Phat Hoc Khai Luan - HT Chon Thien

8/3/2019 Phat Hoc Khai Luan - HT Chon Thien

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Vin Nghin Cu Pht Hc Vit Nam

Pht Hc Khi LunHT.Chn Thin In Ln Th Hai - 1997

Ngunhttp://thuvienhoasen.org

Chuyn sang ebook 21-7-2009Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc Lc

Lc s c Phtc Pht trong Nam Tng v Bc Tngc tng v c tnh ca Th TnTu Gic ca Th TnPht - Nit-bn - Thnh oCc Tinh Thn Gio Dc ca Th Tn vs Lin H gia Ngi vi cc hng T, Ch Thin,c Ma v Ngoi o.Duyn Khi v V NgDuyn Khi v V NgNg un v V ng

T Thnh T Thnh Nhn QuNghip v Nghip boLun hi (Samsara)Su Gii - Mi Hai X - Mi Tm GiiGii hcBt thnh oTht gic chiNg cn v Ng lcT tc

T Chnh CnT Nim XT Nim XChnh v T Php - Thin v Bt Thin -Thuyt Php v Nghe Php -Sng theo Php v Hnh theo Phpi sng ca ch tngi sng ca ch tng
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Buoc%20Dau%20Hoc%20Phat/So%20Do%20Hoc%20Phat/Phat%20Hoc%20Pho%20Thong%20-%20HT%20Thich%20Huyen%20Vi/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Buoc%20Dau%20Hoc%20Phat/So%20Do%20Hoc%20Phat/Phat%20Hoc%20Pho%20Thong%20-%20HT%20Thich%20Huyen%20Vi/


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Lin h gia Ch Tng v C SLin h gia Ch Tng v C SQu v Sa-mnNg Minh

Chng MtChng Mt - Pht Bo

Tit I

Lc s c Pht

Nhn Xt V S Liu.

C rt nhiu s liu ghi li khc nhau v ngy, thng, nm lin h n cc skin lch s c Pht. Cc nh hc gi Pht gio v cc nh nghin cu Phthc nu nhiu l do v s sai bit . Chng hn, Lng Khi Siu trongtp "Pht hc Nghin cu Thp bt thin" cho rng: "V ngi n xemthng lch s, v li, quan nim thi gian ca h rt m h, nn nhng schv n ng i vi nin i sanh dit ca c Pht khng mt sch no chpr rng, minh xc" (1). V iu ny, khng hn l ngi n khng c quannim r rng v thi gian, hay khng c quan nim lch s r rng. Lch scho thy ngi n c quan nim lch s sm nht, c bit l Pht gio.

Chng ta c th nhn thy nhiu s liu qua nm Nikyas v bn A-hm(Agamas), qua bia k ca vua A-dc (Asoka), trong Thin Kin Lut, T-b-sa, A-t-t-ma v.v...

Ngi vit ngh rng s sai khc v cc nin i lch s c Pht c th ldo cc l do n gin sau y:

- Lch ghi ca cc nc thi xa khc nhau, v cc lch ghi y li khc hnvi Ty lch m th gii hm nay ang dng, n cng khc hn vi m lchca Trung Hoa.

- Thi c Pht ti th, gm c k kit tp u tin, cc v tu s thiu iukin ghi chp, ch trng tuyn. Khi trng tuyn, cc v t thng nh rni dung gio l gii thot m kh nh ng ngay, thng ca cc s kin lchs, hoc khng ch ghi li cc ngy, thng y... Cng c th cc s liughi li ng cc ngy, thng lch s, nhng tri qua cc thay i, chin tranh,


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cc th k truyn tha v.v... cc s liu y b tht lc, hoc b ghi chp sailm.

- C khi do s tranh chp nh hung gia cc hc phi m ngy, thng, nmra i ca ng Gio ch hay ca h t tng b sa li khc i, nh trnghp cnh tranh nh hng Pht, Lo, Khng Trung Hoa.

- Cng c th c cc ti liu gi do ngoi o nh tro vo cc ti liu lchs ca Pht gio phc v ca ngoi gio.

- Cng c th do cc l do x hi, chnh tr ca cc thi i, ti liu b ghi lilch i, hoc do s ghi chp ch quan v b gii hn ca ngi bin kho.

- Cng c th s liu c ghi li v c iu chnh theo quan nim ca bphi.

Qua mt s l do va nu, chng ta khng phi qu bn tm n s chnhxc ca mt s s kin lch s v cc ngy, thng, lch s ca c Pht. iung ghi nhn nht l hu ht cc s liu, gm bia k ca vua A-dc, uxc nhn c Pht l mt nhn vt lch s, ch khng phi l mt nhn vtthn thoi, d c nhn di ci nhn ca Bc tng hay Nam tng.

y, ngi vit lc s c Th Tn da trn kinh tng Nikya, kinh tngA-hm (Agama), bia k ca vua A-dc, ti liu ca k i hi Tng Hi

Pht gio Th gii hp ln II ti Tokyo nm 1952, vi s tham kho thm tiliu Pht gio ca Edward J. Thomas (tc gi cun "The Life of Buddha asLegend and History", "Buddhist Thought", "Early Budhist Scriptures") vca Kimura Taiken (tc gi ca b "Lch s T tng Nguyn Thy, Tiutha v i tha").

B Tt Trc Khi Nhp Thai.

Nam tng v Bc tng nhn khc nhau v c Pht, Thng ta b v ichng b cng nhn khc nhau v Ngi.

Bc tng cho rng c Pht thnh Pht t lu, kipy n ch l th hin.Nam tng th cho rng kip ny ca Th Tn l kip cui cng thnh Pht;kip trc y, Ngi l B Tt cung tri u-sut (Tusita) -- ci tri th ttrong su ci tri Dc gii (T thin vng, Tam thp tam, D-ma, u-sut. Ha lc v Tha ha t ti). Ci ny c bn ngn tui th, tng ngvi nm trm by mi su triu nm ca con ngi trn tri t (theo kinh


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i Bn, Trng B kinh III; kinh Hi Hu V Tng Hu Php, Trung B III;V Tng Hu Php, Trung A-hm, s 32 i I, 469c; v Kinh Tp, Tiu Bkinh).

Quan nim ca Bc tng th tng t vi quan nim tn gio ca phn lncc tn gio khc, thng c khuynh hng siu thc, Thnh ha v Gioch.

Thng ta b th nhn c Pht mt cch hin thc hn, i st vi cc skin lch s. Nhng c hai Nam v Bc tng, u xc nhn: trc khi thnhPht, Th Tn c gi l mt B Tt u-sut.

Cch nay chn mi mt kip (1 kip "kappa, kalpa": bng i sng ca mtth gii, bng mt ngy m ca ci tri Phm thin, bng bn ngn ba trm

hai mi triu nm tri t: theo T in Sanskrit ca Amarasimhakosa),Th Tn T-b-thi (Vipassi) ra i. Cch nay ba mi mt kip, Th TnThi-kh (Sikhi), T-x-ph (Vessasbh), Cu-lu-tn (Kakusandha), Cu-na-hm (Kongamana) v Th tn Ca-dip (Kassapa) ra i. (Theo kinhi Bn v V Tng Hu Php, nh va trch dn trn).

u-sut, Th Tn lun lun an tr trong chnh nim tnh gic. Mt ln,mt s ch Thin u-sut v ch Thin cc ci Sc gii, "cc v Tritrc y c Th Tn T-b-thi gio ha - thut li cho B Tt nghe vcc s kin ch Th Tn trc y ra i v thnh cu B Tt xung trn

ha chng sinh". Nay l thi im ca c Th Tn.

B Tt Vo Thai M.

(Theo kinh Hi Hu V Tng Hu Php; V Tng Hu Php...)

Khi ht tui th u-sut, B tt chnh nim tnh gic i vo thai m,Hong hu Ma-da (Myadevi) kinh thnh Ca-t-la-v (Kapilavatthu, Skt.Kapilavastu).

By gi mt ho quang k diu, thng xa ho quang ch Thin, thng xa nhsng mt tri, soi sng khp cc ci, khp n nhng ni ti tm m nhsng mt tri khng th soi thu, mi nghn th gii rung ng, chn ngmnh B tt trong thai m nh trong chic hp kim cng trong sng, c

bn Thin t canh gc bn gc tri, khng cho loi Ngi hay khc loiNgi xc phm n thai nhi v Hong hu.


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Trong lc mang thai, ngi m hng y nm dc cng c (sc, thanh,hng, v, xc) v thy r thai nhi nh thy r vin ngc trong lng bntay, vi y cc b phn ca c th, rt hon m. Thi gian mang thai lmi thng. Trong thi gian ny, tm ngi m thng hoan h, khng khiln dc vi bt c ngi khc phi no.

Ngy n Sanh.

(Theo kinh i Bn; V Tng Hu Php...)

Theo truyn thuyt Pht gio, m ca B tt ng m sanh. Hong hu Ma-da sanh Hong t ni ci hoa V-u, khi ang thng hoa vn NgLm-t-ni (Lumbini). Khi ra khi lng m, Thi t oai nghim nh mtPhp s ang bc xung Php ta, sng chi nh mt vin hng ngc,

thanh tnh, khng dnh mt cht d no t lng ngi m, chn Thi tkhng chm t, c bn Thin t (ri chuyn qua tay con ngi), tThi t trc Hong hu v tha: "Hong hu hy hoan h. Hong hu vasanh mt v nhn". T h khng c mt dng nc m v mt dng ncmt tm gi cho Thi T v Hong hu. Thi t ng vng chn, mt hngv phng Bc, buc i by bc (y l by bc i truyn thng ca chPht), c lng trng che, nhn khp mi phng, ri ct ting ni vi gingm nh ting chim Ca-lng-tn-gi (sng Hi-m), va trm hng nhting Ngu vng, rng: "Ta l bc Ti thng i. Ta l bc Tn knh i. Nay l i sng cui cng, khng cn sanh li na".

Truyn thng kinh Bc tng v A-hm (Kinh i Bn Duyn) cho rng Thit sanh ra t hng bn hu ca Hong hu, bc i hay bc, tay ch tri,tay ch t m ni rng: "Trn tri v di t ch c Ta l hn c".

By gi, mt ho quang k diu... chiu khp mi nghn th gii, cc thgii u chn ng, rung ng.

i hi Pht gio Th gii hp k II ti Tokyo (Nht Bn), 1952, ghi ngyPht n sinh l ngy trng trn thng Vesaskha ca n , nm 624 trc

Ty lch. Ngy, thng, nm ny da vo truyn thng ca Pht gio TchLan. Theo , Pht lch tnh t nm c Pht nhp Nit bn, nm 544 trcTy lch.

Theo Edward J. Thomas trong cun "The life of Buddha as Legend andHistory", n hnh London nm 1956, th ngy n sanh vo nm 563


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trc Ty Lch. Cch tnh ny da vo bia k ca triu i cc vua x Ma-kit-, vua A-dc v Chandagupta, lin h n s kin lch s ca c Pht.

Theo ti liu ca Lng Khi Siu, trong tp "Pht hc Nghin cu Thp btthin", dn chng t "Thin Kin Lut" th Pht nhp Nit Bn vo nm th35 vua Kinh Vng nh Chu, hay l nhm i Ai Cng nm th 7 nc L,tc trc Ty Lch 485 nm; lin sau khi Pht nhp Nit bn, Tn gi u-

ba-ly (Upli) kit tp Lut tng, lp nn b Thin Kin Lut. Mi nm, vongy T t, b lut c dng hng cng dng v ghi vo pha sau mtim (chm). B lut ny c truyn tha lin tc. Ngi Tng-gi-bt--la(Sanghabhadra) em b Lut sang Trung quc vo i T, nm 489 Ty lchv dch ra Hn vn ti cha Trc Lm, Qung Chu. Ngy T t nm y ghin im th 967 (Da vo y xc nh nm Pht nhp Nit bn).

Thn Th Hong T.(Theo Kinh i Bn; Kinh Tp - Sutta Nipatta; bia k ca vua A-Dc; v tiliu Edward J. Thomas).

Thi t tn l Tt t a (Siddhattha, Skt. Siddhar-tha), thn ph l vua TnhPhn (Suddhodana) v thn mu l Hong hu Ma-da (My), dng diThch Ca (Sakya, Skt. Skya), giai cp St--li (Khattya, Skt. Kastriya), kinh Ca-t-la-v (Kapilavatthu, Skt. Kapilavastu) thuc x Nepal Therai,ng Bc n .

Di mu ca Thi t l Ma-ha-ba-x-ba- (Mahpajapati) em rut caHong hu Ma-da, con gi ca vua Anjana, dng h Koliya.

By ngy sau khi n sanh, hong hu Ma-da thc sinh v cung tri u-sut. B Ma-ha-ba-x-ba- nui dng Hong t v sau k v vua TnhPhn.

Tng Mo Ca Hong T

(Kinh i Bn, Kinh Tp, Tiu B Kinh).

Lin sau ngy n sanh, vua Tnh Phn cho mi cc Ba-la-mn n xemtng Thi t. Cc B-la-mn tu rng: "Thi t c ba mi hai tngtt, l mt bc v nhn. Ai c ba mi hai tng qu s s l mt Chuynlun Thnh vng nu sng ti gia; s l mt A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gicnu xut gia". Ring o s A-t- (Asita) ngi tu ni Hi-m, vn


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c nghe li ch Thin Tam thp tam bn tn v Thi t rng Ngi s lbc Chnh ng Gic, qu quyt ni rng "Thi t nht nh s xut gia,nht nh s thnh Pht v chuyn bnh xe Php".

Ba mi hai tng qu ca Thi t gm c:

1. Lng bn chn bng phng.2. Gt chn thon.3. Ngn tay, ngn chn thon di.4. Tay, chn mm mi.4. Chn c mn da li.6. Mt c trn nh con s.7. ng chn nh chn con d rng.8. Tay di n u gi.

9. Tng m m tng.10. Da trn mt, bi khng th no dnh.11. Mi l chn lng c mt lng mc.12. Mu da nh ng, mu sc nh vng.13. Lng mc xoy trn v pha bn phi, mu xanh m nh thuc bi mt.

14. Thn hnh cao thng.15. By ch trn y.16. Na mnh trc thn s t.17. Khng c lm khuyt gia hai vai.

18. Thn cn i nh cy bng (Nigrodha), b cao ca thn bng b di cahai si tay dang rng.19. Na thn trn vung trn.20. V gic ht sc bn nhy.21. Quai hm s t.22. C bn mi rng.23. Rng khng khuyt h.24. Rng trn lng.25. Rng u n.

26. Li rng v di.27. Ging ni m nh ting chim Ca-lng-tn-gi28. i mt mu xanh m.29. C lng mi nh con b ci.30. C mt si lng trng mn gia hai lng my.31. Hai lng bn chn c hai hnh bnh xe vi mt ngn tm xe.32. C nhc k trn u.


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Mt s ti liu khc cn k thm tm mi v p ph na.

i Sng V Gio Dc Ca Thi T

(Theo cc Kinh i Bn, Trng B Kinh III; Kinh Thnh Cu, Trung B

Kinh I; i Kinh Saccaka, Trung B Kinh I; Nidnakatth, Tiu B Kinh;Kinh La-ma, A-hm; i I 775C).

Thu nh, Thi t c vua Tnh Phn v Di mu cng chiu, chm sc vgio dc rt hon m, c mi ngi yu v. Cc danh s T-sa-mt-a-la(Visvmistra) dy Thi t v vn; San---b (Ksantidiva) dy v v k tnm by tui. Khng bao lu sau Thi t tinh thng vn v.

