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8/2/2019 Quy trnh thnh lp bn s t bn giy
1/12
Quy trnh thnh lp bn s t bn giy.
Cng vi s pht trin k diu ca cng ngh thng tin trong nhng nm cui th k
XX, nhu cu v s ho v lng ha thng tin trn bn ngy cng cao, c bit l
nhng bn chuyn cung cp nhng thng tin hu ch khai thc v qun lti nguyn. Ngoi ra trong xu th hi nhp vi khu vc v th gii i hi nhng thng
tin bn phi phc v c nhiu ngnh, nhiu lnh vc v nhiu i tng khc
nhau, c kh nng trao i d liu gia cc ngnh vi nhau. Nhng yu cu trn khng
th thc hin c i vi bn giy. S m t nh lng b ngn tr ln do khi
lng s liu v nhng quan trc nh lng qu ln. Ngoi ra hin nay cn thiu cc
cng c quan trng m t s bin thin khng gian mang tnh cht nh lng. V
vy, vic thnh lp bn s, mt trong nhng bc i ban u trong vic xy dng
c s d liu a chnh quc gia l rt cn thit. Bn s c th c thnh lp t
nhiu ngun khc nhau: t nh qut scanner, t nh hng khng, nh v tinh, t cc s
liu o mt t. Sau y l qu trnh thnh lp bn s t bn giy thng qua nh
qut scanner.
Bn l mt chnh th bao gm nhiu lp thng tin chng xp ln nhau m t
th gii thc. Thng tin trn bn c phn ra thnh 4 loi c bn sau:
- i tng dng im (point): th hin cc i tng chim din tch nh nhng lthng tin rt quan trng khng th thiu nh; tr s c quan, cc cng trnh xy dng,
cu cng...
- i tng dng ng (line): th hin cc i tng khng khp kn hnh hc,
chng c th l cc ng thng, cc ng gp khc v cc cung, v d nh ng
giao thng, sng, sui...
- i tng dng vng (region): th hin cc i tng khp kn hnh hc bao ph
mt vng din tch nht nh, chng c th l cc polygon, ellipse v hnh ch nht, vd lnh th a gii 1 x, h nc, khu rng...
- i tng dng ch (text): th hin cc i tng khng phi l a l ca bn
nh nhn, tiu , ghi ch...
MC CH THNH LP BN
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Bn ang s dng hin nay phn ln l bn giy bao gm rt nhiu loi khc
nhau nh: bn a hnh, bn a chnh, bn hin trng s dng t, bn
t, v cc bn chuyn khc ... Do tu thuc vo mc ch c th m thnh
lp bn thch hp. Tuy nhin hin nay Tng cc a chnh quy nh thng nht dng
bn a hnh v bn a chnh lm bn nn c s trong ton quc. Do tt
c cc bn d l thnh lp vi mc ch no cng u c xy dng trn nn bn
nn c s trn.
S quy trnh:
Cc i tng bn khi tn ti di dng s c th
hin v lu tr trn nhng lp thng tin khc nhau. V vy,
trc khi s ha thnh lp bn s, cc i tng cn th
hin trn bn phi c xc nh trc cn phi lu tr
trn lp thng tin no.
QUT BN
Qut bn l qu trnh chuyn cc bn c lu tr
trn giy, phim, diamat, thnh cc tp tin d liu di dng
nh (raster file), sau ty thuc vo phn mm x l nh
v phn mm qun l bn hin c m chuyn cc rasterfile sang cc nh dng khc nh: *.TIFF, *.RLE, *.EPS,
*.BMP,...
Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi my qut khc
nhau v kh giy v v nhn hiu. V kh giy thng dng
nht l kh A4, A3. V nhn hiu ph bin nht l hiu
EPSON v mt s nhn hiu ca tp on Inter-graph.
