Quy trình kỹ thật cây cao su.pdf

TP ON CNG NGHIP CAO SU VIT NAM

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngy 13 thng 11 nm 2012

Quy trnh k thut cy cao su

ii V mc lc

C quan qun l: Tp on Cng nghip Cao su Vit Nam

C quan ch tr thc hin: Vin Nghin cu Cao su Vit Nam

Ch o bin son

Trn Ngc Thun

Tng Gim c, Tp on Cng nghip Cao su Vit Nam

L Minh Chu

Ph Tng Gim c, Tp on Cng nghip Cao su Vit Nam

Nguyn Tn c

Trng Ban Qun l K thut, Tp on Cng nghip Cao su Vit Nam

Ban sa i quy trnh k thut

Trng Ban: Phan Thnh Dng

Th k tng hp: Phan nh Tho

Quy trnh k thut sn xut cy ging

L Mu Tu, Tng Vit Thnh, V Th Thu H, Phm Hi Dng

Quy trnh k thut khai hoang, thit k l v xy dng vn cy

Tng Vit Thnh, L Mu Tu, Phm Vn Hng, H Vn Khng

Quy trnh k thut chm sc cao su kin thit c bn

Tng Vit Thnh, L Mu Tu, H Vn Khng

Quy trnh k thut h a nng

Tng Vit Thnh

Quy trnh k thut thu hoch m v chm sc vn cao su kinh doanh

Kim Thnh, Nguyn Nng, Nguyn Quc Cng

Quy trnh k thut bo v thc vt

Phan Thnh Dng, Nguyn Anh Ngha, Trn nh Pha, Nguyn n Hiu

Ban bin tp

Phan Thnh Dng, Phan nh Tho


V mc lc iii

LI NI U

Cy cao su (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) c ngun gc t lu vc sng

Amazon (Nam M), c du nhp thnh cng vo Vit Nam t nm 1897. Tri qua

hn mt th k nh hnh v pht trin, n u nm 2012 tng din tch cao su c

nc t khong 830.000 ha, tri di t ng Nam B ln Ty Nguyn xung Duyn

Hi min Trung v vn ti vng min ni pha Bc.

Ngnh cao su v ang ng gp cho t nc trong nhiu lnh vc t nng

lm nghip, mi trng, kinh t - x hi... v hin nay, Vit Nam tr thnh mt

trong nhng nc dn u trn th gii v nng sut, din tch v xut khu cao su

thin nhin.

Cy cao su l cy cng nghip di ngy, v vy cn c quy trnh k thut hng

dn nng cao hiu qu trng v kinh doanh loi cy ny. Trc y, Quy trnh K

thut c Tng Cng ty Cao su Vit Nam (nay l Tp on Cng nghip Cao su Vit

Nam) xy dng v ban hnh vo cc nm 1990, 1997 v 2004 mang li hiu qu

nng cao nng sut, cht lng v din tch vn cy cho ngnh cao su trong nc.

Hin nay, vi tin b trn nhiu lnh vc cng vi vic m rng din tch trng cao su

ra khi vng truyn thng ti ng Nam B, Quy trnh K thut Cy Cao su cn c

cp nht v chnh sa cho ph hp vi iu kin thc t.

Ban bin son quy trnh bao gm cc cn b nghin cu, qun l ca Vin

Nghin cu Cao su Vit Nam v Ban Qun l K thut thuc Tp on Cng nghip

Cao su Vit Nam. Cc iu khon ca quy trnh c xy dng da trn nhng kt

qu nghin cu v thnh tu hiu qu nht c t trong v ngoi nc, cng nh k

tha kinh nghim trong sn xut t trc n nay. Ngoi ra, quy trnh ny cng nhn

c s ng gp nhit tnh t cc cn b qun l k thut chuyn nghip t cc n

v trng cao su trong Tp on.

Tuy nhin, d c gng ht sc mnh, cc thnh vin cng khng th trnh c

sai st. vy, Ban bin son quy trnh k thut cy cao su trn tr ng lng nghe v ghi

nhn m i s ng gp ca qu v cp nht quy trnh tin b hn.

BAN BIN SON


iv V mc lc


V mc lc v

MC LC

PHN I QUY NH CHUNG ................................................................................................................................................................... 1

PHN II QUY TRNH K THUT ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

CHNG I. SN XUT CY GING CAO SU ......................................................................................... 7 MC I: QUN L CY GING CAO SU ........................................................................................................ 7

MC II: N NHN G GHP CAO SU .................................................................................................... 8

MC III: K THUT LM N NG TUM TRN ................................................................... 11

MC IV: K THUT LM N NG BU C TNG L ................................................. 15

MC V: K THUT LM N NG TUM BU 2 - 3 TNG L................................... 19

MC VI: K THUT LM N NG TUM BU 5 TNG L ........................................ 22

CHNG II. KHAI HOANG, THIT K L V XY DNG N CY ............... 24

CHNG III. K THUT TRNG MI CAO SU ................................................................................. 35 MC I: CC TIU CHUN K THUT CH YU ............................................................................. 35

MC II: TRNG CAO SU ........................................................................................................................................... 37

CHNG IV. CHM SC CAO SU KIN THIT C BN ........................................................ 41 MC I: K THUT CANH TC TRN N CAO SU KIN THIT C BN ......... 41

MC II: BN PHN CHO N CAO SU KIN THIT C BN ......................................... 42 MC III: TA CHI C KIM SOT V TO TN CHO CAO SU KIN

THIT C BN .............................................................................................................................................................. 44

MC IV: TRNG XEN TRONG N CAO SU ................................................................................... 46

MC V: QUN L N CAO SU KIN THIT C BN .......................................................... 47

CHNG V. THIT LP H A NNG........................................................................................................ 49 MC I: YU CU CHUNG........................................................................................................................................ 49

MC II: B TR H A NNG TRN N CAO SU .................................................................... 51 MC III: K THUT S DNG H A NNG KT HP P XANH TRN

N CAO SU KIN THIT C BN ................................................................................................... 53 MC IV: K THUT BN PHN TRN H A NNG N CAO SU

KIN THIT C BN V KINH DOANH ......................................................................................... 54 MC V: K THUT TCH MN, GI M H A NNG TRN N CAO SU

KIN THIT C BN V KINH DOANH .................................................................................................. 55

CHNG VI. THU HOCH M V CHM SC N CAO SU KINH DOANH ... 56 MC I: QUY NH CHUNG V THU HOCH M .............................................................................. 56

MC II: CH THU HOCH M .................................................................................................................. 57

MC III: THIT K, M MING CO ........................................................................................................... 60

MC IV: CC YU CU K THUT TRONG VIC THU HOCH M ........................... 71

MC V: KCH THCH M ......................................................................................................................................... 74

MC VI: K THUT KCH THCH BNG KH ETHYLENE (RRIMFLOW) ................. 76

MC VII: BIN PHP CHE MA CHO CY CAO SU ...................................................................... 79

MC VIII: CHM SC N CY KINH DOANH .......................................................................... 81

MC IX: BO V N CY CAO SU KINH DOANH ................................................................. 83

MC X: QUN L N CAO SU KINH DOANH ............................................................................ 84


vi V mc lc

CHNG VII. BO V THC VT ................................................................................................................... 87 MC I: CC SU BNH CHNH TRN CY CAO SU ..................................................................... 88

MC II: BNH L ............................................................................................................................................................ 89

MC III: BNH THN CNH ................................................................................................................................ 95

MC IV: BNH MT CO ....................................................................................................................................... 98

MC V: BNH R ......................................................................................................................................................... 101

MC VI: NHNG TC HI KHC ................................................................................................................ 102

MC VII: SU HI ....................................................................................................................................................... 105

MC VIII: QUN L C DI ............................................................................................................................. 108 MC IX: S DNG, BO QUN THUC V AN TON TRONG CNG TC

BO V THC VT ................................................................................................................................................ 110

PHN III PH LC ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 113

PH LC 1. K HIU VIT TT TN GING CAO SU ................................................................. 115

PH LC 2. TRA CU DC THEO () V PHN TRM (%) ................................. 116

PH LC 3. THIT K L TRN T DC ............................................................................................ 117

PH LC 4. THIT K TUYN CC NG L TRN T DC ................................... 121

PH LC 5. PHN HNG T TRNG CAO SU................................................................................ 123

PH LC 6. TRNG THM PH TRN N CAO SU KIN THIT C BN ..... 125

PH LC 7. QUY NH V CHNG LOI V CHT LNG PHN BN S DNG TRN N CAO SU ................................................................................................................ 129

PH LC 8. S QUN L QUY HOCH V THIT K MING CO, MT CO HNG NM ............................................................................................................................................ 134

PH LC 9. TM TT K HIU QUC T V CH THU HOCH M ................ 135

PH LC 10. HNG DN V IU TRA NH GI MC BNH HI TRN N CY CAO SU ................................................................................................................................... 137

PH LC 11. CCH PHA THUC BO V THC VT ............................................................... 141

PH LC 12. THUT NG THNG DNG ......................................................................................... 145


V mc lc 1

PHN I

QUY NH CHUNG


2 V mc lc


V mc lc 3

iu 1: Phm vi p dng

- Quy trnh k thut cy cao su (sau y c g i l Quy trnh) c p dng

thng nht trong ton b cc n v thnh vin trng cao su do Tp on Cng

nghip Cao su Vit Nam (sau y c g i l Tp on) qun l.

- Quy trnh ny c Tp on ban hnh v gi bn quyn, theo Lut S hu

Tr tu sa i v b sung nm 2009 ca nc Cng ho X hi Ch ngha

Vit Nam. Nghim cm sao chp di m i hnh thc nu khng c php

ca Tp on.

iu 2: iu khon thi hnh

- Tt c cc c nhn, tp th thuc cc n v thnh vin trng, chm sc v

thu hoch m cao su do Tp on qun l phi p dng nghim tc cc iu

khon c nu trong Quy trnh. Vic thc hin cc iu khon, bin php k

thut, s dng phn bn, vt t, ho cht khng c nu trong quy trnh ny

phi c s chp thun bng vn bn ca Tp on.

- Lnh o cc n v thnh vin chu trch nhim trc tip vi ban Tng

Gim c Tp on v vic t chc thc hin Quy trnh. Cc n v thnh

vin c trch nhim bo co kt qu thc hin, xut hoc b sung cc iu

khon c nu trong Quy trnh v Tp on theo nh k.

- Tp on c trch nhim tp hun, gim st, kim tra v nh gi vic thc

hin Quy trnh ti cc n v thnh vin. Trong trng hp cn thit, Tp on

s thnh lp on kim tra, phc tra v nh gi c lp.

iu 3: Phm vi iu chnh

Vic b sung hoc thay i cc iu khon nu trong Quy trnh s c Tp

on ra quyt nh bng vn bn.

iu 4: Ch thng pht

- C nhn, tp th c thnh tch xut sc trong vic thc hin Quy trnh s

c Tp on khen thng theo ch hin hnh.

- i vi c nhn, tp th vi phm Quy trnh, tu mc thit hi s c hnh

thc k lut c th.


4 V mc lc


V mc lc 5

PHN II

QUY TRNH K THUT


6 V mc lc


V mc lc 7

Chng I

SN XUT CY GING CAO SU

Mc I: QUN L CY GING CAO SU

iu 5: Quy nh chung v qun l cy ging

- Cc n v sn xut, cung cp v s dng cy ging cao su trong Tp on

phi tun th php lnh v cc quy nh v qun l ging cy trng do Nh

nc v Tp on ban hnh.

- Tp on qun l s dng ging cao su: ban hnh c cu ging cao su p

dng tng vng theo giai on, ph duyt c cu ging v nghim thu kt qu

thc hin hng nm trn vn cy trng mi, ti canh ca cc n v thnh

vin.

- Cc n v trc thuc Tp on chu trch nhim qun l sn xut, cung cp

v s dng ging cao su ti n v mnh v cc n v lin kt.

- Cc n v sn xut ging phi m bo tiu chun cht lng cy ging

theo Quy trnh ny.

- Hng nm, Tp on s cng b danh sch n v, c s sn xut ging cao

su t tiu chun.

iu 6: Qun l vn ng v vn nhn

- Lp k hoch sn xut, bo co tin thc hin theo biu mu thng nht.

- C nht k ghi c th v thi gian, khi lng v cht lng thc hin cc

cng vic trn vn ng: l lch vn nhn, thi gian xung ging, ngun

ht, phn bn, ti nc, chm sc, bo v thc vt...

- n ng c s chi tit ging, mi ging ghp theo tng ring.

- n nhn c bng ghi r tn ging tng v c s chi tit ging.

iu 7: Kim nh ging cao su

- n nhn a vo sn xut hng nm phi c Vin Nghin cu Cao su

Vit Nam kim nh, thanh l c v phi p ng cc yu cu k thut.

- Cy ging c tng l phi c kim nh trong vn ng trc khi em

trng.

iu 8: Bo v thc vt trn vn sn xut ging

Cy ging xut vn phi sch bnh v cc i tng gy hi khc. S

dng cc loi thuc tr c, tr nm bnh v cn trng gy hi theo Quy trnh

k thut bo v thc vt.


8 V mc lc

Mc II: VN NHN G GHP CAO SU

iu 9: Thi v cy ging

- Tu theo khu vc (vng trng cao su), phi hon tt thit k, chun b cy

ging, lm t, bn lt trc khi thit lp vn nhn.

