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Pollina’on Requirements, Fruit Set and Blanking Gurreet Brar, Ph.D Farm Advisor Fresno & Madera Coun:es University of California Coopera:ve Extension

PollinaLon Requirements, Fruit Set and Blanking

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Page 1: PollinaLon Requirements, Fruit Set and Blanking

Pollina'on  Requirements,  Fruit  Set  and  Blanking      

Gurreet  Brar,  Ph.D  Farm  Advisor    

Fresno  &  Madera  Coun:es  University  of  California    Coopera:ve  Extension  

Page 2: PollinaLon Requirements, Fruit Set and Blanking

Botany-­‐Flowering  

•  Pistachio  is  dioecious:  –  Pis:llate  and  staminate  flowers  on  different  trees  

•  Pinnately  compound  leaf  •  Each  leaf  subtends  a  single  axillary  bud  •  Axillary  buds  inflorescence  primordia  –  Produce  nut  bearing  rachis  the  following  year  

Photo:    Maksim  (Wikipedia.org)  

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Botany:    Inflorescence  

•  Panicle  – Hundreds  of  flowers    – Set  less  than  4%  – Average  14  nuts/cluster  

•  Apically  dominant  – Most  nuts  terminal  flowers  

•  Parthenocarpy    

Photo:  Gurreet  Brar,  UCCE  

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Botany-­‐  Fruit  

•  Fruit  is  a  drupe  •  Consists  of  three  parts:  – An  exocarp  – A  fleshy  mesocarp  – An  Endocarp  (encloses  a  seed)  In  pistachio  seed  is  consumed  

4  

Endocarp

Mesocarp

Exocarp

Peri-­‐carp  

Photo  credit:  Louise  Ferguson,  UC  

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Pollina:on  •  Defini:on:  Transfer  of  pollen  grains  from  anthers  to  the  s:gma  by  wind  or  by  pollinators  (agents  of  pollen  transfer)  

•  Pistachios  are  wind  pollinated  

Photo:  Gurreet  Brar,  UCCE  

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Factors  affec:ng  pollina:on  

•  Type  and  placement  of  pollinizers  (male  tree)  •  Wind  speed  •  Heat  •  Frost  •  Rain    

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Placement  of  pollinizers  •  Pollen  20-­‐30  μm  dia.,  circular  to  ellip:cal    •  Pollen  dispersal-­‐  – Direct  iner:al  collision  on  windward  surface  – Sedimenta:on  on  leeward  surface  – High  wind  speed  reduced  capture  on  leeward  

 Windward  

Leeward  

Photos:    Gurreet  Brar,  UCCE  

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Pollen  distribu:on  •  Erdogan  et  al.,  1998:  

–  Vaseline  coated  glass  traps-­‐  2  m  above  ground  

•  Pollen  concentra:on  decreased  with  distance  

•  Maximum  distance  of  20m    

Ra:o  of  male:  female  trees  Australia-­‐  1:9    Iran-­‐  1:30  

California-­‐  1:24  

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1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

Average=  20.64  m  

Male  tree  placement:  Every  5th  tree  every  5th  row  

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Bloom  period  •  Overlapping  of  bloom  is  essen:al  – Specially  during  ini:al  por:on  of  female  bloom  

•  Peak  male  bloom=First  2-­‐3  days  of  female  flowers  recep:vity  

 

•  Polito  &  Pinney  (2000):  Timing  of  pollina:on  – Early  pollina:on-­‐  set  twice  fruit  than  late  – However,  had  greater  number  of  blanks  

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Bloom  period  

•  Unsa:sfactory  pollina:on  – Variable  flowering  period  in  females  &  male  trees  –  Incorrect  ra:o  of  males    

•  Porlingis  &  Voyiatzis,  (1993)-­‐  Paclobutrazol  effec:ve  in  delaying  anthesis  

•  Pon:kis  (1975):  DNOC  sprays  in  late  Jan.-­‐  females  flower  early  7-­‐15  days/shorter  bloom  

 

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Bloom  period  •  Beede  et  al.,  1997-­‐2002:  Dormant  oil  – Oil  assists  in  overcoming  delayed  leafing  and  erra:c  bloom  caused  by  inadequate  chilling    •  May  have  phytotoxicity  issues  (use  with  cau:on!)      

•  Ferguson  et  al.1996,:  Dormex  (Hydrogen  cyanamide)  – Significantly  higher  %  split  in-­‐shell  on  PG-­‐1,  UCB-­‐1  – Less  number  of  blanks  – Dormex:  significantly  bejer  results  in  a  low  chill  year    

 

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Supplemental  pollen?  