Ngoi ti nng li lc, Thi t c cc bc thy v mi ngi qu knh vc hnh v tnh ngi.

Trong mt bui l Xung rung (h in) do nh vua ch tr, gia lc cc thn mi m xem l, Thi t, by gi cn nh, mt mnh ngi kit gi di cicy Gioi (Rose-apple) v chng nhp S thin. Khi vua cha tr li thy dngdp trm t, tnh mc ca Thi t y o kh, phi kinh ngc tht ln:"i, con thn yu! y l ln th hai cha nghing mnh trc con" (Ln thnht vo lc n sanh).

Ln ln, Thi t Tt-t-a lun lun l v trm t v cuc sng. Vua Tnh

Phn lo lng, cho xy ct ba ta nh hp vi ba ma kh hu, v truyn choThi t hng th sung mn nm th dc lc. Nhng hnh phc trn giankhng lm khuy kho c u t ca ngi xut th, Thi t vn mi ngyxch li gn vi quyt nh xut gia. Nh vua li vi ci Cng cha nclng ging Da-du--la (Yasodhra), mt trang tuyt sc, cho Thi t vi hyvng hng sc tnh yu ca nng s buc chn Thi t.

C nhng ln ra khi bn ca thnh, do chi vn Ng, chng kin cccnh sanh, gi, bnh, cht, lng Thi t tr nn u bun, dao ng n cc.

Mt hm, ni chuyn vi mt o s sng i ly dc, Thi t thy thonghin ng sau mu ngi thanh thot ny mt con ng gii thot.

By gi, Thi t va hai mi chn tui, b Da-du--la va mi mang thai(c ti liu chp by gi b sanh Rhula). Thi t nht quyt t b cungvng vo rng xanh tm o.


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Qung ng Tu Hnh Ca Thi T.

(Theo Kinh Thnh Cu, Trung B Kinh I; i Kinh Saccaka; Kinh La-Ma;i I. 775C; Kinh S T Hng, i I, Trung B I; Kinh Kh m, A-hm,i I. 584-C; bia k ca vua A-dc; v ti liu Kimura Taiken).

Nhn thy r tng v thng v kh au ang ba xung quanh cuc sng,m rm thng hai m lch, Thi t ln nga Kin-trc (Kanthaka) cng vingi hu cn trung thnh Xa-nc (Chandaka) vt hong thnh vo Hy-m li ng sau cuc sng thng yu v vng v.

Di chn ni Tuyt, Thi t li mt ln na t gi Xa-nc thn thng vKin-trc trn qu (S chp, v sau Kin-trc b n m cht). ng trc

Ngi l rng xanh, ng sau Ngi l sanh t.

Thi t tm n hc o vi A-a-la Gi-a-na (Alra Klma), mt o s chng c V s hu x nh. Khng bao lu, Ngi chng c nhng gm Alra chng c. Bit rng y khng phi l ch gii thot, Ngi tgi Alra n hc o vi u- Gi-la-ma T (Uddaka Rmaputta), v os chng c Phi tng phi phi tng x nh. Ch trong mt thi gianngn, Ngi chng c nhng g m Uddaka chng c. Li bit rng yvn cn trong vng sanh t, Ngi li ra i, chng cn ai theo hc ona. Ngi cng vi nm anh em Tn gi Kiu-trn-nh (Kodanna) tu khhnh su nm. Ngi tr thnh o s nht kh hnh, nht bn u,

nht ym ly, v nht c c Thin nh. Cho n khi thn ch cn da bcxng, Ngi nhn ra rng y ch l mt ng ng tu lm ln; ri mt mnhmt bng ra i.

Trong thi gian kh hnh, c ba t tng c bit cha tng c trc y khi ln trong tm Ngi.

- Nh vi mt khc cy xanh, y nha sng, trong nc th s khngnhm ln la c. Cng vy, vi lng y dc vng, tham i, ngi tu skhng chng c Chnh ng Gic.

- Nh vi khc cy xanh y, sau khi vt ra khi nc, s khng nhm lnc la. Cng vy, vi lng y tham i, nhit no, ngi tu s khng in chng ng V thng B ?

- Nh vi khc cy kh, c ly ra khi nc, v c trn mt ch tkh, vi lm la, ngi ta c th nhm ln c la. Cng vy, vi lng


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x ly dc i, tham i, ngi tu c th chng c A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gic(2).

Ngi bt u dn ht n lc vo vic tu tp Thin nh, dng tm ch ngtm. N lc tu tp qu mc, thn Ngi b au n v tm Ngi dao ng.

Ngi tp nn th n thi gian lu nht c th nn c, li cng nghe aun bt an. N lc nn th thm nhiu ln na, Ngi vn khng thy cnh sng gii thot. Bng nhin, trong mt thong, Ngi nh li kinh nghimvo S thin trong dp l Xung rung (H in), lng y hn hoan, Ngitin rng y l ng vo Chnh gic.

Ngi i n nc Ma-kit- (Magadha) t lc u-lu-tn-loa (Uruvel), nic mt khm rng xinh p, c con sng trong tro, m chy gn, c lngmc rt d kht thc. Ngi dng chn v chn y lm c im tm o sau

cng.Ngi gi chnh nim, tnh gic hnh Thin, ly dc v ln lt vo T scnh, hng tm n Tam minh, Ngi thy r l Duyn khi, kho tc thun chiu, bit rng:

Do ci ny c mt, ci kia c mt; Do ci ny sanh, ci kia sanh;Do v minh c hnh, do hnh c thc v.v...Ngi thy r nguyn nhn ca kh au: chnh s tp khi ca Mi hai nhn

duyn l tp khi ca ton b kh un. canh mt ny, Ngi chng Tcmnh thng (Tc mnh minh) thy r v lng kip qu kh ca mnh (Tthn).

Sang canh hai, Ngi chng Thin nhn thng (Thin nhn minh), thy r vlng kip qu kh ca chng sanh, vi cc nghip nhn v nghip qu, vthy r con ng th nghip ca chng sanh.

Qua canh ba, Ngi tc nghch chiu Duyn khi:

Do ci ny khng c, ci kia khng c;Do ci ny dit, ci kia dit;Do v minh dit nn hnh dit v.v...Ngi nh tht thy kh au, nguyn nhn ca kh au, s on tn kh auv con ng a n on tn kh au. canh ny, Ngi chng Lu tnthng (Lu tn minh), bit rng y ra i sng cui cng, khng cn tisanh na - u canh mt, khi vo Thin nh lc l khi Ngi chng rt


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ro Thin nh thng, Tha tm thng v Thn tc thng. Nh th canh ba,Ngi chng Lc thng.

n canh nm, Ngi tc thun v nghch chiu. Duyn khi, thy r:

Do ci ny c, ci kia c;Do ci ny sanh, ci kia sanh;Do ci ny khng c, ci kia khng c;Do ci ny dit, ci kia dit.

ng lc sao mai mc, Ngi chng c V thng Chnh ng Gic. Ngil v A-la-hn Chnh ng Gic u tin trong hin kip. V sau, Ngi cxng tn l Th Tn, y mi danh hiu: Nh Lai, ng Cng, ChnhBin Tri, Minh Hnh tc, Thin Th, Th Gian Gii, V Thng S iu

Ng Trng Phu, Thin Nhn S, Pht, Th Tn.

Con ng Gio Ha.

c Th Tn phn vn trc con ng gio ha: Gio l gii thot th tnh, thm su, ly dc, v ng, i ngc vi tp qun ham mun v suy tchp ng ca con ngi, lm sao con ngi chp nhn gio l y?

Gia lc y, Phm thin Sahampati xut hin thnh cu Th Tn cu th,chuyn bnh xe Php v hnh phc cho ch Thin v loi Ngi. Ri hnhnh h sen trc mt, c nhng cng sen vn ra khi mt nc, c nhng

cng lng chng, c nhng cng su trong lng nc v.v... gi ln trongTh Tn hnh nh cn c bt ng ca con ngi: C nhng cn c thp nhnhng cnh sen y h, nhng cn c trung bnh nh nhng cnh sen lng chng nc, cng c nhng cn c cao c th tip nhn gio l giithot ca Ngi, nh nhng cnh sen nh ra khi mt nc c th tip thunh sng mt tri. Th Tn lin quyt nh ln ng chuyn vn bnh xePhp.

Ngi dng tu nhn qun st ai s l ngi c c duyn c trc. Ngingh n hai v thy c, Alra v Uddaka. Hai ngi thc sanh. Tip n

Ngi ngh n nm ngi bn cng tu kh hnh, thy h ang tr vnNai (Lc Uyn), Banares (Bransi). Ngi lin i b n y. Ti y, biphp u tin v T c ging gi l "S Chuyn Php Lun". Nghexong, Tn gi Kiu-trn-nh (Kodanna) chng c Tu--hon. Th Tn thunhn nm Tn gi lm cc t u tin.


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* Ln u tin, Ngi Tam Bo c hnh thnh, khi u ca Gio hiPht gio.

Th Tn ging tip V ng, rng Nm un l v thng, nu ai thot khitham i, th s ra khi ti sinh, c gii thot. Nm Tn gi: Kiu-trn-nh(Kodanna) B-ph (Vappa), B- (Bhaddhiya), Ma-ha-nam (Mahnma) vThuyt Th (Assaji) ln lt chng c A-la-hn.

Th Tn tip Da-x (Yasa) Benares vi bn ngi khc na, tt c uc A-la-hn. Th l, ti Benares, Gio hi c hnh thnh gm mi mtv A-la-hn (k c Th Tn).

Sau khi dy mi v A-la-hn u tin mi v i v mt phong hongha, Th Tn tip tc i n u-lu-tn-loa (Uruvela) thuyt php ba anh

em Ca-dip (Kassapa) v ngt mt ngn t ca ba Ngi. y, vua Tn-b-sa-la (Bimbisra) yt kin Th Tn. Sau khi nghe Th Tn thuyt ging,nh vua hiu php, lin cung thnh Th Tn cng mt ngn v A-la-hn thtrai, ri dng cng Th Tn v ch Tng tnh x Trc Lm (Veluvana), mtkhun vin rng ln gn thnh Vng X. By gi l thng Vesakha, giathng t v thng nm dng lch, u ma kit h. Gio hi ca Th Tnan c ma ma u tin y . Hai thng tip theo ma an c, Th Tn vch Tng tr Vng X. Chnh trong thi gian ny, mt o s tu kh hnhc ngt nm trm t, trong c tn gi X-Li-Pht (Sriputta) v Mc-Kin-Lin (Moggallna), c Th Tn ha . T y, thng c mt ngn

hai trm nm mi v T-kheo thp tng Th Tn.

Tn gi X-li-pht v Mc-kin-lin vn l hai ngi bn ch thn. Trnng tm o gii thot, trc khi gp Th Tn, Tn gi X-li-pht chng c Tu--hon qu khi ln u tin nghe Tn gi Thuyt th ni tmtt gio l Duyn khi. Sau , trc Th Tn, hai Tn gi u chng cA-la-hn.

Tn gi X-li-pht l bc tr tu bc nht ca Gio hi, Tn gi Mc-kin-lin l bc thn thng nht. Do l , Th Tn chn Tn gi X-li-phtlm trng t, bc Tng qun Chnh php v chn Tn gi Mc kin linl i t th hai. T y, hai Tn gi thng thay mt Th Tn hngdn Tng chng. y l thi im nh du s pht trin mnh ca Gio hiPht gio di s lnh o ca Th Tn.

Gia ma ng nm y, Th Tn tr v Ma-kit-, Vua Tnh Phn hay tin,lin gi mt s thn v phi on gm mt ngn ngi n thnh mi Th


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Tn v thm hong triu. C phi on u xut gia. Nh vua li phi mtphi on gm mt ngn ngi khc i thnh mi. Tt c li u xut gia,khng tr v triu. Ln th ba nh vua c Ka-lu--di (Kludyi), con mti thn, l bn cng tui thi trai tr ca Thi t Tt-t-a, Ka-lu--dicng xut gia. Tt c hai ngn ngi ca hai on s gi v Ka-lu--diu chng c A-la-hn. Lin sau , Ka-lu--di bch ln Th Tn lithnh cu ca vua Tnh Phn. Th Tn nhn li, ri cng mt ngn hai trmnm mi v T-kheo ln ng ha Hong tc.

By gi, Nan- (Nanda), em trai ca Th Tn, v La-hu-la (Rhula) conca Th Tn u xut gia. Vua Tnh Phn c T--hm, di mu Ma-ha-ba-x-ba- c Tu--hon (v sau di mu cng b Da-du--la xut gia vc A-la-hn); vua Tnh Phn ti v v c A-la-hn vo lc x bo thn,ng theo truyn thng ca Pht- ghi Kinh i Bn. Cc hong thn B-

(Bhaddiya), A-nu-lu- (Anuruddha), A-nan (Ananda), B-gi(Bhagu), Bc-cu-la (Kimbila), -b-t-a (Devadatta) cng ngi thht tc ca cc hong thn, u-ba-ly (Upli), cng xin xut gia. B- tu c lin Tam minh, A-nu-lu- c Thin nhn v Tc mnh minh, A-nan c Tu--hon. u-ba-ly v sau c A-la-hn, -b-t-a c Tthin sc gii.

Tip tc cuc hnh trnh hong ha, Th Tn n X-v (Svatth) c sCp C c (Anthapindika), nhn ngi vn v Tnh x K Hon(Jetavana) do c s ny dng cng, v n c s Lc Mu (Viskh). Hai

ngi c s ny h php rt c lc, hng ngy n vn an sc khe c ThTn v lo t s cng dng (y o, thc n, thuc men v sng ta) cho chTng.

Nm th nm sau ngy Th Tn thnh o, b Ma-ba-x-ba- c ThTn nhn li, qua li khn khon thnh cu ca Tn gi A-nan, cho xut giakm theo iu kin "Bt Knh Php". Gio hi Ni ra di t y.

T y, khi Gio hi Tng v Ni thnh lp vi s Tng-Ni kh ng, nhiuqui lut tu hnh bt u c thit lp.

Theo ti liu ca Edward J. Thomas, Chng X, trong cun "The Life ofBuddha as Legend and History", th mt s vn gii lut bt u tnghnh vo nm th su sau ngy Th Tn chuyn bnh xe Php, v thnh hnhr t nm th mi sau ngy thnh o. Theo Lut tng th gii lut hn


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nhin c t ra t nm th mi ba, do Tn gi u-b-ly c trch (vn ny s c bn n phn Gii hc, chng Php Bo).

Trong gio hi Tng v Ni, Th Tn tu duyn ha mi giai cptrong x hi, khng phn bit giu ngho, nam n, sang hn, ngi c trnh vn ha cao, thp, a v v.v.:

- Tn gi X li Pht v Mc-kin-lin i biu thnh phn hc gi, tr thc.- Tn gi A-nu-lu-, A-nan... i biu cho thnh phn hong tc, vuacha.- Tn gi u-ba-ly i biu giai cp cng nhn.- Tn gi Angulimla l mt tng cp.- N tn gi Patcr l ngi bnh dn, lon tr v au kh cng (mtht cha m, em, chng v con).

- Mt c gi giai cp cng inh.- Ni c Addahakasi vn l k n, v.v... (Trng lo Ni k).Th Tn tip tc gio ha sanh cho n tm mi tui mi vo Nit bnv d y. Kinh chp, hng t ni bt ca Ngi gm c:

* V ch Tng: (Tng Chi B Kinh I, Phm Ti Thng).

