Poultry Industry Lec3

8/4/2019 Poultry Industry Lec3

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One of the fastest growing

segments of the animal

Industry

The Poultry Industry


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Which came first, the

chicken or the egg?


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Consumption Worldwide consumption of

poultry is increasing Per capita consumption of

broilers is 90 pounds


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Poultry generally accepted in most

cultures


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Largest Producers China is first in the world

Soviet Union and United Statesare next


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World Production Data

USA produces 8+ billion broiler chickens per year

World production of poultry meat in 1997 was 84billion pounds and table eggs was 700 billion

30% of worlds poultry meat is produced in the USA

50% of world table egg production is in China


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What types of poultry are there?

Ratites-Ostriches, Emus

Chickens

Ducks

Geese Turkeys

Game Birds


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Pigeons Are Also Poultry

There is a hobby called Pigeon Racing and hobbyists

take it very seriously!

The pigeons are released anduse their homing instinct, to

return home to their lofts.

Pigeons are also known as

Thoroughbreds of the Sky


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Chickens

Chickens make up the largest sector of the poultryindustry.

Consumption of chicken in the WORLD is risingevery year.

Why?Chicken is LOW in fat, HIGH in protein and LOWin cholesterol when compared to meats such as porkand beef.

There are several breeds of chicken used toproduce different products and types of eggs.


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Breeds of Chicken

White Leghorns

Used for egg production and produce white eggs


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Breeds of Chicken

Barred Plymouth Rocks

Used for meat and eggs, produce brown eggs


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Breeds of Chicken

New Hampshire Reds



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Breeds of Chickens

White Plymouth Rocks



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Whats the Difference Between Brown

Eggs and White Eggs?White and brown eggs taste the same and have the same nutritive

value.

The color difference is due to the breed of the hen.

You can tell what color egg a hen will lay by looking at her feathers

and ear lobes.

A hen with WHITE earlobes and feathers will lay WHITE eggs.

A hen with RED feathers and matching earlobes will lay BROWN

eggs.

The difference is purely cosmetic.usually, people in the North

prefer brown eggs while people in the South like white eggs.


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Broiler- used mainly formeat. A broiler is a chickenis 6 to 7 weeks of age andweighs 4 pounds when it issent to market.

Poultry Terms to Know

Layer-a maturefemale chickenthat produces

eggs. Most can lay300 eggs/year.

Pullet- a young femalechicken


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Capon- a male chicken that has beenneutered/castrated, usually 5 to 7months of age and weigh about 6pounds. By castrating these males

when they are 3 weeks old, theirmeat is more tender and moreflavorful when the bird matures.

Poultry Terms to Know

Rooster/Cock- amature male chicken

Cockerel- a male chickenthat is less than 1 year

old

Spent hen- a hen that isno longer laying


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Broiler ProductionBroilers are raised for their meat and they make up most of

the chicken products that we eat.

A Broilers Story:

I was born in a hatcherythen I was placed in an open

chicken house where I ate and drank at free will. The chicken

house is big, warm, and well ventilated. I ran around on a big

open shavings floor. I was fed a diet that made me grow as

efficiently as possible so that the grower wouldnt waste

money on me. My diet has yellow corn, soy, other grains,

minerals, vitamins, and medicine to keep us from getting sick.

My brothers,sisters, and I were all kept very healthy. When Iturned six weeks old and weighed 4 pounds I was sent to

market so you can enjoy chicken nuggets and other chicken

products.


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The Broiler Industry


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What is a broiler?

The term broiler refers

to chickens which areabout 7-8 weeks of

age and are raised for

meat


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The Broiler Industry

Today, almost all of the poultry

is raised in large operations


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Broiler Houses

raised in large houses where the

birds spend most of their lives designed to provide the ultimate

in environmental conditions for

the comfort of the birds.


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Broiler Houses


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Broiler Houses

generally lighted 24 hours a day

helps cut down on cannibalism


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Broiler Production

process begins with the

production of eggs that will behatched into chicks.

Parents are selected from breeds

that are large and muscular


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Broiler Production

different in appearance from

those chickens used to produceeggs for consumption

Layers are selected on their

ability to lay eggs


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Broiler Production

most are hybrids derived from

mating of different breeds usually mated through artificial

insemination

results in heterosis or hybrid

vigor


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Hybrid Vigor

the resulting offspring are

healthier and outproduce theaverage of their parents.