Cch thc hot ng ca my qut: my qut ghi nhn cc nh bng cch chiusng vo ti liu cn scan (bn , vn bn), sau nh sng i ngc tr li v c
tip nhn bi mt dy cc t bo cm quang gi l thit b np i. Bi v cc vng ti
trn giy phn chiu t nh sng hn v cc vng sng ca giy phn chiu nhiu hn
nn thit b np i c kh nng pht hin nh sng phn chiu nh sng t mi vng
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nh. Sau thit b np i s chuyn cc sng nh sng c phn chiu thnh cc
thng tin dng s, nhng thng tin ny c biu hin bi s kt hp ca 2 s 0 v 1
(gi l bit d liu). Cui cng phn mm qut s c cc d liu m my nhn c v
ti to n thnh mt raster feli lu tr trong my tnh.
y l giai on rt quan trng trong vic thnh lp bn s t bn giy v n
nh hng trc tip n cht lng nh thng qua vic chn phn gii khi qut. Tuy
nhin, vic chn phn gii cao hay thp cn ty thuc vo nhiu yu t bao gm:
cht lng ti liu gc, mc ch s dng, dung lng trng ca a cng. Ci gi phi
tr cho mt raster file c cht lng cao l kch c raster file s ln gy ra nhiu kh
khn cho vic lu tr v chuyn i.
CC DNG RASTER FILES
Ty thuc vo phn mm x l nh v phn mm qun l bn hin c m chuyn
thnh cc nh dng raster files khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mi nh dng khc nhau u c
nhng thun li v rc ri ring ca n. Sau y l mt s nh dng file:
*.TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) l dng ph bin nht c kh nng lu tr cc
nh qut bng nhiu phn gii, dng mu v kiu nn khc nhau, c bit l thch
nghi vi nhiu trnh ng dng.
*.EPS (Encapsulated Poscipt) thch hp cho dng cc bn v vector nhng li khngdng cho lineart.
*.GIF l dng dng lu tr cc nh gm 256 mu hoc 256 cc bng xm.
*.PSP l dng nh ni ca Adobe Photoshop.
*.JPEG l dng lu tr mu sc hoc cc files thang xm.
*.PCX c s dng trong nhiu chng trnh v khc nhau cng rt thch hp cho
cc nh qut v rt thch nghi vi cch s dng PC (my tnh c nhn).
NN BN
y l bc quan trng nht trong quy trnh thnh lp bn s v n nh hng
n ton b chnh xc ca bn sau khi c s ha da trn nn nh. Nn bn
l qu trnh chuyn i nh ang ta hng - ct ca cc im nh (pixel) v ta
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trc thc (h ta a l hoc ta phng). Vic xc nh ta cc im
trn nh phi tht chnh xc v trng vi bn giy. Ta mt im c xc nh
trn nh v thc t c s sai lch nhau, ty thuc vo t l bn v mc ch thnh
lp bn m sai s cho php s khc nhau. Cc im nh v trn va nh ngha
vng lm vic cho qu trnh s ha, va l c s cho qu trnh tip bin gia cc mnh
bn .
VECTOR HA
Vector ha l qu trnh bin i d liu raster thnh d liu vector, hay ni cch khc
y l qu trnh v li bn giy trn my tnh hoc bn s ha nhm to mt bn v
dng s ca bn . Hin nay c rt nhiu phn mm s ha bao gm Autocad,
Mapinfo, Arcinfo, Microstation... Sau khi s ha, ty thuc vo phn mm s ha m d
liu vector s c t chc trong cc nh dng files khc nhau nh vi Mapinfo s
c lu tr vo files*.TAB, vi Microstation s c lu tr vo files*.DGN.
CHNH SA D LIU
Sau qu trnh s ha, d liu c nhn cha phi hon thin v s dng c,
cc d liu ny c gi l d liu th, cn phi qua mt qu trnh chnh sa hp l.
Qu trnh ny bao gm cc cng an: lc b im da tha (filter), lm trn ng
(smooth), loi b cc i tng trng nhau, sa cc im cui t do v to cc imgiao.
