Proiect OffRoad

7/28/2019 Proiect OffRoad

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POP Adrian Claudiu OFF-ROAD 1

CHAPTER I ABOUT OFF-ROAD

Off-roading is a term for driving a vehicle on un-surfaced roads or tracks, made of

materials such as sand and gravel, riverbeds, mud, snow, rocks, and other natural terrain. In

most cases off-road terrains can only be

traveled by vehicles designed specifically for

off-road driving. These types of vehicles

often have extra ground clearance, sturdy

tires, and front and rear locking differentials.

Examples of vehicle manufacturers notable

for producing types of off-road vehicle

include Land Rover, Jeep, Toyota, Suzuky,

Hummer etc.

Military forces usually design their

vehicles with off-roading in mind or buy them

from off-road manufacturers such as AM

General (Humvee) or Land Rover, who have

produced vehicles used by the armed forces of

many countries.

In some parts of the world, off-roading is the

normal form of transportation. In tropical

countries non-surfaced roads can attain off-road

aspects during the rainy season when extra gears and four wheel drive can become necessary.

In Western countries the term "off-roading" is frequently used more for recreational pursuits.

An off-road vehicle is considered

to be any type of vehicle which is

capable ofdriving on and offpaved

or gravel surface.It is generally

characterized by having large tires

with deep, open treads, a flexible

suspension, or even .Other vehicles

that do not travel public streets or

highways are generally termed off-highway vehicles, including

tractors, forklifts, cranes, backhoes,

bulldozers, and Golf carts.Off-road

vehicles have an enthusiastic

following because of their many

uses and versatility. Several types ofmotorsports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three

largest "4 wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are Rally, Desert Racing, and

Rockcrawling The three largest types of All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) / Motorcycle

competitions are Motocross, Enduro, and also Desert Racing like Dakar Rallye and Baja

1000.The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from

pavement. The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles enables access on trails

and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.

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SHORT HISTORY

One of the first modified off-road vehicles

was the Kgresse track, a conversion undertaken

first by Adolphe Kgresse, who designed the

original while working for Czar Nicholas II of

Russia between 1906 and 1916.The system uses an

unusual caterpillar track which has a flexible belt

rather than interlocking metal segments. It can be

fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a

half-track suitable for use over rough or soft

ground.

AfterWorld War II, a huge surplus of light off-road vehicles like the Jeep and heavier lorries

were available on the market. The Jeeps in particular were popular with buyers who usedthem as utility vehicles. This was also the start of off-roading as a hobby. The wartime Jeeps

soon wore out, though, and the Jeep company started to produce civilian derivatives, closely

followed by similar vehicles from BritishLand Roverand JapaneseToyota, Datsun/Nissan,

Suzuki, and Mitsubishi. These were all alike: small, compact, four wheel drive vehicles with

at most a small hardtop to protect the occupants from the elements.

From the 1960s and onward, more comfortable vehicles were produced. For several years

they were popular with rural buyers due to

their off-road and load-lugging capabilities.

The U.S. Jeep Wagoneerand the Ford Bronco,the British Range Rover, and the station

wagon-bodied Japanese Toyota Land Cruiser,

Nissan Patrol and Suzuki Lj's series were all

essentially just station wagon bodies on light

truckframes with four wheel drivedrivetrains.

Later, during the 1990s, manufacturers started

to add even more luxuries to bring those off-

road vehicles on par with regular cars. This

eventually evolved into what we call the SUV

today. It also evolved into the newerCrossover vehicle, where utility and off-road capability

was sacrificed for better on-road handling and luxury.

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TECHNICAL

To be able to drive off the pavement, off-road vehicles need several characteristics:

They need to have a low ground pressure, so as not to sink into soft ground, they need ground

clearance to not get hung up on obstacles, and they need to keep their wheels or tracks on theground so as not to lose traction.Wheeled vehicles accomplish this by having a suitable

balance of large or additional tires combined with tall and flexible suspension. Tracked

vehicles accomplish this by having wide tracks and a flexible suspension on the road wheels.

The choice of wheels versus tracks

are one of cost and suitability. A tracked

drivetrain is more expensive and costly in

terms of maintenance. Wheeled drivetrains

are cheaper and give a higher top speed. For

pure off-road capabilities, the tracked

drivetrain has the edge.Most off-roadvehicles are fitted with especially low

gearing. This allows the operator to make

the most of the engine's available power

while moving slowly through challenging

terrain.

