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Photosynthesis 녹색식물, 남세균 (cyanobacteria), 조류(algae) 태양의 빛 에너지를 이용하여 CO 2 와 H 2 O를 탄수화물과 O 2 로 전환 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 빛에너지 이 반응식에서 CO 2 는 환원, H 2 O는 산화 식물과 조류: 전자공여체 (e - donor)로 H 2 O 광합성세균: 전자공여체로 수소가스(H 2 ), 황화수소(H 2 S), 암모니아(NH 3 ), 젖산 등을 사용

Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

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Page 1: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

Photosynthesis 녹색식물, 남세균 (cyanobacteria), 조류(algae)

태양의 빛 에너지를 이용하여 CO2와 H2O를 탄수화물과 O2로 전환

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

빛에너지

이 반응식에서 CO2는 환원, H2O는 산화

식물과 조류: 전자공여체 (e- donor)로 H2O 광합성세균: 전자공여체로 수소가스(H2), 황화수소(H2S), 암모니아(NH3), 젖산 등을 사용

Page 2: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

Photosynthesis

3 parts

1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소) to drive photosynthetic e-

transport

2) Photosynthetic e- transport (PET) This produce oxygen, ATP, reductant NADPH

3) CO2 assimilation Calvin cycle

CO2 Triose phosphate

ATP NADPH

녹색식물, 남세균 (cyanobacteria), 조류(algae)

Page 3: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

엽록체 (Chloroplast) 녹색식물의 광합성세포에서 빛을 흡수하고 CO2를 고정하는 세포소기관. 식물 잎은 세포당 보통 10-100개의 엽록체를 가지며 미토콘드리아보다 약 50배나 크다

Page 4: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

1. Chloroplast(엽록체) 구조

Thylakoid membrane (contain chlorophyll) - light harvesting & PET

Stroma exposed membrane

Thylakoid lumen

Appressed membrane

Stroma: carbon assimliation(calvin cycle), Nitrate reduction starch synthesis, amino acid synthesis fatty acid synthesis, some protein synthesis

Page 5: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

2 functions of thylakoid membranes

1) Large area for membrane proteins

2) Divide inside of chloroplast into 2 aqueous compartments: stroma, thylakoid lumen

Page 6: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

2. Light harvesting

Chl. a, b and carotenoid pigments in thylakoid absorb light energy for PET

A) Excitation & deexcitation (light = stream of photons) When chlorophyll molecule absorb a photon, it is excited to a higher energy state → alter distribution of electrons

Chl (ground state) = stable

Chl * (excited state) = unstable

photon Amount of energy carried by photon

Page 7: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

Structure of 색소분자 (chl. a & b and carotenoid)

엽록소 a

엽록소 b

베타 카로틴

Page 8: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

3 fates of excited chlorophyll

1) Fluorescence

chl

Chl *

Fluorescent light의 일부로서 방출, 2- 5% 가능성 photon

2) Thermal conversion

chl

Chl *

Heat, 가능성 다양함 photon

3) Excitaiton transfer (No e- transferred, only excitation transfer)

chl

chl*

chl

chl* tiny heat emit, 90% 가능성

photon

Page 9: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

파장이란 빛 입자가 운동하는 파동의 길이를 말하는데요 파장이 짧을수록 큰 에너지를 가지고 있습니다. 짧은 시간 안에 많은 진동을 하기 때문이죠. 엽록체가 에너지를 생성하려면 엽록소가 전자를 이동시켜주어야 합니다. 하지만 전자를 아무때나 이동시키는것이 아니라 들뜬상태일 때 가능합니다. -들뜬상태란 원자 입자가 잠깐동안 에너지를 가지고 있는 상태입니다- 엽록소가 들뜬상태가 되기 위해서는 분자 자신이 잘 흡수하는 빛의 파장을 받아야 하지요. 반사시키는 파장이라면 분자가 받아들여 들뜬상태가 되기 위한 에너지가 되지 못하겠지요. 엽록소 a와 b는 그 파장이 400~500nm 과 600~700nm인 색의 빛을 잘 흡수합니다. 물론 엽록소 a와 b는 분자구조가 약간 다르기 때문에 잘 흡수하는 파장의 범위도 약간 다릅니다. 들뜬상태의 엽록체는 물로부터 얻은 전자를 전자전달계 내에서 차례로 이동시켜 높은에너지를 가진 NADPH 로 전달합니다. 이 NADPH는 ATP를 생성하고, 엽록체에서 생성된 ATP는 포도당을 합성하는데 쓰입니다.