- Tn gi Kiu-trn-Nh l v xut gia u tin.- Tn gi X-li-pht: Tr tu nht.- Tn gi Mc-kin-lin: Thn thng nht.

- Tn gi Ca-dip: u nht.- Tn gi u-ba-ly: Tr gii nht.- Tn gi A-nu-lu-: Thin nhn nht.- Tn gi B- (Bhaddiya): m thanh vi diu nht.- Tn gi Ph-lu-na (Punna Mantniputta): Thuyt php nht.- Tn gi Ca-chin-din (Mah Kaccana): Thuyt ging rng ri nht- Tn gi B- (Bhaddiya): Qu tc nht.- Tn gi Pindola Bhradyja: Ni php vi ting rng s t nht.- Tn gi La-hu-la: a thch hc tp nht.- Tn gi Tu-b- (Subhti): Thanh tnh v v trnh nht, c cngdng nht.- Tn gi Rdha: Bin ti nht.- Tn gi Kip-tn-na (Mah Kappina): Gio gii nht.- Tn gi Revata: c c Thin nh nht.* V ch Ni:


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- N tn gi Ma-ha-ba-x-ba-: Trng lo Ni nht (tu u tin).- Khem: Tr tu nht.- Uppalavann: Thn thng nht.- Dhammadinn: Thuyt php nht.- Nand: Tu thin nht.- Bakul: Thin nhn nht.- Bhaddakccna: i thng tr nht.- Kisagotami: nht mang th y.- Sigalkamt: Tn gii nht.- Son: Tinh cn nht.* V Nam c s:- C s Tapassubhalli: quy y u tin.- Cp C c: B th nht.- Citta: Thuyt php nht.

- Hatthaka Alavaka: Nhip phc hi chng nht.- Hatthigmaka Uggata: H tr ch Tng nht.- Ambattha: Tnh tn nht.- Nakulapit: Thn mt nht.- ...* V N c s:- Sujta (Tu-x-): Quy y u tin.- Viskh: B th nht.- Khujjutar: a vn nht.- Uttara: Tu thin nht.- Suppiy: Sn sc bnh nhn nht.- Ktiyni: Tnh tn nht.- Nakulamt: Thn mt nht.- ...Nhng Ngy Cui Cng.

(Theo kinh i Bt Nit bn. Trng B Kinh III).

Nm tm mi tui, tr nn gi yu, Th Tn quyt nh nhp Nit Bn V

d y, sau ba ln Ma vng (Mra) thnh cu, v sau ba ln Th Tn gi cho Tn gi A-nan thnh cu Th Tn tr th m Tn gi khng nhn ra ca Ngi.

Ba thng cui cng, Th Tn cng Tn gi A-nan i b t thnh Vng Xn Beluva.


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Trn ng i, trong thi gian ny, Th Tn ngn c mt chin spxy ra gia x Ma-kit- ca vua A-x-th (Ajatasattu) v x Bt-k(Vajji).

Th Tn tip tc nhng ai ng c . Du s ngoi o Subbaddha lngi sau cng c Th Tn cho xut gia, th i gii. Khng bao lu sau, Subbaddha c A-la-hn. y l v A-la-hn sau cng trc khi Th Tnnhp dit.

Mt c s khc, C s Thun- (Cunda), ngi th st, c Th Tnthuyt php khch l, dng cng Th Tn chic o kim sc (vng chi) vcng dng ba n sau cng. Trong ba n ny, ngoi mn n thng v cnc th mc nh (Skara-madde). Dng xong, Th Tn b bnh lhuyt, au n, nhng Th Tn dng nh lc nhip phc khi bnh cng

Tn gi A-nan tip tc cuc hnh trnh n Kusinra. Th Tn dy Cunda" l mt loi nm c; ch tr Nh Lai n xong mi khng b cht, hyem chn phn thc n cn li". Th Tn li dn d Tn gi A-nan hy nhtan mi hi hn c th xy ra trong lng Cunda v ba cm cng dng y,v nh tan d lun bn tan hiu lm v lng thnh cng dng ca Cunda -(Theo kinh i Bt Nit-Bn, Trng B III).

Nhng Li Dy Cui Cng.

- "Ny A-nan, Php v Lut m Ta ging dy v trnh by, sau khi Ta dit

, chnh Php v Lut y s l bc o s ca cc ng" (Ibid. tr. 154).

- "Ny A-nan, sau khi Ta dit , c th hu b nhng hc gii nh nht"(Ibid. tr. 154).

- "Ny cc T-kheo (By gi c mt nm trm v T-kheo u l Thnh huhc), v hc, nu c T-kheo no nghi ng v Pht, Php v chng Tng,o hay phng php, thi hy hi i, v sau ch c hi tic...".

Th Tn hi ba ln, nhng tt c u im lng, biu l s khng cn c nghi

ng.

- "Ny cc T-kheo, nay Nh Lai khuyn cc ng; Cc php hu vi l vthng, hy tinh tn, ch c phng dt" (Ibid. tr. 156).

Chnh y l li dy sau rt trong nhng li dy sau cng ca Nh Lai.


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Th Tn Nhp V D Y Nit-Bn.

Th Tn dy Tn gi A-nan cng i n rng Ta-la (Sl) ca dng hMall Kusinra. Ta-la t nhin tr hoa tri ma y cnh. Th Tn dydn ch nm, u hng v pha Bc, gia hai cy Ta-la song i. Th Tnnm nghing v hng bn phi, hai chn ln nhau. Sau khi dy xongnhng li dy cui cng. Th Tn nhp nh s Thin ri xut s Thin, nhThin ri xut nh Thin.... Phi tng phi phi tng ri xut Phi tng phi

phi tng, nhp Dit th tng ri xut Dit th tng nh, nhp Phi tngphi phi tng ri xut phi tng phi phi tng... nhp s Thin, xut sThin, cho n nhp t Thin, xut t Thin, Th Tn lp tc dit .

Sau khi Th Tn nhp dit, ch Thin v loi Ngi, nhng ai cha tn trtr tham i th khc than, o no; nhng ai tn tr tham i th vng tr

trong chnh nim rng: "Cc hnh l v thng, lm sao c th khc c?"L Ha Thiu X Li V Dng Thp Tn Th X Li.

Dn chng Mall Kusinr lin tc nh l, cung knh cng dng kimthn Th Tn vi cc iu ma, iu nhc, hng v hoa, ri lp nhng dnha thiu ti n Makuta Bandhana.

Kim thn ca Th Tn c hc 500 lp vi (c mt lp vi tinh, mt lpvi th), t vo mt hm u bng st, hm ny li c bc kn bi mt

hm st khc. Dn ha thiu lm bng loi g hng thm.

Dn ha thiu khng th bt la cho n khi Tn gi i Ca-dip kp vnh l di chn Th Tn. (Khi c tin Th Tn th tch th Tn gi iCa-dip ang gia chng ng t Pv n Kusinra).

Khi thiu xong, khng c thn hay tro cn li, m ch c X li. Mt dngnc t h khng v mt dng nc t cy ta-la ri tt dn ha. Dn Mallth ri tt vi cc th nc thm.

Dn Mall tn tri X-li trong ging ng, sut by ngy cung knh nhl, dng v, nhc, hng hoa cng dng.

X Li c phn chia lm tm phn cho:

1. Vua nc Maggadha.2. Dng h Licchavi Vesni (Dng St--li).


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3. Dng Thch-ca Ca-t-la-v.4. Dng ngi Puli Allakappa (Dng St--li).5. Nhng ngi Koli Rmagma (Dng St--li).6. Nhng ngi Mall Kusinra.7. Nhng ngi Mall Pv.8. B-la-mn Vethadipaka.Mi ngi thp c dng ln tn th X-li:- Tm thp tn th tm phn X-li.- Mt thp th ci bnh dng phn chia X-li.- Mt thp tn th tro X-li.S Khc Bit Gia T Tng n V Pht Gio Di Thi Th Tn.

T tng n trc thi c Pht v trong thi c Pht:

Cc nh nghin cu v t tng n thng c nhiu nhn nh khcnhau. Pht biu v s lin h gia V- v Pht gio cng th. Phi l mtcng trnh nghin cu tht cng phu mi c th c s phn bit r rng v cgi tr v nhng im d ng gia tng n v Pht gio.

Trong phn trnh by ngn gn ny, chng ti ch trng trng dn vi nhnnh tiu biu v thm vo kin ca ring mnh da vo nm Nikya v

bn Agma.

Theo Radhakrishnan v Moore, trong cun "Indian Philophy", Trit l n

chia ra lm nm giai on:

* Giai on I: T 2500 TTL n 600 TTL l giai on ca t tng V-.

* Giai on II: T 600 TTL n 200 TL l giai on t tng Anh hng ca.

* Giai on III: L giai on ca nhng th k u Ty Lch, giai on caKinh (Sutra). Giai on ny gm cc phi Trit hc:

- Nyna hay Thc ti lun l (Logical Realism).

- Vaisesika hay Thng lun, hay a nguyn thc ti lun.- Smkhya hay s lun, hay Tin ha nh nguyn lun (EvolutionaryDualism).- Yoga hay Thin nh.- Prva Mmamsa: nhng cng trnh din dch u tin v V- lin h nGii, v Uttara Mimamsa hay nhng kho cu v sau v V lin h ntri kin, cng gi l V-n- (Vedanta), ch ca V-.


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* Giai on IV: l giai on hc thut, giai on ca cc bn lun vit gii thch cc Kinh ra i.

* Giai on V: T tng n ng thi.

Giai on V- l giai on t tng ca vn ha v vn minh Aryans, tTrung truyn qua. y l giai on trit hc tu thnh Upanishads. C

bn loi V-: Xng tng ci Bit (Rig-Veda), V- v T t (Yajur-Veda); V- v Thn ch, Ca vnh (Samma-Veda), v V- do o sAtharva truyn li, c tnh cch tham bc v trin khai nghi ca ba b kia(Atharva-Veda).

T tng ch yu ca ngi n trong thi V- ny l: Chn l do Thng mc khi cho loi Ngi u mi chu k v tr (mi chu k: 4320 triu

nm trn tri t. Rig-Veda cp n rt nhiu v thn nh thn Mt tri(Srya), thn La (Aggi), thn Bu tri (Dyaus), thn Bo t (Maruts), thnGi (Vayu hay Vta), thn Nc (Apas), thn Bnh minh (Usas), thn t(Prthiv), v.v... Nhng theo Radhakrishnan v Moore (Ibid, tr. 5) khi dn nth v thn no th v thn y tr nn v Thn cha t (ng sng to v hydit v tr.) V th, V- va mang ngha a thn, va mang ngha nhtthn, c th c gi l u ng thn (Henotheism hay Kathenotheism).

n thi k th hai ca t tng n , Pht gio xut hin cng vi K-nagio (Jainism), Saivism v Vaisnavism.

Pht gio xut hin c ngha l Pht gio mang mt ni dung khc vi nidung t tng n by gi v trc .

P.D. Mehta, trong cun "Early Indian Religious Thought", nh xut bnLusac v Company Limited xut bn London nm 1956, vit rng: "Tngio c c Pht xut th rt c o, n khc bit mt cch sng stvi tt c cc tn gio ln khc. Chnh php, m khng phi l mt conngi thn thnh hay tuyt i, l sui ngun. Mc ch l v ng, s chmdt kh au, v s chng ng bt t, Nit-bn...".

(But Religion as pronounced by the Buddha is so orginal that it is startlingdifferent from all the other great religions. The Dhamma, and not a Divine

Person or Absolute, is the fountain head. The goal is selflessness, thecessation from being a source of sufffering and evil, and the realization ofthe Deathlessness of Nirvna...) (p. 186-187).


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Geogre Grimm, mt hc gi ngi c, l mt Pht t, trong phn ph lc"The Doctrine of the Buddha as the Flower of Indian Thought" ca cun"The Doctrine of the Buddha" (Bn dch ra Anh ng ca T-kheo Slcra)vit: "Gio l ca c Pht cng gi l gio l ca V ng, tng phn vigio l Ng ca V-n-a" (..."The Doctrine of the Buddha is also calledthe doctrine of not-I, anatt-vda, as contrasted with the I-doctrine, the

Att-vda, of the Vedanta") - (p. 370).

C rt nhiu kinh Nikya v Agama trnh by s khc bit r rng gia cchc thuyt n v Pht gio. Chng ti, ngi vit, ghi nhn y l quanim ring ca Thng ta b v Nht thit hu b.

Kinh Phm Vng (Brahmajla Suttam) trnh by c su mi hai lun chpca cc hc thuyt n by gi khc bit hn vi Pht gio. Trong c

mi tm lun chp v qu kh (gm bn thng tr lun, bn bn thngbn v thng lun, bn hu bin v bin lun, bn ngy bin, v hai vnhn lun), ba mi chn lun chp v tng lai (gm mi su lun chp ctng sau khi cht, tm lun chp v tng sau khi cht, tm lun chpkhng phi c tng khng phi khng c tng sau khi cht, v by ondit lun) v nm lun chp v hin ti Nit bn lun (Hn tng tngng: kinh Phm ng, A-hm).

Phm Tng ng Khng Thuyt (Avykata), Tng ng B Kinh IV, trnhby cc lun chp, cc quan im s d c mt l do s c mt ca i th, i

hu, i i, l do c chp th ng (Sc, Th, Tng, Hnh v Thc). y lim khc bit r rng gia cc hc thuyt n di thi Th Tn viPht gio. Mt ng ch trng cc thuyt lin h n Ng, mt ng chtrng ht thy cc php l V ng. Mt s cc hc gi by gi cho rng ttng V- v Pht gio gp g nhau thuyt Nghip bo (Kamma, Skt.Karma), Lun hi (Samsra) v Gii thot. Ngi vit ngh rng y ch ls ging nhau tn gi (danh t), nhng ni dung th cha ng nhng gkhc hn nhau. Ch trng v nghip bo, lun hi, nhn qu, gii thot caPht gio s c trnh by Chng Php Bo.

Kinh Phm ng (Hn tng, Trng A-hm, quyn 14) trnh by tng tv su mi hai lun chp trn v c kt lun ngay trong phm kinh nyrng "Ngoi o do chp th ng un m khi xng su mi hai lun chpy".


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Lp trng ca Nikya v Agama c th c xem nh l lp trng trungthnh vi Pht gio khi nguyn (nguyn thy) nht. y hin r imkhc bit rt l nn tng gia Pht gio v cc t tng n ng thi vtrc .

i vo hin tng x hi ca s phn bit giai cp n , im khc bit sovi Pht gio li cng d thy hn. Hin tng phn chia giai cp y c tngn nm trc n thi Th Tn v ko di cho n cn i v hin i.

Bn giai cp ca x hi n (Gm B-la-mn, St li, Ph-x v Th-)c ngun gc t kinh Rig-Veda, bn kinh xa nht ca n gio. Rig-Veda,chng X, 90, 11 ghi rng: "Ming Ngi thnh tu s B-la-mn (Brahmana),hai tay Ngi c to thnh chin s (Kshatriya), hai bp chn Ngi thnhthng nhn (Vaishya), hai bn chn Ngi thnh ti t (Shudra)".

Cc ngi giai cp khc nhau khng c ci hi nhau, khng c nchung bn, khng c cng hnh l. Giai cp cng nh Th--la c bit

b hnh h v khinh mit.

Trong khi , Pht gio ch trng bnh ng giai cp, bnh ng gia conngi c mu cng , nc mt cng mn. Quan im ny c trnh bytrong nhiu kinh ca Nikya v Agama. Chnh v im khc bit ny m cmt s B-la-mn gio cho n nay, xem Pht gio nh l th nghch, chorng chnh c Th Tn lm o ngc truyn thng n .