- n nhn c trng bng cc loi cy ging c xut x t vn nhn cp 1

gm: tum trn, bu mt ng, bu c tng l hoc tum bu c tng l.

iu 10: Chn t

Ch n ni c iu kin kh hu thch hp, c ngun nc ti, t c kt cu

nh v d thot nc, v tr vn thun tin cho vic i li, vn chuyn.

iu 11: Thit k

- Thit k phi t yu cu chng xi mn, chng ng vo ma ma, thun

tin cho vic chm sc v qun l.

- n nhn c chia thnh nhiu , kch thc c th di 50 - 100 m,

rng 20 - 30 m, cc cch nhau bng ng rng 3 m. ng vn chuyn

chnh rng 5 m.

- Cy trng theo hng n, cy cch cy 0,5 m; hng cch hng 1,0 m. Mt

20.000 gc/ha (khng tnh din tch ng i).

Hnh I.1: Mt trng trn vn nhn

iu 12: Lm t

- o rnh rng 40 cm, su 50 cm hoc rch hng su tng ng bng c

gii.

- Bn lt phn chung hoai 20 tn/ha hoc cc loi phn hu c c cht

lng tng ng v phn ln nung chy 1,1 tn ha. Ri phn theo rnh v

trn u vi t.


V mc lc 9

iu 13: Chm sc vn nhn g ghp

- Thng xuyn ct b chi thc sinh, cnh nh v chi ngang. Nm th hai v nm th ba cha 2 chi/gc, t nm th t tr i ti a 3 chi/gc tu ln ca gc.

- n nhn phi c gi sch c bng th cng hay ho cht.

iu 14: Bn phn

- Loi phn v liu lng theo Bng 1.

- Chia u lng phn trn bn lm ba ln, bn khi t m. Khng bn phn cho vn nhn mt thng trc ngy ct g ghp.

- Bn b sung nh k ba nm mt ln phn hu c vi sinh gia rnh vi s lng 1.500 kg/ha.

Bng 1: Lng phn bn cho vn nhn ging cao su

Ln bn Nguyn cht (kg/ha) Phn bn (kg/ha)

N P2O5 K2O Ur Ln NC KCl

Nm 1 200 200 120 435 1.250 200

Nm 2 250 250 150 543 1.563 250

T nm 3 300 300 200 652 1.875 333

iu 15: Ti nc

Ti nc m vo lc mi trng, vo lc bn phn v trc lc thu hoch g ghp. n thu hoch g ghp trong ma kh cn ti vi lng nc 250 m3/ha/ln vi chu k 1 ln/tun v lin tc trong su tun trc khi ct g.

iu 16: Thanh lc ging

Cn b k thut chuyn trch ging ti c s kim tra vn nhn t nht 2 ln nm ct b chi thc sinh v chi ln ging.

iu 17: Tiu chun cnh g ghp

- Cnh g ghp phi c tui tng ng vi gc ghp v bc v d dng.

- S lng mt ghp khc nhau tu theo ging, bnh qun phi t 10 mt hu hiu trn 1,0 m cnh g ghp dng xanh hoc xanh nu.

iu 18: Nng tng l v ct cnh g ghp

- Nng tng l: trc khi ct cnh 20 - 25 ngy, ct l cha cung cn 1 - 2 cm nhng tng l di thp, gi li hai tng l trn cng.

- Ct cnh g ghp: ch ct cnh g ghp c tng l trn cng n nh v d bc v. Ct cnh vo lc tri mt.

- Ct cnh ghp cch ch pht chi 10 cm, vt ct g n, khng lm h hi phn gc, bi vaseline kn vt ct.

- Lng g ghp xanh nu c th cung cp v chnh trn 1 ha vo nm th nht: 10.000 m; nm th hai: 22.000 m; t nm th ba tr i: 30.000 m.


10 V mc lc

iu 19: G ghp khng nng tng l

- Thu hoch cnh g ghp khng nng tng l ly mt ghp cn cung l (mt xanh). Ngay sau khi ct g phi ct l ngay v cha cung cn 1 - 2 cm, bo qun kp thi ni mt v m.

- Khi ct mt ghp, ct cung l cch tng ri 1,0 mm, trnh phm vo v mt ghp.

- Khi chuyn i xa, cnh g ghp c xp tng lp xen m gi m, khng buc chung thnh b. Ti nc gi m vo lc tri mt trn ng vn chuyn.

- Thi gian t khi ct n khi ghp khng qu 2 ngy.

iu 20: Bo qun, vn chuyn cnh g ghp

- Ngay sau khi ct, cnh g ghp c gom li cn thn, trnh b dp; nhng sp hoc bi vaseline kn hai u, bo qun ni mt v m, tuyt i khng phi nng.

- Bo qun: cnh g ghp c gi m trong bao b t, mn ca m hoc rm r thm nc, ni thong mt. Khi chuyn i xa, buc cht g thnh tng b, mi b 20 cnh. Xe ch cnh ging phi c mui che thong mt, sn xe ri lp m gi m (bao b, rm r, mn ca...). B cnh c xp thnh tng lp, c mi lp ph lp m gi m. Ti nc gi m vo lc tri mt trn ng vn chuyn.

- Thi gian t khi ct n khi ghp khng qu 5 ngy.

iu 21: nh hnh v ca phc hi

- nh hnh: mi gc duy tr mt thn cao 50 cm. Cc ln thu hoch v sau ct st trn im nh hnh.

- Ca phc hi: sau 3 - 5 nm thu hoch g ghp, ca thn chnh xung thp ngay di im nh hnh ln u.

- Ghp chng i ging thc hin trn chi mi sau khi ca phc hi.

Hnh I.2: Vn nhn ging cao su


V mc lc 11

Mc III: K THUT LM VN NG TUM TRN

iu 22: Thi v

Trng cy con t thng 7 n thng 9.

iu 23: Chun b t

- Ch n ni c iu kin kh hu thch hp. n ng c ngun nc ti, t kt cu nh v d thot nc. V tr vn ng thun tin cho vic i li, vn chuyn.

- Lm t xong trc khi trng cy con t nht 15 ngy. t phi c d n sch v san phng.

iu 24: Thit k vn ng

- n ng c thit k bo m chng xi mn, thot nc ng thi thun tin cho vic thi cng, chm sc, qun l v vn chuyn.

- n ng chia thnh nhng kch thc 20 m x 10 m, gia cc c ng i rng 2 m ni vo ng vn chuyn. n ng c quy m ln ( 1,0 ha) th thit k ng vn chuyn chnh rng 5 m, ng nhnh rng 3 m.

- B tr cy trng hng kp vi khong cch (90 cm + 30 cm) x 20 cm (hng n cch nhau 30 cm, hng kp cch nhau 90 cm v cy cch cy 20 cm).

- Mt thit k 80.000 im/ha.

iu 25: Lm rnh vn ng

- o rnh su 50 cm, rng 40 cm, c th s dng c gii rch hng bo m t su hn 50 cm.

- Bn lt phn chung hoai 20 tn/ha (hoc cc dng phn hu c khc c cht lng tng ng) v phn ln nung chy 1,0 tn ha. i vi t giu mn (t mi khai hoang) khng cn bn lt phn hu c.

- Trn u phn vi t, lp rnh li trc khi trng cy con khong 15 ngy.

iu 26: Chun b ht ging

- Ht lm gc ghp: u tin s dng ht ca cc dng v tnh GT 1 v PB 260; k n l ht cc dng v tnh ph bin khc. Ch n ht mi rng c v sng bng v phi nh ti. Bo qun ht ni c mi che, thong mt; ri trn nn khng dy qu 20 cm v rm ngay trong vng 3 ngy.

- S lng ht ging cho vn ng tum khong 1.200 kg/ha.

- X l ht: t nga ht, g nh v ht va nt ra, sau ngm trong nc sch 24 gi; sau 12 gi th thay nc sch mt ln.

- Rm ht: lp rm rng 1,0 m v cao 15 cm trn ph ct mn dy 5 cm, gia cc lp c li i v c mi che. Ht sau khi ngm c t p bng st nhau thnh mt lp trn lp v ph ct kn ht, s lng khong 1.000 - 1.200 ht/m2.

- Ti nc nh 2 ln mi ngy vo sng sm v chiu mt, lng nc khong 4 lt/m2/ln ti. Trnh nc ng trn lp rm.

- Phng kin, mi vo lp rm bng cch phun hoc ri thuc dit cn trng quanh lp.


12 V mc lc

Hnh I.3: Chn cy con t lp rm ht trng trn vn ng

iu 27: Trng cy ra vn ng tum

- Sau khi rm c 8 - 10 ngy, ch n nhng cy c thn mm v r c c di khong 3 - 10 cm em trng ra vn ng. Trng cy vo lc tri mt.

- Ch c l im trng su hn chiu di r mm t mt cy; t r c c thng xung trong l, m t cht r v ph t mn che ht. Loi b cy b h gy thn mm hoc r c c.

- Trong vng 10 ngy sau khi trng cy con, hng ngy kim tra thay th ngay nhng cy khng t yu cu: cy cht, gy chi, thui ng n, m c yu, x m trn thn, cy bch tng...

iu 28: Ti nc

- Ti m nc ngay sau khi trng cy ln t cht quanh b r.

- Trong ma kh, ti nc t nht 2 ln/tun vi lng nc khong 10 lt/m

2/ln. Ti nc lc tri mt, vo sng sm hoc x chiu. Ti

nc vo ngy trc v sau khi ghp, khng ti nc vo ngy ghp.

iu 29: Lm c

n ng phi c gi sch c bng th cng hay ho cht. Nn s dng mng ph PE hn ch c di v gi m gia hng. Khng cuc xi gn gc tum trc khi ghp t nht mt thng.

iu 30: Bn phn

- Loi phn, liu lng v s ln bn theo Bng 2.

- Thi gian bn: bn ln th nht khi cy t hai tng l n nh, cc ln bn sau cch nhau 30 ngy, bn phn ln cui cng trc khi ghp t nht mt thng.


V mc lc 13

- Cch bn: trn u cc loi phn ngay trc khi bn. Ln th nht ri phn

gia hai hng n cch gc 10 cm; t ln hai tr i ri phn d c hai bn hng

kp cch gc 15 cm. Sau khi bn, xi nh vi lp phn. Vo ma kh, bn

phn kt hp vi ti nc m.

Bng 2: Lng phn bn cho 1 ha vn ng tum

Ln bn Nguyn cht (kg/ha) Phn bn (kg/ha)

N P2O5 K2O Ur Super ln KCl

1 60 60 40 130 375 67

2 120 120 80 261 750 133

3 120 120 80 261 750 133

4 120 120 80 261 750 133

iu 31: Ta loi

Ta loi hai ln:

- Ln 1: khi cy t 3 - 4 tng l, ta b nhng cy qu xu, ci c c v khng

pht trin.

- Ln 2: trc khi ghp 10 - 15 ngy, ta b nhng cy sinh trng qu km

v khng th ghp c.

iu 32: Ghp cy

- Bt u ghp khi ng knh gc ghp o cch mt t 10 cm t trn 10 mm

v khi cy c tng l trn cng n nh.

- p dng k thut ghp mt xanh v xanh nu theo phng php ghp ca

s. Ch ch n mt nch l v vy c c m mm (ht go) r.

- n ng v vn nhn phi c ti nc y trong thi gian ghp.

Khng ghp lc gc cy cn t. Ghp cy vo lc tri mt.

iu 33: Bng, x l v bo qun tum

- M bng sau khi ghp 20 ngy, sau t nht 15 ngy mi bng tum. Ti

m vn trc lc bng tum.

- Ct ng n tum cao 5 - 7 cm cch m trn ca mt ghp, mt ct ngang

hay nghing v pha i din v bi vaseline ngay sau khi ct.

- Ct ht r bng, trnh phm vo r c c, ct cha r c c di t nht 45 cm

tnh t c r hoc di hn tiu chun, s x l li ti ni trng.

- Phn tum t c r tr xung c x l bng cch nhng trong hn hp bn

st gm 2 3 t nho + 1 3 phn b (tru) ti + 4% phn super ln v nc.

Nhng vng c mi hay gy hi, cho thm chlorpyrifos nng 0,5% vo hn

hp trn.


14 V mc lc

- Buc cht tum thnh b bng dy mm, mt ghp quay vo pha trong

(Hnh I.4).

- Tum vn chuyn i xa th thi gian bo qun khng qu 10 ngy sau khi

bng. Khi vn chuyn, xe phi c mui che thong mt, sn xe ri lp m gi

m (bao b, rm r, mn ca...). B tum c xp thnh tng lp, c mi hai

lp tri lp m gi m (bao b, rm r). Ti nc 2 ln/ngy vo lc tri

mt trn ng vn chuyn.

- Khi n im tp kt tum ti vn ng tum bu, phi bo qun bng cch

xp ng tum trong h thot nc tt v c mi che mt. Ph ct mn kn phn

r tum v ti kim sot nc va m.

Hnh I.4: Tum, b tum quay mt ghp vo trong

iu 34: Sn xut tum trn trn vn ng tm thi

- Ch n t: c th s dng t khc ngoi vn ng hoc gia hng cao su

kin thit c bn nm th nht v th hai sn xut tum trn dng cho tum

bu c tng l. Ch n t ti xp, mu m v thot nc tt.

- Thi v: lc c ht ging tt, trng t thng 8 n thng 12.

- Chun b t: d n sch, san phng; rch hng hoc xi t bo m lung

trng su hn 40 cm. C th kt hp vic xi lung v trn phn bn lt.

- Bn lt: t mi khai hoang hoc t giu mn khng cn bn lt.

- Khong cch trng v cc cng on: ch n ht, x l, trng cy, ghp

tng t sn xut tum trong vn ng.


