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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY Baseline Assessment, July 2016 ရခိုင္ေဒသ ကနဦး ပန္လည္ထူေထာင္ေရးလုပ္ငန္း အေျခခံအခက္အလက္မား လ့လာဆန္းစစ္ျခင္း (၂၀၁၆ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဇူလိုင္လ)

RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY - · PDF file1 RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016 Executive Summary Four years after inter-communal conflict broke out

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Page 1: RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY - · PDF file1 RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016 Executive Summary Four years after inter-communal conflict broke out

RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY Baseline Assessment, July 2016

ရခငေဒသ ကနဥး ျပနလညထေထာငေရးလပငနး အေျခခအခကအလကမား ေလလာဆနးစစျခငး (၂၀၁၆ ခႏစ၊ ဇလငလ)

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Disclaimer: This study is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Andaman Research and Advisory Initiative and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. They also do not necessarily reflect the views of Rakhine Early Recovery Activity consortium partners the International Rescue Committee, Danish Refugee Council, or Relief International.

မသကဆငေၾကာငး ေဖာျပခက၊ ဤေလလာဆနးစစခကက အေမရကနျပညသမားက အေမရကန ျပညေထာငစအျပညျပညဆငရာ ဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးအဖြ႕(USAID)မတဆင ေစတနာအေထာကအပျဖင ေဆာင ရြကထားျခငး ျဖစပါသည။ ပါဝငေသာ အခကအလကႏင အေၾကာငးအရာမားသည အလရင ယအကစ ေအအငဒ သ႕မဟတ အေမရကန ျပညေထာငစ အစးရ၏ အျမငသေဘာထားႏင သကဆငျခငးမရဘ စစတမးေကာကယသည အနဒမန သေတသနႏင အႀကေပးအဖြ႕ (Andaman Research and Advisory Initiative)၏ တာဝနသာ ျဖစပါသည။ ထနညးတ ရခငေဒသ ကနဥး ျပညလညထေထာငေရးလပငနး ဆငရာ ပးေပါငးအဖြ႕ဝငမား ျဖစၾကေသာ အျပညျပညဆငရာ ကယဆယေရးေကာမတ (အငအာရစ)၊ ဒငးနစ ေရႊ႕ေျပာငးခလႈသမားဆငရာေကာငစ(ဒအာစ)ႏင အျပညျပညဆငရာ ကယဆယေရး(အာရအင) အဖြ႕မား၏ သေဘာထားအျမငမားကလညး ထငဟပျခငး မရေၾကာငးလညး ေဖာျပအပပါသည။

Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. 1

အကဥးခပ ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

Executive Summary Four years after inter-communal conflict broke out across the State, the context in central Rakhine state is at a delicate juncture characterized by both modest gains and ongoing uncertainty. The late 2015 election of a new National League for Democracy (NLD)-led government and the establishment of the new Central Committee for Peace and Development of Rakhine State have injected a renewed sense of urgency into the search for solutions. Starting in 2015, many of those displaced from their homes in Rakhine’s central townships have been re-housed under a government-sponsored return and resettlement programme, with the objective of formally ending the humanitarian emergency in these areas. As emergency aid provision begins to wind down, the government, donors, non-governmental organizations and local communities themselves have emphasized the need to implement longer-term development activities as a contribution to sustainable peace. At the same time, the local context remains highly tense. Parts of the returns process remain deadlocked by disputes, while a dangerous mix of tension between Rakhine political parties and the NLD, armed conflict between Myanmar armed forces and Arakan Army militants, and resurgent religious political activism continue to threaten the wider political stability of the state.

In this context, the International Rescue Committee, the Danish Refugee Council, and Relief International have begun to implement the Rakhine Early Recovery Activity. Funded by the United States Agency for International Development, the project is providing support to 50 villages in areas that have experienced or are expecting returns of displaced populations in Minbya, Mrauk-U, Myebon, Pauktaw and Rathedaung townships. The project’s goal is to reduce displacement by providing both returnee communities and their neighbours with support to participatory governance structures, implementing small-scale development programming, and fostering greater trust and engagement between communities.

At project inception, consortium partners engaged Andaman Research and Advisory to conduct a baseline assessment. The assessment’s objectives were to provide a dataset against which to measure progress, and to ensure that the design, implementation and phasing of the project was grounded in a firm, up-to-date understanding of the local context. In pursuing these objectives, the assessment focused on four key themes central to the project’s design: livelihoods and development needs, participatory governance, inter-community trust and engagement, and protection concerns. In exploring these issues, the assessment also examined how they intersected with gender, age, location and other cross-cutting factors.

Data collection took place between May and June 2016. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach of 1) a representative sample of target populations in Rathedaung, Minbya, and Mrauk-U – where returns have taken place; and 2) age and gender-segregated focus group discussions (FGDs) across all five townships. This approach was designed to both gain a quantitative dataset which could identify trends, track them over time and allow for comparisons across different parts of the target population; and provide qualitative data to capture the complexities of how and why these dynamics take place. In total, the team interviewed 620 survey respondents and conducted 56 FGDs. Its key findings are presented below according to thematic area. It is important to note here that these findings present a snapshot of the situation within the activity’s target areas within each township. They should not be extrapolated to the wider situation in these townships as a whole, or of Rakhine state in general.

Livelihoods and Development Needs

People in the project’s target area are heavily dependent on the agricultural sector for their livelihood, followed by smaller numbers engaged in trade and fisheries. A plurality of around one-third—notably more Muslim than Rakhine—are dependent primarily on casual labor, while another third own and farm their own land. Casual laborers generally lack the ability to diversify into secondary income sources. This stands in contrast with much of the rest of the population, who are often able to depend on a mixture of paddy farming, casual labor, and home-based vegetable gardening and livestock rearing.