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380-750nm 파장을 가진 가시광선이 광합성을 일으킨다. 빛 에너지는 파장이 길수록 감소한다. 짧은 파장인 감마선은 높은 에너지를 가진다

에너지 (E) = h(플랑크상수) x v (빛의 진동수) = h x (c/λ) c: 빛의 속도 (진공속에서 2.998 x 108m .S-1) λ: 파장 즉, 에너지는 파장에 반비례

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식물에게는 반응중심색소인엽록소a가있습니다 주로 청색광이나 적색광을 많이 흡수하죠 그래서 주로 녹색파장을 반사하기때문에 우리눈에 녹색으로 보이는겁니다 하지만 녹색파장을 전혀 흡수를 안하는것이 아닙니다 엽록소a,b외에 카로티노이드계라는 색소가 있는데 이들색소는 녹색파장도 약간 흡수하여 반응중심색소인 엽록소a로보내게 되있죠 그래서 녹색광을 비추신다면 식물의 광합성이 이루어지기는 하지만 그양이 그 식물의 호흡량에 비해 더 적기때문에 말라 죽게 됩니다 왠만하면 적색광이나 청색광을 비추면 도움이 될듯하네요 하나더 상식차원에서 말씀드리자면 고랭지 농업에서 채소가 크고 맛있는 이유는 낮은 온도에서는 호흡량이 줄기때문입니다 온도에 영향을 많이 받기 때문이죠 그리고 상대적으로 광합성량이 더 많기 때문에 호흡에 쓰이는 포도당이 줄고 광합성에 의해 생성되는 포도당 또는 양분이 줄기 때문에 오히려 생산이 더 많아서 야채들이 더욱 커지고 맛있는 거랍니다

Page 12: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

less

more

car

Car *

chl b

chl b *

chl a

chl a *

P-680 or P-700

P-680 * or P-700

P-680 or P-700*

little bit heat loss

(requires less energy to be excited. absorb less energetic wavelength)

energy

Relative energy level of car, chl b, chl a and P-680/P-700

Page 13: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

2 important points

1) Reaction center requires least energy to be excited. can not excite anything else 2) Excited reaction center loses an electron and start PET

Page 14: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

3. Photosynthetic e- transport (PET)

Occurs in & on thylakoid membranes Reduces NADP+ → NADPH

Performed by 3 large protein complexs (PSII, cyt.b6-f complex, and PSI) and 3 small, mobile, e- carriers (plastoquinone, plastocyanin, and ferredoxin)

참고: PSII = photosystem II plastoquinone = PQ plastocyanine = PC ferredoxin = Fd

Page 15: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

3 large protein complexes

1) Photosystem II - has light harvesting antenna - oxidizes H2O, yielding O2

- reduces PQ 2) Cyt b6-f complex - no chlorophyll, oxidizes PQ, reduces plastocyanin(PC) 3) Photosystem I - has light harvesting antenna - oxidizes PC - reduces ferredoxin(Fd)

Page 16: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)
Page 17: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

OEC

OEC: oxygen evolving complex

4 e-

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4. Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction Cycle (PCR) = Calvin cycle = dark reaction

- consumes 95% of ATP and NADPH made in light reaction - contained in chloroplast stroma - present in all PS eukaryotes and most PS prokaryotes - predates PSII and O2 atmosphere of earth

PCR cycle has 3 basic steps A) carboxylation step B) reduction of 3-PGA C) regeneration of RuBP

Page 19: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

A) carboxylation

CO2 “fixed” into an organic molecule

Ribulose 1.5-biphosphate (RuBP) 5 Carbons

2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)

CO2

Rubisco

RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase = Rubisco - world’s most abundant enzyme - 40% of soluble protein in leaves

Page 20: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

B) Reduction of 3-PGA

- uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions - makes triose phosphate for use in many synthesis

exported from chloroplast for sucrose synthesis or retained in chloroplast for starch synthesis, or fatty acid synthesis, RuBP synthesis

RuBP (5C)

CO2

Rubisco 3 PGA (3C)

1.3-bis PGA

DHAP (dihydroxy Acetone phosphate)

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

RuP (5C) Ribulose-5- phosphate

ATP

ADP

NADPH

NADP+

ADP

ATP

Pi

many steps

Reduction of 3-PGA

Regeneration of RuBP

Page 21: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

C) Regeneration of RuBP

- makes substrate for carboxylation step - uses ATP from light reaction

Page 22: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

식물의 호흡 1)≈ 미토콘드리아 호흡 빛이 없는 어둠속에서 식물은 기질 (포도당)을 CO2로 산화하고 O2를 환원하는 호흡 2) 광호흡 O2를 사용하여 CO2 생성 (질문: 광호흡은 왜 일어나는가 ?)