Ch trng bnh ng bn giai cp n l ch trng mang y tnh cchmng t tng v cch mng x hi. Ch trng ca Th Tn, cng viquan im v gio l gii thot ca Ngai, ni ln v tr c o ca Pht giotrong lch s n, cng nh trong lch s nhn loi. Cho d cc b phi Phtgio c nhn mt s nt khc bit nhau v Th Tn, iu cng khng lmthay i gi tr c o ./.

Ghi ch:

(1) Bn dch ca Nguyn Hng, Pht hc vin Nha Trang, 1957.

(2) i kinh Saccaka (Mahsaccakasuttam), Trung B I.


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Chng Mt - Pht BoTit II

c Pht trong Nam Tng v Bc Tng

Nam v Bc Tng c mt s im nhn khc nhau v Th Tn. Chnh imnhn khc nhau ny m li cho s pht trin ca Pht gio v sau v lm

phong ph thm kho tng vn hc Pht gio.

Nguyn thy, Thng ta b v i chng b ghi nhn rng, Th Tn vcc Thnh t A-la-hn u gii thot khi sanh t, nhng vn c mt sim phn bit gia Ngi v cch Thnh t y. Ngi l Gio ch duynht, l mt Th Tn duy nht trong hin kip, cn cc t ca Ngi ch c

th chng A-la-hn, thc hin con ng gii thot. Nguyn thy v Thngta b ghi s biu hin ca Th Tn nh mt nhn vt lch s, rt ngi.Kip ny l kip sau cng Ngi thnh Pht vi s n lc khm ph ca ring

Ngi. Ngi sng mt cuc sng rt gn gi con ngi v y tnh ngi,ngoi tr lng t bi v hn v tr tu ngi sng v bin ca Ngi.

Hnh nh Th Tn trong Nikya v Agama l hnh nh ca mt kht s ichn khng trong sut bn mi lm nm gio ha, rt dung d. C ln Ngii hong ha mt mnh v tr ma mt m trong chi l ca ngi th lm gm. Ti y, Ngi chuyn tr thn mt vi mt thanh nin cng vo

tr ma, du s Pukkusati, ni php, khch l gip chng chng c quBt Lai ngay ti ch (Trung b Kinh III, Kinh Gii Phn Bit).

Mt ln khc, ngi cng lm bnh nng nh cc t ca Ngai. By giNgi yu cu Tn gi Cunda ni li php Tht Gic Chi cho Ngi nghe,php h sanh khi v Ngi lnh bnh ngay (Tng Chi B Kinh IV v Tngng IV).

Nhng lc khng c th gi theo, Ngi t mnh nht l kh lm tho ta ngi. Lc trng tui, c nhiu khi nhc mi thn th, Ngi ngng ni gia

thi thuyt php v nh Tn gi X-li-pht ni tip. on, Ngi ng lngxung ngh ti ch

C nhiu ln Ngi ngi trong t th nhp nh uy nghi n ni vua tri Thch khng dm n yt kin Ngi th Php. Nhng chnh lc by gi,mt thanh nin Cn-thc-b m n t b ngi gy ti mt gc cy gn

Ngi v ht ln ting ht ca tnh yu. Ngi bt ci, tr chuyn vi


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thanh nin v hi chng do u m chng c nhng li l ni kt c tnhyu v chn l (Trng B Kinh III, Phm Thch S Vn).

Ngi t mnh i n ni chuyn vi nhng nng dn v ch hng sngtt p cho h.

Ngi khng ch ging dy gio l gii thot m cn rt quan tm n isng gia nh, x hi ca cc c s v hnh phc tng i ca h. Ngi dy thanh nin Singal v su mi tng h x hi: tng h gia cha m vcon ci, thy v tr, v v chng, ch v th (ngi gip vic), c nhn vi

b con lng ging, tu s v c s (Trng B Kinh 31).

Ngi dy c s Koliya Dghajnu (Tng Chi B Kinh, tp IV), ngimun sng vi v con, trang im v tin ca, th no sng c hnh phc

gia nh, bng nhng li l rt l thc tin nh l phi gii ngh, sing nng,gii iu hnh cng vic, bit chi thu hp l, bit u t, iu ha sc khov tm l, lm bn vi ngi thin. V hnh phc tng lai, Ngi dy vTn, Th, Gii v Tu.

Ngi cng dy vua cha, cp lnh o v bin php ci thin kinh t x hi,by iu kin lm cho mt x hi cng thnh v mi php tr thnhmt nh lnh o nhn dn tt (Tng Chi IV, Chng 7 v 10 Php). Ngi t thn ba ln cn ngn mt cuc chin xy ra gia hai dn tc Sakyas vKoliyas (Tng Chi IV, Chng By Php).

Ngi gio dc em li li ch v hnh phc ca ch Thin v loi ngi.Ngi lun lun trung thnh vi "Gio ha thn thng" (bng thn gio vkhu gio) v trnh vn dng n "Thn tc thng" hay "Tha tm thng".

Ch c Tiu B Kinh cp n nhng trng hp Ngi s dng n thnthng v ni n cc tin thn B Tt ca Ngi. C l y l ci mm caB-tt o trong Bc tng v sau.

Thi gio l thc tin v y tnh Ngi, mt ln khc, c biu hin

qua mt mu chuyn k Nikya v Agama, rt ph bin trong gii Pht t:Mt ln, mt tu s ngoi o biu din thn thng i ni trn mt nc vthch Th Tn lm nh th. Th Tn n tn hi: "ng tu luyn bao lu mic th vt qua sng vi thn thng y" -"Mt ba mi nm", Tu s ngoio tr li. -"Ta ch mt c ba xu i l qua c bn kia b," Th Tnni.


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i chng b, hnh nh ca Th Tn li c Thnh ha, siu nhn ha tkhi nhp thai cho n khi th tch. Ngi l v Pht cung tri u-sut,cn tt c nhn g xy ra trn th ch l "th hin". V vy m mi chuyn

Ngi u mang ngha tuyt i, thanh tnh, v lu. Cho n nhng li nithng thng ca Ngi cng l nhng li Php c diu lc khin cc cnhgii khc nhau u c th nghe v hiu c theo cch ca mnh. iu ny,Kimura Taiken c bn n cun "i Tha T Tng Lun" (Bn dch caThng ta Thch Qung , Tu th Vn Hnh, 1969, Si gn). Nh th,c Th Tn trong Nguyn Thy v Thng ta b c trnh by nh l"ng thn", trong i chng b c trnh by nh l va "Php thn" va"Bo thn".

Bc tng, nh Hoa Nghim, Php Hoa, v.v... c Th Tn xut hin giavng ho quang k diu, gia thn thng bin ha v cng.

Bc tng khng cho rng ch c mt c Th Tn trong hin kip, m bngn lc ca ring mnh, mi t ca Ngi c th thnh Pht trong hin ti.c Pht khng phi mi thnh Pht, m thnh Pht t v lng kiptrc, lu xa lm. trn i ny, Ngi ch th hin n sanh v Nit-bn.

Ngi khng ch thuyt php vng Trung n, m cn thuyt Php cccung tri, ci Pht. Thnh chng ca Ngi gm c mi phng ch B-tt.

D hnh nh Th Tn xut hin khc nhau di ngi bt ca cc nh Bctruyn v Nam truyn, im gp g quan trng nht gia cc b phi Pht

gio v gia cc thi k pht trin Pht gio l: Th Tn ra i ch v hnhphc cho ch Thin, loi Ngui v mi loi chng sanh, ch dy conng ra khi sanh t, kh au, cu cnh Nit bn, gii thot. Ngithuyt php gio ha i trong bn mi lm nm v ging dy nhnggio l nn tng: Duyn khi, V ng, T , Bt Thnh o, Ng un,

Nhn qu v gio l ca Ngi lun c xy dng trn Gii, nh, v Tu./.

Chng Mt - Pht BoTit III

c tng v c tnh ca Th Tn

Kinh in truyn thng ca hu ht cc b phi Pht gio u ghi c ThTn c ba mi hai tng qu ca mt bc i nhn v tm mi v p

ph. y l "Bo thn" ca Th Tn do cng c tu tp nhiu kip v trc.


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Bc tng cn "v" thm ho quang k diu xung quanh thn tng trangnghim ca Ngi.

V c tnh, kinh Phm Vng (Nikya) v kinh Phm ng (Agama) nin Gii, nh v Tu ca Th Tn. Thng thng, phm phu v ngoi oca ngi Nh Lai v Gii c: "Ngi l bc gii c thanh tnh, khng stsinh, khng ly ca khng cho, khng t hnh, khng ni di, v.v.... khngdu h, khng bi ton, khng ba ch, khng bun bn, khng lm mi giiv.v..." Th Tn cho l nhng iu nh nht. Ch c ngi tr mi bit catng Th Tn v nh c v Tu c, nh Th Tn chng c Cu nh,Lc thng, Tam minh, hon ton gii thot v ch dy r con ng i ngii thot m ngoi o khng th chng ng v gii thiu. Ch c s catng ca Th Tn mi l s ca tng chn chnh (s bn thm Tu gic caTh Tn).

Thy nh tht t thn ca kh au, nguyn nhn ca kh au, thy nh thtkh au on dit v con ng a n on dit kh au, l tr tu ca

Nh Lai. Nh c Tu gic y, hnh gi ly tham; t ly tham c gii thot; tgii thot mt tr tu sinh khi, bit rng: "Sanh tn, Phm hnh thnh,y l i sng cui cng, khng cn tr lui li cuc i ny na". Tr tuny c gi l Tri kin gii thot, hay Tu gii thot. im gii thot nyc cp n hu nh ging nhau Nikya, Agama v Bc tng qua nmdanh t: Gii, nh, Tu, Gii thot v Gii thot tri kin./.

Chng Mt - Pht Bo

Tit IV

Tu Gic ca Th Tn

Nh va cp tit III, s tn thn Th Tn mt cch chn chnh l tnthn Tu c ca Ngi. s tn thn y c ngha, ngi Pht t cn hiur v Tu gic ca Th Tn, hay tr tu ca Th Tn l g? u? Chnh sc mt ca Tu gic l s phn bit r rng gia nhng g gi l Pht giovi ngoi o. Ngoi Tu gic y, Pht gio khng cn l Pht gio, TamMinh hay Lc Thng l s phn bit u tin gia Pht gio v ngoi om ngi vit cp n.

Tam Minh (Tevijj) l: "Tc mnh minh" (Thy r v lng kip ca tthn vi tt c nghip nhn v nghip qu); "Thin nhn minh" (Thy r v


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lng kip qu kh ca chng sanh, thy r s sinh t ca chng sanh vitt c nghip nhn v nghip qu) v "Lu tn minh" (on ht lu hoc,chng v lu Tm gii thot v Tu gii thot) (Kinh Tam Minh, Trung BII, Trung A-hm s 157).

Kinh B-sa-c-a Tam Minh (Tevijj-Vacchagottasuttam, Trung B Kinh;Hn tng: Kinh Tam Minh s 26) chp: "... Nu ni rng Sa-mn Gotama l

bc Nht Thit Tr, Nht Thit Kin, Ngi t cho l c tr kin hon ton, khiTa i, khi Ta ng, khi Ta ng, v khi Ta thc, tri kin lun lun tn ti vlin tc. Nh th l ni mt iu khng thc v Ta. Nu ni rng Sa-mnGotama l bc c ba Minh (vi ngha rng khi no Th Tn mun th Tcmnh minh v Thin nhn minh mi khi ln). Nh th mi khng ni iukhng tht v Ta".

Chnh vi Thin nhn minh (hay c ba Minh), Th Tn thy v tuyn brng: "Khng c mt ngi ti gia no khng on tr kit s, sau khi thnhoi, c th dit tn, kh au. Khng phi mt trm, hai trm, ba trm, bntrm, nm trm; nhng nhiu hn nh th l nhng ngi ti gia khng ontr kit s c th sanh Thin".

Nhng i vi hnh t mn ngoi o th Th Tn dy: "Khng c mt v tmn ngoi o no, sau khi thn hoi, c th dit tn, kh au, v du cho Tanh n chn mi mt kip, Ta khng thy mt v t mn ngoi o noc sanh Thin, tr mt v, v ny thuyt v nghip v thuyt v tc dng

ca nghip".

--"S vic l nh vy, ny Vaccha, thi ngoi o gii ny l trng khng,cho n vn sanh Thin".

Kinh B-sa-c-a Tam Minh; Kinh B-sa-c-a Ha D (Trung B KinhIII); Kinh Xut Gia (i II, 246b, i II 446a, Hn tng) xc nhn rng, numun th cc t ca Th Tn c th chng Tam minh (hay Lc thng)ngay trong hin ti.

im c sc th hai ni bt ca Th Tn gia cc ngoi o l ni ln v trc tn cu Ngi vi mi Nh Lai lc:

- Nh Lai nh tht, bit x phi x.- Nh Lai nh tht, bit cc qu bo tu thuc s do, s nhn ca cc hnhnghip qu kh, v lai v hin ti.- Nh Lai nh tht, bit con ng a n cc sanh th.


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- Nh Lai nh tht, bit mi th gii vi mi sai bit ca chng.- Nh Lai nh tht bit s hiu bit sai bit ca cc loi hu tnh.- Nh Lai nh tht bit cc tm tnh sai bit ca tt c chng sanh.- Nh Lai nh tht bit cc tp nhim, thanh tnh, xut khi ca cc Thinchng v Thin, v gii thot v v nh.- Nh Lai chng Tc mnh minh.- Nh Lai chng Thin nhn minh.- Nh Lai chng Lu tn minh.Chnh do mi Nh Lai lc ny m Th Tn ct ting rng s t gia cchi chng v chuyn xe Php (Tng Chi B kinh V, Phm Mi Php).

Truyn thng Bc v Nam tng u tn dng Th Tn v mi "Nh Lailc" v mi "hiu Nh Lai". mi hiu Nh Lai, Th Tn hin r l bcV thng v c, tu v gio ha. (Nh Lai, ng Cng, Chnh Bin Tr,

Minh Hnh Tc, Thin Th, Th Gian Gii, V Thng S, iu NgTrng Phu, Thin Nhn S, Pht, Th Tn).

T y, chng ta c th thy c: Tu gic v thng ca Th Tn, mttu gic khng th tm thy trong bt c mt h thng tn gio, t tngngoi o no, trong qu kh, hin ti cng nh tng lai.

qu chng Tam minh, y l qu chng ca Tu gii thot thuc Thinqun (Vipassana). Ni r hn, n Gio c t duy v tiu ng v i ng,nhng khng c nhn bng con mt "duyn sinh", ngha l khng c Thin

qun. c im ca Thin qun Pht gio l phn tch cc php qua mihai nhn duyn (qua Duyn khi). Ti y, c hai im gio l gii thot c

bit ca Pht gio khng tm thy ngoi o.

1. Gio l Duyn khi:

Gio l ny do Th Tn t thn khm ph. T , Th Tn c V ThngChnh ng Chnh gic.

Qua Duyn khi, Th Tn dy ton b kh un l do Mi hai nhn duyn

sinh khi (Tp khi) v ton b kh un dit l do Mi hai nhn duyndit. Ni khc i; gc ca sanh t, kh au chnh l v minh, hay i hocth... S khm ph ny khng c trong bt c mt h thng gio l ngoio no.

2. T "Duyn sinh":


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Th Tn tuyn b: "Ht thy cc Php l v ng", "Ht thy cc hnh l vthng v kh au" (Dhp, 277, 278, 279). y gi l "Ba Php n".