A combustion engine coupled to a

normal gearbox often has an output speed

too high to be usable. The vehicle often has

one of two things, either a very low

("granny") first gear (like the all wheel drive

Volkswagen Transporter versions) or an

additional gearbox in line with the first,

called a reduction drive. Some vehicles, like

the Bv206 in the picture on the right, also

have torque converters to further reduce the

gearing.Many wheeled off-road vehicles

have all wheel drive to keep traction on

slippery surfaces; however, in vehicles

designed for use both on and off road, this

may be switchable so that the vehicle hasfewer driven wheels when on the road.

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CHAPTER II RECREATIONAL OFF-ROADING

Recreational off-roading is popular among a sub-section of the owners offour wheel drive

or all-terrain vehicles and motorcycles. There are numerous categories of recreational off-

roading, with something suitable for all levels of experience and equipment:

Dune bashing Greenlaning

Mudding (mud bogging)

Rock crawling

Rock racing

Formula off-road

Competitive trials

A. Dune bashing

Dune bashing, also known as desert safari, is a form of off-roading, using an off-roadvehicle to explore sand dunes. Whilst in some parts of the world, such as the fragile coastal

dunes of Australia, it is illegal, in others such as the Middle East, it is a booming attraction for

tourists.

Vehicles used: Although most four-wheel

drive vehicles are capable of dune bashing,

the smaller, lower vehicles like most mini

SUVs and compact SUVs are not used

because they have a higher risk of getting

stuck. Larger sport utility vehicles such as

the Toyota Land Cruiser are more

common. The vehicles used for thisactivity are usually equipped with a roll

cage to prevent the roof from caving in on

passengers in the case of an overturn.

Technique: Similar to auto-racing,

experience and skill is required to manoeuvre the car and prevent accidents. In most cases, a

professional driver accompanies the group. A group can consist of as many people as there

are working seatbelts in the vehicle.

Before entering the desert in an everyday-

use SUV, it is essential to reduce the tire

pressure. This is done to gain more traction

by increasing the footprint of the tire and,

therefore, reducing the downward pressure

of the 4wd on the sand as there is a greater

surface area (much like the head of an axe,

the axe must be sharp in order to split the

wood).

Upon entering the desert, it is common to meet with a pack of vehicles and a group

leader before proceeding. The group leader then leads the pack through the stunts in singlefile. The main reason for this technique is to prevent vehicles from losing track of direction

and getting lost.

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B. Geenlaning:

Greenlaning (or two-tracking) is one of

the least extreme categories. It is

generally suitable for any four wheeldrive vehicle, even with factory tires and

equipment. The term greenlane refers to

the fact that the routes are predominantly

along unsurfaced tracks, forest tracks, or

older roadways that may have fallen into

disuse. For a lot of greenlaners the main

emphasis is on enjoying the countryside

and accessing areas that may be seldom

traveled by motor vehicles, rather than

exploring the performance envelope of

their vehicle.Greenlaning is popularamong All Wheel Drive SUVs with

limited off-road capabilities, being designed for only light off-roading in normal use.

C. Mudding:

Is a form ofoff-roadmotorsport popular in Canada and the United States in which the goal is

to drive a vehicle through a pit ofmud of a set length. Winners are determined by the distance

traveled through the pit or, if several

vehicles are able to travel the entire

length, the time taken to traverse the

pit. Typically, vehicles competing in

mud bogs are four-wheel drives.

Mudding involves finding a large

area of wet mud or clay and

attempting to drive as far through it

as possible without becoming stuck.

The stock tires supplied with four by four

vehicles are typically inadequate for this type of

off-roading and Mud-terrain tires are required.

Strongly attached recovery points are also

recommended to enable the vehicle to be towed

out if it becomes bogged down. Traction and

momentum are important factors in success.This

activity has a competitive form known as Mudbogging.

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D. Rock crawling:

Rock crawling is an extreme form ofoff road driving using vehicles anywhere from

stock to highly modified to overcome

obstacles. In rock crawling, drivers drive

highly modified four-wheel-drive vehicles

such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very

harsh terrain. Driving locations include

boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles,

mountain trails, etc. Rock crawling is about

slow-speed, careful and precise driving, and

high torque generated through large gear

reductions in the vehicles drivetrain. Rockcrawlers often drive up, down and across

obstacles that would appear impassable. Such

vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.Rock crawling competitions range from local events

to national series. A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about

100-200 yards long. Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course.