Livelihood outcomes were measured using the World Food Programme’s Coping Strategies Index (CSI), which serves as a proxy for food security. This demonstrated substantial variation across both townships and ethnicities. In Minbya and especially Rathedaung, food insecurity was found to be significantly higher among Muslim communities than among Rakhine. By contrast, food insecurity was found to be overall much lower

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

in Mrauk-U, with much less inter-ethnic variation. Reflecting the precariousness of their situation, casual labourers were also substantially more likely to be food insecure compared to paddy farmers or fishermen.

When asked about their own needs and the needs of their communities, study participants focused overwhelmingly on the need for more jobs, and better education and health services. Employment was the main household priority across all ethnicities, while the focus on health was also reflected in reported inability to access basic medical care by a majority of respondents. By contrast, very few people raised improvements to community governance or leadership as an explicit development priority.

At present, external assistance to households in the target area is heavily concentrated on Muslim communities, largely in the form of food assistance. This generally reflects previous emergency aid distributed to villages housing displaced populations. Aid from NGOs or the UN accounts for just under half of all assistance received, with township and village governments providing under one-fifth. While this ethnic divide in the delivery of aid reflects the imbalances of food security observed between Muslim and Rakhine areas, it remained a point of contention for Rakhine communities, who accuse NGOs of biased aid provision, most notably in Rathedaung. However, anti-international sentiment also appeared to be softening in the wake of the more widespread international response to Cyclone Komen in 2015. Importantly, members of all communities stressed the importance of providing equitable assistance that is balanced not just between different groups, but also distributed equally within communities.

Participatory Governance

In general, village governance mechanisms were found to be highly centralized, with power concentrated in the hands of exclusively male village or village tract administrators, accompanied by small groups of village elders and occasionally religious leaders. Village leaders and their advisors tend to dominate decision-making within their villages, sometimes consulting the wider population on important issues but just as frequently making decisions unilaterally before announcing them to villagers. These leaders are also responsible overseeing dispute-resolution processes, and for ensuring safety and security in their communities. In addition, they serve as the village’s main point of contact with the outside world in the absence of any other horizontal or vertical structures linking villagers to either neighbouring communities or to the state.

In terms of wider participation, around one-half to two-thirds of all survey respondents reported some degree of engagement with village governance, whether in terms of selecting their leaders, or of understanding and engaging with decision-making processes. Within all communities, gender, age and social class were all key determinants affecting people’s level of participation. Gender is an especially critical determining factor. Village politics remains a male-dominated space, with women actively excluded from meaningful participation in decision-making processes across all communities – a trend often justified by communities on the grounds of religion, cultural values, or women’s perceived lack of education. Unsurprisingly, poorer people and youth were also found to be more marginalized, and were perceived as lacking the required social capital to take an active part in village politics. Overall, a picture emerges from both the survey and focus group data of decision-making power and engagement across all communities focused in the hands of older, richer, better-educated men.

However, there were variations across both ethnicity and geography. Overall, people in Muslim communities demonstrated lower levels of participation and awareness of village governance. Muslim respondents were significantly less likely than their Rakhine or Maramargyi counterparts to report feeling involved in selecting their village leaders, taking part in decisions affecting their village, and being properly informed about important decisions when they were made. These trends were especially pronounced among Muslim communities in Rathedaung.

Despite the lack of inclusiveness, almost three-quarters of respondents reported that they perceived their village leaders listened to their priorities and concerns, while a smaller majority also felt their leaders were effective in addressing them. In either case, study participants overwhelmingly felt that the leadership of their communities had improved over the past year, linking this directly to the appointment of a new cohort of village tract administrators and hundred household heads after the 2015 general election.

Study participants gave mixed responses about the kind of role they would like to play in village governance in future. Overall, around two-thirds of survey respondents wanted more involvement. Female and youth

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

FGD participants often rejected their current marginalized status quo and demanded a greater level of inclusion, including changes in the structure of decision-making to accommodate their voices if necessary. However, survey respondents in Rathedaung were much less interested in taking greater part relative to their counterparts in Mrauk-U. In addition, only around half of all women surveyed expressed such an interest, compared to three-quarters of men.

Trust and Engagement

Findings from the baseline suggest a slow increase in the level of interaction between members of different ethnic groups in the past 12 months, centred on the resumption of pre-conflict economic relationships. However, this trend exists along a continued background of hostility and mistrust, largely but not exclusively towards Muslims.

Around three-fifths of survey respondents reported interacting with members of another ethnicity in the previous 30 days. These interactions were notably higher in Mrauk-U compared to other townships, and lowest in Rathedaung. A plurality respondents felt these interactions were becoming more frequent, following the same trend in township variation. In line with this trend, FGD participants in non-camp Muslim communities also spoke of a gradual easing of movement restrictions through reduced requirements for permission documents or reduced rates of informal payments to police.

Interactions were mainly based around trading relations, as well as labour markets structured by ethnicity. Both FGD and survey participants reported a situation where ethnic interactions occur mainly when Muslim labourers are hired to work on the land of Rakhine paddy farmers, or when Muslim traders and consumers purchase goods through Rakhine brokers. However, it should also be noted that approximately one-quarter of Muslim respondents, one-third of Rakhine respondents and one-half of Maramargyi respondents also reported in engaging in more informal social relations with members of other ethnic groups.