•  Studied  inflorescence  &  ar:ficial  pollina:on  

•  Diagram  of  average  inflorescence  studied:  

•  A  central  axis  (rachis)  •  13  primary  laterals  •  Each  bearing  one  terminal  &  5-­‐19  lateral  

 

Crane  and  Iwakiri  (1983)  

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What  they  found?  

•  Although  92%  of  flowers  borne  laterally,  only  5%  of  them  set  fruits  

•  Only  8%  flowers  were  terminal,  66%  of  them  set  fruits  

•  Evidence  of  strong  apical  dominance  •  Flowers  become  recep:ve  at  different  :mes  

Supplemental  pollina:on  not  effec:ve  when  abundant  pollen  available    

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Supplemental  pollen?  •  Supplemental  pollen  treatments  increased  fruit  set  to  12%  vs  6%  (control)  [Caglar  et  al.,  1995)  

•  16.2%  more  fruitlets/cluster  [Vaknin  et  al.,  2001]  

•  %  blank  nuts  down  to  6.32%  &  10.9%  vs  20.05%  for  control  

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•  Abu-­‐Zahra  &  Al-­‐Abbadi  (2007):    – Tested  2,4,6,&  8%  mixture  with  soo  wheat  flour  

– 2%  effec:ve  pollen  mixture  

– 8%  resulted  in  lower  number  of  fruits  per  cluster  

– Maybe  due  to  large  pollen  deposi:on  on  s:gma  

– Excessive  pollen  germina:on  on  s:gma  nega:ve  correla:on  with  yield  (Vaknin  et  al.,  2002)  

Supplemental  pollen?  

Supplemental  pollina:on    -­‐not  effec:ve  when  abundant  pollen  -­‐may  benefit  when  there  is  lack  of  pollen  

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Other  factors  affec:ng  pollina:on  

•  Frost:  •  Gholipour  (2006):  Cri:cal  temps.  for  chilling  injury  –  Injury  levels  ~  phenology  of  blooming  –  -­‐40  C  at  bud  stage;  -­‐20  at  blooming;  +20  at  flowering  

 

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Nut  set  &  development  •  2  days  aoer  pollina:on:  Fer:liza:on  takes  place  •  11  days  aoer  pollina:on:  Many  embryo  sac  contents  degenerate  due  to  lack  of  pollina:on  

•  First  10  weeks:  considerable  shell  size  growth,  but  lijle  kernel  development  

•  10-­‐12  weeks  aoer  pollina:on:  kernel  begins  to  enlarge  

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Nut  set  &  development  May  

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June  

20  

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July  

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22  

August  

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23  

Drupe: - embryo

Endocarp

Mesocarp

Exocarp

Pericarp  

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•  Blank  nuts-­‐  the  shell  is  present,  but  no  kernel  •  Possible  causes-­‐  –  Inadequate  pollina:on?  –  Ineffec:ve  fer:liza:on?  – Compe::on  among  developing  kernels?  – Parthenocarpy?  – Blockage  of  Vascular  transport  (work  by  Polito,  V.)  

Nut  Blanking  

Page 25: PollinaLon Requirements, Fruit Set and Blanking

 Parthenocarpy:  Fruit  formed  without  fer:liza:on  

 Example:  Seedless  citrus    

Stenospermy:  Post-­‐fer:liza:on  embryo  abor:on;  •  Fer:liza:on  &  some  degree  of  embryo  growth  needed  •  Example:  Seedless  grapes    

 

Seedlessness  

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Source:  Wikipedia  

In  pistachio,  single  ovule  is  anatropous:  The  funiculus  is  curved  such  that  micropyle  points  to  the  placenta  

Placenta  

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Source:  Polito  &  Luza,  1989  

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Nut  set  &  development  May  

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1. Vascular  transport  ac:ve  through  funiculus  to  ovule  

 2. Vascular  transport  blocked  

Source:  Polito  (1999)  

Breakdown  in  kernel  development-­‐  some:me  between  fruit’s  full  size  ajainment  &  start  of  kernel  development  

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•  At  full  bloom:  All  ovules  showed  transport  •  1  week  aoer  bloom:  78%;  2  weeks:  53%  &  63%  •  7-­‐8  weeks  aoer  bloom:  Transport  blocked  in  all    •  9-­‐11  wks:  Transport  resumed;  in  78,  82  &  90%        

Source:  Polito  (1999)  

Correlated  well  with  percentage  of  blanks!    

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Presence  of  endosperm  Early  on,  similar  %  of  samples  lacked  endosperm      6  weeks  aGer  bloom:  Intact  VT  -­‐  100%  ovules    had  endosperm;    Ovules  with  blockage:  only  59%  had  endosperm      

intact  

blocked  

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This  suggests:  •  That  vascular  conduc:vity  ceases  during  pericarp  growth;  intense  metabolic  ac:vity  

•  And  resumes  when  ovule  begins  to  grow  •  Resump:on  in  ovule  with  endosperm;  not  in  ovules  lacking  endosperm   Unfer'lized  ovules?  