Nhn thy cc php (hu vi v v vi) u v ng (anatta) l ci nhn c onht trong lch s ca tn gio v trit hc, gy sng st c th gii.

Chnh gc ca mi kh au, mi tranh chp, mi t ngc l s chp trcng, l nim sai lm v ng. Ci nhn v ng ca tr tu v ng ca ThTn qu nhin l ci nhn gii phng kh au, t ngc... Chnh y, chngta nhn ra Tu gic ca Th Tn.

Ch khi no loi tr ht v minh, i, th th ci nguyn nhn a n sinh t(cc lu hoc) mi b cht t, v by gi mi c "Lu tn minh", mt quv hon ton khng th c ngoi o.

T im khc bit nn tng ny, pht sinh rt nhiu im khc bit ni btkhc, ni ln sc thi c o gi l Pht gio. y l con ng tr tu canhn thc v ng, ca thc ti v ng, m khng phi l ca Hu thn, Nhtthn, a thn, hay Phim thn, cng khng phi l sn phm ca gio l"mc khi" t mt ng ti cao no. y l con ng hon ton ca trchnhim t thn, ca t , t gic, m khng phi ca s ban n cu nguyn,thng pht, ba ch hay hnh xc no. y l con ng vng mt chtrng "Duy Tm", "Duy linh", "Duy vt", "Duy thn" v.v..., v l conng ca Duyn sinh v ng. Nu phi min cng gi n l Duy thc,

Duy linh, Duy vt v.v... th phi hiu rng Thc, Linh, Vt v.v... y l vng, khc hn vi ch trng ca ngoi o. y l con ng cho rng gcca sanh t, kh au v i, th, v minh, m khng phi l g khc ca thgii bn ngoi. y khng ch trng rng cuc i ny l hon tonmng o, phi thc, cn phi t b i tm ci chn thc bn kia th gii,m ch ch trng loi b i, th, v minh. Tt c u l phi thc, nu vngmc ai, th, v minh... Tt c u l chn thc, nu xa ri hn i, th, vminh.

Ni tm, con ng Tu gic v ng ca Th Tn l con ng "Trung o"ca hai mt: nhn thc v hnh ng.

T ngha "Trung o" y, Th Tn vch m li i "Bt Thnh o", conng i vo gii thot, rt ro dt sch sinh t, kh au.

y l im gio l c o khc ca Pht gio m khng th tm thy trongbt c h thng gio l no khc. Con ng ny xy dng trn cn bn ca


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Gii (gm Chnh ng, Chnh nghip v Chnh mng), nh (gm ChnhTinh tn, Chnh nim v Chnh nh) v Tu (Gm Chnh Kin v ChnhT duy) do t chnh Tu gic ca Th Tn.

T mnh chng nhp chn l m trc cha tng c ngi chng (trch Pht qu kh) l mt s kin biu hin Tu gic v thng, nhng tmnh m ng cho hng t chng nhp chn l cng l mt s kin caTu gic v thng.

T y, chng ta s hiu r rng t Tu Gic v thng, Th Tn thit lpgio l gii thot ca Ngi, nn t gio l y, ta c th tm thy Tu gic vthng kia. l nhng g c mt trong Gii, nh, Tu, Gii thot, v Giithot tri kin.

Gii, c xy dng trn c s ca chnh tr v t bi, nhm mc ch emli an lc, hnh phc cho mi loi trong hin ti v tng lai. Cn bn caGii l Gii bn Patimokha (Skt. Pratimoksa), Hn dch l Ba-la--mc-xoa (hay Bit gii thot, hoc X gii thot). y l s gii thot do nhip

phc cc hnh ng ca thn, li v , l kt qu ca Tu gic ca Th Tn.

V nh, hay Thin nh, c th ni Ba mi by phm tr o (o )nh l gio l ca nh, l con ng a n loi tr ht kh au. Conng ny c thit lp trn cn bn ca Gii (Tng ng B Kinh, IV),nh cc loi ng vt di chuyn trn nn tng t.

Cc gio l v Tu nh Duyn khi, V ng, Nm un, Nhn qu, v.v... thnhm n ly tham, on tr cc lu hoc.

Ton b gio l o Pht thc s u a n ly tham, ly sn, ly si, giithot v tri kin gii thot. Tt c phi l sn phm ca Tu gic vthng, ca mt s chng nhp Php gii tng v thng. Tr tu y ThTn t c thi im gi l Thnh o, thnh Pht hay c Nit-bn.

Chng ta hy tip tc tm hiu ngha ca Thnh o, thnh Pht, Nit-bn

trong cc tit mc tip theo./.

Chng Mt - Pht BoTit V

Pht - Nit-bn - Thnh o


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Danh t Pht thng ch c Th Tn, ch Pht qu kh v v lai.

c Th Tn c gi l Pht sau khi Ngi thnh o di ci cy B-,chng V thng Chnh ng Chnh gic.

- Phm "Song song" (Phn Chnh gic, Tng ng IV) nh ngha Phtrng: "Cho n khi no, ny cc T-kheo, i vi 6 ni x (6 cn), Ta nh tht liu tri v ngt l v ngt, nguy hi l nguy hi, v xut ly l xut ly,th khi y, i vi th gii gm c Thin gii, Ma gii, Phm thin gii, ivi qun chng gm Sa-mn, B-la-mn, ch thin v loi ngi, Ta xcchng: Ta chng V Thng Chnh ng Gic".

- Tng ng B Kinh IV, phm "An n khi cc kh ch" nh ngha:

" Ny cc T-kheo, c nhng sc do mt (... tai, mi, li, ...) nhn bit khlc, kh h, kh , kh i, lin h n dc, hp dn. Nhng sc y c

Nh Lai on tn, ct t t gc r, lm cho nh cy ta-la, khng th tisanh, khng th sanh khi trong tng lai. Do vy, Nh Lai c gi l v c an n khi cc kh ch".

- Tng ng B Kinh I, phm "Cy Lau" nh ngha Th Tn nh l v on tr hon ton chp th, vt qua c bc lu (dng sinh t, dngtham i):

"Khng ng li, khng bc ti. Ta vt qua bc lu" (V Thin gii thch:Khng bc ti, khng ng li l vt chp trc i. Th Tn chpnhn).

- Tng ng B Kinh III, phm "Tham Luyn", phn "Chnh ng gic"nh ngha:

"Nh Lai, ny cc T-kheo, l bc A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gic, do ym lysc (th, tng, hnh, thc), ly tham, on dit, c gi l bc gii thot,khng c chp th, Chnh ng gic".

Cng trong phm kinh ny, Th Tn phn bit s khc bit gia Th Tn vcc t A-la-hn nh vy:

"Nh Lai, ny cc T-kheo, l bc A-la-hn Chnh ng Gic, lm cho khiln con ng trc kia cha khi, l bc em li con ng trc kia chac em li, l bc truyn thuyt con ng trc kia cha c tuyn


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thuyt, bc tr o, bc ng o, bc thun thc v o. Cn cc v t lnhng v sng theo o, tip tc thnh tu o".

- Tiu B Kinh, kinh "Pht Thuyt Nh Vy" c mt s nh ngha v Pht,Nh Lai mt cch c bit:

"Ny cc T-kheo, t m Nh Lai chng ng V Thng Chnh ngGic n m Ngi nhp V d y Nit-bn, trong thi gian y, iu g Ngini, tuyn b u l tht, tt c l nh vy, khng c khc c. Do vyc gi l Nh Lai".

"Ny cc T-kheo, Nh Lai ni g lm vy, lm g ni vy. V rng ni glm vy, lm g ni vy nn c gi l Nh Lai".

"Trong ton th gii... Nh Lai l bc chin thng, khng b chin bi, bcton tr, ton kin, i t ti, do vy c gi l Nh Lai" (1).

Kinh in vn thng gi Th Tn l bc A-la-hn, Chnh ng gic. Nhvy, Th Tn cng l mt v A-la-hn, nhng cng v ca mt v gioch, o s. Cc bc A-la-hn, t ca Ngi l nhng v i theo conng gii thot m Ngi vch m. mt gii thot, tn tr v minh, i th,lu hoc th gia Th Tn v cc A-la-hn khng khc.

Danh hiu "ng Cng" trong mi hiu Nh Lai, c ngha l mt A-la-hn.

y, ta khng nn cho rng A-la-hn l qu v thp hn qu v Pht mtgii thot.

Kinh ghi li rng: "Hai Tn gi X-li-pht v Mc-kin-Lin c kh nnglnh o Gio chng. Th Tn xc nhn, nh chnh Th Tn". C quan imcho rng A-la-hn l "Thanh vn tiu qu".y ch l s ng nhn v nidung chng c ca A-la-hn. Pht v A-la-hn u thuc cnh gii v phn

bit, nu cn c mt ca ci nhn cao thp, hn km, th y l iukhng th quan nim c. n lc chng ta cn chm dt s nh giqu thp v ni dung chng c ca cc Sa-mn qu.

Truyn thng ca Pht gio Vit Nam, qua thi kinh Sm hng danh, r l xem s chg c gii thot ca Pht v A-la-hn khng khc:

"Con nay khng cu phc bo ca Ngi, Tri, Thanh vn, Duyn gic,cho n phc bo B-tt, m ch pht tm cu qu Pht". Lin nim nmi hiu Nh Lai "Nam-m Nh Lai, ng cng...".


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By gi chng ta i vo nh ngha Pht, Nh Lai ca Bc tng.

Cc nh hc gi Pht gio thng xem Bt-nh nh l tinh yu ca gio lBc tng. Cc Tng Hoa Nghim, Nit-bn, Php Hoa cng ch cha nggio ngha ; mi tng ch khc nhau quan im th hin v truyn bgio l mt rng, m khng khc chiu su. Bt-nh Tm Kinh cxem l bi Kinh c ng gio l tinh yu , m cu "Qun t ti B-tt,hnh thm Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a thi, chiu kin ng un giai khng, nht thit kh ch" gi trn c ni dung ca Bt-nh. Ni dung y l bngThin Qun thy r nm un l v ng (khng) th vt qua c mi khch. Tr v nh ngha Nh Lai ca Thng ta b nh va trnh by, thni dung qu v Nh Lai ging nh ni dung c trnh by Bc tng, nidung gii thot khng khc vi ni dung gii thot ca mt A-la-hn.

Kinh Kim Cng nh ngha v Nh Lai rng: "V s tng lai dic v skh" hoc "Nh Lai tc nht thit php nh ngha" hoc "Nht thit phpgiai th Pht php" hoc "Nhc B-tt thng t v ng php gi, Nh Laithuyt danh chn th B-tt".

Nh Lai y c hiu nh l thc tng, thc ngha ca cc Php, hay lmt v th nhp vo thc tng y. Thc tng y th v ng tng, ri htthy cc tng (ng, nhn, chng sanh, th gi), ri ht cc tng b chpth, hay ri khi mi chp th.

Nh vy, Chnh php d c trnh by Bc tng hay Nam tng, lun lunri khi i, th, v minh. Nh Lai l bc loi ht hon ton chp th. ychnh l im gio l truyn thng ca Pht gio.

T y, chng ta c th i n kt lun rng:Nam tng khng phi l c xenh (Tiu tha), Bc tng khng phi l gio l phi truyn thng Pht

gio.

T s tm hiu ni dung chng ng gii thot ca Pht v A-la-hn ctrnh by qua cc tng phi Pht gio trn, n lc Pht t chng ta cn

chm dt ngay nhn nh cho rng "T " l php nh ca Thanh vn,"Thp nh Nhn Duyn" l php nh ca Duyn gic, cn chm dt ngay s

phn bit i, Tiu tha. S phn bit i ngc vi gio l truyn thngca Th Tn. C chm dt c s phn bit , Pht gio mi c th vndng mt cch y sng to v hu hiu tinh thn kh c v kh l y thinxo ca cc Tng phi Pht gio vo cng cuc hong dng Chnh phptrong hin ti v mai sau.


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Bc tng c ch trng khc vi Nam tng, cho rng qu kh, trc cThch Tn, c v s ch Pht m khng phi ch l su Th Tn; hinkip khng phi ch c mt mnh c Thch Tn, m cc t ca Ngicng c th thnh Pht. y l im khc bit mang mu sc b phi, sc bn thm chng Php Bo.

D Th Tn c nh ngha di hnh thc no, ni dung vn c ginguyn ngha: Th Tn l bc gic ng hon ton, thy r thc tngca ht thy cc php, an n thot khi mi kh ch sanh t.

Chng ta cng c th hiu Th Tn nh l mt ng Ton gic, hay Thc tiNh thc, nh Bc v Nam tng ghi nhn: "Thy Duyn khi l thy Php,thy Php l thy Pht" (2).

Chng ng qu v Pht l chng ng Nit-bn.By gi chng ta i vo ngha ca Nit-bn. Qua cc nh ngha gin tipv Nh Lai, th Nit-bn m Th Tn chng ng, chng nhp l kt qu cas on dit Mi hai nhn duyn, hay on dit kh.

Do , Nit-bn c th gin tip c nh ngha nh l "Kh dit", "idit", "Th dit", "V minh dit", hay bng cc tn gi tng ng khcnh "V vi", "Vt qua bc lu", "Qua b bn kia". "Loi ht sanh y" v.v....m chng ta c ngt ba mi t tng ng vi Nit-bn, Nikya v A-

hm.

Trong Kinh Tp (Suttanipatt), Tiu B Kinh, chng "Con ng n bbn kia", thanh nin Upasva hi Th Tn v php qua b bn kia, ThTn dy:

"Ngy m ng nhn thy,on dc, ly nghi ng,i dit l Nit-bn". -- (Sn. 205).Thanh nin Udaya hi: "Do on dit g c gi l Nit-bn?", Th Tn

dy:"Do on dit kht i,

c gi l Nit-bn". -- (Sn. 214).Thanh nin Kappa t cu hi tng t, Th Tn tr li:"Khng s hu, chp trc,Ta ni Ngi, Nit-bn,Gi cht c on tn".


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Kinh Tng Tch D thut li li Th Tn dy rng:

"S tham dc, chp trc, tham m trong Nm th un c Kh tp; snhip phc t b tham dc tc Kh dit" (Kh dit tc Nit-bn) (3).

Nit-bn nh th l ri khi mi chp th. V ri chp th, nn ri khi mitng trng, mi nim; v ly nim nn Nit-bn khng th c din t

bng ngn ng khi nim. Do , mi cu hi v mi cu tr li trc tip vNit-bn u khng c chp nhn.

Trong Kinh B-sa-c-a Ha Du (4). Vacchagotta t mi cu hi siuhnh v c Th Tn dy rng cc cu hi y khng ph hp, bi v ThTn (hay Nit-bn) gii thot khi sc, th, tng, hnh, thc; trong khicc cu hi y ch c th lin h n sc, th, tng, hnh, thc.

Ni cch khc, khng th ni Nit-bn l g, m cng khng th ni Nit-bn khng l g. Ch c th tm thi cp n Nit-bn bng thi phnh, gin tip bng cc nh ngha c trch dn trn, hoc bng cc ttng ng, khng thc s ct ngha g c nh t "Tuyt i", "Bt t","V sinh" v.v...

T y, chng ta cn phi rt cn trng v tnh gic mt khi ni n Nit-bn. N khng phi l mt x s, n khng lin h n thi gian. Bi th,tht l d ng nhn khi ni "c Pht nhp Nit-bn" hay "Nhp V d

Nit-bn". Nguy him l ch Nhp. Ngha l ch nhp y l khng cch th v i tng ca nhp th mi gi l "nhp".