In line with evidence from other recent studies, Muslims reported somewhat conciliatory attitudes toward their Rakhine neighbours – albeit driven as much by economic pragmatism as any other motive. Around half of all Muslim respondents reported feeling positive about interacting with other ethnic groups, with over 90% hoping to see this increase. By contrast, attitudes among Rakhine communities remained much more ambivalent. Only one-third felt positive about such interactions, and only one-fifth wanted to see them increase. Rakhine women were in particular especially skeptical of increased interactions, a view grounded in the perceived threat of sexual violence from Muslims that has permeated popular narratives since the 2012 conflict. Notably, Rakhine FGD participants sometimes expressed a relative level of acceptance for long-standing local Muslim communities, while emphasizing their hostility toward a perceived group of more dangerous, recently-arrived outsiders. Overall, differences in people’s perceptions across townships followed a similar pattern: more conciliatory in Mrauk-U, more hostile in Rathedaung.

Critically, majorities among all ethnic groups expressed a willingness to work with members of other ethnicities on projects that would bring benefits to all residents of their village tract. While this sentiment was weaker among Rakhine respondents, it was substantially more common than positive sentiments about more general increases in cross-ethnic interaction. This indicates a possible willingness to suspend wider animosities in pursuit of concrete development outcomes.

Protection

Although the return and resettlement of displaced people represents an important step forward, protection issues remain a significant concern in RERA’s target areas. Especially in Muslim communities, RERA’s protection teams have documented and worked to address upwards of 50 individual protection-related incidents since the start of 2016. Against this background, the baseline focused on exploring possible protection concerns related to community-based dispute resolution processes, realization of rights, and the returns process itself.

It found that dispute-resolution remains dominated by a small group of village elites, with formal justice mechanisms used only as a last resort. This remains a significant concern in cases of gender-based violence, where the rights and needs of survivors are unlikely to be respected, and where the primacy given to mediation and stability is likely to put them in harm’s way once again. In addition, it was observed that Muslim communities are dependent on village tract administrators (VTAs) and sometimes the police in

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

arbitrating more serious disputes within their villages, and between their villages and those of another ethnicity. This represents a potentially troubling power imbalance given that these actors are almost always Rakhine.

The study examined households’ access to basic identity documentation in the form of birth certificates and updated family lists. These documents are critical as they form the basis for families being able to prove their existence to the state and other actors, and thus access basic services and claim formal rights where these exist. It found that coverage of such documentation was poor across RERA’s target area, but substantially worse for Muslims than Rakhines. Around three-quarters of Muslim households lacked birth certificates for children born within the past year compared to one-third of Rakhines, while almost none had seen their family lists updated within the past five years compared to just under half of Rakhines.

In terms of access to basic services, Muslims were substantially less likely to report access health and education compared to their Rakhine neighbours—although these trends exist in a wider context of chronic service provision gaps faced by the state as a whole. For health, just under half of Muslim survey respondents reported being unable to access care, compared with around one-tenth of Rakhines. Geography was also a factor, with Minbya and especially Rathedaung reporting higher barriers to healthcare access compared to Mrauk-U. Access to township hospitals remains restricted for Muslims, who must depend on challenging referrals directly to Sittwe when they need emergency care. In contrast to health, primary education was more easily accessible for all communities. While slightly more Rakhine children of primary school age wre in school compared to their Muslim counterparts, geography was the key difference, with school access in Rathedaung substantially lower than either Mrauk-U or Minbya.

Closely linked with access to services is the issue of freedom of movement. Although almost all Muslims remain subject to some degree of movement restrictions, there appears to be some room for manoeuvre within people’s home village tracts. By contrast, movement restrictions for Rakhine are not unheard of but remain very rare. Just under half of all Muslims reported being able to move freely within their village tracts, although this conceals a pattern of very tight restrictions in Minbya, and much laxer constraints in Mrauk-U. Movement beyond the village tract remains difficult for Muslims, with only around one-sixth able to move further afield—almost all concentrated in Mrauk-U. FGD results indicate that when Muslims do move, they are often forced to pay burdensome informal payments to police or other authorities when they do so.

The assessment yielded only a limited amount of data on the process of ending displacement through return to area of origin or local integration—out of all survey respondents, only 43 were from formerly displaced households. Nevertheless, it identifies some key trends in need of further investigation. Promisingly, the vast majority of formerly displaced people in the survey expressed satisfaction with the process. By contrast, participants in some FGDs reported instances of misappropriation of funds allocated for returnees by village leaders. In addition, the returns process appears to have been poorly communicated to local populations. Less than one-third of people in villages neighbouring return communities reported having any awareness of the process, with most hearing by word of mouth. This raises questions about the long-term sustainability and impact of returns on inter-communal relations in areas where they have taken place.

In general, the findings from this assessment align with much of the current research as significant challenges were found for the RERA program, while a number of opportunities for engagement were identified. Recommended activities include supporting sustainable and decent-paying employment for laborers with particular attention to reducing food insecurity, and acting on the positive sentiment expressed by respondents in pushing for greater inclusiveness and participation of marginalized groups, particular of women, in the economy and in local-level decision-making. Prioritizing the formalization and sustainability of local governance bodies through a consultative approach that does no harm to existing relations will be also be critical. Given ongoing protection concerns and the tense state of inter-communal relations, monitoring work should continue while the RERA program seeks to build on the willingness of ethnic groups in some areas to collaborate on small-scale infrastructure projects that seek to incrementally build trust.