KIM TRA - B SUNG I TNG
Sau khi chnh sa d liu l qu trnh kim tra tnh y ca i tng v chnh
xc ca d liu sau khi s ha. Qu trnh ny nh hng n chnh xc cng nh
cht lng ca sn phm sau ny. Kim tra chnh xc ca d liu l kim tra mc
sai s gia d liu raster v d liu vector (l lch gia cc ng vector v tm
ng raster), thng thng sai s ny phi < 0,1 mm tnh theo t l bn . Kim tratnh y i tng ngha l kim tra v b sung y cc i tng cn thu nhn
theo yu cu ra i vi tng loi bn ti liu. Khi thc hin cng tc ny ngi
kim tra phi nm c ton b cc thng s ha quy nh cho tng i tng, s
8/2/2019 Quy trnh thnh lp bn s t bn giy
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dng thnh tho cc cng c sa cha v s ha i tng khi gp cc li phi tin
hnh x l ngay.
TIP BIN
Khng ging nh cc bn trn giy, cng tc tip bin vi cc mnh ln cn phithc hin ngay sau khi thu nhn v chnh sa d liu, cc i tng dng vng t mu
phi cha c to (polygon) bi v sau khi ng vng v t mu nn, cc yu t dng
vng rt kh tip bin vi nhau.
BIN TP V TRNH BY BN
Da vo mc ch - yu cu ca bn cn thnh lp, mt ln na cc i tng
trn bn c kim tra, thay i k hiu thch hp v b tr v tr cc i tng nhm
m bo tnh tng quan v a hnh cng nh tnh thm m ca bn .
Hin nay c rt nhiu phn mm x l bn , cch t chc v qun l d liu khng
gian v d liu thuc tnh cc phn mm c khc nhau, nhng quy trnh bin tp
chuyn t bn giy thnh bn s nhn chung l ging nhau. Vi s pht trin ca
cng ngh thng tin cng vi nhu cu v t chc xy dng c s d liu quc gia, hin
nay vic thnh lp bn s thay th bn giy l rt cn thit v l nhim v cp
bch.
H Thng tin a l (GIS) l g?
H Thng tin a l - GIS (Geographical Information System) l mt
cng c my tnh lp bn v phn tch cc s vt, hin tng
thc trn tri t.
Cng ngh GIS kt hp cc thao tc c s d liu thng thng (nh cu trc hi p)
v cc php phn tch thng k, phn tch a l, trong php phn tch a l v hnh
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nh c cung cp duy nht t cc bn . Nhng kh nng ny phn bit GIS vi cc
h thng thng tin khc v khin cho GIS c phm vi ng dng rng trong nhiu lnh
vc khc nhau (phn tch cc s kin, d on tc ng v hoch nh chin lc).
Hin nay, nhng thch thc chnh m chng ta phi i mt - bng n dn s, nhim,
ph rng, thin tai-chim mt khng gian a l quan trng. Khi xc nh mt cng vic
kinh doanh mi (nh tm mt khu t tt cho trng chui, hoc tnh ton l trnh ti ucho mt chuyn xe khn cp), GIS cho php to lp bn , phi hp thng tin, khi
qut cc vin cnh, gii quyt cc vn phc tp, v pht trin cc gii php hiu qu
m trc y khng thc hin c. GIS l mt cng c c cc c nhn, t chc,
trng hc, chnh ph v cc doanh nghip s dng nhm hng ti cc phng thc
mi gii quyt vn .
Lp bn v phn tch a l khng phi l k thut mi, nhng GIS thc thi cc cng
vic ny tt hn v nhanh hn cc phng php th cng c. Trc cng ngh GIS,
ch c mt s t ngi c nhng k nng cn thit s dng thng tin a l gip ch
cho vic gii quyt vn v a ra cc quyt nh.
Ngy nay, GIS l mt ngnh cng nghip hng t la vi s tham gia ca hng trm
nghn ngi trn ton th gii. GIS c dy trong cc trng ph thng, trng i
hc trn ton th gii. Cc chuyn gia ca mi lnh vc u nhn thc c nhng u
8/2/2019 Quy trnh thnh lp bn s t bn giy
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im ca s kt hp cng vic ca h v GIS.