Nhng nu din t nh th ny th ngi nghe do thiu tnh gic c th chorng Nit-bn ch l trng khng. trnh khi ng nhn ng tic y, ccnh bin kho thng trng dn cu chuyn ni ting v "Con ra v conc". Nu ra khng th ni cho c nghe v nhng g trn t cn, th cngth, ngn ng khi nim ca con ngi khng th ni ln c nhng g ca

Nit-bn. i vi c, tri t khng phi l khng c; cng th, i vichng ta, nhng phm phu, Nit-bn khng phi l trng khng. Lm sao c

th ni ln c Nit-bn khi chnh Nit-bn l s on dit vng tng?

Kinh "Pht Thuyt Nh Vy" (Ivivuttaka), Tiu B Kinh, Th Tn dy:

"Ny cc T-kheo, c ci khng sanh, khng hin hu, khng tc thnh,khng lm ra. Ny cc T-kheo, nu khng c ci khng sanh, khng hinhu, khng tc thnh, khng lm ra, th y khng th trnh by c s


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xut ly khi sanh, khi hin hu, khi tc thnh, khi lm ra. Do v, ny ccT-kheo, c ci khng sanh, khng hin hu, khng tc thnh, khng lm ra,nn c th trnh by c s xut ly khi sanh, khi hin hu, khi tcthnh, khi lm ra (5).

i vo cc ngha Nit-bn ca Bc tng, chng ta s l th lm quen vili din t y biu tng v thi v.

Bt nh cho rng cu cnh Nit-bn l vt qua ht mi kh ch. Kh ch ldo chp th nhn ng v php ng. Nu nh tr tu thp r Nm un l vng th s ct la chp th v i ra ht mi kh ch. Nh th, vt qua khch, hay c Nit-bn, chnh l s chng ng, chng nhp ng th v ngca cc php. ng th y th v sinh (hay khng sanh khng dit). Chonn c Nit-bn c ngha l c ci v sanh. M l v sanh th v c.

Do , c Nit-bn l khng thy c ngi c v php c. Khi hon tonv c th gi l Nit-bn hay c Nit-bn.

Tt c chp th l ni dung ngn ngi vic chng c Nit-bn. Cho nn, nidung ca chng c y l ni dung ca on dit chp th, on dit vngtng. Ti y, Nit-bn c th c trnh by gin tip nh l s hng phcvng tng.

Cng t Kinh Kim Cng, Th Tn dy Tn gi Tu-b- rng: "Ti cPht Nhin ng, Ta tht khng c c A-nu-a-la-tam-miu-tam-b-.

Do v khng c c A-nu-a-la-miu-tam-b- nn c Pht Nhin ng th k cho Ta sau ny thnh Pht, hiu l Thch ca Mu ni."

y l li din t ni dung chng c Nit-bn ca Th Tn. Nit-bn lni dung ca v c y. l ni dung ca s th nhp vo thc ti v ngca cc php.

Ni ln ch chng c y ca Th Tn, Kinh Lng Gi li pht biu mtcch y sng to v l th rng:

"V hu Nit-bn PhtV hu Pht Nit-bn".

(Khng c c Pht chng Nit-bn,v cng khng c Nit-bn ca Pht chng).


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N lc ph nhn s kin chng Nit-bn v ph nhn Nit-bn ca Phtchng l n lc din t v Nit-bn nh tht, v ng thi trnh ng nhndo suy t y ng tng ca ngi c c th dy sinh.

T Th Thn, trong "Duy Thc Tam Thp Tng", gi qu Nit-bn l qu"chuyn y" v trnh by ni dung ca chng c Nit-bn qua bi k haimi chn rng:

"V c bt t nghTh xut th gian tr

X nh th trng cTin chng c chuyn y".Th l c Nit-bn l c "V c", khi hnh gi la xa mi chp th th vi tng (nhn ng v php ng).

Tr li Kim Cng, c hai bc trnh by gio l Kim Cng. Bc u niv Khng (khng tnh, hay V ng tnh), trnh by phn th thin ca Vng nh th l ph nhn tt c tng. Nhng bc th nh th trnh by phnthm o ca Bt-nh, xem Nit-bn nh l tt c php.

"Nh Lai tc ch php nh ngha,Nht thit ch php gii th Pht Php". mt tng i m ni, th phn bit c Pht l ch th chng ng, Nit-

bn l i tng chng ng. Nhng mt tuyt i m nhn, th Pht, Nit-

bn v s chng c Nit-bn ch l mt, khng khc.

Quan im ny r rng khng ri xa truyn thng ca Gio l nguyn thyPht gio. Hiu nh vy, chng ta mi khi sai lm khi trnh by Pht, Nit-

bn v Thnh o.

Ti y, bng sng ln rng cc tng phi Pht gio u trnh by Nit-bntheo cch trnh by gin tip, dp ht chp th, vng tng th Nit-bn hinl.

Con ng i n Nit-bn Nikya v A-hm l on tr i, th, v minh,hay on tr mi kit s (thn kin, ngh, gii cm th, dc, sn, hu i, vhu i, mn, tro c v v minh).

ch rng l cng phu chuyn i vng tm (tm l vng) m khng tvn n cc php, hin tng gii ny. Phi chng y l ngha m Th


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Tn dy trong Nikya v A-hm: "Khi Ta thanh tnh, Ta thy th gii thanhtnh". (y l quan im khc hn ngoi o) (6).

i thm mt bc din t tch cc na v Nit-bn, lp trng chung caBc tng cho rng:

- Sinh t tc Nit-bn; v- Phin no tc B- (Nit-bn). Duy thc, ngha "Sinh t tc Nit-bn" l ngha ca "Tam v tnh",khi chp th hon ton b on dit, khi tm thc c chuyn thnh bn tr.

Cc Thin s Trung Hoa th gi bng mt ngn ng ring: "Khi tu ri,ni vn l ni". Cho nn, khi ni Nit-bn khng th din t bng ngn ngkhi nim, th iu ny cn c hiu l khng phi chnh ngn ng bt lc,

m l do s c mt ca i, th ca con ngi xuyn qua ngn ng y. Mtkhi chp th dit th ngn ng cng chnh l tht php, Nit-bn. C l yl ngha m Bc tng cho rng mi s biu hin ca ng Gic ng u l

biu hin ca Pht Php, Tht Php.

Kinh Php Hoa, bn dch hai mi tm phm ca T Cu-ma-la-thp, chby "Tri kin Pht". Tri kin y l tri kin thy nh tht php. Thy nh thtphp l thy V ng php. c tri kin y l c Nit-bn, ni khc i, trikin y l Nit-bn.

Php Hoa ch trnh by "Pht tri kin" mt cch gin tip, rt l biu tng.Do , qua sut hai mi tm phm kinh ta khng thy ni r Pht tri kin lg. Nhng bng tr tu, ta c th n nhn Pht tri kin qua cc hnh nh biutng, nh hnh nh t u Kinh: "Th Tn nhp v lng ngha x nh,ri xut v lng ngha x nh, mi tuyn thuyt Php Hoa".

Hnh nh ni ln rng, chn l Php Hoa c mt trong s an tr tm trongV ng php ca hnh gi (V lng ngha, c ngha l thot ly ngha;thot ly ngha l thot ly nim; thot ly nim l ri khi mi tng chpth). Nh th, Nit-bn chnh l thc ti V ng. Hay, Nit-bn chnh l thc

ti ny vi s vng mt hon ton ca chp th. y l ngha ca "ThpNh Th" trong kinh Php Hoa.

V Hoa Nghim, nhiu nh hc gi Pht gio, nh Junjiro Takakusu hayKimura Taiken, cho rng Hoa Nghim l s pht trin ca gio l "Duynsinh" ca Pht gio nguyn thy.


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Php gii trng trng duyn khi ca Hoa Nghim c nhn qua "i LuCc Trang Nghim Tng". (Vairochana Vyha alankara garba) v c dint rng:

"i lu cc ny l tr x ca nhng ai hiu ngha Khong, V tngv V nguyn (V dc), ca nhng ai hiu rng ht thy cc php u lv phn bit, rng php gii vn l v sai bit, rng chng sanh gii vn l

bt kh c, rng ht thy cc php vn v sanh" (7)

Nh th, Php gii ca Hoa Nghim chnh l Php gii ca Nkya v A-hm c xa tan i, th. y, Nit-bn nh l chnh php gii c ontn i, th.

Trn y, mt s nt i lc v Nit-bn c bn n nh l cu cnh gii

thot. Bc tng v Nam tng cn cp n hai loi Nit-bn: Hu d y vV d y Nit-bn. Thng ta b v A-hm (Nht thit hu b) cn bnrng n Nit-bn hu hc v Nit-bn v hc.

Kinh "Pht Thuyt Nh Vy", Tiu B Kinh, gii thch hai loi Nit-bn:

"Ny cc T-kheo, c hai loi Nit-bn gii... Th no l Nit-bn gii cad y? y, T-kheo l bc A-la-hn, cc lu tn, Phm hnh thnh,vic nn lm lm, t gnh nng xung, t c mc ch, hukit s dit, gii thot nh chnh tr. Trong v y c nm cn cn tn

ti, ngang qua cc cn y, v y hng th kh , bt kh , v rng t ngkhng c thng hi cm gic lc, kh. Vi v y, tham dit, sn dit, si dit.y gi l Nit-bn gii c d y.

Ny cc T-kheo, th no l Nit-bn v d y? y, T-kheo l bc A-la-hn... (nh trn) ... y, i vi v y, mi cm th u khng c hoan h,a thch s lng du. Ny cc T-kheo, y gi l Nit-bn khng c d y"(Tr. 144).

S khc bit ca Hu d y v V d y Nit-bn c trnh by nh trn ch

l s khc bit gia hai v A-la-hn on tn lu hoc, nhng v Hu d yth cn cc cm th kh, lc xy n qua thn nm un, cn v kia th cccm th u c lng du.

Thng thng, Hu d y Nit-bn c hiu nh l Nit-bn ti th ca ThTn; V d y Nit-bn l Nit-bn ca Th Tn sau khi Ngi nhp dit.


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Tng Chi B Kinh IV, phm By Php, c cp n cc loi Nit-bn cabc Thnh Bt Lai.

Nit-bn ca mt A-la-hn gi l V th trc Nit-bn. Nit-bn ca ThnhBt Lai gm:

- Trung gian Nit-bn (Antarparinibbay).- Tn hi Nit-bn (Upahaccaparinibbayi).- V hnh Nit-bn (Asankhraparinibbayi)- Hu hnh Nit-bn (Sankhraparinibbayi), v- Thng lu Nit-bn (Uddhamsoto).Theo phn kinh ny, Trung gian Nit-bn l nhp Nit-bn sau khi ThnhBt Lai x bo thn. Hng ny gm c ba:a. Hng u: Nhp Nit-bn lin sau khi x bo thn.

b. Hng hai: Nhp Nit-bn lin sau khi thc sanh v Tnh C Thin.c. Hng ba: Nhp Nit-bn sau khi thc sanh v Tnh C Thin, sau mt thigian ngn .Tn hi Nit-bn l nhp Nit-bn sau khi thc sanh v Tnh C Thin mtthi gian lu hn.

V hnh Nit-bn l nhp Nit-bn Tnh C thin (sau mt thi gian luhn na ).

Hu hnh Nit-bn l nhp Nit-bn Tnh C thin, c khi vo lc gn

mn tui th ti .

Thng Lu Nit-bn l qu thp nht trong cc qu Bt Lai va k, nhpNit-bn sau khi thc sanh n Sc Cu Cnh thin (C i qua ci sc giigi l "Ng Bt Hon thin").

D l Nit-bn ca Thnh Bt Lai, hay Nit-bn hu hc, th s kin chngnhp Nit-bn ch xy ra khi v Thnh on tn v minh, lu hoc. Nh th,

Nit-bn ch c mt.

S kin chng ng Nit-bn c gi l Thnh o.

By gi chng ta i vo ngha Thnh o v rt ra nhng bi hc tu tpgii thot qua s kin Thnh o ca Th Tn.

Thi im Thnh o l cui canh nm, lc sao mai mi mc, khi Th Tnchng nhp ton trit php gii Duyn khi. Ch Pht qu kh v v lai


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cng chng nhp php gii Duyn khi, c gi l Thnh o hay c Vthng Chnh ng Chnh gic.

Sau khi t b con ng ca su nm kh hnh v t b con ng Thinnh ca ngoi o, Th Tn nhp nh theo hng mi gi l Thin nhPht gio v i n chng c v thng.

1/- ngha th nht ca Thnh o ni ln rng con ng i n gii thotl Trung o: Trung o ca tu tp v Trung o ca gic ng.

- Trnh xa hai cc oan, kh hnh p xc v th hng dc lc, l nghaca Trung o Tu tp.

- Php gii Duyn sinh tnh l ngha ca Trung o gic ng.

2/- ngha th hai l, bng n lc ca t thn, vi s tu tp ng php, conngi c th gic ng nga ti i ny.

3/- ngha th ba, ni dung ca Thnh o l on tr v minh, i, th(on dit Mi hai nhn duyn), hay on tr Mi kit s. l mt qutrnh chuyn i tm l v nhn thc. V tr m cc nh khoa hc gi l vtr khch quan, thc s l thc ti di ci nhn gic ng; v tr y khng

phi l t thn l h vng, kh au. Gii thot y l gii thot tham i,chp th, m khng cn thit phi chy trn khi cuc i, th gii. T thn

th gii khng th c gi l thc hay h, bi v thc, h l nhng g caMi hai nhn duyn sanh khi (hu vi) m khng phi l Mi hai nhnduyn on dit (v vi).

4/- ngha th t, c s kin Thnh o c ngha l v minh, i, th...khng thc c, hay khng c t ng. T ng ch l sn phm ca v minh,khng thuc thc ti.

5/- ngha th nm, c Pht thnh o c ngha l cc php c nhndi ci nhn v chp th, c thy thot ly cc tng hay V ng tng.

Nu V ng y c hiu theo ngha khng inh, ngha l c ci tngV ng i lp vi ng, th khng phi ngha "Trung o" ca Tht php,

bi v n thuc nim. Ni mt cch tht n. Tht php khng lin h gn ng hay v ng ca mt ngi cha on tn tham i, chp thu.Tht php ch biu l i vi nhng ai gii thot ht lu hoc.


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6/- ngha th su, Thnh o l tr v Tht php, tr v "V sinh", "Tchdit", i ra mi ngha i i ca thng, on, kh, lai, hu, v, sinh vdit. ngha ca "tr v" ny khng th c gi l "c", khng th cgi l "chng", khng th c gi l "tr". Bng ngn ng tng i chtm thi gi l "V c". Tht ngha ca s tr v y l khng c tr v uc, khng c u c, gi l "Nh Lai", n khng phi l kt qu ca bt cmt cng phu tu tp no, n nh l ni Hy-m, cng phu tu tp ch l conng a n; cng phu v nh ting g ca nh thc mnh ra khi gicng, ting g ca th khng phi l mnh. Tu tp ch l cng vic ca gi lmtan my i, th ang che m trng Tht php. Gi v my th khng phi ltrng.

7/- ngha th by, s kin Thnh o ca Th Tn m ra cho nhn loimt con ng thot kh, mt nim tin thot kh. S kin ny xut hin nh

l chnh Th Tn th k cho tt c s tr thnh Pht trong v lai.