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

အကဥးခပ ျပညနယအႏ႔ရပရြာမားအတြငး အပစလကပဋပကၡမားျဖစပြားၿပးေနာက ေလးႏစအၾကာတြငရခငျပညနယ အလယပငးေဒသအေျခအေနသည အတနအသင တးတကမႈမားႏင မေသခာမေရရာမႈမား ေရာေထြး ေနသည ႏးညရႈပေထြးၿပး အထမခေသာ အေျခအေနက ႀကေတြ႕ေနရပါသည။ ၂၀၁၅ခႏစ ႏစကန ပငးတြင ကငးပေသာ ေရြးေကာကပြအားျဖင အမးသားဒမကေရစအဖြ႕ခပ ဥးေဆာငေသာ အစးရအဖြ႔ သစႏငအတ ရခငျပညနယ ၿငမးခမးေရးႏင ဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကေရးဗဟေကာမတ ဖြ႕စညးလကျခငးျဖင ေျဖရငးရနနညးလမးမား အေရးတႀကးလအပေၾကာငး သသာထငရားလာပါသည။ ေဒသတြငး ျဖစေပၚခ ေသာ လသားခငးစာနာမႈဆငရာ အေရးေပၚအေျခအေနအား တရားဝင အဆးသတႏငရန ရညရြယလက အစးရ ဥးေဆာငေသာ ေနရပျပန ေနရာခထားေရး အစအစဥျဖင ရခငျပညနယ အလယပငးေဒသမ ေနရပမစြန႔ခြာေရာငေျပးလာသအမားအျပားအား ၂၀၁၅ ခႏစမ စတင၍ ေနအမမား ေဆာကလပေပးၿပး ျပနလညေနရာခထားလက ရပါသည။ အေရးေပၚ အကအည ေပးမႈမား ေလာခလာသညႏင အမ အစးရ၊ အလရငမား၊ အစးရ မဟတေသာအဖြ႕အစညးမားႏင ရပရြာလထတ႔သည အစဥ တညတခငၿမေသာ ၿငမးခမးေရးက အေထာကအကျပမည ႏစရညဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးလပငနးမား လအပေၾကာငး သတျပလာၾက ပါသည။ တစခနတညးမာပင ေဒသတြငး တငးမာမႈမားမာလညး ဆကလကျဖစေပၚလက ရေနပါသည။ ရခငႏငငေရးပါတမားႏင အမးသားဒမကေရစအဖြ႕ခပၾကား တငးမာမႈမား၊ တပမေတာႏင ရခင လကနကကငတပမားအၾကား ျဖစေပၚေနေသာ လကနကကငပဋပကၡမားႏင ျပနလညျဖစေပၚလာေသာ ဘာသာေရး ေသြးထးလႈ႕ေဆာသည ႏငငေရးလႈပရားမႈမားသည ျပညနယတြငး တညၿငမေအးခမးမႈက ဆကလက ၿခမးေျခာကလက ရပါသည။

ဤသ႔ေသာ အေျခအေနတြင အငအာရစ၊ ဒအာရစ ႏင အာရအင အဖြ႕တ႕သည ရခငေဒသ ကနဥး ျပနလည ထေထာငေရးလပငနးက စတငအေကာငအထညေဖာချခငး ျဖစပါသည။ အေမရကန ျပညေထာငစ အျပညျပညဆငရာ ဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးအဖြ႔(ယအကစအတဒ)၏ ရပေငြအေထာကအပျဖင မငးျပား၊ ေျမာကဥး၊ ေျမပ၊ ေပါကေတာႏင ရေသေတာငၿမ႕နယမားအတြငးရ ေရႊ႕ေျပာငးစြန႔ခြာသြားသမား ျပနလညေရာကရေနသည သ႕မဟတ ျပနလာရန အလားအလာရသည ေကးရြာ ၅၀-တြင စမကနးမ အေထာကအပမားေပးေနျခငး ျဖစပါသည။ စမကနး၏ ရညရြယခကမာ ေနရပစြန႔ခြာထြကေျပးၿပး ျပနလညေရာကရလာသမားႏင ရြာနးခငး အမနးခငမားအားလးတ႔အား လထပါဝငသည အပခပေရး စနစထေထာငႏငရန ကညပပးေပးျခငး၊ အေသးစား ဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးအစအစဥမား အေကာငအထညေဖာ ေဆာငရြကေပးျခငးႏင ရပရြာလထ အခငးခငး ပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကမႈမားအားျဖင အခငးခငးယၾကညမႈ ပမအားေကာငးလာေစၿပး ေနရပစြန႔ခြာေရႊ႕ေျပာငးမႈမား ေလာနညးသြားေစရန ျဖစပါသည။

စမကနးစတငရနအတြက စမကနးလပေဖာကငဖကအဖြ႕မားသည အနဒမနသေတသနႏင အႀကေပး အဖြ႕အား အေျခခမဥးအခကအလကမား ေလလာဆနးစစေကာကယရန ခန႔အပခပါသည။ ေလလာ ဆနးစစျခငးလပငနး၏ ရညရြယခကမာ စမကနး ေရးဆြျခငး၊ အေကာငအထညေဖာျခငးႏင စမကနး အဆငဆင သတမတျခငးတ႕က ေဒသအေျခအေနအား ေသခာခငမာစြာ နားလညမႈအေပၚ အေျခခလက ေဆာငရြကႏငရနႏင တးတကမႈက တငးတာႏငရနအတြက အေျခခကနးဂဏနးအခကအလကမား ရရ ေရး ျဖစပါသည။ အဆပါရညမနးခကမား ရရေရးအတြက ေလလာဆနးစစျခငးလပငနးက စမကနးပစ၏ အဓကအႏစသာရေလးရပျဖစေသာ အသကေမြးလပငနးႏင ဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးဆငရာ လအပခကမား၊ လထပါဝင သည အပခပေရးစနစ၊ ရပရြာလထအခငးခငး ပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကျခငးျဖင အခငးခငး ယၾကညမႈ တညေဆာကေရးႏင အကာအကြယေပးေရးဆငရာလပငနးစဥမားက အေလးေပးအာရစကလက ေဆာငရြကခပါသည။ အဆပါကစၥရပမားအား စးစမးေလလာရငး ကားမကြျပားမႈ၊ အသကအရြယ၊

