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Overview of peritoneal dialysis: Overview of peritoneal dialysis: From a surgeon’s point of view From a surgeon’s point of view Chun-Nan Yeh, MD. Department of Surgery Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University

Overview of peritoneal dialysis: From a surgeon’s point of view

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Overview of peritoneal dialysis: From a surgeon’s point of view. Chun-Nan Yeh, MD. Department of Surgery Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University Taiwan. 腹膜透析. 是利用人體本身的腹膜- 天然的半透膜來作為透析器,以排除血液內的多餘廢物及水份. 腹膜透析通路. 永久性導管 (Tenckhoff Catheter) 材質 : 矽膠 (Silicon rubber) 種類 : - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Overview of peritoneal dialysis: Overview of peritoneal dialysis: From a surgeon’s point of viewFrom a surgeon’s point of view

Chun-Nan Yeh, MD.

Department of SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University

Taiwan

Page 2: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

腹膜透析

是利用人體本身的腹膜 -天然的半透膜來作為透析器 ,以排除血液內的多餘廢物及水份

Page 3: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view
Page 4: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

腹膜透析通路 永久性導管 (Tenckhoff Catheter)

材質 : 矽膠 (Silicon rubber) 種類 :

直型 Tenckhoff 導管 氈釦 (Dacron cuff) : 單氈釦 , 雙氈釦

由外科醫師植入

Page 5: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

腹膜透析導管

Page 6: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

CAPD 優點 無透析後不適症狀 可維持較理想的血壓和體液狀態 不需建立動靜脈廔管 不須扎針 , 無痛透析 貧血的程度較輕 , 輸血機會減少 殘餘腎功能的維持較久 經血液感染疾病的危險性低 (B,C 肝炎 ) 飲食限制極少 依作息和工作需求來調整透析時間 高度的獨立性和自主性 每月只需返院門診 1 至 2 次

Page 7: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

CAPD 的優點 醫療方面 -* 有穩定的血液生化值* 透析後不適應症狀* 血壓控制較好 , 體液狀態較穩定* 不需動靜脈瘻管 , 不需扎針* 貧血程度較輕* 殘餘腎功能維持時間較長* 對中大分子毒素的清除較好

Page 8: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

CAPD 的優點

社會心理方面 -

* 獨立自主性強* 較少的飲食限制* 彈性的調整自己的生活及治療時間* 較高的被僱用率* 社會心理調適較好

Page 9: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

CAPD 的注意事項

醫療方面 -

蛋白質的流失 體重增加 感染的可能性

Page 10: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

腹膜透析的適應症

有強烈意願要做腹膜透析者 有殘餘腎功能 (Residual Renal Function) 兒童 , 老年人 生活及工作型態活躍者 血管不良 , 無動靜脈瘻管可以供 HD 使用 血壓不穩定者 DM

Page 11: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

腹膜透析的禁忌症

不適當的腹膜 通透特性不良 腹膜有缺損或嚴重沾粘

腹膜腔和肋膜腔之間有相通

Page 12: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Noninfectious Complications非感染性合併症

Page 13: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Catheter related complication

導管周圍和皮下滲漏 Pericatheter and Subcutaneous leaks

導管阻塞 Peritoneal catheter obstruction 導管接頭鬆脫或導管破裂 Catheter adapter

disconnect of fracture of peritoneal catheter

Page 14: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Pericatheter and Subcutaneous leaks

Assessments: Patient at risk

組織癒合不佳 Poor tissue healing

腹腔壓力增加 Increased intra-abdominal pressure

Page 15: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Pericatheter and Subcutaneous leaks

Activities 1.External leaks 外在滲漏:

①使用葡萄糖試紙片確認導管出口處或傷口處的滲出液是否含有葡萄糖。②評估導管位置、傷口、導管出口處。③加強更換敷料

2.Subcutanous leaks 皮下滲漏 :①監測腹圍。②檢視斜腹區或背後是否有皮下

滲漏。③檢視生殖器是否有水腫情形。④ F/U CT

Page 16: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Pericatheter and Subcutaneous leaks

Diagnostics ★ CT ★Peritoneal MRI

Page 17: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Pericatheter Leak

Page 18: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Pericatheter and Subcutaneous leaks

Therapeutics ★ ①採用平躺少量灌液 500-1500ml。

②必要時 1-2週先採 HD治療。 ★ 侵入性治療 ① 外科修補。 ② 復發性滲漏,評估是否要重新植管

Page 19: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Pericatheter and Subcutaneous leaks

Patient education★偵測滲漏可能引起的導管出口處感染以及腹膜炎

★ 觀察潛在滲漏症狀★ 減少腹腔壓力★ 反覆性導管周圍滲漏需評估是否導管重植

Page 20: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Pericatheter and Subcutaneous leaks

Outcomes Evaluation★Collect data to include:

導管形式及植入技術 導管出口處以及傷口的情形 滲漏的形式以及位置 診斷測試以及結果 改變透析處方 ( 劑量 , 次數 , 形式CAPD,APD)