Vehicles used: Vehicles commonly used include Jeep (the Chrysler and the Mitsubishi

Varieties), Lada Niva, Nissan Patrol, Toyota pickup truck, Land Rover and Suzuki Samurai

and International Harvester Scout. These vehicles are outfitted with custom parts. Power is

usually not an issue, as rock crawlers typically lower their gear ratios in order to drive more

slowly over obstacles without stalling the engine. Most vehicles have a low-geared transfer

case to make the most torque in the low speeds used for rock crawling. Suspension-wise, rock

crawling vehicles sometimes have after-market lift kits installed, raising the chassis and

increasing suspension flex, though

the rock crawlers running the

tougher trails often have fabricated

suspension systems, or home-

assembled leaf packs to cheaply

achieve the goals, making it easier

to drive over larger obstacles with

less risk of damage to the vehicle.Most suspensions are made to be

highly flexible, allowing for the

maximum amount of tire area to

contact the ground, while keeping

the vehicle as low as possible. Due

to the conflicting nature of the

dynamics and needs of rock

crawling and highway driving

vehicles, it is not unusual to modify a vehicle solely for off-road recreational usage.

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E. Rock racing:

Rock Racing is very similar to rock crawling in the fact that the vehicles are drivenover rocks, the difference is that there are no penalties for hitting cones, backing up or

winching as is done in rock crawling. Rock racing also involves a degree of high-speed racing

not seen in typical rock crawling.

F. Formula off-road:

Formula off-road is a high powered version of off-road competition. Vehicles are

highly modified,, or specially built, using sand drag tires, long travel suspension components

that allow jumps and rough handling and long axle articulation, and a secure roll cage for the

driver.Formula off-road cars often use highly tuned V8's with superchargers ornitrous oxide

injection systems. Formula off-road originated in Iceland in the 1980s and has since spread tothe other Nordic countries.

Competitions are often held in sand and gravel quarries where courses are laid out and

often include going up nearvertical slopes. The vehicles utilize paddle-like treads on the

tires.

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G. Competitive trials:

Trials are probably the safest form of motorsport. All progress is made at low speed

and the emphasis is on skill, rather than finishing first although trialing can be highly

competitive. There are three traditional forms of off-road trialing.

RTV (Road Taxed Vehicle) trialing is the most common form of trialing. As the name

suggests, it is for vehicles that are road-legal.This excludes vehicles that are highly modified

or specially built. RTV courses are intended to be non-damaging and driven at little more than

a walking pace and a course properly laid out

would be drivable without damage.

However, the terrain usually includes steep

slopes, water, side-slopes, deep ruts and

other obstacles that could potentially damage

a vehicle if mistakes are made or poor

driving technique is used, and vehiclemodifications increase the chance of success.

A good driver in a standard specification

vehicle can easily win over a modified,

highly equipped vehicle driven by a less

competent driver.

Cross Country Vehicle (CCV) trialing is the next step up from RTV trialing and is

open to non-road-legal vehicles, which greatly increases the scope for modification. The

terrain covered will be of greater difficulty than that found on an RTV trial, and will usually

require more judicious use of speed to get the vehicle across certain obstacles, so increasing

the risk of vehicle damage.

Whilst no trial is intended to

be vehicle-damaging mistakes

and accidents are inevitable.

A standard-specification

vehicle would not be expected

to be able to complete a CCV

course. Vehicles are required

to meet certain safetyregulations. Roll-cages must

be fitted and be built to a

suitable standard, recovery

points must be fitted front and

rear and fuel tanks must meet

certain standards. A 4-point

harness for all occupants is required and a fire extinguisher is recommended.

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CHAPTER III OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLING

Part of the thrill in riding a dirt bike off-road is coming around a corner or cresting a

hill, not knowing what you'll be facing but just handling it as it comes, or enduring a test of

threading trees your handlebars barely fit through and powering across the nastiest terrain tothe next check point to be on time. It really doesn't matter if

you're climbing stuff that a mountain goat would have trouble

traversing, working your way through ruts that your footpegs are

dragging through, holding it wide open across an open field

before diving back into the woods, or trying to survive a man

made X-treme course. Off-Road motorcycling is certainly

something to experience and this page outta give you the info

you need to get started.