Parthenocarpic  fruit  set  -­‐  an  important  factor  in  nut  blanking  

Page 33: PollinaLon Requirements, Fruit Set and Blanking

Post-­‐fer:liza:on  factors?  

• Abnormal  fruits/ovule  degenera:on:  •  Deformed/absent  embryo  sac  •  Early  degenerated  embryo  •  Funiculus  degenera:on  •  Lack  of  pollen  tube  penetra:on  •  Endosperm  growth  interrup:on  •  Embryo  destruc:on  during  globular  stage  

 

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Post-­‐fer:liza:on  causes?  

– Due  to  stress-­‐  • Water  • Nutrients    • High  sink  demand  • Insect  pests?  

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Insect  Exclusion  Studies    Cara  Allan  &  Louise  Ferguson  (2013,14)  

•  Pete  1:  Bagged  vs.  Un-­‐Bagged  Clusters  •  No  difference  in  average  %  of  filled  split  nuts  •  Bagged  clusters  had  fewer  nuts    

Source:  Allan  C.  &  Ferguson,  L.  (2014)  

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Thinning  Trial  Cara  Allan  &  Louise  Ferguson  (2013,14)  

Source:  Allan  C.  &  Ferguson,  L.  (2014)  

Treatment   Weight  of  Harvest  (lbs)   %  Edible  Split  %  Total  Edible  

Control   69.44   58.66   67.15  Thinning  half  of  each  

cluster   69.83   57.01   65.45  

Thinning  to  one  cluster/branch   51.06   61.76   70.03  

•  No  increase  in  the  percentage  of  edible  split  nuts  or  the  percentage  of  edible  nuts  (splits,  kernels,  and  close-­‐shelled  nuts)    

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Xenia  &  Metaxenia  •  Effect  of  pollen  source  on  seed  (Xenia)  and  

on  fruit  (Metaxenia)    •  Hormaza  &  Herrero,  1998:  •  Interspecific:      

 -­‐  P.  atlan)ca  pollen  on  P.  vera  –  some  traits  •  Intraspecific:    

 -­‐Within  the  P.  vera  cul:vars-­‐  no  effect      

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Xenia  &  Metaxenia  Gurreet  Brar  &  Louise  Ferguson  (2013,14)  

1 2 3 40

20

40

60

80

100

Pete 1 Blanks

Tree

Bla

nks

%

Chico pollenRandy pollen

1 2 3 40

20

40

60

80

100

Kerman Blanks

1 20

20

40

60

80

100

Pete 1 Blanks

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1 2 3 40

10

20

30

Tree

Leng

th (m

m)

Pete1 Length

1 2 3 40

5

10

15

20 Pete1 Width

Tree

Wid

th (m

m)

1 2 3 40

5

10

15

20 Pete1 Height

Tree

Hei

ght (

mm

)

1 2 3 40

10

20

30 Kerman Length

Tree

Leng

th (m

m)

1 2 3 40

5

10

15

20 Kerman Width

Tree

Wid

th (m

m)

1 2 3 40

5

10

15

20 Kerman Height

Tree

Hei

ght (

mm

)

•  2  sites,  2cul:vars  •  4  clusters/tree  bagged  

•  Pollina:on:  •  4  clusters  with  Chico  

•  4  with  Randy  pollen  

•  Blanks  counted  •  5  nuts/cluster  for  size  &  weight  measurements  

Xenia  &  Metaxenia  

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1 2 3 40.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0 Pete1 Kernel Weight

Tree

Wei

ght (

g)

1 2 3 40.0

0.5

1.0

1.5 Pete1 Shell Weight

Tree

Wei

ght (

g)

1 2 3 40.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0 Kerman Kernel Weight

Tree

Wei

ght (

g)

1 2 3 40.0

0.5

1.0

1.5 Kerman Shell Weight

Tree

Wei

ght (

g)

Xenia  &  Metaxenia  

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In  a                      -­‐Shell  •  Supplemental  pollina:on    •  not  effec:ve  when  abundant  pollen  • may  benefit  when  there  is  lack  of  pollen  

•  Lack  of  pollen:  Understanding  chill  bejer  •  Time  to  revisit  dormant  oil  or  Dormex?  

•  Source-­‐sink  rela:ons  on  nut  blanking  •  Parthenocarpy  vs.  carbohydrate  alloca:on    

•  Post-­‐fer:liza:on  stress  may  contribute  to  blanks  

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Thank  you!  •  Acknowledgements:  – Dr.  Louise  Ferguson  – California  Pistachio  Research  Board