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Broiler Production

most are white

colored birds have pigmentationspots in their skin which is

undesirable to the consumer


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Egg Production

eggs are expelled from the hens

body and the embryo developsoutside the mothers body.

Eggs are encased in a hard shell

and can weigh several ounces


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Layers

Chicken are raised for producing

eggs


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Chicken Development


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Egg Production

most mammal eggs are

microscopic process begins with the release

of the ovum (yolk) from the

ovary


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Egg Production

if the female has been mated,

the ovum will be fertilizedwithin the infundibulum.

The albumin or white of the egg

is secreted by cells in the

magnum.


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Egg Production

the shell is formed in the uterus

in 18-20 hours the shell iscompleted and moves to the

vagina and out of the hens

body.


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Female Reproductive Tract

Ovary

Infundibulum - site of

fertilization

Magnum - albumin

addition

Isthmus - membranes

Uterus - shell gland

Vagina - transport to

exterior Sperm storage occurs at

various sites in tract in

some species


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Egg Production

hens prefer nesting boxes that

are enclosed gives the chickens a feeling of

security


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Egg hatching

eggs are stored at 21-26 0C

(70-800

F) degrees until beingplaced in the hatchery

within 48 hours after incubation

begins the embryo has

developed a circulatory system


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Egg hatching

circulatory system sustains life

by carrying nourishment fromthe yolk to the embryo

eggs are turned at least two

times per day


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Egg hatching

turning eggs keeps the embryo

from sticking to the inside ofthe shell

by the end of the first week,

embryos are recognizable as

chickens

Layer Production


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Layer Production

How does a chick develop?


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Chick Development


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Egg hatching

incubation takes about 21 days.


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Egg Hatching


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Egg hatching

After hatching, chicks are

removed from the incubator,dried off, cleaned, and placed in

a warm dry environment.

The chicks are sexed and

separated into groups.


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Egg hatching

At one day of age chicks are

vaccinated and the beaks aretrimmed to prevent canabalism.

Chicks are then placed in

ventilated cardboard boxes to

be shipped to the broiler house.


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Egg hatching

Before the chicks arrive at thebroiler house it must be cleaned and

disinfected. Fresh bedding is placed in the

house.

Heaters, called brooders are

suspended from the ceiling to keep

the birds warm.


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Egg hatching

Chicks are usually kept in the

broiler house for seven to eightweeks.

At that time they weigh about 4

1/2 pounds and are ready for

market.


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Egg hatching When the broilers are

transported to the processing

plant, the house is again cleaned. The bedding is very high in

Nitrogen and is used forfertilizer, it may also be used as

a source of protein in cattle

rations.


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Layer Industry

Layer Production


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Layer Production

Did you know?

A layer hen in production can lay almost 300 eggs/year andthis number is rising! In 1900, hens only laid 100 eggs/year!

Are the eggs you buy in the store fertilized or unfertilized?They are unfertilized! Hens do not need a rooster to lay eggs.

Can you name some foods that have eggs in them?Angel food cake, mayonnaise, egg nog, bread, and noodles arejust a few products with eggs!


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Layer Industry

Over 90% of eggs produced are

by layers in cages.

The most common grouping is

four hens per cage.

Some layers produce brown

eggs and some produce white

eggs.


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Layer Industry

Most eggs sold are white.

In commercial operations,lighting is used to stimulate the

hormonal activity of the hens to

increase their production of

eggs.

http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/poultry/publication/commegg/sld001.htm
http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/poultry/publication/commegg/sld001.htmhttp://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/poultry/publication/commegg/sld001.htm


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Layer Industry

They produce eggs naturally

when the days are longer thanthe nights.

Most operations allow 14 - 15

hours of light per day.


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Layer Industry

As eggs are laid they roll onto a

conveyor belt where they go toa work room where they are

cleaned if necessary and

refrigerated.


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Layer Industry

Eggs are coated with a thin coat

of mineral oil to prevent carbondioxide from escaping from

within the egg.

Eggs are graded according to

size and checked for cracks and

interior spots by candling. Figure 4.2 Automated egg-handling equipment. (A) Overall view. (B) Automatic egg washer. (C) Eggs of different sizes are weighed


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on inline scales and then ejected at different points on the line. Courtesy of the USDA.

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Poultry Industry Lec3