V mc lc 15

Mc IV: K THUT LM VN NG BU C TNG L

iu 35: Thi v

Trng cy con bt u t thng 7 n thng 10.

iu 36: a im

C ngun nc ti, thun tin cho i li, vn chuyn.

iu 37: Thit k

- n ng c thit k bo m chng xi mn, thot nc ng thi

thun tin cho vic thi cng, chm sc, qun l v vn chuyn.

- n ng c chia thnh nhng kch thc 20 m x 10 m, gia cc c

ng i rng 3 m. n ng c quy m ln thit k ng trc chnh rng

5 m, ng ph rng 3 m.

- Mt thit k vn ng bu c tng l l 120.000 - 130.000 bu/ha nu

kch thc bu l 18 cm x 35 cm. T 150.000 - 160.000 bu/ha nu kch thc

bu l 16 cm x 33 cm.

- Thit k hng theo hai cch:

+ Hng n: xp mt hng bu vo rnh, khong cch gia hai tm rnh

cch nhau 0,7 m - 0,8 m.

+ Hng kp: xp hai hng bu vo rnh, khong cch gia hai tm hng kp

l 1,2 m. t bu thnh hai hng cch nhau 5 cm - 10 cm t ng ti

bng nha PE mng theo tng hng kp.

- t bu xung rnh su bng 2/3 chiu cao bu hoc ming bu cao

hn mt t 10 cm.

iu 38: Quy cch bu

- Bu PE nguyn sinh dy 0,08 mm, mt na chiu di bu phn y c

c nhiu l, cc l cch nhau 6 cm, ng knh l 5 mm.

- Kch thc bu tu theo loi t. i vi t , dng bu c kch thc

16 cm x 33 cm hoc 18 cm x 35 cm. i vi t xm, dng bu c kch thc

18 cm x 35 cm hoc ln hn.

iu 39: Cho t vo bu

- Ch n t tht c ti xp vo bu (ly t ti ch hoc ch t ni khc

n). i vi t xm, ch n t c t l ct thp trnh v bu. t lc cho

vo bu phi tng i kh.

- Phn bn lt:

+ Phn ln nung chy 8 - 10 g/bu.

+ Phn hu c vi sinh 10 g bu; hoc phn chung hoai 50 - 100 g/bu.


16 V mc lc

- Cho t vo bu: t ti xp c trn u vi phn lt theo nh lng.

Lt u, cho t vo khong 2/3 chiu cao ti bu, lc u va cht; lt

sau cho t y bng ming bu, li lc u cho t xung cch ming bu

1,0 cm. Bu t phi trn u, khng gy gia.

iu 40: Chun b ht ging

S lng ht ging cn cho 1 ha vn ng bu ct ng n khong 1.200 -

1.600 kg/ha tu theo mt thit k v loi ht ging. Ch n v x l ht ging

nh iu 26.

iu 41: Trng cy vo bu

- Trc khi trng cy vo bu 1 - 2 ngy, t trong bu phi c ti m

nc.

- Ch n nhng cy c r c c v thn mm di khong 3 - 10 cm t vo bu;

ch n nhng cy cng chiu cao trng cng lt.

- Trng cy vo lc tri mt. Ch c l gia bu trng mt cy, t r c c

thng xung trong l, m t cht r v ph t mn che ht. Khng trng cy

b h gy thn mm hoc r c c.

- Trong vng 20 ngy sau khi ra cy, hng ngy kim tra thay th ngay

nhng cy khng t yu cu nh: gy chi, thui ng n, m c yu, x m trn

thn, bch tng...

iu 42: Ti nc

- Ti m nc ngay sau khi trng cy ln t cht quanh b r.

- Ma kh phi ti nc thng xuyn, gi m n y bu. Ti mi

ngy mt ln t khi trng cy vo bu n lc cy t 1 tng l n nh, ti

hai ngy mt ln khi cy t 2 tng l tr ln, lng nc ti khong 10 lt

nc/m2/ln.

iu 43: Lm c

n ng phi c gi sch c bng phng php th cng hay ho

cht. Nn s dng mng ph nng nghip (PE) hn ch c di v gi m

gia hng.

iu 44: Bn phn


- Thi gian bn: bn ln th nht khi cy t hai tng l n nh, cc ln sau

cch nhau 30 - 40 ngy khi tng l mi n nh. Ngng bn trc khi ghp 30

ngy.

- K thut bn: trn u ba loi phn, ch c l su 3 cm gn thnh bu ri bn

phn vo l; trnh bn gn gc.

- Ti nc khi bn phn: bn phn n u th ti nc m ngay n .


V mc lc 17

Bng 3: Lng phn bn cho cao su vn ng bu ct ngn v bu 1 - 3 tng l

a. Kch thc bu 16 cm x 33 cm

Ln bn Nguyn cht (g/cy) Phn bn (g/cy)

N P2O5 K2O Ur DAP KCl

1 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,6 1,1 0,4

2 - 4 1,0 1,0 0,5 1,3 2,2 0,8

5 1,5 1,5 0,7 2,0 3,3 1,2

Sau ct ng n

1 0,7 0,7 0,3 0,9 1,5 0,5

2 - 4 1,5 1,5 0,7 2,0 3,3 1,2

T 5 thng 2,0 2,0 1,0 2,6 4,3 1,7

b. Kch thc bu 18 cm x 35 cm

Ln bn Nguyn cht (g/cy) Phn bn (g/cy)


1 0,7 0,7 0,3 0,9 1,5 0,5

2 - 4 1,5 1,5 0,7 2,0 3,3 1,2

5 2,0 2,0 1,0 2,6 4,3 1,7

Sau ct ng n

1 1,0 1,0 0,5 1,3 2,2 0,8

2 - 4 2,0 2,0 1,0 2,6 4,3 1,7

T 5 thng 3,0 3,0 1,5 4,0 6,5 2,5

iu 45: Ghp cy

- Thi gian ghp: ghp ri v t thng 2 n thng 5.

- Tin hnh ghp khi cy trong bu c ng knh gc t trn 8 mm o v

tr cch mt t 10 cm. Ghp cy lc tri mt, khng ghp khi gc ghp cn

t. Khng ti nc trong ngy ghp, sau khi ghp phi ti nc bo m

m.

- G ghp: c tui cnh tng ng vi gc ghp, bc v d dng. C th

s dng mt non, mt xanh hay mt xanh nu.

iu 46: Ct ngn, chuyn bu

- Sau khi ghp 20 ngy th m bng. Sau khi m bng t nht 15 ngy mi ct

ng n.

- Ct ng n bu c cy ghp sng t ng knh gc trn 10 mm o cch mt

t 10 cm. Ct ng n cao khong 5 - 7 cm cch m trn ca mt ghp, bi ngay

vaseline ln trn mt ct. i vi t cy ct ng n sm, nu gc ghp nh nn

ct ng n cao hn, khong 10 - 12 cm cch mt ghp.


18 V mc lc

- Sau khi ct ng n, nhc bu ln khi rnh, ct b phn r m ra ngoi bu,

tp trung bu gn ng vn chuyn. Gi bu va m lc vn chuyn

trnh long gc, v bu.

iu 47: Chm sc bu c 1 - 2 tng l

- Chuyn v sp bu: bu ct ng n c chuyn n vn ng bu c tng

l. t bu theo hng kp su khong 10 cm, mt ghp quay ra pha ngoi.

Khong gia hai hng kp rng 60 cm.

- Chm sc bu c tng l: ti nc m, thng xuyn ta chi di. n

ng phi gi sch c, nh ht c trong bu. Phng bnh nh k kt hp bn

phn qua l.

- Ch n bu c tng l trn cng n nh, ng u trng.

Hnh I.5: Vn ng bu ghp


V mc lc 19

Mc V: K THUT LM VN NG TUM BU 2 - 3 TNG L

iu 48: Thi v

- sn xut tum bu 2 - 3 tng l cho thi v trng mi hoc trng dm th tum c t vo bu trc khong 5 - 6 thng.

- Thi v: t thng 10 n thng 11 chun b cho trng vo v sm nm sau v thng 2 n thng 3 chun b cho trng vo thng 6 n thng 8.

iu 49: a im

C ngun nc ti, thun tin cho i li, vn chuyn.

iu 50: Thit k

- n ng thit k phi bo m chng xi mn, thot nc ng thi thun tin cho vic thi cng, chm sc, qun l v vn chuyn.

- n ng chia thnh kch thc 20 m x 10 m, gia cc c ng i rng 3 m. i vi vn ng c quy m ln, thit k ng trc chnh rng 5 m.

- Mt thit k vn ng tum bu c tng l l 120.000 - 130.000 bu/ha nu kch thc bu l 18 cm x 35 cm. T 150.000 - 160.000 bu/ha nu kch thc bu l 16 cm x 33 cm.


+ Hng kp: xp hai hng bu vo rnh, cc bu t cnh nhau c khong trng gia v khng nn lp t vo khong trng ny. Khong cch gia hai tm hng kp l 1,2 m.

+ Hng n: xp mt hng bu vo rnh, khong cch gia hai tm rnh cch nhau 0,7 m - 0,8 m.

- t bu xung rnh su bng 2/3 chiu cao bu hoc ming bu cao hn mt t 10 cm.

Hnh I.6: Khong cch trng vn ng bu hng kp


20 V mc lc

iu 51: Quy cch bu v tum

- Dng bu PE nguyn sinh, dy 0,08 mm; na chiu di bu phn y c

c nhiu l, cc l cch nhau 6 cm, ng knh l 5 mm.

- Kch thc bu: 18 cm x 35 cm hoc 16 cm x 33 cm i vi tum 6 - 8 thng

tui.

- Quy cch tum: mt ghp sng n nh, ng knh tum o cch c r 10 cm

t t 12 mm tr ln i vi tum 6 - 8 thng tui v nh hn 20 mm i vi

tum trn 10 thng tui.

- X l r trc khi cm vo bu: cy c mt r c c thng, di 27 - 30 cm

tnh t m di mt ghp i vi bu 18 cm x 35 cm hoc di 25 - 28 cm vi

bu 16 cm x 33 cm. Bi vaseline kn vt ct ui chut v h r li trc khi

cm vo bu.

iu 52: Cho t vo bu

- Ch n t tht c kt cu tt vo bu (ly t ti ch hoc ch t ni khc

n). t lc cho vo bu phi tng i kh.

- Loi phn bn lt:

+ Phn ln nung chy 10 g/bu.

+ Phn hu c vi sinh 10 g bu; hoc phn chung hoai 50 - 100 g/bu.

- Cho t vo bu: t ti, mn c trn u vi phn lt theo nh

lng. t c cho vo 2 3 ti bu, lc u va cht; tip theo cho t y

ming bu v lc u cho t xung cch ming bu 1,0 cm. Bu t phi trn

u, khng gy gia.

iu 53: K thut trng tum vo bu

- Ti m nc c bu t 1 ngy trc khi trng. S dng cy n c ch c l

gia tm bu n su bng chiu di r tum x l; cm tum vo gia bu

gi cho m di mt ghp cch t 1,0 cm, mt ghp quay ra pha ngoi.

- Sau khi trng mi ngy ti 1 ln, t khi cy t 1 tng l tr ln ti 2

ngy 1 ln hoc c ch ti ph hp theo iu kin tng vng gi bu

m trong ma kh.

iu 54: Chm sc

- n ng phi c gi sch c, nh ht c trong bu.

- giai on u, ni c nhit cao cn lm gin che; vng xy ra rt hi

c vm che bng PE trong, cao ph hp cho vic chm sc. M gin che

khi cy c tng l n nh v thi tit tt gip cy sinh trng tt v

trnh bnh.

- Thng xuyn kim tra ct b chi di v chi ngang kp thi.


V mc lc 21

iu 55: Bn phn


- Thi gian bn: bn ln th nht khi cy t mt tng l n nh, cc ln sau

cch nhau 30 - 40 ngy khi tng l mi n nh.

- K thut bn: trn u ba loi phn, ch c l su 3 cm gn thnh bu ri bn



- B sung phun phn bn qua l theo hng dn ca sn phm, c th kt

phun phn bn l kt hp vi thuc phng tr bnh khi cn thit v cc ho

cht ny cho php pha trn vi nhau.

Bng 4: Lng phn bn cho cao su vn ng tum bu c 2 - 3 tng l


Ln bn Nguyn cht (g/bu) Phn bn (g/bu)


1 0,7 0,7 0,3 0,9 1,5 0,5

2 - 4 1,5 1,5 0,7 2,0 3,3 1,2

T 5 2,0 2,0 1,0 2,6 4,3 1,7




1 1,0 1,0 0,5 1,3 2,2 0,8

2 - 4 2,0 2,0 1,0 2,6 4,3 1,7

5 3,0 3,0 1,5 4,0 6,5 2,5

iu 56: Chun b bu em trng

- Sau khi cy t hai tng l n nh th tin hnh o bu ln th nht, trc

khi trng mt thng o bu ln th hai v phn ring tng nhm c mc sinh

trng tng ng.

- Ch n bu c tng l trn cng n nh trng. Cn gi cho bu va m

khi chuyn bu trnh long gc, v bu.


22 V mc lc

Mc VI: K THUT LM VN NG TUM BU 5 TNG L

iu 57: Thi v

Tu thuc vo thi v trng mi tng vng, tum c trng vo bu 8 - 9

thng trc khi em trng ngoi l.

iu 58: a im

Gn vng trng, c ngun nc ti v thun tin vn chuyn.

iu 59: Thit k

- n ng c thit k bo m chng xi mn, thot nc tt, thun

tin thi cng, chm sc, qun l v vn chuyn.