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

ေနရာေဒသႏင အျခားဆကႏြယေနေသာ အေၾကာငးအရာမား မညကသ႔ ပတသကလႊမးမးေနေၾကာငးက လညး ဆနးစစေလလာခပါသည။

သတငးအခကအလကမားက ၂၀၁၆ခႏစ၊ ေမလႏင ဇြနလအတြငးက ေကာကယခပါသည။ အခက အလကမား ေကာကယရာတြင ၁။ ရေသေတာင၊ မငးျပားႏင ေျမာကဥးၿမ႕နယအတြငး ရညမနးထားေသာ ေနရပစြန႔ခြာေရႊ႕ေျပာငးသြားသမားမ ျပနလညေရာကရလာသမားရသညေနရာမားက ကယစားျပၿပး (ကား/မ တစဥးခငးအငတာဗးႏင ဥးတညအပစေဆြးေႏြးျခငး) ၂။ ၿမ႕နယ ၅-ၿမ႕နယလးတြင အသကႏင ကား/မ ခြျခားထားသည ဥးတညအပစေဆြးေႏြးျခငးမားက အသးျပထားပါသည။ ဤနညးလမးအားျဖင အေရအတြကဆငရာ အခကအလကမားက ေရြးခယရာတြင ေကာကယမည ေနရာမားက ေသခာေဖာထတလက အခနကာလအလက ျပနလညဆနးစစၿပး ရညမနး ထားေသာလထအား သးျခားအပငးအလကခြျခားကာ ႏႈငးယဥသးသပႏငမည ျဖစပါသည။ အရညအေသြး ပငးဆငရာ အခကအလကမား ေကာကယရာတြငလညး ျဖစစဥ၏ ရႈပေထြးသမေမြ႕မႈမားမာ မညသည အေၾကာငးေၾကာင မညကသ႔ျဖစေပၚသညက မနးဆႏငေစရန ရညရြယစစဥထားျခငး ျဖစပါသည။ စစတမးေကာကယရာတြင ေျဖၾကားသေပါငး ၆၂၀-ဥးအား ေတြ႕ဆေမးျမနးခၿပး ဥးတညအပစ ေဆြးေႏြးမႈ ေပါငး ၅၆-ခ ျပလပခပါသည။ အဓကကေသာ ေတြ႕ရခကမားက အေၾကာငးအရာ က႑အလက တငျပထားပါသည။ အဆပါေတြ႕ရခကမားသည ၿမ႕နယအတြငး လပေဆာငခက အေကာငအထည ေဖာရာတြင ရညမနးခကေနရာေဒသ၏ အေျခအေနက ေယဘယသးသပထားျခငးသာျဖစေၾကာငး သတျပရန အေရးႀကးပါသည။ ၿမ႕နယတစခလးအတြက ကယကယျပန႕ျပန႕ ခ႕ထြင ေကာကခကခ ျခငး၊ ထ႔အတ ရခငျပညနယတစခလးအတြက ေယဘယအားျဖငေကာကခကချခငးမား မျပသငေၾကာငး ေဖာျပအပပါသည။

အသကေမြးလပငနး ႏင ဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးဆငရာ လအပခကမား

စမကနး ရညမနးခက ဧရယာအတြငးရ လထသည အသကေမြးဝမးေကာငးအတြက စကပးေရးလပငနး တြငသာ အမားအျပား မခလပကငၾကၿပး လအနညးငယသာလင အေရာငးအဝယႏင ငါးဖမးလပငနး လပကငၾကပါသည။ လဥးေရ၏ သးပတစပခန႔ေသာ လမားစတ႔သည အထးသျဖင ရခငမားထက မြတစလငမားသည အဓကအားျဖင ကဘမးအလပသမားမား ျဖစၾကပါသည။ အျခား သးပတစပခန႔ သည လယပငေျမပငမားျဖစၾကၿပး မမပငေျမမားတြင စကပးလပကငၾကပါသည။ ကဘမးအလပ သမားမားတ႕သည အျခားဝငေငြရေသာ လပငနးမား ေျပာငးလလပကငေငြရာနငစြမး မရၾကပါ။ ဤအခကတြင အျခားေသာ လမားႏင မတ ကြာျခားၾကပါသည။ အျခားသမားသည လယယာလပငနး၊ ကဘမးလပငနး၊ အမၿခတြငး ဟငးသးဟငးရြက စကပးျခငး ႏင အမေမြးတရစာၦနမား ေမြးျမၾကပါသည။