Page 21: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Catheter related complication

導管周圍和皮下滲露 Pericatheter and Subcutaneous leaks

導管阻塞 Peritoneal catheter obstruction 導管接頭鬆脫或導管破裂 Catheter adapter

disconnect of fracture of peritoneal catheter

Page 22: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Peritoneal catheter obstruction

★灌注阻塞 Inflow obstruction

☆機械性操作不當 : 管夾未開

☆植管後血塊或纖維蛋白 ☆腹膜炎合併的纖維蛋白

★ ★ 引流阻塞

Outflow obstruction

☆便秘 Constipation

☆尿液留置膀胱壓力過大

☆導管末端飄移離開骨盆腔

☆導管被勾住 : 腸子 , 網膜

☆腹腔網膜包腹 Omental wrap

☆沾黏

AssessmentsAssessments

Page 23: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Catheter migration after insertion

Page 24: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Omental wrap (entrapment)

Page 25: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Peritoneal catheter obstruction

★Conservation noninvasive steps 非侵入性步驟 排除導管紐結或移除管夾 改變身體姿勢 矯正便秘 KUB★Invasive steps 侵入性步驟 重置導管或復位 切除部份網膜 腹腔鏡下使用 guided stiff wires or stylet 重新復位

ActivitiesActivities

Page 26: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Peritoneal catheter obstruction

Therapeutics

纖維蛋白引起的阻塞 fibrin –related obstruction

★Add heparin 500 to 2000 U/L to dialysate each exchange

★ tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Page 27: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Peritoneal catheter obstruction

Patient education ★導管正確固定以及防止迷你輸液管的紐結 ★ APD 使用時導管正確放置防止紐結 ★避免便秘 : 運動 , 飲食 , 軟便劑 ★病患應能報告引流液減少情況

Page 28: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Peritoneal catheter obstruction

Outcomes evaluation★Collect data to include:

阻塞形式 (inflow / outflow)

診斷原因 , 預防措施

Page 29: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Noninfectious Complications Non-catheter related非導管相關非感染性合併症

Page 30: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Noninfectious Complications

Non-catheter related★疝氣 Hernia★灌注引流引起的腹部不適 Abdominal discomfort during infusion and

drain★血性透析液 Hemoperitoneum★水胸 Hydrothorax

Page 31: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hernia

任何形式的疝氣應於腹膜透析治療前 , 進行外科修補手術

Page 32: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

疝氣未治療 Hernias left untreated

1. 增加疝氣擴大的風險2. 疼痛 , 腸子陷入疝氣處3. 無法再繼續腹膜透析治療 .

Page 33: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hernia

最常見的疝氣手術切開處 Incisional: 正中植入法 臍疝氣 umbilical 腹股溝 inguinal.

Umbilical hernia Right inguinal hernia

Page 34: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hernia Key Assessment

凸出的部位 可縮小或還原 / 疼痛 / 大小 評估紅腫或者發炎情況 如果植管切開部位疝氣 , 檢視導管植入程序

Page 35: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hernia Key Activity

觀察檢查疑似部位 轉介外科 臍疝氣有可能沒有症狀 , 盡量避免大量的灌液

Page 36: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hernia THERAPEUTICS

Significant hernia requires surgical repair with prosthetic mesh techniques and watertight closure to minimize the high risk of recurrence

平躺 , 低劑量漸進式的增加灌液劑量 視狀況給予暫時血液透析

Page 37: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hernia PATIENT EDUCATION

減少腹腔壓力 通報如果疝氣面積增加或者疼痛復發等情形 教導病人換藥時應注意傷口以及導管傷口的換藥順序 , 避免交叉感染 ( 乾淨 髒 )

疝氣带的使用

Page 38: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hernia PATIENT EDUCATION

術後透析處方的調整 透析治療盡量採取平躺姿勢 漸進式增加劑量 , 兩週後回復原始處方 術後前兩週活動時可將腹部排空透析液

Page 39: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hernia OUTCOME EVALUATION

疝氣形式 預防措施 結果 透析處方的更改

Page 40: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Noninfectious Complications

Non-catheter related★疝氣 Hernia★灌注引流引起的腹部不適 Abdominal discomfort during infusion and

drain★血性透析液 Hemoperitoneum★水胸 Hydrothorax

Page 41: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Abdominal Discomfort During Infusion and Drain-Key Assessments

首先須先排除腹膜炎 評估現存症狀 , 次數 , 不適的等級以及灌注引流時不適的先關聯性

觀察透析液 , 引流液引流完畢所需的時間 ,顏色 , 清澈度以及透析液加熱溫度

Page 42: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Abdominal Discomfort During Infusion and Drain-Key Activities

灌注疼痛 Inflow Pain: 物理性因素 : 透析液溫度或 PH 值 灌注疼痛通常伴隨著灌注完畢而改善

Page 43: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Abdominal Discomfort During Infusion and Drain-Key Activities

