Nghin cu phng php xc nh ti lng nhim khng kh t hot ng cng nghipNguyn nh Tuni hc Ti nguyn v Mi trng TP.H Ch MinhI. T VN S nhim khng kh (NKK) khi u bng vic pht thi cc cht NKK t cc hot ng ca t nhin v con ngi. Sau di tc ng ca cc yu t kh tng, cc cht NKK c vn chuyn, khuych tn v lng ng ti nhng lp kh quyn khc nhau v tc ng ln mi trng t nhin, mi trng nhn to v con ngi.Tuy nhin, trong thc t nc ta hin nay, vn tnh ton ti lng pht thi cc cht NKK hu nh cha c ch trng ng mc; Cha thng k c ti lng pht thi t cc hot ng cng nghip hay giao thng vn ti trong phm vi c nc hay ti tng a phng lm c s cho cng tc qun l mi trng. V vy nhm nghin cu xut cc phng php xc nh ti lng NKK mt cch n gin, ph hp vi iu kin kinh t k thut ca nc ta hin nay.II. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CUTng quan ti liu nhm mc ch tm hiu cc phng phc xc nh ti lng NKK thng dng trn th gii, t chn mt phng php ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam.Kho st cng ngh, thit b v o c thc nghim ti lng pht thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip ti Vit Nam, t so snh vi ti liu i chng xc nh h s hiu chnh cho phng php chn.Lp phiu iu tra v kho st thc t hot ng ca cc nh my, x nghip xc nh lng nguyn liu, nhin liu tiu th v sn lng sn phm, t tnh ton ti lng pht thi NKK.III. KT QU NGHIN CU3.1. Cc phng php xc nh ti lng NKKa. Xc nh ti lng pht thi bng o cv c bn, o c ti lng pht thi bao gm: Vic o c nng cht nhim v o lu lng kh thi t suy ra ti lng l tch s gia nng v lu lng.b. Xc nh ti lng pht thi bng cn bng vt chtTnh ton cn bng vt cht gia dng nguyn liu i vo v dng sn phm i ra. Chnh lch gia khi lng nguyn liu v khi lng sn phm l do c s tn tht trong qu trnh sn xut.c. Xc nh ti lng pht thi bng h s pht thiS dng cc h s pht thi c xy dng cho tng loi cng ngh sn xut tnh ti lng pht thi cho mt trng hp c th.C th tm tt ni dung v so snh u, nhc im ca cc phng php ni trn qua (bng 1) sau y:3.2. Xc nh phng php tnh ton ti lng ph hp iu kin Vit NamTi Vit Nam, cc phng php ni trn u c th s dng. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh ti lng nhim khng kh cho cc ngnh cng nghip, nht l trong iu kin cn nhiu kh khn th nn s dng phong php c tnh bng h s pht thi, v n ph hp vi kh nng kinh t, khoa hc k thut hin nay. Nhc im l chnh xc khng cao, nhung nu so snh vi phng php o trong iu kin ca nc ta th kt qu thu c vn ng tin cy.Khi s dng phng php c tnh bng h s pht thi, iu ng lu l phi so snh cng ngh sn xut ca i tng cn xc nh vi cng ngh sn xut dn chng c ph hp hay khng. Ngoi ra, nhng thng s khc cng c quan tm nh: mc hin i ca thit b, lng tiu hao nhin liu, nguyn liu... m bo thu c cc s liu c tin cy cao, chng ta khng th sao chp y nguyn cc h s nhim c gii thiu ti nc ngoi. Mt trong nhng ni dung nghin cu l xc nh cc h s pht thi cho cc ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam trn c s k tha cc kt qu hin ang c s dng ph bin trn th gii nhung c hiu chnh li do nhng yu t khc bit.H s pht thi cc cht NK.K cho cc ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam c xc nh nh sau:Eij = Eijik.K,j, g/T (1)Trong : E,j: H s pht thi cht NKK i cho ngnh cng nghip j no ti Vit Nam, mg/T Eij&: H s pht thi cho ngnh cng nghip tung ng dng tham kho. Ky: H s hiu chnh k n s khc bit v cng ngh, thit b, lng tiu hao nguyn liu v cht lng nguyn liu. H s pht thi cho ngnh cng nghip tng ng dng tham kho: Chng ti s dng cc h s pht thi t ti liu "S tay h s nhim tp 2 - Ngun nhim cng nghip" ca H Lan lm Eijtk v nhng l do chnh nh sau: y l mt trong nhng ti liu gii thiu mt cch y nht v h s nhim ca cc ngnh cng nghip. Ti liu m t cc qu trnh cng ngh kh chi tit c th i chiu vi cng ngh cn nghin cu. Ti liu ny c bin son trn c s k tha rt nhiu ti liu v ngun nhim ca cc nc M, c, H Lan, Nht, cc nc chu u v nhiu ngun khc. Cc cng ngh dng xy dng h s pht thi kh ph hp vi cng ngh hin nay ti Vit Nam.