CC THNH PHN CA GIS?
GIS c kt hp bi nm thnh phn chnh: phn cng, phn mm, d liu, con
ngi v phng php.
Phn cng: Phn cng l h thng my tnh trn mt h GIS hot ng. Ngy nay,
phn mm GIS c kh nng chy trn rt nhiu dng phn cng, t my ch trung tm
n cc my trm hot ng c lp hoc lin kt mng.
Phn mm: Phn mm GIS cung cp cc chc nng v cc cng c cn thit lu
gi, phn tch v hin th thng tin a l. Cc thnh phn chnh trong phn mm GIS l:
+ Cng c nhp v thao tc trn cc thng tin a l
+ H qun tr c s d liu(DBMS)
+ Cng c h tr hi p, phn tch v hin th a l
+ Giao din ho ngi-my (GUI) truy cp cc cng c d dng
D liu: C th coi thnh phn quan trng nht trong mt h GIS l d liu. Cc d
liu a l v d liu thuc tnh lin quan c th c ngi s dng t tp hp hoc
c mua t nh cung cp d liu thng mi. H GIS s kt hp d liu khng gian
vi cc ngun d liu khc, thm ch c th s dng DBMS t chc lu gi v qun
l d liu.Con ngi: Cng ngh GIS s b hn ch nu khng c con ngi tham gia qun l
h thng v pht trin nhng ng dng GIS trong thc t. Ngi s dng GIS c th l
nhng chuyn gia k thut, ngi thit k v duy tr h thng, hoc nhng ngi dng
GIS gii quyt cc vn trong cng vic.
Phng php: Mt h GIS thnh cng theo kha cnh thit k v lut thng mi l
c m phng v thc thi duy nht cho mi t chc.
GIS LM VIC NH TH NO?
GIS lu gi thng tin v th gii thc di dng tp hp cc lp chuyn c th lin
kt vi nhau nh cc c im a l. iu ny n gin nhng v cng quan trng v
l mt cng c a nng c chng minh l rt c gi tr trong vic gii quyt nhiu
vn thc t, t thit lp tuyn ng phn phi ca cc chuyn xe, n lp bo co
8/2/2019 Quy trnh thnh lp bn s t bn giy
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chi tit cho cc ng dng quy hoch, hay m phng s lu thng kh quyn ton cu.
Tham kho a l: Cc thng tin a l hoc cha nhng tham kho a l hin (chng
hn nh kinh , v hoc to li quc gia), hoc cha nhng tham kho a l n
(nh a ch, m bu in, tn vng iu tra dn s, b nh danh cc khu vc rng
hoc tn ng). M ho a l l qu trnh t ng thng c dng to ra cc
tham kho a l hin (v tr bi) t cc tham kho a l n (l nhng m t, nh a
ch). Cc tham kho a l cho php nh v i tng (nh khu vc rng hay a im
thng mi) v s kin (nh ng t) trn b mt qu t phc v mc ch phn tch.
M hnh Vector v Raster: H thng thng tin a l lm vic vi hai dng m hnh d
liu a l khc nhau v c bn - m hnh vector v m hnh raster. Trong m hnh
vector, thng tin v im, ng v vng c m ho v lu di dng tp hp cc
to x,y. V tr ca i tng im, nh l khoan, c th c biu din bi mt to
n x,y. i tng dng ng, nh ng giao thng, sng sui, c th c lu
di dng tp hp cc to im. i tng dng vng, nh khu vc bun bn hay
vng lu vc sng, c lu nh mt vng khp kn ca cc im to .
M hnh vector rt hu ch i vi vic m t cc i tng ring bit, nhng km hiu
qu hn trong miu t cc i tng c s chuyn i lin tc nh kiu t hoc chi
ph c tnh cho cc bnh vin. M hnh raster c pht trin cho m phng cc i
tng lin tc nh vy. Mt nh raster l mt tp hp cc li. C m hnh vector vraster u c dng lu d liu a l vi nhng u im, nhc im ring, Cc
h GIS hin i c kh nng qun l c hai m hnh ny.