- n ng chia thnh kch thc 20 m x 10 m, gia cc c ng rng

3 m. n ng quy m ln c ng trc chnh rng 5 m.


+ Hng kp: xp hai hng bu cnh nhau song song vo rnh, khng lp t

vo khong trng gia cc bu. Khong cch gia hai tm hng kp l 1,2 m.

+ Hng n: xp mt hng bu vo rnh, khong cch gia hai tm rnh

cch nhau 0,7 - 0,8 m.

- su t bu xung rnh bng 2/3 chiu cao bu.

iu 60: Quy cch bu v tum cm bu

- Bu PE nguyn sinh, dy 0,08 mm, na chiu di bu phn y c cc l

cch nhau 6 cm, ng knh l 5 mm.

- Kch thc bu: 20 cm x 40 cm cho tum 10 thng tui tr xung hoc

25 cm x 50 cm cho tum trn 10 thng tui.

- Quy cch tum: mt ghp sng n nh, c mt r c c thng. i vi tum

10 thng tui tr xung ng knh cch c r 10 cm t t 12 mm tr ln,

di 30 cm - 35 cm tnh t c r. i vi tum trn 10 thng tui ng knh

khng qu 22 mm v di 40 cm - 45 cm.

- X l tum trc khi cm vo bu: ct ui chut, bi vaseline kn vt ct v

h r li trc khi cm vo bu.

iu 61: Chn t, lm bu, trng tum v chm sc

Tng t nh sn xut tum bu 2 - 3 tng l.

iu 62: Bn phn


- Thi gian bn: bn ln th nht khi cy t mt tng l n nh, cc ln sau

cch nhau 30 - 40 ngy khi tng l mi n nh.


V mc lc 23

- K thut bn: trn u ba loi phn, ch c l su 3 cm gn thnh bu bn



- B sung phun phn bn qua l theo hng dn ca sn phm, c th phun

phn bn l kt hp vi thuc phng tr bnh khi cn thit v cc ho cht ny

cho php pha trn vi nhau.

Bng 5: Lng phn bn cho cao su vn ng tum bu c tng l




1 1,0 1,0 0,5 1,4 2,3 0,9

2 - 4 2,0 2,0 1,0 2,8 4,6 1,8

T 5 3,0 3,0 2,0 4,2 6,8 2,6




1 1,5 1,5 0,7 2,0 3,3 1,3

2 - 4 3,0 3,0 1,5 4,0 6,5 2,5

T 5 4,5 4,5 2,0 6,0 9,8 3,8

iu 63: Gin mt cy, o bu

Sau khi cy t hai tng l n nh th gin mt bu ln th nht, xp bu

theo hng n; o bu khi cy t 4 tng l n nh, o ln cui trc khi

trng 1 - 2 thng. Mi t o bu cn phn loi ring theo nhm c mc sinh

trng tng ng.

iu 64: Chun b bu em trng

Ch n bu c tng l trn cng n nh trng v phi t chiu cao trn

1,5 m. Cn gi cho bu va m khi vn chuyn trnh long gc, v bu.


24 V mc lc

Chng II

KHAI HOANG, THIT K L V XY DNG VN CY

iu 65: Quy nh chung v xy dng vn cy

- i vi cc d n mi m rng din tch trng cao su, ch cho php trng mi cao su khi c s kim nh kt qu phn hng t trng cao su ca mt t chc chuyn mn do Tp on ch nh.

- t dc c quy nh l t c dc t 5 (8,7%) tr ln v t bng

l t c dc nh hn 5 (8,7%); dc ca mt l hay mt vng l dc bnh qun ca l hay vng ; ng l bao gm ng bao quanh l

v ng i xuyn l. Tham kho Ph lc 2 v chuyn i dc gia () v phn trm (%).

- Rng khp l rng tha nhit i hay rng nhit i rng l xen ln cy thng xanh mc khc nhau, trong cy ch th l nhng loi h Du nh Du t tm (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus), Du bao (D. baudii), Du ri (D. alatus), Kin kin (Hopea pierrei), Sao (H. hainanensis, H. odorata), Vn vn (Anisoptera cochinchinensis), Sn (Shorea roxburghii), Ch ch tu (Parashorea chinensis) Rng khp phn b trn nhiu a hnh khc nhau.

i) Trn vng t bng phng ng nc trong ma ma v kh hn trong ma kh thng xut hin rng khp ngho, tng t canh tc mng vi lp t mt c t l ct cao v st ngay bn di c nhiu lp st b cht, thm thc vt tha tht ch yu ca vi loi cy h Du, nht l cy Du ri.

ii) Trn sn dc, ni c tng t v thu cp su hn, thng xut hin rng khp giu, tng canh tc dy, thm thc vt phong ph, pht trin tt v ngoi cc loi cy ch th h Du cn c nhiu cy g qu nh: Ging hng (Pterocarpus macrocarpus), Trc (Dalbergia cochinchinensis), Cm lai (Dalbergia oliveri), G (Sindora cochinchinensis), Mun (Diospyros mun) Mt s vng rng khp giu, trn sn dc c tng hoc phin gn mt t cng xut hin rng khp ngho tng t vng bng phng, ngp ng.

iu 66: Tiu chun t trng cao su

- t trng cy cao su phi c dc di 30 v cao trnh di 700 m, ring vng min ni pha Bc di 600 m. Trong phm vi t mt t n su 70 cm, t khng b ngp ng thng xuyn hn 3 thng, t l laterite cng hoc si sn, cc nh hn 70% th tch. Trong phm vi t mt t n su 150 cm khng c tng v khng c tng st nn cht (Ph lc 5).

- Vng quy hoch trng cao su phi lin vng lin khonh trnh manh mn. i vi vng trng c cao trnh vt gii hn quy nh, Ban Qun l K thut v Vin Nghin cu Cao su Vit Nam xem xt, xut Tp on quyt nh.

iu 67: Khai hoang v lm t trng cao su

Khai hoang lm t trng cao su c thc hin theo Quy trnh k thut khai hoang v xy dng vn cy do Tp on ban hnh, cn lu cc yu cu sau:


V mc lc 25

a. Khai hoang trn vng t ngp ng

- Ch n nhng khu vc khng ngp ng hoc ng nh tin hnh khai hoang trc. Cc khu vc ngp ng nng li khai hoang sau mt vi nm khi tnh trng ngp ng gim. Nhng din tch khai hoang nu pht hin ngp ng nng, kh khn trong xy dng h thng chng ng, th c th li trng cao su cc nm sau, khi tnh trng ngp ng gim.

- Khi khai hoang, khng dn tn d thc vt xung cc hp thu, khe sui v bu trng; sau khi khai hoang, r r mt ln trn hng trng, khng cy t.

- H thng mng tiu chnh c thit k trn bn a hnh trc khi thit k l ngoi thc a. Trc khi trng cao su, t phi c khai hoang hp l v hon chnh cc cng trnh xy dng vn cy bao gm ng l v h thng thot thy cp 1. Chun b t trng phi hon tt trc thi v trng mi. t c c tranh phi s dng ho cht dit ht trc khi trng.

b. Khai hoang trn vng t dc

- Khng khai hoang trng v cy xi lp t mt, khng khai hoang ti cc hp thu l ng dn nc ra cc khe sui hoc c mi dc bnh qun ln

hn 30.

- Chm rng v thm thc vt t nhin nh i c tc dng chng xi mn cn phi gi li, khng khai hoang.

- Sau khi khai hoang ch r r trn hng trng, khng cy xi v r r trn ton b din tch.

- Cc ng l c thit k vi dc khng vt qu 7,5o (theo Quy trnh k thut khai hoang xy dng vn cy trn t dc ca Tp on). Cc vng

c dc trn 15, phi lm cc ng l chnh (phc v cho cng tc thit k tuyn l, tuyn ng) trc khi khai hoang.

- Phi hon chnh cc cng trnh xy dng vn cy bao gm ng l v h thng chng xi mn trc khi a vo trng cao su. Chun b t trng phi hon tt trc thi v trng mi. t c c tranh phi s dng ho cht dit ht trc khi trng.

iu 68: Thit k l cao su

a. Thit k l trn t bng

- Bn thit k l: lp s mt bng thit k l, ng l ngoi thc a trn bn a hnh t l 1/10.000.

- Hnh dng v din tch l: thit k l din tch 12,5 ha (500 m x 250 m) hoc 25 ha (500 m x 500 m).

- Mt , khong cch v hng trng: thit k theo Bng 6.

Bng 6: Mt , khong cch v hng trng trn t bng

Mt (cy/ha) Khong cch Hng hng trng *

555 6 m x 3 m Bc - Nam

571 7 m x 2,5 m Bc - Nam

* Vng c nh hng trc tip ca gi bo hng nm, thit k hng trng theo hng ng Ty.


26 V mc lc

b. Thit k l trn t dc

- Bn thit k l: lp s mt bng thit k l, ng l, h thng chng xi mn ngoi thc a trn bn a hnh t l 1/10.000.

- Hnh dng v din tch l: thit k l c hnh dng v kch thc tu theo a hnh c th. Cnh trn v cnh di dc ca l l cc ng ng mc ch o, hai cnh bn c th l ng l bng xo qua sn dc hoc cc hp thu, sng tru t nhin. Mi l phi c ti thiu mt ng i xuyn l, ct xo cc ng ng mc, phc v chm sc, vn chuyn vt t, phn bn v thu hoch m (Hnh II.1). Tham kho Ph lc 4 v cch thit k l trn t dc. Tham kho Quy trnh k thut khai hoang v xy dng vn cy do Tp on ban hnh v quy cch thit k c th ng l trn t dc.

- Mt , khong cch v hng trng: thit k theo Bng 7. Ti cc im a hnh un gt, khong cch hng cch hng c th dao ng 1,0 m v khong cch cy cch cy c th dao ng 0,5 m so vi khong cch trng quy nh. Mt cy trng cp trong Bng 7 c tnh trn din tch b mt thc t nghing theo dc. quy i t din tch hnh chiu o bng my GPS sang din tch b mt thc t, tham kho Ph lc 4.

Bng 7: Mt , khong cch v hng trng trn t dc

dc () Mt (cy/ha)

Khong cch Hng hng trng

5 - 15 571 7 m x 2,5 m Theo ng ng mc ch o

> 15 500 8 m x 2,5 m Theo ng ng mc ch o

Hnh II.1: Thit k l cao su trn t dc


V mc lc 27

c. Thit k l trn t ngp ng

- Bn thit k l: lp s mt bng thit k l, ng l v h thng

mng tiu nc chng ng ngoi thc a trn bn a hnh t l 1/5.000.

- Hnh dng v din tch l: thit k l din tch 12,5 ha (500 m x 250 m).

- Mt , khong cch v hng trng: thit k theo Bng 8.

Bng 8: Mt , khong cch v hng trng trn t ngp ng

Mt (cy/ha) Khong cch Hng hng trng

555 6 m x 3 m Theo dc ra mng tiu ca l

571 7 m x 2,5 m Theo dc ra mng tiu ca l

iu 69: Xy dng bng ng mc trn t dc

- Bng ng mc c xy dng bng c gii hoc th cng tu theo iu

kin c th (Bng 9). Bng ng mc c dc nghing 10 t taluy m vo

taluy dng, thnh taluy dng nghing v pha u dc 10 so vi phng

thng ng (Hnh II.2 v Hnh II.3).

- Nm u, ng bng rng ti thiu 1,2 m v hon chnh chm nht vo

cui nm th hai. i vi ng bng ti thiu, trng cao su st taluy dng;

i vi ng bng hon chnh, trng cao su cch taluy dng 1 3 chiu rng

bng. Ch m rng bng ng mc v pha taluy dng.

- ni c dc trn 15, thit lp ng bc thang lin hng thun li

cho cng tc qun l v chm sc.

Bng 9: Kch thc v khi lng o p ca bng ng mc theo dc

dc

()

Chiu rng bng ng mc (m)

Chiu cao taluy dng (m)

Khi lng o p trn 100 m di (m

3)

5 2,0 0,3 13,2

10 1,9 0,3 15,9

15 1,8 0,4 18,0

20 1,7 0,5 19,5

25 1,6 0,5 20,6

30 1,5 0,6 21,2


28 V mc lc

Hnh II.2: Mt ct ngang bng ng mc trn t dc 10 v 30

Hnh II.3: Cao su trng theo bng ng mc trn t dc 30


V mc lc 29

iu 70: Xy dng h thng mng b chng xi mn trn t dc

- Trn t dc phi xy dng h thng mng b chng xi mn theo khong

cch gia cc mng b nu ti Bng 10.

Bng 10: Khong cch gia hai mng b theo dc

dc

()

Khong cch gia hai mng b

S hng cao su Khong cch (m)

5 - 10 15 105

10 - 15 11 77

15 - 20 9 72

20 - 25 7 56

25 - 30 5 40

- Hnh dng v kch thc mng b chng xi mn theo Hnh II.4a, II.4b v

Bng 11.

- Cc mng c thit k gin on cch nhau 2,0 m v mi mng di ti

thiu 40 m. Cc khong gin on 2,0 m phi thit k so le nanh su so vi

mng k cn.

- Khi lng t o p mng b tu theo dc c quy nh theo

Bng 11.