- H s hiu chinh kij: Nh trnh by trn, h s hiu chnh kij ph thuc vo mt s yu t nh cng ngh, thit b, tiu hao nguyn liu, nhin liu, trnh vn hnh. xc nh kij i hi phi xem xt mt cch ton din cc vn nu trn. Trong ti ny, nhm nghin cu tin hnh nghin cu phng php xc nh ky theo 2 hng: Thc nghim v bin lun. Kt qu thu uc th hin bng 2.Trn c s ca vic xy dng h s hiu chnh kij v da vo cc ti liu v h s pht thi dn, nhm nghin cu xy dng cc h s pht thi cho khong 30 ngnh cng nghip ch yu Vit Nam. (Phan Ph lc)3.3. Ti lng cc cht nhim khng kh ti TP. H Ch MinhT vic xy dng cc h s pht thi trn, chng ti xy dng cng thc tnh ton ti lng phtthi cc cht NKK t hot ng cng nghip cho 2 trng hp: Theo ngnh sn xut hoc theo a bn.a. Tnh ton ti lng cc cht nhim theo, ngnh sn xutTi lng cc cht NKK i ca mt ngnh cng nghip n s c xc nh bng cng thc sau:Gn = 2 Kin.Njn, g/nm (3.4) Trong : Gia'. Ti lng cht NKK i ca ngnh sn xut cng nghip n trn a bn no (g/nm) Kin: H s pht thi cht NKK i ca ngnh cng nghip n (g/tn nguyn liu hoc nhin liu hoc g/tn sn phm) Njn: Khi lng nguyn liu (nhin liu) hoc sn phm ca nh my j thuc ngnh sn xut n ang xt (tn/nm).b. Tnh ton ti lng cc cht NKK theo a bn Ti lng cht NKK i ti qun (huyn) m no c tnh bng cng thc sau: Gim: Ti lng cht NKK i trn a bn qun (huyn) m (g/nm). Gin: Ti lng cht NKK i ca ngnh sn xut cng nghip j trn a bn qun m (g/nm). kin: H s pht thi cht NKK i ca ngnh cng nghip n (g/tn nguyn liu hoc g/tn sn phm) Nnm: Khi lng nguyn liu (nhin liu) hoc sn phm ca ngnh cng nghip n trn a bn qun (huyn) m (T/nm).S dng cc cng thc ny, chng ti tnh ton c ti lng pht thi cc cht NKK ch yu t mt s ngnh cng nghip v cho cc qun huyn ti TP. H Ch Minh. Hnh v 2 gii thiu biu phn b ti lng NKK mt s ngnh v a phng ti TP. H Ch Minh.IV. KT LUN1. Thng k tnh ton ti lng NKK l mt nhu cu cp bch trong cng tc qun l mi trng khng kh nc ta hin nay.2. Phng php xc nh ti lng NKK thch hp vi nc ta hin nay l phng php s dng h s pht thi.3. Trn c s tham kho t nhiu ngun ti liu v nghin cu trnh cng ngh, thit b, nguyn liu, nhin liu, trnh vn hnh trong sn xut cng nghip nc ta, nhm nghin cu xut h s hiu chnh t h s pht thi NKK cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip ph bin ti Vit Nam, p ng c nhu cu cp bch ni trn.TI LIU THAM KHO:1. B KHCNMT (1998), Chin lc Pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh Vit Nam n nm 2020, H Ni.2. Cc Thng k TP. H Ch Minh (1997, 1998,1999, 2000), Nin gim thng k TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh.3. D n VIE/97/051 (2000), Phn tch kt qu iu tra cng nghip Vit Nam 1999, NXB Thng k, H Ni.4. Nguyn inh Tun (2002), nh gi hin trng pht thi nhim khng kh do sn xut cng nghp ti TP. H Ch Minh - Nghin cu cng ngh x l kh thi cho mt s ngnh cng nghip in hnh. Lun n TS, Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh.5. UBND TP. H Ch Minh 1994), (1997) Tinh hnh cng nghip nhim trng im ti TP. H Ch Minh (Sch en t , 2), TP. H Ch Minh.6. UBND TP. H Ch Minh 1997), iu tra mi trng hot ng sn xut tiu th cng nghip ti TP. H Ch Minh, TP H Ch Minh.7. Ministry ofHousing, Physica Panning and Envirorunent (1983), Handbook of emissionactors- Part 2: ndustrian sources, Government Publishing offce, The Hague.EPA 454/C -00-003 (2000), Compilation of air pollution emissionactors (AP-42), Emsionactorand Emission in-ventory Group, u.s. Environmental Protection Agency.TCMT 06/2013