CC NHIM V CA GIS.
Mc ch chung ca cc H Thng tin a l l thc hin 6 nhim v sau:
+Nhpdliu
+Thaotcdliu
+ Qun l d liu
+ Hi p v phn tch
+ Hin th
Nhp d liu: Trc khi d liu a l c th c dng cho GIS, d liu ny phi
c chuyn sang dng s thch hp. Qu trnh chuyn d liu t bn giy sang
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cc file d liu dng s c gi l qu trnh s ho.
Cng ngh GIS hin i c th thc hin t ng hon ton qu trnh ny vi cng
ngh qut nh cho cc i tng ln; nhng i tng nh hn i hi mt s qu
trnh s ho th cng (dng bn s ho). Ngy nay, nhiu dng d liu a l thc s
c cc nh dng tng thch GIS. Nhng d liu ny c th thu c t cc nh cung
cp d liu v c nhp trc tip vo GIS.
Thao tc d liu: C nhng trng hp cc dng d liu i hi c chuyn dng
v thao tc theo mt s cch c th tng thch vi mt h thng nht nh. V d,
cc thng tin a l c gi tr biu din khc nhau ti cc t l khc nhau (h thng ng
ph c chi tit ho trong file v giao thng, km chi tit hn trong file iu tra dn s
v c m bu in trong mc vng). Trc khi cc thng tin ny c kt hp vi
nhau, chng phi c chuyn v cng mt t l (mc chnh xc hoc mc chi tit).
y c th ch l s chuyn dng tm thi cho mc ch hin th hoc c nh cho yu
cu phn tch. Cng ngh GIS cung cp nhiu cng c cho cc thao tc trn d liu
khng gian v cho loi b d liu khng cn thit.
Qun l d liu:i vi nhng d n GIS nh, c th lu cc thng tin a l di
dng cc file n gin. Tuy nhin, khi kch c d liu tr nn ln hn v s lng
ngi dng cng nhiu ln, th cch tt nht l s dng h qun tr c s d liu
(DBMS) gip cho vic lu gi, t chc v qun l thng tin. Mt DBMS ch n ginl mt phn mn qun l c s d liu.
C nhiu cu trc DBMS khc nhau, nhng trong GIS cu trc quan h t ra hu hiu
nht. Trong cu trc quan h, d liu c lu tr dng cc bng. Cc trng thuc
tnh chung trong cc bng khc nhau c dng lin kt cc bng ny vi nhau. Do
linh hot nn cu trc n gin ny c s dng v trin khai kh rng ri trong cc
ng dng c trong v ngoi GIS.
Hi p v phn tch: Mt khi c mt h GIS lu gi cc thng tin a l, c th bt
u hi cc cu hi n gin nh:
+ Ai l ch mnh t gc ph?
+ Hai v tr cch nhau bao xa?
+ Vng t dnh cho hot ng cng nghip u?
V cc cu hi phn tch nh:
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+ Tt c cc v tr thch hp cho xy dng cc to nh mi nm u?
+ Kiu t u th cho rng si l g?
+ Nu xy dng mt ng quc l mi y, giao thng s chu nh hng nh th
no?
GIS cung cp c kh nng hi p n gin "ch v nhn" v cc cng c phn tch tinh
vi cung cp kp thi thng tin cho nhng ngi qun l v phn tch. Cc h GIS
hin i c nhiu cng c phn tch hiu qu, trong c hai cng c quan trng c
bit:
Phn tch lin k:
+ Tng s khch hng trong bn knh 10 km khu hng?
+ Nhng l t trong khong 60 m t mt ng?
tr li nhng cu hi ny, GIS s dng phng php vng m xc nh mi
quan h lin k gia cc i tng.
Phn tch chng xp: Chng xp l qu trnh tch hp cc lp thng tin khc nhau.