အသကေမြးမႈလပငနး၏ အကးရလဒက ကမာၻ႔စားနပရကၡာအစအစဥ၏ ေျဖရငးႏငစြမး နညးလမး ညႊနးကနး (Coping Strategies Index- CSI)က အသးျပ၍ တငးတာပါသည။ ထအညႊနးကနးသည စားနပရကၡာ ဖလျခငးရမရက မနးဆ ရာတြငလညး အသးဝငပါသည။ ထသ႕စားနပရကၡာ ဖလမႈ အေျခအေန မနးဆျခငးသညလညး ၿမ႕နယအလက ႏင လမးစ အေျခအေနအရ ႏစမးလးအေပၚ မတည၍ ေျပာငးလေနေၾကာငး ေတြ႕ရပါသည။ မငးျပားႏင အထးသျဖင ရေသေတာငၿမ႕နယတြင အစားအစာ မလေလာကမႈက ရခငမားထက မြတစလငမားက သသသာသာ ပမခစားရေၾကာငး ေတြ႔ရပါသည။ သ႔ေသာ မငးျပားၿမ႕နယတြင လမးစအလကကြာျခားမႈ မရဘ ရပသရြာသားအားလး စားနပရကၡာ မလေလာကမႈက ပမခစားေနရေၾကာငး ကြျပားျခားနားစြာ ေတြ႕ရပါသည။ လယယာ လပကငေသာအလပသမားမားႏင ငါးဖမးအလပသမားတ႔အား ႏႈငးယဥပါက ကဘမးအလပသမားမား သည မေရရာေသာ အေျခအေနမားအရ စားနပရကၡာမလေလာကမႈက ပမဆးဝါးစြာ ခစားရေၾကာငး ေတြ႔ရပါသည။

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တစဥးခငးလအပခကႏင ရပရြာလထလအပခကမားက ေမးျမနးသညအခါ စစတမးတြင ပါဝငေျဖဆသ မားသည အလပအကငေနရာ ပမရရေရး၊ ပမေကာငးမြနေသာ ပညာေရးႏင ကနးမာေရးဆငရာ ဝနေဆာငမႈမား လအပေၾကာငး တညတညြတတညး အေလးေပး ေျဖၾကားၾကပါသည။ လမးစတငးက အမေထာငစအတြက အဓကဥးစားေပးမာ အလပအကငရရေရး ျဖစေၾကာငးႏင ေျဖဆသအမားစတ႕ သည အေျခခကနးမာေရးေစာငေရာကမႈက မရရၾကေၾကာငး ေျဖၾကားၾကပါသည။ တစမထးျခားစြာပင လအခ႕က ရပရြာဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးဆငရာ ဥးစားေပးအေနျဖင ေကာငးမြနေသာ ရပရြာအပခပေရးႏင ေခါငးေဆာငမႈ လအပေၾကာငး ေဖာျပၾကပါသည။

လကရအခနတြင စမကနးေဒသအတြငးရ အမေထာငစမားအား ျပငပမ အေထာကအပမား ေပးရာတြင မစလငရပကြက၊ ေကးရြာမားကသာ အဓကအာရစကေနၿပး အမားအားျဖင စားနပရကၡာ အေထာကအပ မားသာ ျဖစပါသည။ ယခငအေရးေပၚ အကအညမားက ေရႊ႕ေျပာငးဒကၡသညမားေရာကရ ေနေသာ ေကးရြာမားတြငေဆာငရြကချခငးက ဆကလက ေဆာငရြကေနျခငး ျဖစပါသည။ အစးရမဟတေသာ အဖြ႕အစညးမားႏင ကလသမဂၢအဖြ႕အစညးမားမ ကညေထာကပမႈမားသည ရရသမ အကအညအားလး၏ တစဝကေအာကသာ ရၿပး ၿမ႕နယ ႏင ေကးရြာအပခပေရးအဖြ႕မားက ငါးပတစပ ေအာကသာ ပါဝငေပးလထားၾကပါသည။ လမးစမား ခြျခားလက အေထာကအပပစၥညးမား ေဝငေနျခငးေၾကာင မြတစလငမား ႏင ရခငမားအၾကား စားနပရကၡာ ဖလမႈ အေျခအေန မညမမႈမား ျဖစေပၚေစပါသည။ ထနညးတစြာပင ရခငရပကြက၊ ေကးရြာေန ျပညသမားကလညး အထးသျဖင ရေသေတာင ၿမ႕နယအတြငးရ ေဒသမားတြင အစးရမဟတေသာ အဖြ႕မားက အေထာကအပပစၥညးမား ေပးလရာတြင ဘကလကမႈမား ရေၾကာငး စြပစြေနၾကပါသည။ သ႕ေသာလညး ၂၀၁၅ - ခႏစအတြင ျဖစေပၚခေသာ ဆငကလနး ကမင ေၾကာင အျပညျပညဆငရာ အဖြ႕အစညးမား၏ ကယကယျပန႔ျပန႔ ကညေဆာငရြကမႈမားေၾကာင ၎တ႔အေပၚအထငလြမႈမား ေလာပါးသြားခပါသည။ အထးသျဖင ရပရြာလထအားလးက အပစအသးသးအတြငး ညညမမ ကညပပးေပးရန သာမက ရပရြာအတြငး တြငလညး ညညမမ ျဖန႔ေဝေပးရန အေရးႀကးေၾကာငး ေထာကျပၾကပါသည။