Bng 11: Kch thc mng b v khi lng t o p theo dc

dc

()

Chiu su mng chiu cao b

(m)

Chiu rng mi mng b *

(m)

Khi lng o p ca 100 m di

(m3)

5 0,50 0,25 42

10 0,70 0,35 63

15 0,90 0,45 87

20 1,10 0,55 114

25 1,30 0,65 143

30 1,50 0,75 175

* Chiu rng mi mng b tnh theo hnh chiu ng trn mt phng nm ngang (Hnh II.4a). Chiu rng y mng v chiu rng mt b c kch thc khng i l 1,0 m tt c cc dc.


30 V mc lc

Hnh II.4a: Mng b chng xi mn

Hnh II.4b: Cao su trng theo bng ng mc v mng b

chng xi mn trn t dc 30


V mc lc 31

iu 71: Thit k h thng mng tiu chng ng

a. Nguyn tc chung

Tu theo c im tng vng, vic b tr h thng mng tiu c c im ring nht nh nhm tho mn yu cu tiu nc ca tng vng da trn nhng nguyn tc chung sau:

- Tn dng cc h thng khe sui tiu t nhin, bu trng sn c lm h thng mng tiu gim vn u t.

- Mng tiu chnh b tr v tr thp nht v phi c s lin kt vi h thng thot thu t nhin bn ngoi c th tiu t chy cho c vng.

- Mng tiu nh cp nc t chy cho mng tiu ln hn, v trn tng cp mng tiu, u nhn nc phi cao hn u thot nc.

- Hon chnh h thng mng tiu chm nht vo cui nm th hai. Trn tng l cao su, nu c cc din tch ng cc b, cn khi dng, o rnh dn nc ng v cc mng tiu gn nht.

b. Cc cp mng tiu

H thng mng tiu chng ng trn vng trng cao su gm bn cp nh sau (Hnh II.5 v Hnh II.6):

- Mng tiu cp 1 (T1): y l mng tiu chnh c kch thc ln nht cn c g i l trc tiu c b tr ni c dng chy t nhin nh hp thu, khe, sui. Mng tiu cp 1 phc v thu nc trn mt khu vc trng cao su, ra sng, sui, h ln nm bn ngoi.

- Mng tiu cp 2 (T2): cn c g i l cc nhnh tiu, l cc mng tiu c o st bn ngoi ba l, song song vi hng cy cao su, thu nc t cc mng tiu cp 3 ra, thot xung trc tiu, cc mng tiu cp 2 c b tr theo dng xng c v so le hai bn trc tiu.

- Mng tiu cp 3 (T3): cc mng tiu o st bn ngoi ba l, thng gc vi hng cy cao su, thu nc t 1 - 2 l cao su t mng tiu cp 4 ra, thot xung mng tiu cp 2.

- Mng tiu cp 4 (T4): l cc mng tiu nh nht, c o bn trong l cao su, song song v nm gia hai hng cy, thu nc trc tip trn l cao su, ra mng tiu cp 3.

c. Kch thc mng tiu

- Thit k mng tiu cc cp theo Bng 12.

- Tt c mng tiu c mi dc 63 (h s mi dc 1 2) i vi t thnh phn

c gii nh; mi dc 72 (h s mi dc 1 3) i vi t thnh phn c gii

trung bnh; mi dc 76 (h s mi dc 1 4) i vi t thnh phn c gii nng.

- Chiu rng ming mng ph thuc vo h s mi dc (HSMD), chiu su, chiu rng y v c tnh theo cng thc:

+ Chiu rng ming mng = (HSMD x chiu su x 2) + chiu rng y.

+ V d mt mng T2 c HSMD 1/3, chiu su 1,1 m, chiu rng y 0,9 m, nh vy chiu rng ming mng bng (1/3 x 1,1 x 2) + 0,9 = 1,63 m.


32 V mc lc

- y cc mng tiu c dc khong 0,5% m bo tiu thot nc tt trong tng cp mng tiu. Cn tn dng dc t nhin ca mt t to dc cho y mng, gim chi ph o.

Bng 12. Kch thc mng tiu cc cp

Cp mng

Chiu su (m)

Chiu rng y (m)

Chiu di ti a (m)

Khong cch ti a gia 2 mng (m)

T1 1,2 1,2 - -

T2 0,9 - 1,1 0,9 - 1,1 1.000 1.000

T3 0,8 - 1,0 0,8 - 1,0 1.000 500

T4 0,7 - 0,9 0,7 - 0,9 Theo hng

cao su

5 - 10 hng

cao su

Hnh II.5: S b tr h thng cc cp mng tiu nc trn vng trng cao su

Hnh II.6: H thng cc mng tiu c thit k trn l trc khi trng cao su


V mc lc 33

Hnh II.7: Mt ct mng tiu T1 thit k vi h s mi dc 1/2 (0,6 m:1,2 m)

Hnh II.8a: Mt ct mng tiu T4 thit k vi h s mi dc 1/2 (0,4 m:0,8 m)

Hnh II.8b: Mt ct mng tiu T4 thit k vi h s mi dc (0,2 m:0,8 m)


34 V mc lc

iu 72: Qun l t gia hng v cc cng trnh ph trn l

- Trong qu trnh chm sc, hn ch cy xi gia hng, duy tr c kim sot

thm thc vt t nhin gia hng (ngoi tr c tranh, le, tre na). nhng ni

c iu kin, cn sm thit lp thm ph h u hoc cc loi cy khc c kh

nng bo v t.

- Thng xuyn kim tra pht hin sm nhng im st l, xi mn trn

mng b v t mt c bin php x l kp thi. Trng cy che ph ton

b mt b v pha trn u dc mng bng cc loi c, cy thn b, thn bi

chng chu hn.

- Trong ma ma, i vi cc vng lng cho, c ngun nc t bn ngoi

xm nhp vo vng cao su, cn p dng cc bin php p ngn nc trn

vo v o mng dn dng chy ra khi vng trng cao su.

- Trong ma kh, i vi cc vng c hin tng kh hn, cn gi nc li

cho vn cy qua ma bng cch p chn cc mng tiu T2, T3 trc

khi ma kh n.

- u v gia ma ma, no vt cc mng t su v dc quy nh,

t no vt b cch mp mng 1,0 m. Thng xuyn kim tra cc im thu,

x nc ca cc mng, cc cng, x l kp thi cc im st l, bi lng lm

tc nghn dng chy. Trn mng T1, nhng on lu lng tiu nc ln

khng t tc thot, cn nn thng cc on cong, m rng cc on hp.


V mc lc 35

Chng III

K THUT TRNG MI CAO SU

Mc I: CC TIU CHUN K THUT CH YU

iu 73: Thi gian kin thit c bn

- t trng cao su c phn thnh 3 hng I, II v III. Tiu chun phn hng

t trng cao su theo vng sinh thi c nu trong Ph lc 5.

- Thi gian kin thit c bn ca l cao su tnh t nm trng c quy nh

tu theo mc thch hp ca vng t canh tc, c th nh sau:

+ ng t thch hp hng I: 6 nm

+ ng t thch hp hng II: 7 nm

+ ng t thch hp hng III: 8 nm

iu 74: Tiu chun vn cy nm th nht

Vo thi im kim k vn cy cui nm trng, t l cy ghp phi t:

- Trng tum bu hoc bu c tng l: cy sng trn 98% v trn 80% cy c 4

tng l tr ln.

- Trng tum bu c 4 - 5 tng l: cy sng trn 98% v trn 80% cy c chiu

cao 2 m tr ln.

- Trng tum trn: cy sng trn 95% v trn 80% cy c 3 tng l tr ln, ring

cc vng c thi v trng mi vo thng 9 - 11, cy phi t 1 - 2 tng l.

iu 75: Tiu chun vanh thn hng nm

- anh thn o ti v tr cch mt t 1,0 m vo thi im kim k cui nm

phi t mc quy nh ghi Bng 13.

- n cy ht thi gian kin thit c bn phi c t l cy hu hiu t trn

90% mt thit k, trong c t nht 70% s cy t tiu chun m co.

- Ring cc vng c thi v trng mi vo thng 9 - 11, tiu chun vanh

c tnh thng 4 nm k.

Bng 13: Tiu chun vanh thn cy cui nm

Hng t anh thn qua cc nm tui (cm) o cao 1,0 m

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Hng I 12 23 34 43 50 M co - -

Hng II 10 19 28 36 44 50 M co -

Hng III 7 13 20 28 36 44 50 M co


36 V mc lc

iu 76: Nng sut thit k

Nng sut bnh qun cho 20 nm thu hoch m nu ti Bng 14.

Bng 14: Nng sut thit k cho cc vng trng cao su ca Tp on

Vng Nng sut thit k

(tn ha nm)

ng Nam B 2,0 - 2,2

Ty Nguyn 1 (< 600 m) 1,6 - 1,8

Ty Nguyn 2 (600 - 700 m) 1,5 - 1,7

Nam Trung B 1,5 - 2,0

Bc Trung B 1,5 - 1,7

Ty Bc 1,5 - 1,8

Campuchia v Nam Lo 1,6 - 2,0


V mc lc 37

Mc II: TRNG CAO SU

iu 77: o h, bn lt

- H c kch thc di 60 cm, rng 60 cm, su 60 cm, y h rng 50 cm x

50 cm. Khi o th cng phi ring lp t mt v lp t y. C th s

dng c gii o h vi kch thc h bng hoc ln hn. ng t rng

khp dng my mc h.

- Ni trng theo ng ng mc: tm h o cch taluy m ti thiu 1,0 m.

- Bn lt: mi h 300 g phn ln nung chy, 10 kg phn hu c hoai mc.

Nu s dng cc dng phn hu c vi sinh bn lt phi c s ng ca

Tp on, vi liu lng 5 kg/h.

- Trn phn lp h c thc hin trc khi trng t nht 15 ngy. Ly lp

t mt lp khong na h, sau trn u phn hu c, phn ln vi lp t

mt xung quanh lp y h. Cm c c gia tm h nh du im

trng.

iu 78: Thi v trng

- Trng ng thi v, ch trng khi thi tit thun li, t c m.

- ng Nam B, Bnh Thun, Ty Nguyn, Ty Bc, Lo v Campuchia:

trng t 15 5 n 15/8.

- Bc Trung B v ng Bc: trng t 01 2 n 15/4.

- Duyn hi min Trung t Tha Thin - Hu tr vo n Ninh Thun: trng

t 15 9 n 30/11.

- Trng dm cng c thc hin trong thi v nu trn v ko di ti a

1 thng sau thi v trng.

iu 79: Ging cao su

Tun th ng theo c cu ging tng giai on do Tp on ban hnh. Mi

l trng mt ging, khng trng lin vng qu 200 ha cho mt ging.

iu 80: Tiu chun cy ging

- Tiu chun tum trn: ng knh ca tum o cch mt t 10 cm t 15 mm

tr ln i vi trng trc tip v 12 mm tr ln i vi s dng lm tum bu

c tng l. Tum khng b dp, trc v, r c c thng, mt ghp sng v tip hp

tt. Tum chuyn t ni khc n phi bo m thi gian khng qu 7 ngy sau

khi bng v c bo qun tt khi vn chuyn. Sau khi x l trng, r c c

di t nht 40 cm tnh t c r.

- Tiu chun tum bu c tng l: chi ghp c t nht hai tng l n nh,

kho. Bu t khng b b, cy khng b long gc.


38 V mc lc

iu 81: Trng tum

- Hn ch trng tum, nht l vng c nh hng ca rt hi (Bc Trung B v

min ni pha Bc). Khng trng tum ti vng t rng khp.

- Tum chuyn t xa n cn c x l li vi hn hp h r, xp ng tum

trong h gi m. Ch n cy c mt ghp nt mm trng trc.

- Trc khi trng cn d n sch c, r cy quanh h, dng cuc mc t ngay

im trng su t 15 cm n 20 cm ri dng cy xm nh n ch c l su bng

chiu di r tum. t tum thng ng, mt ghp quay v hng gi chnh, m

di mt ghp ngang vi mt t. Dng cy xm m cht t vo ui r tum.

Lp h li bng phn t va ly ln v dm k t bm cht vo r tum.

Sau cng, xi t to bn quanh gc tum, ph t ngang m di mt ghp.

iu 82: Trng bu ct ngn v bu c tng l

- Trc khi trng cn d n sch c, r cy... xung quanh h, sau dng cuc

mc t ngay im trng trong h va ln hn bu t v su tng ng vi

chiu cao bu.

- Dng dao bn (sc) ct st y bu v phn r c c nh ra khi bu. Trng

hp r c c b xon trong bu th phi ct ht phn r xon.

- t bu vo h cho thng ng, mt ghp quay v hng gi chnh, m

di mt ghp ngang vi mt t.

- Rch bu PE theo ng thng ng ri ko nh ti bu ln. Ko ti bu ti

u th lp t nn cht bu ti . Ch khng lm b bu.

iu 83: Trng tum bu c tng l

- Trc khi trng cn d n sch c, r cy quanh h. Sau dng cuc mc

t ngay im trng to h trng va ln hn bu t v su tng ng vi

chiu cao bu.

- Khi ct y bu trnh phm vo r c c tum (r gc tum cm). t bu thng

ng, mt ghp quay v hng gi chnh, m di mt ghp ngang vi mt

t. Rch ti bu PE theo ng thng ng t di ln, va lp t va ko

ti bu v dm quanh n khi y h.

- Khng dm st gc trnh b bu t. Sau cng, xi t to bn quanh

gc, ph t ngang m di mt ghp (Hnh III.1a, b v c).

- Nu trng bu c tng l trn t dc, nn trng su cch mt t 5 cm

trnh xi mn v hin tng chn voi. Vi cy con c 4 - 5 tng l, s dng

cy chng trnh ng, sau khi trng.


