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1. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

2. DIMENSIONS AND MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32.1 PD diagonal tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32.2 PT ladder tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.3 Beam tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.4 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

3. MANUFACTURING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53.1 Manufacturing method and markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53.2 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53.3 Quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

4. CAPACITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54.1 Welding joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54.2 Anchoring the cross joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

5. DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65.1 Selecting the type of tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65.2 Positioning of the ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65.3 Requirements for concrete and reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65.4 The quantity of the diagonals in PT ladder ties and c/c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

6. INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

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Ties are connecting reinforcement which allows you to join sandwich panelsconcrete layers together. Sandwich panels can be divided in to two groupsaccording to their structural composition: Panels, where the layers work together. Compression capacity is greater. Panels, where the internal layer is the supporting structure. The external layer

is hung by connecting reinforcement from the internal layer.

PD diagonal ties aredesigned to join sandwichpanel concrete layerstogether. By using diagonalties to connect layers toeach other the compressioncapacity increases.

Figure 1 Pre-cast wall element with diagonal tiesPT ladder ties are only used to hang the external layer to the internal layer.Compression capacity depends on the elements internal layer. The structure of theladder tie is flexible. By using the ladder tie you can allow for movement caused byheat and humidity transfer more effectively than with diagonal tie. This reducesexternal cracking. You can also reduce external cracking by using sufficientreinforcement or expansion joint.

Table 1 Dimensions [mm] of the PD diagonal tie

PD ties standard length is 2400 mm. PD ties can be manufactured in multiples of300 mm. Ties Hmin is 120 mm and Hmax is 320 mm.

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM

2. DIMENSIONS AND MATERIALS2.1 PD diagonal tie

3

ties H (bars c/c) L advisable insulationthicknessPD 150 150 90PD 180 180 120PD 200 200 140 - 145PD 210 210 150PD 220 220 160PD 240 240 180

2400

(floor

heigh

t 280

0)

2950

(floor

heigh

t 300

0)

L = 2400 or 2950

H

INTERNAL BAR

EXTERNAL BAR

300 300

DIAG

ONAL

Table 2 Dimensions [mm] of the PT ladder tie

PT ties are made to order. PT ties can be manufactured in multiples of 300 mm. TiesHmin is 80 mm and Hmax is 320 mm. Diagonal reinforcement amount and positioncan be chosen when ordering. In 2500 mm ties one diagonal is standard and in2800 mm ties two are standard. One diagonal consists of one bent bar.

Beam ties can be used in low structures e.g. door and window beams and also inlow foundation elements.Table 3 Dimensions [mm] of the beam tie

2.2 PT ladder tie

4

2.3 Beam tie

2.4 Materials

ties H (bars c/c) L advisable insulation thicknessPT 150 150 90PT 180 180 120PT 200 200 140 - 145PT 210 210 150PT 220 220 160PT 240 240 180

2500

(floor

heigh

t 280

0)

2800

(floor

heigh

t 300

0)

45

L = 2500 or 2800 300

H

EXTERNAL BAR

INTERNAL BARC

RO

SS

BA

R

DIAG

ONAL

top

bottomEX

TER

NA

L B

AR

INTE

RN

AL

BA

R

ties H (bars c/c) advisable insulation thicknessbeam tie 150 150 90beam tie 180 180 120beam tie 200 200 140 - 145beam tie 210 210 150beam tie 220 220 160beam tie 240 240 180beam tie 260 260 200beam tie 280 280 220

Table 4 Materials

Table 5 Standards of the materials

tie internal bar external bar diagonal cross barPDM 5 mm B500K 5 mm B500K 5 mm 1.4301 -PD

5 mm B600KXPDR 5 mm B600KXPTM 5 mm B500K 5 mm B500K 5 mm B600KX 5 mm B600KXPT 5 mm B600KXPTR 5 mm B600KX

beam tie 5 mm B600KX 5 mm B600KX 5 mm B600KX -

material standard strength 5 mm B500K SFS 1257 fyk 500 N/mm2

5 mm B600KX SFS 1259 0,2 600 N/mm2 5 mm 1.4301 EN 10088-3 0,2 500 N/mm2

Ties are produced by using automatic resistance welding and are cut mechanicallyto length.The bar is ribbed bar which has the manufacturers markings 6 + 6 + 2. The mark isrepeated every half a meter. Each pile of ties is marked with the SFS-mark, theemblem of Terspeikko Oy, the type of the product and year and a week ofmanufacturing.PD and PT ties have yellow paint marks at both ends of external bar. PDR and PTRties have yellow paint marks at both ends of the external bar as well as on thediagonal or on the outermost cross bar.

