc ufvj
eahj itb.kt,f uf.kbthltc thjdyekb yfwbjyfkbpvb= itbmvyfc cfthsj
thjdyekb cnfylfhnekb tyf= hfw bmwtdf thbc cbv,jkjl\
cnfylfhnekb tyf mvybc ufht cfvyfhjcsfy rfdibhbc cfrjveybrfwbj fh[c=
seylfw vjwtvek tyfpt sfhuvybc lhjc\ se fh fhct,j,c c[df tyt,sfy gbhlfgbhb
rjveybrfwbbc cfiefkt,f= sfhuvybc lhjc vfbyw [lt,f c[df reknehfcf lf tyfcsfy
rjynfmnb\ fv lhjc thjdyekb tyf ufybwlbc ufht cfv'fhjc ufdktyfc\ tyf=
thjdyt,bc vcufdcfl= jh cf[bfybf - bub= thsbc v[hbd= tobyffqvltut,f iblf
ufsbidfc= [jkj vtjhtc v[hbd= c[df tybc vbth vbc isfysmvfc\
ÈÀÅÉ ***
22
tyj,hbdb @kblthbc# ghj,ktvf [ibhfl uflfbzht,f hfjltyj,hbdb= eahj
[ibhfl [vfht,bc rhbnthbevt,bs= fy [fhbc[bc - cfertstcj lf ceasf ajhvt,bc
fhxtdbs fy cjwbfkehb cfvfhskbfyj,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs\
dfhubcbfyj,bc rhbnthbevb udte,yt,f= hjv vjwtvekb ajhvf kbltht,bc vbth
vbqt,ekb lf vfssdbc vbcfqt,b eylf byjc\
fvltyfl= tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc cfvb rhbnthbevb ufvjdyfdbs| itltubfyj,f=
dfhubcbfyj,f= fltrdfnj,f\
15\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc ufy[jhwbtkt,f - kbyudbcnbc vbth uhfvfnbrekb lf
ktmcbrehb yjhvt,bc itvjnfyf= vj[th[lt,f v[jkjl tybc vfnfht,tksf= vfcj,hbdb
sfy[vj,bs lf v[fjlfzthbs\ tc fhbc tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc ,jkj bycnfywbf\
tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc lhjc rth.j gbht,sfy egbhfntcj,f fmdc= fuhtsdt=
vsfdhj,fcfw= hflufy bub frjynhjkt,c cfcrjkj ufyfskt,fc= hjvtkbw
itfvpflt,c vjcf[ktj,fib jhsjuhfabekb xdtdt,bc xfvjyfkb,t,fc\ vfuhfv fmfw
uflfvoydtnbf vjcf[ktj,bc cbnydf| fy,fybc itwdkf fsfsehmbc vbth ofhvfnt,bfyb
fqvjxylf= vfuhfv ktmcbrehb wdkbkt,t,bc vj[ltyf vfy dtqfh vjf[th[f thbc
.kbthb obyffqvltuj,bc ufvj\
serb tyj,hbd lfutuvdfc xfdsdkbs tybc cofdkt,bc ghj,ktvfl= vfiby jhb
cfiefkt,f udtmyt,f [tks|
f\ ptgbhb lf ohbkj,bsb ntmcnt,bc ybveit,bc bvbnfwbf| othbkj,bsb
yjhvt,bc itcfcofdkfl fewbkt,tkbf vothkbc fhct,j,f= [jkj ptgbhb
vtnydtkt,bc yjhvt,c mvybc jhfnjhb\
,\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc lhjc vsfdfhbf f[fk yjhvfc vbtybzjc ghtcnb;b lf=
fvfdt lhjc= bub ydtkfcfsdbc vbcfodljvb uf[ltc\ fvbnjv evsfdhtc cfat[ehc
ofhvjflutyc sfylfsfyj,bsb cfcrjkj htajhvf\
16\1\ t\]feutyb sdkbc= hjv kbyudbcnt,vf itb.kt,f tyj,hbd lfutuvdfib js[b
fcgtmnbs itbnfyjy odkbkb| 1\ hjujhw bcnjhbrjct,vf= 2\ hjujhw
ltcrhbgnbdbcnt,vf= 3\ hjujhw stjhtnbrjct,vf lf 4\ hjujhw tybc
vfcofdkt,kt,vf\
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
23
16\1\1\ bcnjhbrjc-kbyudbcnvf itb.kt,f ofhvjflubyjc tybc bcnjhbbc fqothf\
fv lhjc itb.kt,f ufbhrdtc hjvtkbvt cfvtn'dtkj /ueabc bcnjhbekb
ofhvjvfdkj,f\ fv lhjc itcf.kt,tkbf yfctc[t,b lf .bhtekb tktvtynt,bc
ufvj'jaf thsvfytsbcfufy\ fvbs cfae.dtkb ittmvyt,f fy gehbabrfwbbc fy
]b,hblbpfwbbc ghjwtct,c lf f\i\
16\1\2\ tyfsvtwybthb-ltcrgbhnbdbcnb ofhvjflutyc hjujhw ptgbhb= bct
othbkj,bsb vtnydtkt,bc pecn fqothfc vjwtvek tyfpt\ kbyudbcnehb