V mc lc 39

Hnh III.1a: Ct r v y bu

Hnh III.1b: Va lp t va k o t i bu

Hnh III.1c: Lp t v hon tt trng


40 V mc lc

iu 84: Trng dm

- Trng dm nh hnh vn cy ngay trong nm th nht, chm nht l nm

th hai. Trng dm bng cy con ng ging v c mc sinh trng tng

ng vi cy trn vn.

- Trng dm trong nm th nht:

+ i vi vn trng tum, trng dm ln th nht nhng cy cht v cy c

mt ghp cht sau khi trng 1 thng, trng dm ln th hai nhng cy cht

v cy mt ng sau khi trng 2 thng.

+ i vi vn trng bng tum bu c tng l, trng dm cy cht sau khi

trng hai mi ngy. Dng tum bu c hai tng l n nh tr ln trng

dm.

+ S lng cy ging cn c chun b trng dm so vi s lng cy

trng mi trong nm th nht l: 10% i vi phng php trng bu v ti

a 25% i vi phng php trng tum.

- Trng dm trong nm th hai: bng bu hoc tum bu c trn 3 tng l. S

lng cy chun b d kin l 5% hoc theo kt qu kim k cui nm th

nht chun b cy trng dm vo u v trng mi.

- Cc trng hp trng dm ngoi quy nh trn, phi c s thm nh v ph

duyt ca Tp on.


V mc lc 41

Chng IV

CHM SC CAO SU KIN THIT C BN

Mc I: K THUT CANH TC TRN VN CAO SU KIN THIT C BN

iu 85: Lm c trn hng cao su

- C tranh, c l trc, le phi dit sch trc khi trng mi bng c gii, th cng hoc ho cht.

- Nm trng mi: sau khi trng xong, phi to mt bng trn hng kt hp vi lm sch c quanh gc cao su bn knh 1,0 m, lm c 2 - 3 ln nm. Khi lm c trn hng khng c ko t ra khi gc cao su.

- i vi t dc bnh qun > 10, phi lm c theo bn chng xi mn ra tri t. i vi vng t thp trng hoc t thuc rng khp ngho ngp ng, lm c kt hp vi vun gc cao hn mt t t nhin t nht 10 cm hn ch ng cc b trong ma ma.

- Nm th hai lm c 3 - 4 ln nm cch gc cao su mi bn 1,5 m.

- T nm th ba tr i, kim sot c di bng thuc dit c 2 ln nm vo u ma ma v gn cui ma ma.

iu 86: Qun l c gia hng cao su

- Duy tr thm thc vt t nhin cao 15 - 20 cm. Nm trng mi pht 1 ln nm vo cui ma ma. T nm th hai n nm th t pht 2 - 3 ln nm. Cc nm cn li pht 2 ln nm.

- Khng cy vng t c dc bnh qun trn 10. Trn t bng cy gia hng ch khi trng xen, hoc thit lp thm ph, cy cch gc cao su ti thiu l 1,5 m.

- i vi t rng khp ngp ng, c th t chc cy ln lp cho vn cy trng mi v kin thit c bn nm 1 hn ch ng cc b vo ma ma. Phng php: cy vun hai bn hng cao su, cha khong 1,5 m gia lung duy tr thm h u cho vic thm canh v chng thot hi nc.

iu 87: T gc v qut vi chng nng

- Trong hai nm u, t gc bng c, thm ph h u hoc tn d thc vt t cy trng xen vo cui ma ma. Trc khi t gc phi xi vng quanh gc, t theo hnh vnh khn cch gc 10 cm, bn knh t gc t nht 1,0 m, dy ti thiu 10 cm, sau ph ln mt lp t dy khong 5 cm.

- C th t gc bng mng ph nng nghip (PE), kch thc tm PE ti thiu 1,0 m x 1,0 m. Khng mng ph tip xc vi gc cy v mt sng ca mng ph quay ln trn, sau khi t xong ph t che kn mng ph (Hnh IV.1).

- i vi nhng vng t trng thp v t rng khp ngho ngp ng, khi t gc, vun gc cao 15 - 20 cm, bn knh 1,0 m quanh gc cao su.

- i nhng vng c nh hng gi ma ng Bc v gi Lo, cn lu cng tc t gc v c th thc hin n nm th 3.

- Vng c nh hng nng nng ko di gy chy nng cho cy cao su th tin hnh qut vi (nng 5%) on thn ho nu, chiu cao 1,0 m tnh t mt t trc khi khp tn.


42 V mc lc

Mc II: BN PHN CHO VN CAO SU KIN THIT C BN

iu 88: Bn phn v c

- Liu lng v chng loi phn bn: liu lng v chng loi phn bn theo hng t v tui cy quy nh Bng 15. Nu c iu kin s dng phn trn NPK hay hn hp thay cho phn n. Khi s dng chng loi phn bn khc vi quy nh, cn c s chp thun ca Tp on.

- Nu c iu kin nn bn phn theo chn on dinh dng.

- S ln bn phn: phn v c c chia lm 2 - 3 ln bn trong nm.

+ Nm trng mi: bn ln th nht sau khi trng mi 1 thng, bn ln th hai cch ln th nht t nht mt thng. Ni c thi v trng mi t thng 9 - 11, ch bn mt ln.

+ Nm th hai tr i: bn hai ln vo u ma ma v trc cui ma ma t nht 1 thng.

- Thi im bn phn: bn phn khi t m, khng bn phn vo thi im c ma ln v ma ma dm. i vi vng c nh hng ca rt hi (Bc Trung B v vng min ni pha Bc), bn phn ln cui trong nm phi chm dt trc thng 10 hng nm.

- Cch bn: t nm th nht n u nm th t cuc rnh hnh vnh khn hoc bu l quanh gc cao su theo hnh chiu ca tn l bn phn, sau lp t vi phn (Hnh IV.2). T cui nm th t tr i, bn phn vo bng rng 1,0 m gia hai hng cao su. Cc vn c h p xanh v tch mn v trn

t dc > 10, phi bn phn vo h. Trc khi bn co bt t l ra khi h, ri u phn trong h v lp kn bng xc b thc vt ti ch.

Hnh IV.1: T gc bng mng ph nng nghip

Hnh IV.2: V tr bn phn cho cao su nm th 1


V mc lc 43

Bng 15: Liu lng phn v c bn th c cho cao su kin thit c bn

Hng t Tui cy Nguyn cht (kg ha nm) Phn bn (kg/ha/nm)

N P2O5 K2O Ur Ln NC* KCl

I 1 25 25 13 54 156 22

2 - 6 50 50 25 109 313 42

II 1 28 28 14 61 175 23

2 - 7 55 55 27 120 344 45

III 1 30 30 15 65 188 25

2 - 8 60 60 30 130 375 50

* Khi gi tr pH H2O 6, thay ln nung chy bng super ln.

iu 89: Bn phn qua l

- Phn bn qua l c s dng trong hai nm u su khi trng mi, ch c s dng cc loi phn bn l trong danh mc cho php ca Tp on.

- Thi im phun: ln u tin phun sau khi trng mi mt thng, cc ln phun sau cch nhau 15 ngy. Ch phun phn bn l vo nhng ngy khng

ma v c nhit trung bnh ngoi tri > 15C, phun t 7 - 10 gi sng.

- Cch phun: iu chnh v duy tr bc phun lun to ra tia phun sng, phun u mt trn v mt di ca l vi liu lng theo khuyn co.

iu 90: Bn phn hu c

- Cc loi phn hu c c th s dng trn vn cao su kin thit c bn bao gm: phn hu c truyn thng, phn hu c vi sinh v phn khong hu c. Cc loi phn ny phi p ng cc tiu chun v cht lng dinh dng, v sinh v c t theo quy nh ca Nh nc. Cc tiu chun, php kim tra v mc sai s cho php ca cc loi phn theo quy nh Nh nc trnh by Ph lc 7. i vi phn hu c vi sinh, ch s dng cc loi c th bn kt hp vi phn v c.

- Khuyn co b sung phn hu c cho vn cy ci thin ph t, tng hiu qu bn phn v c khi hm lng mn vn cy H% < 2,5% hoc hm lng carbon C% < 1,45%. Khi hm lng hu c cao hoc i vi cc vn kin thit c bn c s dng h p xanh, khng b sung phn hu c.

- Phn hu c hon ton khng th thay th phn v c. vy, khi b sung phn hu c phi bo m bn lng v c tng ng theo quy nh ti Bng 15.

- Trong giai on t vn cy khp tn sang giai on kinh doanh, khi b sung phn hu c, bn vo h tch mn hoc nu khng c h tch mn, vi k phn vo t ti v tr bn phn v c.

- Khng cho php s dng phn chung, phn bc cha hoai v cht thi cng nghip, cht thi cc nh my ch bin cha qua x l theo ng quy nh Nh nc trn vn cy cao su kin thit c bn.

- Khng bn phn khi t ang b ngp, ng cc b.


44 V mc lc

Mc III: TA CHI C KIM SOT V TO TN CHO CAO SU KIN THIT

C BN

iu 91: Ct chi thc sinh, chi ngang

- Sau khi trng phi ct chi thc sinh v chi ngang kp thi chi ghp pht trin tt.

- Ta cnh, to tn: trong cc nm u kin thit c bn, tin hnh ta chi c kim sot, to tn cao t 2,5 m - 3 m.

iu 92: Ta chi ngang c kim sot

- Nm th nht ch ta chi ngang khi tng l trn cng n nh.

- T nm th hai phi tin hnh ta chi c kim sot. hai tng l n nh trn cng ca cy (tnh t di ln g i l tng A v B, Hnh IV.3) lun li 2 - 3 chi/tng cng pht trin. Ta ht chi tng A khi tng l C n nh, nhng vn gi li 2 - 3 chi c tng B v 2 - 3 chi mi tng C. C tip tc nh vy i vi tng D, E Duy tr bin php ta chi c kim sot n khi cy nh hnh tn.

Hnh IV.3: Ta chi c kim sot. Lun gi li 2 - 3 chi/tng hai tng l n nh trn cng


V mc lc 45

iu 93: To tn cho cao su kin thit c bn

- iu kin to tn cho cao su kin thit c bn: nhng vn cy khng phn

cnh cao t 3,0 m tr ln vo nm th 3, th tin hnh ct ng n to tn.

- Thi im to tn: ct ng n to tn vo cui ma ra l mi, ring vng Ty

Bc v Bc Trung B ct ng n to tn trong v xun.

- Phng php to tn:

+ i vi dng v tnh phn cnh mun, ct ng n cao 3 m tr ln, v

tr ct nm tng l trn cng v cha li 3 l nh ct. Ch tin hnh

khi tng l trn cng n nh.

+ S chi li trn ng n to tn mi t nht 3 chi; khong cch gia

cc chi ti thiu t 15 cm v c phn b u cc pha tn l mi cn

i, hn ch gy cnh, gy tn do gi.

Hnh IV.4: Ct ngn to tn cha li 3 l nh


46 V mc lc

Mc IV: TRNG XEN TRONG VN CAO SU

iu 94: Quy nh chung

- C th trng xen cy h u, la, rau mu, da, tum trn gia hng cao su

trong hai nm u.

- Cy trng xen khng cnh tranh dinh dng, nc v nh sng vi cy cao

su.

- Cy trng xen khng l k ch ca nhng ngun bnh chnh gy hi cho

cy cao su.

- Phi bn phn cho cy trng xen v dng cc d tha thc vt ca cy h

u, la, rau mu sau khi thu hoch t gc cho cy cao su.

- Khi trng xen cy ngn ngy trn vn cao su c dc bnh qun trn 10

th ch lm t ti thiu hn ch xi mn. Khng trng xen trn vn cao su

c dc bnh qun trn 15.

- Trng xen cch hng cao su mi bn 1,5 m; c th trng h u cch hng

cao su 1,0 m. Duy tr s pht trin ca cy trng xen cch hng cao su 1,0 m.

iu 95: Thit lp thm ph h u

- Thit lp thm ph cy h u ngay t nm th nht. Trn din tch xen

canh cy ngn ngy, thit lp thm ph h u ngay sau khi ngng trng xen.

- Cc loi cy h u c th dng lm thm ph cho vn cao su kin thit

c bn nh Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides), Sn dy di (P. triloba), Mucuna

n (Mucuna bracteata, M. cochinchinensis).

- i vi Kudzu v Sn dy di, trng 3 hng thm ph gia 2 hng cao su

theo khong cch 1,0 m x 1,0 m (mt 4.000 - 5.000 hc/ha trng xen). Thu

hoch ht ging tu tng iu kin c th.

- i vi Mucuna n , trng 1 hng gia 2 hng cao su theo khong cch

cy cch cy 5 - 6 m (mt 250 - 300 hc/ha).

- Lm c, bn phn cho thm ph gip thm pht trin nhanh ngay nm

u, c bit cn bn lt ln lc trng cy thm ph. Ni c di pht trin

mnh, tin hnh lm c 1 - 2 t cch nhau 30 - 45 ngy.


V mc lc 47

Mc V: QUN L VN CAO SU KIN THIT C BN

iu 96: Qun l l cao su

- Mi l cao su phi c bng trn ghi tn l, nm trng, din tch, mt ,

ging v phng php trng.

- Mi l c h s l lch gm s mt bng, phiu kim k hng nm v l

lch vn cy. H s l lch tng l phi c lu tr nng trng v cng

ty.

iu 97: Phn cp qun l vn cy

a. Trch nhim ca Tp on

- Ban hnh quy trnh k thut trng mi v chm sc cao su kin thit c bn.