Page 23: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

5. Photorespiration = 1) oxygenation + 2) processing of 2-PG

In atmosphere, O2 21%, CO2 0.035% Therefore, O2 react with Rubisco every 4th reaction (광호흡이 일어나는 이유)

RuBP 3 PGA (3carbon) + 2-phospho-glycolate = 2-PG (2carbon)

Rubisco

2-PG can not be made directly into sucrose, starch, or RuBP

(Photorespiration: O2 enter and CO2 out, so called photorespiration)

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1) oxygenation

Rubisco prefers CO2 but [O2] is 600 times greater

a) [CO2] affects oxygenation - at 0.035% CO2, 25˚C, 1 oxygenation/3carboxylation - at 1% CO2, 25˚C, no oxygenation b) Temperature affects oxygenation: temp increase → oxygenation increase 2 reasons 1) solubility of CO2 in water decreases more with rising Temp. than O2 solubility 2) As temp. increases, Rubisco affinity for O2 increases

Page 25: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

2) Processing of 2-PG

Processing of 2-PG occurs in 3 organells

3 organells: chloroplast peroxisome mitochondria

Page 26: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)
Page 27: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)
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6. C4 photosynthesis

C4 plants avoid phtorespiration by maintaining high CO2

near Rubisco. Product of first carboxylation is (4C) malate rather than (3C) 3-PGA

C4 plants: corn, millet, sugarcane, sorghum, Bermuda grass, some panicum, atriplex, etc

Page 29: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)

C4 식물은 4탄당(C4) 화합물이 관여하는 추가적인 경로(C4회로)를 이용해 CO2가 부족한 환경에서도 광합성의 암반응(광비의존성반응)을 계속할 수 있는 식물을 말한다. 4탄당인 옥살산이 최초의 탄소고정산물이기 때문에 "C4"경로 라는 이름이 붙여졌으며 1966년에 2명의 호주 과학자들 (Hatch& Slack)이 밝혀내었기 때문에 Hatch-Slack 경로라고도 불린다. 캘빈회로(C3회로)의 Rubisco보다 CO2를 효율적으로 고정하는 C4 식물의 탄소고정회로는 CO2의 최초 고정 산물이 4탄당(C4)인 데서 이름이 유래되었다. 대부분의 열대 혹은 아열대성 식물이 이 무리에 속한다. CO2는 공기 중에 아주 적은 비율(0.3%)로 존재하기 때문에, CO2가 부족한 상태가 되면 캘빈회로에 있는 CO2 고정효소인 Rubisco는 더 이상 탄소 고정을 하지 못하고 광호흡을 하게 된다. 반면에 C4식물은 Rubisco보다 강력한 CO2고정효소인 PEP carboxylase(Phosphoenolryruvate carboxylase)를 이용해 탄소 고정을 계속할 수 있다.

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2 photosynthetic cell types

xylem phloem

C4 leaf

Mesophyll cell

Bundle sheath cell

Mesophyll cell Bundle sheath cell No Rubisco Rubisco present

CO2 fixed into malate by PEPCase PSI makes ATP by cyclic photosynthesis

참고: PEPCase = phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

Page 32: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)
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즉, mesophyll cell에서 CO2가 3탄당인 PEP(phosphoenolpyruvate)와 CO2(1carbon)가 PEPCase에 의해서 malate(4carbon)가 생성된다. Malate는 bundle sheath cell로 transfer되어 CO2(1carbon)와 Pyruvate(3carbon)로 나뉜다. Bundle sheath cell에서의 CO2는 Bundle sheath cell에는 Rubisco가 존재하므로 Rubisco에 의해 RuBP와 carboxylation되어 3탄당인 3-PGA 2 개를 생성한다.

해 설:

Page 35: Photosynthesiscontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/gangwon/jujinho/11.pdf · 2016-09-09 · Photosynthesis 3 parts 1) Light harvesting Collection of light by chlorophyll (엽록소)
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B) The light harvesting antenna

Chl. & carotenoid arranged on large proteins for efficient excitation transfer to reaction center, which start PET

Car. Absorbs 470 nm

Chlorophyll b absorbs 650 nm

Chlorophyll a absorbs 670 nm

Blue-green

Red

Deep red

Reaction center

P-680 in PSII P-700 in PSI

300 chl/ Reaction center