1. Ph.D., Political Science, NTU 2010.04.02 [email_address]
http://politicsvocation.blogspot.com/ 98
2.
Condorcets paradox
A>B>C
B>C>A
C>A>B
A B A
B C B
C A C
3.
E.E. Schattschneider
[T]he political parties created democracy and that modern
democracy is unthinkable save in terms of the parties.
The parties not therefore merely appendages of modern
government; they are in the center of it and play a determinative
and creative role in it.
Schattschneider 1977 1
4. Party
Part, not all
Politics means taking sides; it is partisan .
Heywood 1998:376 ; Mansfield 2001:3
5. Heywood 1998 382-387
6.
1679
Tory Charles II James II
Whig
1694 William III
Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, or theOfficial Opposition
2002 182-187
7.
John S. Mill 1806-1873
In politics, again, it is almost a commonplace, that a party of
order or stability, and a party of progress or reform, are both
necessary elements of a healthy state of political life. On Liberty
, ch.2 #47
8.
G. Washington
I have already intimated to you the danger of parties. Let me
now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn
manner against the baleful effects of the spirit of party....
22. Median Voter Theorem http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Median_voter_model.png
23.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lijphart 2001: 71-74
24.
25. Lipset and Rokkan
social cleavages
26. Lipset and Rokkan
Freezing thesis of the Party System
1920-1960
27.
28.
IN EVERY modern democracy conflict among different groups
isexpressed through political parties which basically represent
a"democratic translation of the class struggle."
Lipset 1960:220
29.
Laakso & Taagepera, 1979:3-27
N P i
Ex.Case1-A 50 B 50
Case2-X 30 Y 30 Z 30
effective number of parties Lijphart 1984 120
30. N I
Taagepera&Grofman Formula
N=I+1
= 1
Lijphart 2001: 98
31.
H=High, 1
M=Middle, 0.5
L=Low, 0
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. 113
42.
43.
1998.1-2000.3
2002.07-2004.12, 2007.10-2008.01
2009.10-
44.
45.
46.
47.
2004 1 1 27-40
http://www.tfd.org.tw/docs/d1t1/027-040.pdf
2006 3 2 63-86
http://www.tfd.org.tw/docs/d3t2/03.pdf
48.
Lijphart, Arend 1993 Ch. 7
49.
Elowitz, Larry 1995
Heywood, Andrew 1998
Lijphart, Arend 1984 . Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian
and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries . New Haven: Yale
University Press.
Lijphart, Arend (2001)
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1960). Political Man: The Social Bases
of Politics. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday
Mansfield., Harvey C. (2001). A StudentS Guide to Political
Philosophy . Wilmington, Del.: Intercollegiate Studies
Institute.
Mill, John Stuart 2001 . On Liberty. Kitchener: Batoche
Books.
Schattschneider, Elmer Eric 1977 . Party Government. Westport,
CT.: Greenwood.