Kim tra vic thc hin quy trnh k thut ca cc cng ty.

- T chc tp hun k thut cho cn b ca cc cng ty.

- Kim tra s lng v cht lng vn cao su kin thit c bn vo cui

nm.

- T chc khen thng cho cc cng ty tu theo kt qu kim k, phn loi

cht lng vn cao su kin thit c bn vo cui nm.

b. Trch nhim ca Gim c Cng ty

- Qun l v t chc thc hin tt cng tc xy dng c bn vn cy theo k

hoch khi lng c giao, bo m thc hin tt cng tc trng mi, chm

sc cao su kin thit c bn theo ng quy trnh k thut ca Tp on ban

hnh.

- T chc kim k chnh xc s lng v cht lng vn cao su kin thit

c bn vo cui nm.

- S kt, tng kt, rt kinh nghim v vic qun l vn cy cao su.

c. Trch nhim ca Gim c Nng trng

- Qun l h s l lch ca cc l cao su k c phn din tch t c quy

hoch ca nng trng.

- T chc kim tra, nghim thu v s lng, cht lng cng vic thc hin

ca cc i thuc nng trng hng qu v cui nm.

- S kt, tng kt, nh gi, rt kinh nghim v cng tc trng mi, chm sc

vn cy cao su hng nm ca nng trng.

d. Trch nhim ca i trng

- Thng xuyn kim tra n c vic thc hin quy trnh k thut. Tham gia

nghim thu khi lng cng vic thc hin ca cc t.

- Tng hp s liu bo co ca cc t bo v nng trng.


48 V mc lc

e. Trch nhim ca T trng

- Hng dn c th cc thao tc k thut cho t vin.

- Tham gia nghim thu khi lng cng vic thc hin ca t.

- Ghi chp s liu ban u v m i yu t lin quan n l cao su m t qun

l.

f. Trch nhim ca cng nhn chm sc

- Mi cng nhn chm sc c giao khon chm sc trn mt din tch cao

su nht nh tu theo tnh trng ca l. Cng vic giao khon c ghi c th

trong hp ng khon.

iu 98. X l cy gy do gi, bo

- Cy b long gc: ln t cht gc cho cy ng vng.

- Cy b nghing: ta bt tn v dng cy ng thng bng dy.

- Cy b gy hoc tt ngang thn: ct vt, st phn thn cha b h hi v bi

vaseline. Khi cy ny chi, ta chi v to tn cn i.


V mc lc 49

Chng V

THIT LP H A NNG

Mc I: YU CU CHUNG

iu 99: Phm vi v iu kin p dng

- Phm vi p dng: h a nng kt hp s dng cho bn phn v p xanh

c p dng cho vn cao su kin thit c bn (t nm th 2 tr i) v cao su

kinh doanh.

- iu kin p dng: khi p dng h a nng giai on cao su kin thit c

bn n khi vn cy khp tn, cn trng cy che ph t nh Kudzu

(Pueraria phaseoloides, P. triloba, P. lobata, P. thomsoni, P. montana),

Mucuna n (Mucuna bracteata).

iu 100: Yu cu k thut chung

- V tr h: nm trong vng gip vi v tr r t pht trin mnh ca cy cao

su vo thi im s dng h bn thc phn v c.

- Hnh dng v kch thc h a nng:

+ H c hnh ch nht c cnh di h song song vi hng cy cao su;

+ Thnh h nghing vi h s mi dc khong (khong 76).

+ Kch thc y h cn c vo kch thc ming h v chiu su h

lun c h s mi dc bng : chiu di 1 cnh ca y h = chiu di 1

cnh tng ng ca ming h (chiu su h/4). V d ming h c

chiu di 0,8 m, chiu rng 0,6 m, h su 0,3 m, thnh h c mi dc

cn o y h c chiu di l (0,8 0,3/4) = 0,72 m, chiu rng y

h l (0,6 0,3/4) = 0,52 m (Hnh V.1).

- Kch thc h: chiu su h khng c vt qu chiu su tp trung r t,

i vi cao su cha khp tn su khong 30 cm, khi cao su khp tn su

khong 40 cm; chiu rng h t 40 cm n 80 cm, chiu di h t 60 cm n

120 cm tu thuc vo sinh khi p xanh v phng tin o h.

- Thi v o h: o vo u ma ma hoc gn cui ma ma; t phi

m trong khong mt thng.

- K thut o: khi o khng lm mt cu trc t thnh h; y h phi

bng phng; t mt quanh ming h phi m bo dn c nc chy trn

vo h nhng hn ch c bn t lp h, c th o th cng hoc bng

my mc. Khng o h ni quay u xe u hng cy.


50 V mc lc

Hnh V.1: Kch thc mt h a nng c mi dc bng 1/4


V mc lc 51

Mc II: B TR H A NNG TRN VN CAO SU

iu 101: B tr h a nng trn vn cao su kin thit c bn nm th 2 trn t

c dc < 10

- V tr h: b tr h hai bn hng cao su so le nhau kiu nanh su, cch 2 cy cao su o 1 h, h cch hng cao su 1,5 m (Hnh V.2).

- Kch thc h: di 0,6 - 0,8 m; rng 0,4 m; su 0,2 - 0,3 m; h s mi dc bng .

- Thi gian thc hin: o h mi vo u ma ma nm th 2 cao su kin thit c bn, s dng cc h trn tch mn, gi m, bn phn, p xanh cho cao su kin thit c bn nm th 2 v nm th 3. Duy tu h hng nm vo u ma ma.

Hnh V.2: S b tr h a nng giai on cao su kin thit c bn nm th 2 v

th 3 trn t bng v t dc < 10

iu 102: B tr h a nng trn vn cao su kin thit c bn t nm th 4 trn

t bng v t dc < 10

- V tr h: b tr h theo kiu nanh su gia 2 hng cao su, gia 4 cy cao su o 1 h, h nm cch u 2 hng cao su 2 bn (Hnh V.3).

- Kch thc h: di 0,8 - 1,2 m; rng 0,6 - 0,8 m; su 0,3 - 0,4 m; h s mi dc bng .

- Thi gian thc hin: o h mi vo nm th 4 cao su kin thit c bn v s dng cc h ny tch mn, gi m, bn phn cho cao su kin thit c bn t nm th 4 tr i. Giai on kinh doanh, o h mi c v tr xen k vi cc h o nm th 4 kin thit c bn. Sau 2 nm mt ln, quay li s dng cc h o 2 nm trc. o v duy tu h vo u ma ma hoc trc khi ma ma chm t khong 1 thng.


52 V mc lc

Hnh V.3: S b tr h a nng giai on t kh p tn n kinh doanh

trn t bng v t dc < 10

iu 103: B tr v kch thc h a nng trn t dc > 10 vn kin thit c bn v kinh doanh

- V tr h: b tr h trn bng ng mc (bc thang) ca hng trng cao su, gia 2 cy cao su, st taluy dng, cch 2 cy o 1 h (Hnh V.4).

- Kch thc h: di 0,6 - 0,8 m; rng 0,4 - 0,6 m; su 0,3 - 0,4 m; h s mi dc bng .

- Thi gian thc hin: o h mi vo nm th 2 v nm th 4 cao su kin thit c bn, v tr h o nm th 4 kin thit c bn nm xen k vi v tr h o nm th 2 kin thit c bn. Nhng nm kin thit c bn cn li v sut giai on kinh doanh, c 2 nm 1 ln quay li s dng h o 2 nm trc. Trong thi k kin thit c bn khi cao su cha khp tn, o v duy tu h vo u ma ma. Khi vn cy khp tn, o v duy tu h vo u ma ma hoc trc khi ma ma chm dt khong 1 thng.

Hnh V.4: S b tr h a nng trn t dc > 10


V mc lc 53

Mc III: K THUT S DNG H A NNG KT HP P XANH TRN

VN CAO SU KIN THIT C BN

iu 104: Trng cy che ph t

- Khi p dng h a nng giai on cao su kin thit c bn n khi vn cy

khp tn, cn trng cy che ph t nh Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides, P.

triloba, P. lobata, P. thomsoni, P. montana), Mucuna n (Mucuna

bracteata).

- Gieo trng Kudzu gia hng cao su theo khong cch 1,0 m x 1,0 m, cch

hng cao su 1,5 m; gieo trng Mucuna n 1 hng gia 2 hng cao su theo

khong cch cy cch cy 5,0 - 6,0 m.

- Khng thm ph xm ln vo bng rng 1,0 m mi bn ca hng cao su.

Khng c s dng my cy p hoc cy lt thm ph vo hng hoc gia

hng.

iu 105: Thu hoch cht xanh

- i vi vn cao su kin thit c bn nm th 2 tr i n khi vn cy

khp tn, tin hnh ct 1 ln nm vo trc khi ma ma chm dt khong 1

thng, ct lc t m.

- Dng my ct eo vai hoc my ct gn theo my ko, ct phn cht xanh

trn mt t, cch gc 10 cm, khng ko bt gc thm ph. i vi my ct

eo vai, cng sut ti thiu 1,5 m lc v s vng quay 600 vng/pht.

iu 106. Vi cht xanh

- Khi h b bi t t, cn no vt bt lp bi t khng nh hng n h

r cao su trong h.

- Ct cht xanh cho vo ngang ming h, sau ph kn h bng lp t mt

dy khong 3 cm, ch dng lp t no vt lp h.

- Khi bn thc phn v c t cui, sau khi dn thm ph vo h, ri phn

u vo h trc khi lp t.

- Sau p xanh, mt h phi kn v b mt t ton vn phi tng i bng

phng, khng c li t hoc li lm trn vn.


54 V mc lc

Mc IV: K THUT BN PHN TRN H A NNG VN CAO SU

KIN THIT C BN V KINH DOANH

iu 107: Bn th c phn v c cho cao su kin thit c bn

- Thi k p dng: t nm th 2 kin thit c bn n ht chu k kin thit c

bn.

- S ln v liu lng bn: bn phn 2 ln nm, t 1 vo u ma ma khi

h m; t 2 vo cui ma ma trc khi ma chm dt khong 1 thng.

Bn ton b lng phn ln, 2 3 lng phn m v phn kali vo t 1; bn

1 3 lng phn m v phn kali cn li vo t 2.

- Phng php bn: bn t 1: ri u phn trn mt h v xi xo k lp t

mt phn tip xc lp thm mc bn di; bn t 2: kt hp bn phn

cng lc vi p xanh.

iu 108: Bn th c phn v c cho cao su kinh doanh

- Thi k p dng: bn phn vo h a nng sut chu k kinh doanh.

- S ln v liu lng bn: i vi t thnh phn c gii nh, t dc, bn

2 ln nm, t 1 vo u ma ma khi t m v t 2 vo cui ma ma

trc khi ma chm dt khong 1 thng. Bn ton b lng phn ln, 2/3

lng phn m v phn kali vo t 1; bn 1 3 lng phn m v kali cn

li vo t 2. i vi t tng i bng phng, thnh phn c gii nng v

tn l vn cy pht trin tt, bn ton b lng phn trong nm 1 ln vo u

ma ma khi t m.

- Phng php bn: ri u phn trn mt h, sau dng co hoc cuc xi

nh lp mt h phn ri xung bn di.

iu 109: Bn b sung phn hu c cho cao su kin thit c bn v kinh doanh

- Thi gian thc hin: i vi vn cy kin thit c bn v kinh doanh trn

t ngho dinh dng, bn b sung phn hu c kt hp bn thc phn v c

vo h tch mn a nng.

- S t bn v liu lng bn: bn 1 ln vo t bn thc v c t 1, liu

lng t 2 - 5 kg/h.

- Phng php bn: i vi phn hu c truyn thng, vt bt lp t mt

trn h, ri u phn hu c vo h, tip tc ri u phn v c ln trn, sau

lp k h bng lp t mt no vt ln. i vi phn hu c vi sinh, cn

tham kho nh sn xut bit r v kh nng phi trn trc tip vi phn v

c, nu khng r, bn theo phng php sau: vt bt lp t mt trn h, ri

u phn v c vo h trc, sau lp li bng mt lp t mng trc khi

tip tc ri lp phn hu c vi sinh ln trn, cui cng lp k h bng lp t

mt no vt ln.


V mc lc 55

Mc V: K THUT TCH MN, GI M H A NNG TRN VN CAO

SU KIN THIT C BN V KINH DOANH

iu 110: Yu cu chung v k thut tch mn, gi m

- Mt t vn cao su kin thit c bn v vn kinh doanh t bng hoc

t dc u phi tng i bng phng khi p dng h a nng.

- Cc h a nng phi c c dng chy trn t mt vo h t nhiu hng

quanh h, ng thi hn ch c cc dng chy bi t v xi l vo h.

- Thnh h v y h c cu trc t tt, m bo kh nng thm nc tt.

iu 111: K thut tng cng kh nng tch mn, gi m ca h

- Trc khi o h a nng, phi san lp cc v rnh ln to mt bng

tng i trn b mt l.

- Khi o h a nng, cn phn b lng t o quanh ming h hp l

to bng phng tng i cho lp t mt. i vi t dc, dng t o

to 1 b chn nh trn u dc ca h.


56 V mc lc

Chng VI

THU HOCH M V CHM SC VN CAO SU KINH DOANH

Mc I: QUY NH CHUNG V THU HOCH M

iu 112: Qun l vn cy kinh doanh

Khi vn cy chuyn t giai on kin thit c bn sang vn cy kinh doanh, vic qun l vn cy c tnh theo nm co m, khng tnh theo nm trng.

iu 113: Tiu chun cc loi vn cao su co m

a. Tiu chun vn cy cao su mi a vo co m

- Cy cao su t tiu chun m co khi b vng thn cy o cch mt t 1,0 m t t 50 cm tr ln, dy v cao 1,0 m cch mt t phi t t 6 mm tr ln.