စနစတြင ပးေပါငး ပါဝငျခငး

ေယဘယအားျဖင ေကးရြာအပခပေရး ယႏရားသည ဗဟမ လြနလြနကက ထနးခပထားၿပး အမားစ အမးသားမား ျဖစၾကေသာ ေကးရြာ / ေကးရြာအပစ အပခပေရးမးမား၏ လကထတြင အာဏာက ခပကငထားၾကပါသည။ အပခပေရးအဖြ႕တြင ရပမရပဖ အနညးငယ သ႔မဟတ တစခါတစရ ဘာသာေရး ေခါငးေဆာငအခ႕ ပါဝငေသာ အဖြ႕ငယေလးမား ဖြ႕ထားတတပါသည။ ေကးရြာေခါငးေဆာင မားႏင အႀကေပးအဖြ႕သည ေကးရြာဆငရာ ဆးျဖတခကမားခမတရာတြင အပစးထားတတၾကၿပး အမားႏင ဆငေသာ ကစၥမားကတစခါတစရမသာ အမားထထချပ အႀကညာဏေတာငးေလရပါသည။ မားေသာအားျဖင ဆးျဖတခကမားက တစဖကသပ ခမတၿပးမ ရြာသရြာသားမားအား အသေပး ေၾကညာေလရပါသည။ ထေခါငးေဆာငမားသည ပဋပကၡမားေျဖရငးရာတြင ႀကးၾကပရန တာဝနရၿပး ရပရြာလၿခေရး ႏင ေဘးအႏရာယ ကငးရငးေရးကလညး တာဝနခရပါသည။ ရြာသရြာသားမား အျခားအမနးခငး ရပရြာအသငးအဝငးမား သ႔မဟတ ေဒသဆငရာ အပခပေရး အဆငဆင ႏင အဆငတေသာလညးေကာငး အထကေအာကေသာလညးေကာငး ဆကသြယေရး နညးလမးမား မရေသးသညအားေလာစြာ ေကးရြာေခါငးေဆာငမားသည ရြာသရြာသားမားအတြက ျပငပ အသငးအဝငး ႏင ဆကသြယေရး တာဝနကလညးယရပါေသးသည။

ရပရြာအပခပေရးတြင ပါဝငမႈ အေနျဖင စစတမးေျဖဆသ တစဝက မ သးပႏစပခန႔တ႔သည ရပရြာအပခပေရးမး ေရြးခယရာတြင လညးေကာငး၊ ဆးျဖတခကမား ခမတရာတြငလညးေကာငး အတငးအတာ တစရပအထ ပါဝငခဘးေၾကာငး ေျဖၾကားၾကပါသည။ ရပရြာအားလးတ႔တြင ကားမ ကြျပားမႈ၊ အသက၊ ႏင လမႈေရး အဆငအတနးတ႕သည လထ၏ ပါဝငမႈ အဆငက ဆးျဖတသည အဓက

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

အခကမားျဖစေနပါသည။ ကားမကြျပားမႈ ဆငရာ အေျခအေနမားသည အေရးပါသည အဓကအခက ျဖစပါသည။ ရပေရးရြာေရးေဆာငရြကမႈမားတြင အမးသားမားႀကးစးေနဆျဖစၿပး ဘာသာေရး ဆငရာ အေၾကာငးျပခကမား၊ ဓေလထးတမးဆငရာ တနဖးထားမႈမား ႏင အမးသမးမာ၏ ပညာေရးဆငရာ အားနညးမႈမားက အေၾကာငးျပလက အမးသမးမားအား အေရးႀကးေသာ ဆးျဖတခကမား ခမတရာတြင သသသာသာ ဖယခနထားေလရပါေသးသည။ ထနညးတ ဆငးရသားမား ႏင လငယမားသညလညး ဝငးပယခထားရေၾကာငး ေတြ႕ရပါသည။ သတ႕သည ရပေရးရြာေရးတြင ပါဝငေဆြးေႏြးႏငသည အဆင မရေၾကာငး သတမတခထားၾကရပါသည။ စစတမးမား ႏင ဥးတညအပစ ေဆြးေႏြးပြမားမ ေျဖၾကားခကမားအရ ဆးျဖတခကခမတႏငသည လပပငခြင ႏင ရပရြာ အသငးအဝငး အဆငဆငတြင လရာဝငေရးတ႔သည အသကႀကးသမား၊ ခမးသာသမား ႏင ပညာတတသမား လကထတြငသာ ရေနေၾကာငး ေပၚလြငေနပါသည။

သ႔ေသာလညး လမးစအလက နင ေနရာေဒသအလက အေျပာငးအလမား ရပါသည။ ၿခငသးသပပါက မြတစလင အသငးအဝငးမ လထသည ရပရြာအပခပေရးတြင ပါဝငမႈ ႏင သနားလညမႈအဆင နမေၾကာငးေတြ႕ရပါသည။ ေျဖဆသ မြတစလငမားသည ရခငလမးမား ႏင မရမာႀကးလမးမား ႏင ႏႈငးယဥလင ေကးရြာေခါငးေဆာငေရြးခယမႈ နင ပတသကေသာ ခစားမႈမား၊ ရြာအေရးအရာ နင ပတသကေသာ ဆးျဖတခကခမတရာတြင ပါဝငခြင ရရမႈ အေျခအေန ႏင အေရးႀကးေသာ ဆးျဖတခက မားခမတၿပးေသာအခါ သတသတမတမတ ျပနလည ရငးလငး အသေပးျခငးမား က စတဝငတစား ေျဖၾကားထားျခငး မရေၾကာငးေတြ႕ရပါသည။ ဤအေျခအေနမားက အထးသျဖင ရေသေတာငၿမ႕နယ အတြငးရ မြတစလငမားတြင သသသာသာ ေတြ႕ရပါသည။