Length 10 mmWidth 5 mmDiagonal or cross bar distance 5 mmDiagonals straightness between bars 2 mm

The welding joint is tested according to SFS 1201 standard. The quality control involved in producing the steel parts conforms to the requirementsset by the Finnish Code of Building Regulations. Terspeikko Oy is under the SFS-Certification for quality control. PD diagonal ties and PT ladder ties have certifiedproduct declarations confirmed by the Concrete Association of Finland.

The welding joint between diagonal and bar

The welding joint between cross bar and bar

3. MANUFACTURING3.1 Manufacturing method and markings

3.2 Tolerances

3.3 Quality control

4.1 Welding joints

4.2 Anchoring the cross joint

4. CAPACITIES

5

Characteristic tensile capacity Fuk 7,0 kNCapacity value Fud 5,6 kN

Characteristic tensile capacity Fuk 2,0 kNCapacity value Fud 1,6 kN

The anchor depth of bars 15 mm (+ 5) 25 mm ( 5)Characteristic tensile capacity Fuk 4,7 kN 7,0 kNCapacity value Fud 3,8 kN 5,6 kN

6In load bearing wall elements the internal layer is the compressed load bearingstructure. With stiff PD ties the layers can be made to work together and thecompression capacity of the element is increased. Because the internal layer is thintherefore its stability limits its capacity.

In hung and light loaded wall elements its enough that the external layer is hungfrom the internal layer. Then there is no need for the layers to work together. You canuse either PD diagonals ties or PT ladder ties as a connecting reinforcement.

The c/c of the ties bars is selected according to insulation thickness and requiredanchoring depth. Recommended width for the tie is insulation thickness +60 mm,which means that the anchoring depth of the bar is 25 mm.

In load bearing wall elements where the layers work together the PD diagonal tiesc/c is 600 mm. You have to pay attention to the effect that openings cause. Innarrow spaces (300 600 mm) two ties are used. The layers working together inspaces below 300 mm usually cannot be used.

In the hung external layers usually the c/c of the ties is the same as the insulationwidth.

The outermost ties distance from the elements edge has to be between 100 300mm. Ties distance from upper and bottom edge has to be 200 mm. Placing theties near the element edge, will reduce element edges from bending. The smallestc/c of the ties is 100 mm.

The concrete strength of the element has to be at least K15 before removing theelement from the mold. The element is lifted up by both layers.

Distances between diagonals in PD and cross bars in PT are designed for c/c 150meshes. This way the ties never change the position of the mesh.

The designer has to take care of the concrete cover thickness. In environment classY2 the concrete cover thickness is required to be 25 mm. When using stainless steelmesh concrete cover thickness of 15 mm is enough. This makes possible for usingthin external layers.

5. DESIGN5.1 Selecting the type of tie

5.2 Positioning of the ties

5.3 Requirements for concrete and reinforcement

The quantity of the diagonals is designed according to the weight of the externallayer and depends on the amount of tension bars. Compression due to the weight ofthe external layer is transmitted by the insulation, cross bars and compressed bar ofthe diagonal.

Figure 2 Quantity of the diagonals in the PT ladder tie

The cross bars of the ladder tie transmits wind loads and stops wrapping of theexternal layer. Additional load to the cross bar is caused by the insulations elasticcompression. When using bigger than c/c 600 mm for ladder ties, the interaction ofthe insulations compression and wind load with thick concrete layers has to beconsidered.

The ties are installed into fresh concrete in turns with insulation panels. This way itcan be ensured that the proper anchoring of the tie occurs in the lower layer. Tiesare not allowed to be inserted through the insulation. Designed anchoring length(usually 25 mm) of the tie has to stay above the insulation. The insulation panel isinstalled tightly against the tie so that there is no air gap around the tie.

PD and PT ties have yellow paint marks at both ends of external bar. PDR and PTRties have yellow paint marks at both ends of the external bar as well as on thediagonal or on the outermost cross bar. Stainless steel bar is meant for the externallayer of the sandwich panel.

The erection of elements has to be done according to designs.

7

5.4 The quantity of the diagonals in PT ladder ties and c/c

6. INSTALLATION

50 60 70 80 90 100Thickness of the external layer t [mm]

2 diagonals /

3 diagonals /

50 60 70 80 90 1001000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Thickness of the external layer t [mm]

The

heig

ht o

f the

ele

men

t h [m

m]

2 diagonals /

3 diagonals /

50 60 70 80 90 100Thickness of the external layer t [mm]

Ties centre distance 600

2 diagonals /

tie1 diagonal /tie

1 diagonal /tie

1 diagonal /tie

Ties centre distance 900 Ties centre distance 1200

tie

tie

tie

tie

N-P

AIN

O, L

ah

ti 20

04

P.O.Box 104, Vipusenkatu 20, FIN-15101 LAHTI, FINLAND Tel. +358 (0)3 812 311, Sales Fax +358 (0)3 733 1134

Technical Support Fax +358 (0)3 812 3260www.peikko.com