* * *

Nu trung thnh vi gio l v chp th ca Pht gio, ng mnh ri vokhi nim ca ngn t, th chng ta s nhn ra rng, Pht, Nit-bn v Thnho d c din t di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau ca Bc tng v Namtng, u ngi chiu nh sng gii thot ca Pht Php, ca ci m ta ch gi

bng mt danh t gn gh l Pht gio.

Con ng i v l con ng loi tr i, th, hay gi l on tr luhoc (dc lu, hu lu v v minh lu) i qua Gii, nh, Tu, Gii thot vGii thot tri kin.

Th gii ca Pht, Nit-bn v Thnh o khng th c xc nhn l thgii ta ang thy, khng th c xc nhn khng phi l th gii ta angthy, hoc va l va khng l, hay khng l khng khng l th gii taang thy. Bi v n l th gii ca ngi tr ht lu hoc m khng phica chng ta, nhng ngi ang mang nng lu hoc. N l th gii cachng nhp gii thot./.

Ghi ch:

(1) Hn tng: tp i II, 224c, Trung 137, i I 645b.

(2) Tng Tch D i Kinh, Trung B I - M 28, Tng ng III, tr. 144.Tiu B I, tr 489 - bn in sau nm 1975 v trc i Tng Kinh Vit Nam.


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(3) Mahhatthipadopamasuttam, Trung B I - Hn tng: Tng Tch D iKinh, i I, 464b.

(4) Vicchagottaggisuttam, Trung B II - Hn tng: Kinh Kin, i II, 245b

(5) Itivuttaka, Tiu B Kinh I, bn dch ca HT. Thch Minh Chu, 1982, tr.443.

* Cc trch dn v kinh Nikya, Vit ng, u thuc ban dch ca HT MinhChu.(6) Kinh Plika - Kinh Ba-l, Trng B Kinh 24, Digha- Nikya Vol. IIIPTS. London. 1992, p. 34.

(7) Thin Lun, Suzuki, cun h, tr. 173, bn dch caTu S.

Chng Mt - Pht BoTit VI

Cc Tinh Thn Gio Dc ca Th Tn vs Lin H gia Ngi vi cc hng T, Ch Thin,

c Ma v Ngoi o.

Vit v Th Tn, cc nh nghin cu Pht hc thng cp n Ngi nh

mt ng Gio ch tm ra con ng gii thot v ch r con ng ycho nhn loi, hoc cp n Ngi nh mt nh i t tng, mt nh cchmng x hi, v.v... Nhng c rt him nhng lun vn, cng trnh cp n

Ngi nh mt nh gio dc t tng, v gio l ca Ngi nh l mt hthng t tng gio dc ton din v tin tin.

Trong tit ny, chng ta tm hiu Th Tn qua lng knh gio dc.

Nh chng ta bit, gio dc l nn vn ha v vn minh ca loi ngi.Pht gio, qua hn hai mi lm th k nh hng, ng gp nhiu vo

vn ha nhn loi, nu khng mun ni Pht gio c th lm nn ci gi lvn ha Pht gio cho nhn loi. S kin ng gp ny soi t Pht gionh l mt h thng gio dc. Chng ta hy tm hiu c th:

Gio dc, hiu theo ngha rng ri, nh l con ng hai chiu ca dy vhc ca con ngi k t lc sinh ra cho n khi cht, v c mt ba mitrng sinh hot: gia nh, hc ng v x hi.


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Thuyt Nghip ca nh Pht xem s hnh thnh ca thn Ng un ny nh lkt qu ca cc hnh ng trong qu kh. T y "Nghip mi" c hnhthnh qua cc hnh ng c ca thn, khu, . Ch trng ca Pht gio lgii thot nghip: chuyn i t nghip c qua nghip thin, v t nghipthin n gii thot. Th c ngha: Pht gio l con ng gio dc conng hai mt nhn thc v hnh ng, t khi sinh ra cho n khi cht, khp cc mi trng sng.

y l im gp g th nht v ngha qung ng gio dc v mitrng gio dc gia Pht gio v gio dc, th m mi cho n hu bn thk hai mi gio dc mi bt gp Pht gio.

Nim Tin Gio Dc

Ni n gio dc l ni n nim tin cn bn ca ni, ci nim tin m hngpht trin mun thu. Gio dc tin rng trong con ngi c mt kh nnggn nh v tn, c th tip thu nhiu kin thc, v c th iu chnh milch lc ca tm l, vt l, sinh l v t duy ca t thn. y l l do m hcng m dy rt nhiu mn hc cho mi ngi, gm c nhng ngichm tr.

Ngun kh nng y, Pht gio gi l kh nng gic ng m mi ngi uc th vn dng qua n lc ca t thn. o , trong T ca Pht gio,l con ng vn dng kh nng y. C th ni y l ci thy bit v l

nim tin v ng c m ra t li dy ca Th Tn "Nht thit php v ng"(Sabbe dhamm anatt - Dhp. 279).

Do nhn thc l v ng, v cc php l v ng nn mi c th thc hin schuyn ha nhn thc v chuyn ha cc php, v mi c cc cng trnhsng to.

Nu cc php, gm nhn thc, l hu ng, th khng bao gi c th c ngunsng to xut hin, v khng bao gi cng cuc gio dc c th c thchin. Gio l v ng ca Pht gio, nh th, qu dng nn nim tin cn

bn ca gio dc, hay ni cch khc, nim tin ca gio dc Pht gio. y lim gp g th hai.

Mc Tiu Gio Dc

Mt ng hng gio dc tt lun lun nhm n hai mc tiu: o to conngi x hi v con ngi chnh n. Con ngi x hi p ng cc nhu cu


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x hi nh: kinh t, vn ha, gio dc, quc phng, chnh tr. Con ngichnh n l con ngi ton din ca vt l, tm l, sinh l, ch, tnh cm vtr tu ang tri chy. Mt h thng gio dc thiu mt trong hai mc tiu yl mt nn gio dc khng hon chnh.

Th Tn gio dc con ngi y cc mt y. V mt x hi, KinhSingal (Trng B Kinh s 31; Hn tng: Kinh Thin Sinh, Trng A-hm) ni ln vic xy dng su mi tng giao tt ca x hi: Tng giaogia cha m v con ci; gia thy v tr; v v chng; c nhn v b con,lng ging, bn b; ch v th; tu s v c s.

Kinh Tng Chi, Chng By Php, cp n by iu lm cho mt qucgia cng thnh, Php C S ni n mt chnh ph tt cn thc hin ttmi iu gi l "Thp vng t php" (Php C S v Jataka).

Kinh Chuyn Lun Thnh Vng S T Hng, Trng B Kinh III - s 26,cho rng ngho i l nguyn nhn chnh ca trm cp, hung c, th hn,

bo ng v v lun. ci thin tnh trng x hi y, cn phi ci thinkinh t bng cch cung cp ht ging v phng tin canh tc cho nng dn,cung cp vn u t cho thng gia, v tr lng thch ng cho cng nhn.By gi, Th Tn dy, cc l t n cn c thay th bng cc cuc ichn th cho nhn dn.

V mt c nhn, Th Tn dy n hnh phc ca i sng gia nh. Mi c

nhn cn thc hin : (1)

- Gii tay ngh, sing nng, bit iu hnh cng vic.- Bit qun bnh chi, thu (gi cho s thu ln hn s chi).- Bit lm ra ca ci hp php bng sc lao ng ca mnh.- Bit u t.- Bit lm bn vi thin (C gii, Tn v Tu).- Bit qun bnh sc kho v tm l.- Bit lo cho i sau: tu Tn, Th, Gii v Tu.- Bit sng trong hin ti, lm ch suy t, khng tic nui qu kh, khngmng tng tng lai....Vi ni dung gio dc , ch c nh trng hin i ca cui th k haimi, vi mt h thng gio dc hon m gm gio dc tm l, sinh lv m thut, mi bt gp tinh thn v ni dung gio dc ca Pht gio.

Tinh Thn Trch Nhim C Nhn


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Trc tin l tinh thn trch nhim c nhn. Th Tn khng dy con ngiphi l thuc Ngi, phi ph thc i mnh cho bt c mt quyn nng noc. Ngi dy "Ngi phi lm cng vic ca ngi, v Nh Lai ch dy conng" (Dhp XX 4). "Ngi l ni nng ta ca chnh ngi, khng aikhc c th l ni nng ta". (Dhp. X II 4). " dn u cc php, l ch, to..." (Dhp. I, 1).

Ni v nghip, Tng Chi v Trung B Kinh ch r: "Ngi l tc nhn, chnhn ca nghip, l k tha t ca nghip" (2).

Nu khng c tinh thn trch nhim c nhn th nhn qu ca Pht giokhng c g bn n na, Pht gio khng cn c l do c mt i.

Nu khng c tinh thn trch nhim c nhn th hc ng cng khng ththit lp gio dc, v lut php x hi s khng c ch thi hnh, cuc i s

i loi.Tinh thn gio dc trch nhim c nhn lun lun phi c thc hin tttrong mt h thng gio dc hon b.

Tinh thn gio dc ny bt gp tinh thn gio dc ca Pht gio t hn haimi lm th k qua.

Gio Dc C Nhn

Phng thc gio dc hu hiu v hp l nht ca hc ng hin i lphng thc gio dc c nhn m khng phi l gio dc tp th. Bi mihc vin c cc iu kin tm, sinh, vt l, tnh cm, tr tu v iu kinsng khc nhau, nn cn c n nhn cc iu kin v phng thc giodc khc nhau.

Tinh thn gio dc c nhn ny phn nh tinh thn gio dc "Kh c" caPht gio. c Th Tn thc s p dng nguyn tc kh c t bui ugio ha. Hnh nh h sen c nhng cng sen cha ra khi bn, c nhngcng sen va ra khi bn, c nhng cng sen lng chng nc, cng c

nhng cng sen vn ra khi mt nc, tip thu c nh sng mt tri vta ngt hng. Cng th, con ngi c nhng cn tr bt ng, c ngichng hiu, c ngi chm hiu, c ngi nng v tham, c ngi nng vsn, c ngi nng v si, c ngi thch tnh, c ngi thch hiu ng v.v...

Nhng tt c, qua qu trnh gio dc, ln lt s nh cnh sen vn ra khinc trc tip tip thu gio l gii thot. Th l Th Tn khng ngn ngiln ng ging dy, gio ha tu theo cn c, khch l khin cho mi ngi


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u c li ch, an lc v gii thot. Thut ng Pht gio thng ni c n84.000 php mn tu, thch ng vi 84.000 cn c khc nhau ca con ngi.

V sau, trong thi k pht trin ca Pht gio Bc tng, tinh thn "Kh c"li c xin dng qua cc gio l "Ng tha", "Tam tha", "Nh tha" v"Nht tha" ca Kinh Php Hoa.

Th Tn vn dng rt thin xo tinh thn "Kh c" vo c mt ngn ngdin t, cung cch din t v tm l thch ng i vi i tng nghePhp, m chng ta gp rt nhiu qua kinh in ca cc b phi Pht gio.

Khi n vi nng dn, Th Tn dng ngn ng v hnh nh nh nng; nvi chng St--li, B-la-mn, Th Tn biu hin cung cch v ngn ngca chnh h.

Ngoi vic ni Php ng i tng nghe, Th Tn cn ni Php ng thiv ng ch, khin cho tc dng ca thi Php c tng thm hiu qu. ngha ny cng c gm vo tinh thn "Kh c" y.

Gii lut cng c Th Tn thit lp trn nguyn tc Kh c: Tng, Ni,Nam, N c s c gii lut ring.

Cc i tng tu tp Thin ch v Thin qun cng c dy khc nhau ivi cc cn c khc nhau (Phn dn chng s c trnh by chng Php

Bo). thy r tc dng ca tinh thn Kh c ny, chng ta c th trng dn vd n gin sau y:

Cm l thc n dinh dng cho mi ngi (y l ngha "Kh l"). Nhnglng cm phi dng khc nhau gia ngi ln v tr em, gia lc kho vilc bnh (y l ngha "Kh c"). Cm n vi mnh lc no khc vi lci. y cng thuc ngha "Kh c".

Gio dc hin i vn dng nguyn tc "Kh c" vo vic dy hc, vovic chn mn hc, ngnh hc, ngh nghip cho hc vin vi mt k thuttt gi l k thut gio dc. K thut gio dc i km theo vi tm l giodc l im ni bt tn k, tin b ca gio dc hin i. im gio dc KhC ny ca Pht gio phi ch n hu bn th k hai mi, con ngi mivn dng vo hc ng, mi bt gp n.


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Tinh Thn Thc Tin, Thc Ti

Mt tinh thn gio dc c sc khc m Th Tn truyn dy l tinh thn"Thit thc hin ti", hay tinh thn thc tin, thc ti.

Phm "Cy Lau" dy: (3)

"Khng than vic qua,Khng mong vic sp ti,Sng ngay vi hin ti,

Do vy, sc th diu,

Do mong vic sp ti,Do than vic qua.Nn k ngu ho mn,Nh lau xanh la cnh".

Kinh "A-nan Nht D Hin" ghi : (4)"Qu kh khng truy tm,Tng lai khng c vng,Qu kh on tn,Tng lai li cha n,Ch c php hin ti,Tu qun chnh l y...".

Vi kip sng ca con ngi th ch hin ti l c thc (tng i). Sng cngha l sng vi hin ti, sng vo hin ti; hay ni cch khc, ch c hinti l sng. Sng ngay vi hin ti l tinh thn thit thc. Than th tic nuiqu kh, hay m c tng lai chng nhng mnh ri vo ch phi thc,cn mnh vng mc vo ri lon tm l, kh au v nh mt hin tiang l, ci hin ti sng ng, mi m, y sng to, y ngha sng, v cth hin ti l vnh cu nu mnh bit nhip phc (xa tan nim v thigian).

Nu khng bit chp nhn hin ti nh n ang l, vn dng hiu qu kh

nng v tr tu ca mnh i n an lc, hnh phc v gii thot, th, nh ThTn dy, dung sc cu mnh s kh ho nhanh chng nh lau xanh lacnh. Hnh phc v i mnh cng kh ho nh th.

Nu i vo tm l gio dc hin i, nht l ngnh tm l tr liu(Psychotherapy), chng ta s bt gp lin kt qu ny, phn ln cc ri lon,su mun ca tui tr (hay ca con ngi, ni chung) u do t duy ca con


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ngi gy ra, nht l nhng t duy v nhng qu kh khng thit thc, vnhng tng lai ho huyn. C nhng kt qu thng k ca gio dc ktlun rng: C th 90% cuc sng mnh b nh mt bi cc t duy v mngtng sai lm y.

Tht l d hiu! Nhng s kin bt nh xy n vi mnh, gy phin muncho mnh th t, m t duy ca mnh v cc s kin y quy ry, phin hmnh th nhiu. V li, ngh nhiu v qu kh v tng lai khng thit thcch nh mt thi gian v nng lng, ci thi gian v nng lng ng lc dng vo cc vic em li an vui cho mnh v ngi.

Nh th, hin ti v ti y nh l hn o an ton m Th Tn ch chocon ngi nng ta khi b ri chm vo trong i dng phin munca vng tng, v t c th i vo ngha sng, hnh phc m nghn

nm con ngi i tm kim.Sau khi tr v vi hin ti, con ngi phi bit lm ch t duy v dc vng(Tn gi Ca-chin-din ct ngha kinh Nht D Hin Gi): Mun hay khngmun nhng g, t duy hay khng t duy nhng g c li ch thit thc.