- L cao su kin thit c bn c t 70% tr ln s cy t tiu chun m co th c a vo co m.

- i vi nhng vn cy m co c > 90% tiu chun th s m ton b s cy trong vn.

b. Tiu chun vn cy a vo co p c kim sot

- n cy kinh doanh bnh thng c a vo co p c kim sot t nm co th 11.

c. Tiu chun m co v ti sinh

Khi m co li trn v ti sinh, dy v phi t t 8 mm tr ln hoc v ti sinh trn 10 nm. Nhng trng hp khc vi quy nh nu trn phi c kin ca Tp on mi c thc hin.

iu 114: Phn loi vn cy thu hoch m v vic thanh l vn cy

- Nhm I: n cy ang nm co th 1 n nm co th 10.

- Nhm II: n cy ang nm co th 11 n nm co th 18.

- Nhm III: n cy nm co th 19 tr i.

Vic thanh l vn cy da trn mt trong cc c s:

- n cy ht chu k thu hoch m (20 nm).

- n cy c bit phi thanh l: nng sut vn cy di 1,2 tn/ha trong 2 - 3 nm lin tip; hoc mt cy co di 50% mt thit k trng; hoc theo lin vng trong khu vc thanh l; hoc chuyn mc ch s dng.

- Cc n v xy dng k hoch thanh l vn cy ti thiu trc 2 nm v c Tp on ph duyt.


V mc lc 57

Mc II: CH THU HOCH M

iu 115: Ch co m

a. Chiu di ming co nga

- T nm co 1 n nm co 10: chiu di ming co nga l S/2 (co na vng thn cy) trn v nguyn sinh.

- T nm co 11 tr i:

+ Chiu di ming co nga l S/2 (co na vng thn cy) trn v ti sinh.

+ Trong trng hp thiu lao ng co m, c th khng co li trn v ti sinh.

b. Chiu di ming co p

- T nm co 11 n nm co 18: chiu di ming co p l S/4.

- T nm co 19 tr i: chiu di ming co p l S/2.

c. Nhp co

- Thng nht p dng nhp co d3 (ba ngy co mt ln) cho tt c vng trng cao su v tt c dng v tnh cao su.

- Trong trng hp thiu lao ng co m, c th p dng nhp co d4 (bn ngy co mt ln).

iu 116: Ch kch thch m

a. i vi cc dng v tnh p ng trung bnh vi cht kch thch: bao gm PB 235, PB 260, RRIV 1, RRIV 3, RRIV 4, RRIV 5 v cc ging mi khc.

Vn cy nhm I:

- Nm co 1 : ET 2,5% Pa 2/y

- Nm co 2 - 5 : ET 2,5% Pa 3/y

- Nm co 6 : ET 2,5% Pa 4/y

- Nm co 7 : ET 2,5% Pa 3/y

- Nm co 8 10 : ET 2,5% Pa 4/y

Vn cy nhm II:

- Nm co 11 - 18 : Ming nga : ET 2,5% Pa 3/y;

Ming p : ET 2,5% La 6/y.

Vn cy nhm III:

- Nm co 19 tr i : Ming nga : ET 5% Pa 5/y;

Ming p : ET 5% La 8/y.


58 V mc lc

b. i vi cc dng v tnh p ng tt vi cht kch thch: bao gm GT 1, RRIM 600, VM 515, PB 255, RRIC 100, RRIC 110, RRIC 121 v RRIV 2.

Vn cy nhm I:

- Nm co 1 : ET 2,5% Pa 3/y

- Nm co 2 - 5 : ET 2,5% Pa 4/y

- Nm co 6 : ET 2,5% Pa 5/y

- Nm co 7 : ET 2,5% Pa 4/y

- Nm co 8 - 10 : ET 2,5% Pa 5/y

Vn cy nhm II:

- Nm co 11 - 18 : Ming nga : ET 2,5% Pa 4/y;

Ming p : ET 2,5% La 7/y.

Vn cy nhm III:

- Nm co 19 tr i : Ming nga : ET 5% Pa 6/y;

Ming p : ET 5% La 9/y.

c. i vi nhp co d4

- i vi cc dng v tnh p ng trung bnh vi cht kch thch: s ln kch thch m tng hn so vi nhp co d3: mt ln cho ming co nga v hai ln cho ming co p.

- i vi cc dng v tnh p ng tt vi cht kch thch: s ln kch thch m tng hn so vi nhp co d3: hai ln cho ming co nga v ba ln cho ming co p.

iu 117: Chn on sinh l m

n cy c biu hin bt thng th nn p dng phng php chn on sinh l m quyt nh ch thu hoch m cho ph hp. Phng php ny do Vin Nghin cu Cao su Vit Nam thc hin.

iu 118: Quy hoch v co

- i vi vn cy mi m co, thc hin theo quy hoch v co ngay t nm co u tin v p dng trong sut chu k kinh doanh (Hnh VI.1).

- i vi vn cy m co, thc hin quy hoch v co t u nm co v p dng trong sut nm, khng thay i.

- Thit k m ming co p khc pha vi ming co nga. Trong trng hp co phi hp p - nga cng pha th hai ming co phi cch nhau t nht 30 cm.

- Khng p dng ch co ming gc vo 3 thng u ma co.

- Cng tc quy hoch mt co cho vn cy m co khc vi Quy trnh hin hnh, cn c s t vn t Vin Nghin cu Cao su Vit Nam v c s chp thun ca Tp on.


V mc lc 59

Hnh VI.1: S quy hoch mt co cho vn cy kinh doanh


60 V mc lc

Mc III: THIT K, M MING CO

iu 119: Chia phn cy co v chia phin co

- S cy trong mi phn co c chia da vo iu kin a hnh vn cy,

mt cy co, nm co, tnh trng v co v ch co. i vi vn cy

nhm I, phn cy phi chia n nh t nm th nht sau khi m co. i vi

vn cy nhm II, phn cy phi c phn chia ngay t u nm, trnh phn

chia li khi bt u co p gy xo trn sn xut kh qun l. Quy nh s cy

co m/phn theo Bng 16.

- Khng chia 3 phin co ca cng nhn co m nm st nhau.

- Mi phn cy co phi c nh du phn chia r rng v nh s th t

phn cy co.

Bng 16: S cy co m/phn theo nm co v theo a hnh, mt

a hnh, mt cy co

Nm co m

1 2 - 10 11 - 18 19 - 20

(a) (b)

t bng 350 - 400 500 - 550 320 - 360 450 - 500 220 - 250

t dc > 15 hoc mt tha

300 - 350 450 - 500 300 - 340 400 - 450 200 - 230

Ghi ch:

(a) p dng cho ch co phi hp hai ming p v nga.

(b) p dng cho ch co mt ming p v ch co kch thch bng kh Ethylene.

iu 120: Trang b vt t cho cy co

- Cy co c trang b y cc vt t king, mng hng m v chn.

Trong trng hp co phi hp p - nga, trang b ring king, mng v chn

cho mi ming co (Hnh VI.2).

- King buc cch ming tin 35 cm cho c 2 ming co nga v co p c

kim sot, cc vn cy nhm I v nhm II khng c ng king vo thn

cy cao su. Buc king bng dy l xo thp = 0,8 mm hoc bng dy nylon.

- Mng ng di ming tin 10 cm i vi co nga v 15 cm i vi co

p c kim sot, su cch g 2 mm, dc ca mng so vi trc ngang l 30.

- Chn hng m bng t nung c trng lp men s trong lng chn hoc

bng chn nha mt trong lng, dung tch chn t 500 ml - 1.000 ml tu nhm

cy.

- Mng chn nc ma, mi che ma


V mc lc 61

Hnh VI.2: Vt t phc v co m

iu 121: Thit k ming co

a. Chiu cao ming co

- Cy mi m co c ming tin cch mt t 1,3 m. Co ming nga lin tc

6 nm mt co v nguyn sinh BO-1, t nm co th 7 chuyn ming co

sang mt co v nguyn sinh BO-2, cng co cao 1,3 m cch mt t.

- Co p c kim sot khi v tr ming tin nm trong khong t 1,3 m n

2,0 m cch mt t. T cao 2,0 m tr ln c g i l cao ngoi tm

kim sot.

b. dc ming co

- i vi ming co nga: quy nh dc ming co l 32 so vi trc

ngang.

- i vi ming co p: quy nh dc ming co l 45.

c. Thit k ming co

Dng c thit k ming co gm (Hnh VI.3):

- Thc cy 150 cm c nh du v tr ming tin, v tr cm mng, v tr treo

king.

- Dy c 3 gt (100 cm) chia thn cy ra lm hai hoc bn phn bng

nhau.

- Rp (c) c cn bo m dc.

- Rp nh du hao dm hng thng.

- Mc rch.

- Thc, rp ca 2 ming co nga v p c nh du v thit k khc

nhau.


62 V mc lc

Hnh VI.3: Dng c thit k ming co

Cch thit k:

Ming co nga:

- Dng thc dy kim tra v nh du cy tiu chun co (Hnh VI. 4a).

- Ming tin c m ng lot cng mt pha trong l v hng ra gia hng d quan st, kim tra, qun l.

- t thc cy rch ranh tin, nh du v tr ming tin, v tr cm mng hng m, v tr treo king (Hnh VI. 4b).

- Dng dy c ba gt chia thn cy cao su lm hai phn bng nhau (Hnh VI. 4c).

- Xc nh ranh hu bng mt ng rch d c theo thn cy (Hnh VI. 4d).

- t rp ngay ng v tr ranh tin rch ming co chun v cc ng rch chun hao dm hng qu (Hnh VI. 4e).

- Dng rp nh du hao dm hng thng, vch du chun ranh tin v ranh hu (Hnh VI. 4f).

- Khi mng tin di 10 - 11 cm, su n lp da ct mn (kiu u voi, ui chut), mng tin phi thng gc so vi mt t (Hnh VI. 4g).

- Sau khi thit k ming co xong th trang b vt t cho cy co (Hnh VI. 4h).


V mc lc 63

Hnh VI.4a: Dng thc dy kim tra v nh du cy tiu chun co

Hnh VI.4b: t thc cy rch ranh tin, nh du v tr ming tin, mng

hng m v treo king

Hnh VI.4c: Dng dy c ba g t chia thn cy cao su lm hai phn bng nhau

Hnh VI.4d: Xc nh ranh hu bng mt ng rch dc theo thn cy


64 V mc lc

Hnh VI.4e: Rch ming co chun v cc ng rch chun hao dm

hng qu

Hnh VI.4f: Dng thc nh du hao dm hng thng, vch du chun

ranh tin v ranh hu

Hnh VI.4g: Rp, thit k hon chnh Hnh VI.4h: Trang b vt t cho cy co

Hnh VI.4: K thut thit k ming co nga


V mc lc 65

Ming co p:

- Trong cng mt l, ming tin co p cng phi c thit k ng lot

theo mt pha thng nht v hng ra gia hng d quan st, kim tra, qun

l.

- t thc cy v mc rch ranh tin t v tr 1,3 m cch t thng ln

pha trn (Hnh VI.5a).

- Dng dy c ba gt chia thn cy cao su lm hai phn (cho ming co

S/2) hoc bn phn (cho ming co S/4) bng nhau (Hnh VI.5b).

- Xc nh ranh hu bng mt ng rch d c theo thn cy (Hnh VI.5c).

- t rp ngay ng v tr ranh tin rch ming co chun v cc ng

rch chun hao dm hng thng hoc hng qu gia 2 ranh tin v hu. Lu

dc ca ming co p phi l 45 ngay t khi m co, khng cho php m

dc thp hn ri chuyn t t ln dc quy nh (Hnh VI.5d, e, f).

- Khi mng tin t ming tin n v tr cm mng (di 15 cm), su n

lp da ct mn (kiu u voi, ui chut), mng tin phi thng gc so vi

mt t (Hnh VI.5g).

- Sau khi thit k ming co xong th trang b vt t cho cy co (Hnh

VI.5h).

d. M thm

- i vi vng c hai ma ma nng r rt, m co thm nhng cy

tiu chun vo u ma co v thng 9 - thng 10 hng nm. Cc vng khc,

m co thm vo u ma co v thng 8 - thng 9 hng nm.

- u nm th 3, m co tt c cc cy c b vng thn trn 40 cm. trnh

hin tng c o, ming co cy m sau c cng cao vi cy m co

trc, n nm co th by phi chuyn ng lot vn cy sang mt co BO-2.


66 V mc lc

Hnh VI.5a: t thc cy v mc rch ranh tin t v tr 1,3 m cch t

thng ln pha trn

Hnh VI.5b: Dng dy ba g t chia thn cy cao su lm hai phn hoc

bn phn bng nhau

Hnh VI.5c: Xc nh im ranh hu cho ming co S/4

Hnh VI.5d: Xc nh ranh hu


V mc lc 67

Hnh VI.5e: t rp ngay ng v tr ranh tin rch ming co chun

Hnh VI.5f: Rch chun hao dm hng thng hoc hng qu gia 2 ranh

tin v hu

Hnh VI.5g: Cy co c rp,

thit k xong

Hnh VI.5h: Trang b cy co

hon chnh

Hnh VI.5: K thut thit k ming co p

Quy trnh k

Documents

Quy trình kỹ thật cây cao su.pdf