utjhufabbc sdfkcfphbcbs vfc ite.kbf itfuhjdjc byajhvfwbf [fk[ehb
vtnydtkt,bc thsudfhjdyt,bcf se vhfdfkudfhj,bc itcf[t,= lfflubyjc ufhrdtek
ajhvfsf ghtcnb;b\ kbyudbcnc= fuhtsdt= ite.kbf sdfkb vbfltdyjc bv vjdktyt,c=
hjvkt,bw erfdibhlt,f cnfylfhnek tyfc lf lfvothkj,fc\ sfdbcb rdktdbc
itltut,b kbyudbcnc ite.kbf vjfsfdcjc vbc vbthdt itmvybk ktmcbrjyib=
uhfvfnbrfcf lf vfhskothbc cbcntvfib\
16\1\3\ kbyudbcn-stjhtnbrjcc ite.kbf vj[fpjc bc .bhbsflb vf[fcbfst,kt,b=
hjvkt,bw pjuflfl tyfc lff[fcbfst,c\ kbyudbcnehb fyfkbpbc ntmybrbcf lf
nbgkjubeh eybdthcfkbfsf wjlyf vfc cfiefkt,fc f.ktdc ufvjbnfyjc lfcrdyt,b
tybc lfutuvdbc itcf[t,\ kbyudbcnbc vbth vtnydtkt,fcf lf lfvothkj,fc ijhbc
vbvfhst,bc wjlyf cfiefkt,fc f.ktdc vfc bobyfcofhvtnydtkjc vfspt
vfybgekfwbbc itltub\ kbyudbcnvf rfhufl bwbc cnhemnehbc thsbfyj,bc
vybidytkj,f tatmnehb rjveybrfwbbc ofhvjt,bcsdbc lf= fvfdt lhjc= bwbc
bylbdblefkeh vtnydtkt,fib uflf[ht,bc fhct,j,fw\
61\1\4\ hjujhw gtlfujub= kbyudbcnb sdfkc fltdyt,c bv gj,ktvt,c= hjvkt,bw
erfdibhlt,f tybc cofdkt,fc\ ufvjwlbkt,f lf vjvpflt,f rfhyf[j,c vfc= hjvtkb
gtlfujubehb vtsjlbf eahj cfcehdtkb fy vbcfqt,b\ vjcofdktt,sfy veifj,bc
lhjc bub cfrvfj vfcfkfc fuhjdt,c cofdkt,bc vtsjlib rjhtmnbdt,bc itcfnfyfl\
tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc lhjc kbyudbcnehb stjhbf fewbkt,tkb= vfuhfv
fhfcfrvfhbcb rhbnthbevbf\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf ofhvjflutyc tyj,hbdb gjkbnbrbc
thsthsb cf[tc\ tyj,hbdb lfluvdf cfzbhjt,c fyshjgjkjubehb lf
ÈÀÅÉ ***
24
cjwbjkjubehb mwtdbc stjhbfsf v[fhlfzthfcfw\ vbcsdbc vybdiytkjdfybf=
fuhtsdt= acbmjkjut,bc= tcstsbrjct,bc= abkjcjajct,bc vjyfobktj,f - thsb
cbnydbs= ydtkfathb bvbc ufsdfkbcobyt,f= hfw f[fcbfst,c bv vfrhj-cfvyfhjc=
hjvtkibw xdty dw[jdhj,s lf doths\
1\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf= vbvlbyfhtj,f lf pjuflb fvjwfyt,b
2\ itcofdkbc j,btmnt,b
3\ tsyjuhfabekb cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf
4\ vtnydtkt,bc itcofdkbc cbhsektt,b
5\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc 7 gfhfvtnhb
7\ yjhvf
7\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf
8\ othbkj,bsb lf ptgbhb vtnydtkt,f
9\ blbjktmnb
10\ cfvb cf[bc cfrjveybrfwbj cbnefwbf tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc lhjc
11\ rjveybrfwbbc c[dflfc[df cf[t
12\ lfutuvdbc vbpyt,b
13\ lfutuvdbc itpqeldf
14\ lfutuvdbc rhbnthbevt,b
15\ lfutuvdbc ufy[jhwbtkt,f
16\ kbyudbcnbrbc odkbkb tyj,hbd lfutuvdfib\
ufvjytyt,ekb kbnthfnehf|
ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ
25
1. William Bright., Introduction: The Dimensions of Sociolinguistics. “Sociolinguistics” – The Hague-Paris, 1966.
2. Hymes, Dell H., The Ethnography of Speaking – “Readigs in the Sociology of Language”, J.A.Fishman (ed.) The Hague-Paris, 1968.
3. Labov W., The Study of language in its Social Context: “Studium Generale”, 23, 1970 p. 30-87.
4. Haugen, Eihar, Linguistics and Language Planning, “Sociolinguistics” – The Hague-Paris, 1966.