Trong kinh Cla-Mlunkyaputta (5), Mlunkyaputta t ra mi cu hisiu hnh hi Th Tn (Th gii thng hay v thng? Nh Lai c tnti sau khi cht? v.v...) Th Tn im lng khng tr li. Ngi ni choMlunkyaputta nghe cu chuyn mt ngi b mi tn c. Vn cp thit

l gii phu gii c ngay, ch khng phi l vn tm cho ra ngn ngnhmi tn v ngi bn mi tn trc khi chu gii phu. Cng th, vn cpthit ca con ngi l nh mi tn "kh au" ch khng phi i tm nhngcu tr li cho cc vn siu hnh khng thit thc.

Mt ln Kosambi (Tng ng B Kinh V), Th Tn dy cc T-kheo:"Nhng g Nh Lai bit v nh rng l Simspa, cn nhng g m Nh Laiging dy th t nh nm l trong tay, nhng y l nhng phng thc trkh". y l tnh cht thc tin, thc t, rt thit thc hin ti ca nhng liging dy ca Th Tn.

cc kinh khc, ngha thit thc hin ti cn c Th Tn ct ngha:Qun st t thn, t tm thy r tham, sn, si on tr l thit thchin ti.

Ging dy v hnh phc i sng gia nh, nh trnh by phn trc, ltnh cht rt thc t ca tinh thn gio dc ca Th Tn, Th Tn khng


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h ch cho hng t i vo cu nguyn hay t l trn ng tm kim hnhphc. Ngi dy: T n c ngha l t n b th, gip tha nhn v tn c ngha nht l s tu tp gii thot ca chnh t thn. (6)

Tinh thn thc tin, thc t l mt tinh thn gio dc ni bt ca tm l giodc hin i. Qua tinh thn thc tin y, Pht gio ni bt ln sc thi rt l"gio dc".

Tinh Thn Ph Phn

Mt tinh thn ni bt khc rt "i hc", rt "khoa hc", lm kinh ngccc nh nghin cu tn gio, l tinh thn ph phn cn c vo th nghimca chnh t thn gia cuc sng tri chy ny. Khi khuyn bo nhngngi Klama ang hoang mang nghi ng trc li tuyn b ca ngoi o

ch cho gio l ca mnh l ng, l s mt, Th Tn dy: "Ny cc Klama,ng b dn dt bi nhng bo co, hay bi truyn thng hay bi tin n.ng b dn dt bi thm quyn kinh in, hay bi l lun sung, hay bisuy l, hay bi s xt on b ngoi, hay bi v thch th trong nhng llun, hay bi nhng iu 'tung nh' c th xy ra, hay bi ngh 'y l

bc o s ca chng ta'. Nhng ny cc Klama, khi no cc ng t mnhbit chc chn rng nhng vic y l thin l tt, hy chp nhn v theochng". (7)

Th Tn dy cc t xem xt ngay c Th Tn thy r chn gi tr ca

Ngi.

Tinh thn ph phn lun lun gn lin vi thc t, thc ti, rt khchquan, rt hiu bit khng cho nhn thc ca con ngi chu n l di btc mt sc mnh, quyn nng no. Hin nay, tinh thn ph phn lm chuncho cc tinh thn i hc.

Tinh Thn Hng Dn

Nh trng dn, Th Tn xc nhn Th Tn ch l ngi ch ng, cn

mnh phi lm ly cng vic ca chnh mnh. Kinh Venaka Moggallna(Trung B III) Kinh i Nit-bn (Trng b II; Hn tng: Bt Nit bn)chp: Vo thi im sp t gi cuc i, Th Tn t chi vai tr lnh oTng chng khi Tn gi A-nan xin Th Tn cho li di gio ca bc lnh o,v Tn gi bn khon rng sau khi Th Tn nhp dit, Tng chng s khngc ai lnh o. Th Tn dy: "Nng ta Php, Php lnh o". Php y

phi c hiu l con ng a n an lc, hnh phc, gii thot. Trn bn


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mi lm nm gio ha, Th Tn lun lun l ngi ch ng m khngbao gi ra lnh hoc bt p ai tun phc Ngi.

Tinh thn hng dn ca Tm l gio dc hin i, ngnh gio dc ch o,l tinh thn cn bn ca gio dc mi, nhn bn. Theo , mt nh gio tt

phi l mt hng dn vin tm l.

Nh th, chnh Th Tn m ng cho mt nn gio dc tin tin t hnhai mi nm th k trc, qua tinh thn gio dc hng dn rt ngi, rtnhn bn trong thi hiu bit.

Bc tng nhn Th Tn nh mt v vua thy thuc, xem bnh chng sanh vcho thuc. y cng ch l tinh thn ch ng. Nikya v A-hm, ThTn cao phng php gio ha thn thng, qua thn gio v khu gio,

bng quan st v phn tch thc t. Mc ch vic ging dy ca Ngi l gipngi nghe t mnh nhn ra con ng v t mnh thc hin con ng.

Tinh Thn Khch L

Tinh thn gio dc "hng dn" vn l mt tinh thn gio dc c sc lic Th Tn vn dng kho lo song song vi s khch l tm l, s khchl m con ngi cn nh l dng kh.

Nikya v A-hm thng ghi li: "Th Tn thuyt php v khch l,

lm cho mi ngi u c li ch. Cho n cc bc Thnh hu hc vncn cn c Th Tn khch l".

Cc phm "Dc Tho D", "Th K", "Ph Hin" ca Php Hoa cng lmsng li tinh thn khch l y ca Th Tn.

n gi pht cui cng ca cuc sng ny, Th Tn cn khng qun khchl ch Tng: "Cc php hu vi l v thng, hy tinh tn ln, ch c phngdt", v khch l v th gi thn qu ca Ngi: "Ny A-nan, ch c su mun,khng bao lu na ng s chng c nhng g cha chng c". (Kinh i

Bt Nit Bn, Trng B I, 1991).

T chuyn mn ca ngnh Tm l gio dc hin i gi s khch l y l"Encouragement" v nhc nh cc nh gio, cc nh tm l tr liu, ng

bao gi qun rng: Hc tr ca mnh v thn ch ca mnh ang cn skhch l.


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Tht l l lng, cch y hn hai mi lm th k Th Tn vn dngthin xo s khch l tm l trn ng gio ha ca Ngi.

Tinh Thn T Tn, T Ch

Khch l l chun b xy dng tinh thn t tn v t ch ca hng t.

Bn cnh s trnh by gio l tht minh bch v kh, kh tp, kh tp dit,v kh tp dit o, Th Tn xc nhn rng bng n lc ring ca mnh, conngi c th thc hin c gii thot ngay trong i ny. Ch cho conngi tr v nng ta chnh mnh l dy con ngi tr v vi t tn.

Lng t tn khng th thiu c i vi ngi tu tp gii thot. N cngkhng th thiu i vi ngi i. Khng tin ngi khc th mnh c thsng c, nhng khng tin mnh th tht l kh sng, hoc gi nu c thsng th cng nh mt ngha sng.

Trong l trnh tu tp chuyn i tm l, Th Tn dy tn l khi u cho h,lc, khinh an... Thnh Tu--hon c nh ngha nh l c lng tin btthi con ng tu tp gii thot ca mnh.

S kin Th Tn ra i v tu tp cho n lc thnh o l s kin thitlp t tn ca con ngi ang gia vng sinh t m mt, bao la.

Ngoi nhng li dy khch l trc tip cc t, Th Tn cn vn dng cchnh thc gin tip nh cc trng hp Ngi tuyn b chng c tr ca mts t nh tui (Sa-di). in hnh l trng hp t ca Tn gi X-li-

pht v t ca Tn gi A-nu-lu- (Trng lo Tng k), qua mt s t nhp o khi tui gi, mt s cc ngoi o u Pht, mt s trnghp cc Ni nh Tn ni Patcra, ngi chu kh au ch trong cucsng n tuyt vng (Trng Lo Ni K) v.v...

Vic chn Tn gi X-li-pht lm "Tng Qun Chnh Php", Tn giMc Kin Lin lm v " t th hai" ca Th Tn (hai Tn gi ny tu sau

mt ngn t khc v tui i nh hn nhiu v khc) v Tn gi Upli(ngi th ht tc) ch tr v Lut, cng ni ln mt ngha khch l no na, ngoi thc cht gi tr ca cc Tn gi ny. y l nim tin v s khchl m Th Tn dnh cho Tng chng rng: Gic ng khng hn lin h nthi gian tu hnh, tui i hay giai cp x hi. Ai cng c th c Tu gicti thng, ty theo n lc tu tp ca mnh.


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Trng hp Th Tn Tn gi Nan- (Nanda) l mt trng hp inhnh khc ni ln tc dng tm l khch l ca Th Tn.

Tn gi Nan- vn m nhan sc ca ngi v mi ci (cha hp cn) nnkhng tu hnh c. Th Tn phng tin vn dng thn thng a Nan-xung ha ngc. Ti qu ngc ch Nan- thy cho du si v bo rng:"Cho du ny ang ch Tn gi Nan-, ngi ang li bing tu tp".on, Th Tn a Nan- ln ving "Tam thp tam thin". Ti y, ccTin n dim l ha ch Tn gi Nan- cng chung sng, nu Tn gising nng tu hnh. Tr v tri t Tn gi Nan- khng cn nh v na,ch ngh n cc tin n v n lc tu tp, sau , c lun Thnh qu.

Ty theo tm l m Th Tn khch l, Trng lo Tng K ghi mttrng hp ni bt mu sc khch l khc, trng hp b m ca Tn gi

X-li-pht.Sinh thi, khi Tn gi l trng t ca Nh Lai, b vn thng ry la Tngi l di, b giu sang m i xin n vt v. D bit m theo ngoi o, thPhm thin nhng Tn gi khng c m bng thn gio v khu gio,v khng tm thy c phng cch no hn l chu ng s la ry ca m,mi lc Tn gi gp b. Cho n ngy sp nhp Nit Bn, Tn gi tr v nhthm m v th hin i chy. Cc vua Tri Dc gii ln lt n xin lm thgi hu Tn gi trong gi pht cui cng. C n vua Tri Phm Thin cngn xin hu h, Tn gi t chi tt c. Sau khi cc vua Tri ra i, b m mi

hi Tn gi v cc vua Tri y. Tn gi ni: "ng vua Tri n sau cng lvua Tri Phm Thin, v m m tn th". B m mng r trong kinh ngc,nhn ra rng con mnh chc c o ln. Lng b chi xit hn hoan... Bitl thi im m n, Tn gi thu nhip thn tm thanh tnh v niPhp cho m nghe. B lin c ngay qu Tu--hon, nh c phn khchl trc , Tn gi lin nhp Nit Bn ngay ti ch y.

Trong iu kin tm l hn hoan, h, lc, gio l gii thot rt d c nginghe th nhp.

Do vy, cc kinh Bc tng, theo truyn thng y thng ht sc ca ngi, tnthn, khch l ngi th tr, c tng, bin chp v gii ni kinh in. y lhnh thc xy dng t tn cho hnh gi trong bc u vo gii thot.

Kinh Kim Cng v Kinh Php Hoa c th in hnh cho tinh thn khch lt tn y. Mt Kinh Kim Cng ngn m c n mi bn ln Th Tn tnthn cng c ca ngi th tr, c tng, gii ni...


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Qua lnh vc gio dc hc ng, t tn l mt c tnh m gio dc ctrch nhim xy dng cho con ngi. Bi thiu t tn th s thiu t ch,sinh li, khng vn dng hiu qu kh nng ca t thn gii quyt vxy dng c nhn.

Thiu t tn th tm l gio dc khng th vn dng cc k thut gio dc gip cho tui tr gii quyt cc vn ca h, v cng khng vn dng ckh nng sng to. Khi m cc vn tm l ca c nhn tui tr khngc gii quyt hu hiu, th vic dy v hc cng khng mt nhiu hiuqu.

i vo vn quc gia x hi, mt dn tc hng cng khng th l kt quxy dng ca nhng th h tr thiu t tn v nhiu su mun.

Ch nhn n gin nh th, ta cng nhn ra c tnh cch quan trng catinh thn gio dc khch l v t tn. Cc tinh thn c Th Tn giodc cc hng t ca Ngi cch y hai mi lm th k.

Tinh Thn c Lp, Tr N L

Pht gio dy con ngi i vo gii thot, c ngha l i ra khi mi tribuc, mi ch n l. N l ln nht ca hin tng gii l n l chnh dcvng cu mnh. Gc ca dc vng chnh l v minh. l con ng Btchnh dn n v tham, v sn, v si, thot ly khi mi kh ch. Thc hin

con ng ny l thc hin tng bc t tri, t ch, hay lm ch. Mt nngio dc nh th hn s o to nn nhng mu ngi lm ch; sng li chcho bn thn v x hi, v hnh phc ca c nhn v x hi, p v mi chtri buc bn trong v bn ngoi.

Gio dc tinh thn c lp, t ch cho tui tr l mt mc tiu x hi m hcng cn thc hin nghim tc. Tinh thn gio dc ca Pht gio, do ,

ph hp vi cc nn gio dc v vn ha ca cc quc gia.

Khai trin tinh thn gio dc v tham, v sn si, v v si rng thm na,

chng ta li bt gp mt tinh thn tch cc khc ca Pht gio ng gp ngha vo cng cuc xy dng x hi tt p.

Tip thu tinh thn v tham, th tui tr s t mnh dp dt hin tng thamnhng ca x hi, hay t nht khng to iu kin thun li cho tham nhng

pht sinh. Nhn danh i sng tm linh, tham nhng d b loi tr hn lnhng nhn danh gio dc khc.


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V sn th s dp tt c mt s hin tng ni lon, tranh chp, gy lntrong x hi.

V si s gip m rng ng vo tr tu v sng to nhng nhn t ca vnhoa tt, v ca vn minh nhn loi.

Tht l ng tic nu mt ng hng gio dc cu Pht gio tt p vtch cc nh th khng c vn dng hu hiu vo hc ng mi hinnay.

Trn y khng phi ch l mt s tinh thn gio dc Pht gio c rt tamt cch ri rc, m l nm trong mt ci nhn nht qun, c tnh ton dinv ton vn.

Gio Dc Con Ngi Ton Din

Mt nn gio dc ch dy nhng kin thc chuyn mn mt chiu png cc mc tiu x hi th khng phi l gio dc ton din.

Mt nn gio dc ch cung cp kin thc, rn luyn sc kho v mt s vn lun l, o c, y c l cng khng phi l ton din.

Mt nn gio dc trao truyn kin thc, th dc, c dc, m dc, sinh l vlao ng cng cha ni ln c ngha ton din. Vn ng hng

gio dc ny tr nn ton din hay khng l do c ci nhn nht qun vton din v con ngi hay khng.

t vn nh th l t vn v mu ngi gio dc. Con ngi l g cnc xc nh trc khi quyt nh ni dung phi dy con ngi nhng g vdy nh th no.

Cc ng hng gio dc tin tin vn thng bt n trong vic xy dngmu ngi ny.

Pht gio c bit ni bt tr tu, nhn thy con ngi v s vt nh tht,nn hy vng s bt c mt mu ngi kh d l tng.

Th gii ny do Duyn sinh. Con ngi cng do Duyn sinh. Th gii vcon ngi c cng chung tnh Duyn sinh y nn cng c mt trong mttng quan bt nh. C nhn, gia nh v x hi u trong s tng quan

bt nh .


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Th Tn nh ngha ci gi l con ngi ch l tp hp ca Nm un (sc,th, tng, hnh v thc). Nm un y cng chnh l th gii, theo li dyca Th Tn (Tng ng B Kinh IV, phm Migajla v nhiu Kinh khc).Gio dc con ngi l gio

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