Pawitra PulbutrPawitra PulbutrM.Sc. In Pharm M.Sc. In Pharm (Pharmacology)(Pharmacology)

วตัถปุระสงค์เชงิพฤติกรรมวตัถปุระสงค์เชงิพฤติกรรม

• มคีวามเขา้ใจและอธบิายถึงกลไกการออกฤทธิแ์ละความเป็นพษิของสารเคมท่ีีเป็น Antiseptics และ Disinfectants

• มคีวามเขา้ใจและอธบิายถึงขอ้ดีและขอ้เสยีของสารเคมีท่ีเป็น Antiseptics และ Disinfectants

Sterilization การทำาให้ปลอดเชื้อ• destroy microorganism including spores

Disinfection การทำาลายการติดเชื้อ• reduce or eradicate microorganism

WORDSWORDS

Disinfectants• chemicals that inhibit or kill micoorganism• use with non-living surface

Antiseptics• chemicals that inhibit or kill microorganism• less toxic• use with living surface

Properties of good antiseptics & Properties of good antiseptics & disinfectantsdisinfectants

• active to all microorganisms• rapid & long action• water soluble & stable• tolerate to soap & organic material• non-toxic• less systemic absorption, non-allergenic• well penetrate • no colored, good smell• cheap

NO antiseptics & NO antiseptics & disinfectants!!disinfectants!!

Alcohol

• rapid evaporation…no residual action• can not penetrate organic material• may cause irritation & dryness• USEUSE

• antiseptic before injection• disinfectants

ChlorhexidineChlorhexidine

• has residual action• tolerated to organic material• - destroy by anionic & non ionicsurfactants• less irritation to skin• USE

• chlorhexidine digluconate 2%, 4%• - pre operation … skin cleaning• infant bathing

HalogenHalogen

• iodine• chlorine• oxidize sulhydryl (SH) into S-S• denature protein• protein dysfunction & precipitation

Iodine

• active to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, virus , spore• tincture of iodine USP

• 2% iodine + 2.4 % sodium iodide in alc.

• Most potent antiseptics• irritation & hypersensitivity

Iodophor

• cpx of iodine + surface active agents• iodine + polyvinyl pyrrolidine

• = povidone iodine (betadine®)• as active as iodine• less irritation & hypersensitivity• not staining• USE

• wound antiseptic

ChlorineChlorine

• water soluble into hypochlorus, HOCL• active to bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi, spore• destroy by organic material

Chlorophor..slow release HOCL

• sodium hypochlorite • chloramine

Phenolic compoundsPhenolic compoundsPhenol• toxic….NO longer use• carcinogenesis• hyperbilirubinemia in neonates

Phenolic agents• o-phenylphenol, o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol, p-tertiary amylphenol• mixture of phenolic derivative• cresol, xylenol

Phenolic compoundsPhenolic compounds

• cell membrane / cell wall disturbance• precipitation of protein• inactivate enz.• Active to bacteria, fungi, virus• No effect to spore• USE

• disinfectants to hard surface..in lab/hospital• not use in nursery…hyperbilirubinemia

HexachloropheneHexachlorophene• active to most gm+ bacteria• hexachlorophene 3% in soap• USE

• antiseptic in pre-operation• infant bathing ….• May accumulate..cause heart & brain abnormal •...cerebral edema , convulsion in premature infants

Quaternary ammonium Quaternary ammonium compoundcompound• cationic surface active detergents

• benzalkonium chloride• cetylpyridine chloride• benzethonium chloride

• inactivate enzyme• denaturation of protein• active to bacteria(+), fungi, lipophillic virus• sporistatic

AldehydesAldehydes

• formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde• alkylation protein / nucleic acid • active to bacteria, fungi, virus, spore• USE

• disinfectants in medical equipments

Hydrogen peroxideHydrogen peroxide

• hydrogen peroxide 3% & 6%• USE

• disinfectants…respirator, soft contact lenses• wound antiseptics…catalase/ peroxidase...O2 gas + H2O

• vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP)• USE

• gaseous sterilant…less toxic than ethylene o xide, formaldehyde

Release hydroxyl radical …cell membrane disturbance

• thiomerosal (merthiolate)• -thiomerosal 0.001 0.004%…

preservative in vaccine• -tincture merthiolate 0.1%…pre

operation antiseptics• merbromin (mercurochrome) ยาแดง

Mercury saltsMercury salts

Silver saltsSilver salts

• silver nitrate• used as eye drop to prevent gonococcal ophthalmitis in newborns

• silver sulfadiazine• burn wound