Cc thao tc phn tch i hi mt hoc nhiu lp d liu phi c lin kt vt l. S
chng xp ny, hay lin kt khng gian, c th l s kt hp d liu v t, dc,
thm thc vt hoc s hu t vi nh gi thu.
Hin th: Vi nhiu thao tc trn d liu a l, kt qu cui cng c hin th tt nht
di dng bn hoc biu . Bn kh hiu qu trong lu gi v trao i thng tina l. GIS cung cp nhiu cng c mi v th v m rng tnh ngh thut v khoa
hc ca ngnh bn . Bn hin th c th c kt hp vi cc bn bo co, hnh
nh ba chiu, nh chp v nhng d liu khc (a phng tin).
D LIU CHO GIS
Nhng d liu bn no l cn thit? Nhn chung c mt s loi d liu bn ph
bin sau:
Bn nn: bao gm cc bn ng ph, ng quc l; ng ranh gii hnh
chnh, ranh gii vng dn c; sng, h; mc bin gii; tn a danh v bn raster.
Bn v d liu thng mi: Bao gm d liu lin quan n dn s/nhn khu,
ngi tiu th, dch v thng mi, bo him sc kho, bt ng sn, truyn thng,
qung co, c s kinh doanh, vn ti, tnh trng ti phm.
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Bn v d liu mi trng: Bao gm cc d liu lin quan n mi trng, thi
tit, s c mi trng, nh v tinh, a hnh v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.
Bn tham kho chung: Bn th gii v quc gia; cc d liu lm nn cho cc
c s d liu ring.
CC CNG NGH LIN QUAN
GIS lin quan mt thit vi mt s h thng thng tin khc, nhng kh nng thao tc v
phn tch cc d liu a l ch c cng ngh GIS l thc hin c. Mc d khng c
quy tc chnh tc v cch phn loi cc h thng thng tin, nhng nhng gii thiu
di y s gip phn bit GIS vi cc cng ngh desktop mapping, tr gip thit k
nh my tnh (computer-aided design - CAD), vin thm (remote sensing), h qun tr
c s d liu (DBMS), v h thng nh v ton cu (global positioning systems-GPS).
Desktop Mapping (thnh lp bn ): L desktop mapping system s dng bn
t chc d liu v tng tc ngi dng. Trng tm ca h thng ny l thnh lp
bn : bn l c s d liu. Phn ln cc h thng Desktop Mapping u hn ch
hn so vi GIS v kh nng qun l d liu, phn tch khng gian v kh nng tu bin.
Cc h thng Desktop mapping hot ng trn cc my tnh bn nh PC, Macintosh,
v cc my trm UNIX nh.
CAD (tr gip thit k nh my tnh): H thng CAD tr gip cho vic to ra cc bnthit k xy dng nh v c s h tng. Tnh nng ny i hi cc thnh phn ca
nhng c trng c nh c tp hp to nn ton b cu trc. CAD yu cu mt
s quy tc v vic tp hp cc thnh phn v cc kh nng phn tch rt gii hn. H
thng CAD c th c m rng h tr bn nhng thng thng b gii hn
trong qun l v phn tch cc c s d liu a l ln.
Vin thm v GPS (h thng nh v ton cu): Vin thm l ngnh khoa hc nghin
cu b mt tri t s dng k thut cm bin nh quay camera t my bay, cc trm
thu GPS hoc cc thit b khc. Cc thit b cm bin ny thu thp d liu dng nh v
cung cp cc kh nng thao tc, phn tch v m phng nhng nh ny. Do thiu cc
tnh nng phn tch v qun l d liu a l, nn khng th gi l GIS thc s.
DBMS (H qun tr c s d liu): H qun tr c s d liu chuyn v lu tr v
qun l tt c cc dng d liu bao gm c d liu a l. Nhiu h GIS s dng
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DBMS vi mc ch lu tr d liu. DBMS khng c cc cng c phn tch v m
phng nh GIS.