It doesn't matter whether you're competing in an

EnduroCross, Hare Scramble, GNCC Race or just trying to takeit easy in the woods without losing your friends and family.

Riding off-road anyway you like it can be some of the best fun

there is to be had behind the bars of a dirt bike.

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CHAPTER IV SAFETY IN OFF-ROAD

In preparation for your first off-road adventure, here are some things to do before you

ever leave home:

1. Make sure you know your vehicle well. It's important to recognize your limits and those

of your vehicle and not to exceed them: Know how your 4x4 system works and how to use the controls.

Know where the spare tire and jack are located and how to use them.

Know your vehicle's dimensions - height, width, length, approach angle, departure

angle and ramp angle - so that you can pass through tight areas without damage.

Know where the lowest point of clearance is - usually the differential casing.

Get used to driving your 4x4. Get a feel for its size and driving characteristics.

Practice using the low ratio gearbox.

If your vehicle is equipped with manual locking hubs, try them out.

Know where your engine's air intake and engine computer are located so you'll know

the maximum depth of water that you could cross.

Keep track of maintenance on filters, belts and hoses and keep all fluids topped up.

2. Be prepared. You never know when you'll find yourself stuck or broken down, without

help around, so be sure to pack all of the appropriate "emergency" supplies. And be aware of

changing weather conditions before you go.

3. Travel with at least one passenger, and at least one other vehicle whenever possible.

4. Let someone know where you are going, and set a time to contact them to let them

know you are okay. Don't forget to take along their phone number, the local sheriff's phone

number, in case of an emergency. And don't follow-through by calling at the pre-arranged

time, so they don't send out the search teams for you!

5. Make sure your vehicle is in good condition and ready for the off-road experience.Before leaving civilization, do a complete check of your vehicle before leaving. Make sure

your tires (including the spare) are in good condition and inflated properly. Look under your

vehicle for any leaks or mechanical problems. Make sure all of your fluids are topped off.

Check the condition of your steering and brakes. All repairs should be carried out before

leaving home.

6. Pay attention to how you load your vehicle. Loads should be distributed evenly within

the vehicle if possible. Loads behind the rear axle will sag the rear of the vehicle, limiting

your departure angle and clearance. If you have a roof rack fitted, be aware of weights and

how they are distributed. Excessive loads will change the center-of-gravity, thus making the

vehicle less stable. Also, remember the additional height of your vehicle due to the rack.

7. Always know where you are, where you're going, and which route you intend to take.Be time-conscious... What may look like a short trip on the map may take many hours in 4-

wheel drive -- so allow enough time for safe travel.

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11/11


CHAPTER V - CONCLUSION

Wheel drive, crew, friends, leave a fucking work, differential, 4 x 4 is not all that with

16, Mountain, shock absorbers, the more left engine, winch, forest, adrenaline, put gas

reducer, turbine, bullbar sun, where thehell are we?, logs, suspension, stay as

broke, rain, valves, mud, raising kit,

clutch, chassis, high-lift jack, hey-

break, strength, ambition, keep it

right! , satisfaction, night, other

countries, softening, logs. Another life.

How many people know what is that

off-road?

More than he could imagine one.

E credit history, current affairs and,

unfortunately, the future stewards ofour roads. Toate.Practicam kind of off-

road daily, even among large cities.

Ditches, pits, bumpy you already professional approach: France, assess the situation, make the

decision, take courage and handle carefully. Emotions that you include mainly concern the

integrity of the vehicle earned with hard work, you are exposed daily to such expeditions.

Imagine your emotions like that, transplanted in the mountains, shared with friends, but

multiplied by 100, resulting not care beast, but doubts about mental or bodily integrity of

those who pull the beast in question. Peak is never going more than an invasion of adrenaline

that washes fatigue, stress and remembered meeting urban sites. In addition, the stage is set

(more or fewer accidents) success full of enthusiasm for night of madness with healthy peers.

In short, that's about it take it off-road. That p-join. If I have anything better to do, I say it's

only human activity that applies the principle of from each according cheerful powers, each as

needed.

11

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