改變灌注姿勢 CAPD, 改變灌注速率 APD, modified tidal (85–90%) 確定灌注的透析液溫度 重新檢視透析導管位置

Page 44: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Abdominal Discomfort During Infusion and Drain-Key Activities

若病人深感不適 : (IP) lidocaine or bicarbonate Adding sodium bicarbonate (2–5 meq/L) or

lidocaine 2% (3–5 mL) to the dialysate solution may offer some relief

Page 45: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Abdominal Discomfort During Infusion and Drain-Key Activities

引流不適 : CAPD 引流時留些許透析液在腹腔中 APD, program cycler to deliver modified tidal

PD (85-90%)

Page 46: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Abdominal Discomfort During Infusion and Drain-Patient Education

減慢灌注速度 , 避免快速增加大量的劑量 避免透析液溫度過冷或過熱 避免導管移位 預防腹膜炎 藥物的使用 Training for APD

Page 47: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Abdominal Discomfort During Infusion and Drain -Outcome evaluation

不適的程度和時間長度 調整處方 , 藥物 病人適應度 , 診斷以及結果

Page 48: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Noninfectious Complications

Non-catheter related★疝氣 Hernia★灌注引流引起的腹部不適 Abdominal discomfort during infusion and

drain★血性透析液 Hemoperitoneum★水胸 Hydrothorax

Page 49: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hemoperitoneum 血性透析液

常見於女性月經或排卵期 . 輕微出血可能原因 : 導管引起 , 劇烈運動 ,腹膜沾黏

任何形式的出血都需密切觀察 , 探討潛在因素

Page 50: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hemoperitoneum- Key Assessments

觀察透析液顏色清澈度以及排除腹膜炎 觀察病人過去情況 , 評估可能原因 是否發生於植管後 Retrograde menstruation/ovulation in

females (評估頻率和發生時間 )

Page 51: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hemoperitoneum- Key Assessments

Surgical causes: cholecystitis, rupture of the spleen or pancreatitis

Medical causes: coagulation disorders, PKD, leakage,hematoma ESWL, rupture of ovarian or hepatic cysts, EPS

Recent Exam: enema, colonoscopy Recent use of IP tPA

Page 52: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hemoperitoneum- Key Activities

THERAPEUTICS: 植管後

200–1500 mL volume flush with heparinized (500–1,000 U/L) dialysis fluid 直到透析液清澈

觀察引留液顏色 , 若需要可以評估 Hct 如果症狀持續觀察是否有腹膜炎或其他急性腹部疾病

Page 53: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hemoperitoneum- Patient Education

教導女性患者 , 仍有月經週期者衛教 , 相關經期排卵相關性之血性透析衛教資訊

增加透析液換液沖洗以降低血性透析液之情形 避免提重物以及外力重擊 紀錄發生頻率 , 週期 , 治療 , 出血狀況 , 是否為自發性的出血

Page 54: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hemoperitoneum- Outcome Evalution

預防措施包含藥物 治療後的預後 更改透析處方以及透析時間

Page 55: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Noninfectious Complications

Non-catheter related★疝氣 Hernia★灌注引流引起的腹部不適 Abdominal discomfort during infusion and

drain★血性透析液 Hemoperitoneum★水胸 Hydrothorax

Page 56: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hydrothorax- Key Assessment

Signs and symptoms of pleural effusion: 咳嗽或者呼吸困難 胸痛 , 急性呼吸窘迫 體重增加 透析引流液減少 少量的肋膜積水有可能完全沒有症狀

Page 57: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hydrothorax- Key Assessment

Page 58: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hydrothorax- Key Activities

Diagnostic: 肺部呼吸音減弱 ( 好發右側 ) 呼吸短促 , 平躺時咳嗽加劇 若引流液減少 , 須注意是否使用高濃度藥水後呼吸短促情形加劇

Exam: Chest X-ray-pleural effusion 核醫 -pleural-peritoneal communication

胸腔引流液呈現高葡萄糖 , 低蛋白

Page 59: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hydrothorax- Key Activities

THERAPEUTICS 保守性療法 (peritoneal rest and

intermittent low volume dialysis) 鮮少有成功的機率

胸管引流以及胸腔灑粉法 (talc slurry, autologous blood, OK-432 (Picibanil), minocycline) 成功機率有限

在外科手術之後 , 短暫使用血液透析 3-4 週 , 有助於腹膜橫隔相通處的黏合

Page 60: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Outcome of Pleurodesis of hydrothrorax in CAPD

Mak et al. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:218-221

Page 61: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hydrothorax

Thoracoscopy visualization of pleuroperitoneal communication and direct surgical obliteration

Video –Assisted Thoracic surgery (VATS)

Page 62: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hydrothorax- Patient Education

偵測患者臨床狀況 , 預防淺在的滲漏情況

視情況給予透析處方改變 增加回診觀察次數

Page 63: Overview of peritoneal dialysis:  From a surgeon’s point of view

Hydrothorax- Outcome Evaluation

滲漏形式 診斷評估及結果 處置 , 預後