ေျဖၾကားသမား၏ ေလးပသးပနးပါက သတ႕သည ပါဝငခြင မရၾကေသာလညး ေခါငးေဆာငမားသည သတ႕(လထ)၏ အေရးအရာမား ႏင ဥးစားေပးအရာမားက သရၾကေၾကာငး အခ႕လနညးစက သတ႕၏ ေခါငးေဆာငမားသည ျပနာမားက မနကနစြာ ကငတြယေျဖရငးေပးႏငေၾကာငး ထငျမငယဆ ၾကပါသည။ မညသညလမးစ၊မညသညေဒသျဖစေစ ပါဝငေျဖၾကားသအားလးတ႔က ၎တ႔၏ ရပရြာ ေဒသ ေခါငးေဆာငတ႔၏ ေခါငးေဆာငမႈ အရညအေသြးသည လြနခေသာ ႏစအတြငး သသသာသာ တးတကလာေၾကာငး ေျဖၾကားၾကပါသည။ ဤသ႔ တးတကလာရျခငးမာ ၂၀၁၅ ခႏစ ေရြးေကာကပြ ေနာကပငးတြင ေကးရြာအပစ အပခပေရးမးမားေအာကတြင အဖြ႕မား ဖြ႕စညးေပးျခငး နင ရာအမေခါငးမား ခန႔ထားေပးျခငး နင တကရကဆကစပေၾကာငး ေျပာၾကားၾကပါသည။

စစတမးတြငပါဝငေျဖဆသမားသည အနာဂါတ ေကးရြာအပခပေရးစနစတြင သတ႕ပါဝငပါတသက လေသာ အခနးက႑ က အမးမးေရာေထြးေျဖဆထားၾကပါသည။ ေျဖဆသအားလး၏ သးပႏစပတ႔ သည ပမပါဝငလေၾကာငး ေျဖၾကားထားပါသည။ ဥးတညအပစ ေဆြးေႏြးပြမားတြငပါဝငေသာ အမးသမး နင လငယမားသည လကရသတ႕၏ အေနအထားက မၾကာခန ကန႔ကြကေျပာၾကားၾကၿပး ပမပါဝငခြငရရန ႏင ဆးျဖတခကခမတျခငးဆငရာ ဖြ႕စညးမႈက သတ႕၏ ေျပာေရးဆခြငမား ပါဝင လာေရးအတြက ျပျပငေပးရန ေတာငးဆၾကပါသည။ သ႔ေသာလညး ရေသေတာငၿမ႕နယမ ေျဖဆသမားသည ေျမာကဥးၿမ႕နယမ ေျဖဆသမားေအာက စတအားထကသနမႈ ေလာနညးၾကပါသည။ ထနညးတပင အမးသားထ၏ ေလးပသးပခန႔သည ရပရြာ အပခပေရးစနစတြင ပါဝငရန စတအား ထကသနၾကေသာလညး အမးသမးထမာမ တစဝကခန႔သာ စတဝငစားၾကပါသည။

ယၾကညစတခမႈ ႏင ပါဝငပတသကမႈ

အေျခခမဥး စစတမးမ ေတြ႕ရခကမားအရ လြနခေသာ ၁၂-လကာလအတြငး ကြျပားျခားနားေသာ လမးစမားအခငးခငးဆကသြယမႈမားသည ပဋပကၡ မျဖစမကာလ စးပြားေရးဆငရာ ဆကသြယ ေဆာငရြကမႈမား ကျပနလညစတငျခငးက အစျပလက တေျဖးေျဖး တးတကလာေၾကာငး ေတြ႕ရပါသည။

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

သ႔ေသာလညး ယခငကတညးက တညရေနေသာ မြတစလငမားအေပၚ အထငလြမႈ ႏင မယၾကည မႈမားက အေျခခေသာ ဆကဆေရး အေျခအေနသညဆကလကတညရဆ ျဖစပါသည။

စစတမးေျဖဆသမား၏ ငါးပသးပက အျခားေသာ လမးစမား ႏင လြနခေသာ ရကေပါငး ၃၀-အတြငး ဆကသြယမႈ ရေၾကာငး ေျဖၾကားထားပါသည။ ဤသ႔အခငးခငး ဆကသြယမႈမားသည ေျမာကဥးၿမ႕နယ တြင အမားဆးျဖစၿပး ရေသေတာငၿမ႕နယတြင အနညးဆးျဖစေၾကာငး ေတြ႔ရပါသည။ လမးစေပါငးစ ပါဝငေသာ ေျဖဆသမားက လမးစအခငးခငး ဆကသြယမႈသည အႀကမပမားလာေၾကာငး၊ ၿမ႕နယေျပာငးေသာလညး ဤအလားအလာမာ ဆကလည တညရေနပါသည။ ဥးတညအပစ ေဆြးေႏြးပြ မားတြငပါဝငေသာ စခနးျပငပေန မြတစလငမားကလညး ဤအလားအလာက ေဖာျပၾကပါသည။ အျခားေနရာမားသ႔ သြားလာရနအတြက အကန႔အသတမားလအပခကမား ေလာကလာေၾကာငး၊ ခရးသြား စာရြကစာတနးမားအတြက တရားမဝငေပးရေသာ ေငြပမာဏမာလညး ေလာနညးလာေၾကာငး ေျပာျပၾကပါသည။

လမးစ အခငးခငးဆကသြယမႈမားသည အေရာငးအဝယ ဆငရာ ကစၥရပမား ႏင လမးစကြျပားေသာ အလပသမား ငားရမးမႈမားတြင အေျချပပါသည။ လမးစအခငးခငး ဆကသယမႈ ျဖစေပၚခနသည မြတစလင အလပသမားမားအား ရခငမားပငေသာ လယယာမားတြင ငားရမး အသးျပျခငး သ႕မဟတ မြတစလငကနသညမား ႏင စားသးသမားက ရခငပြစားမားထမ ကနစညမား ဝယယျခငးမ စတငေၾကာငး ဥးတညအပစ ေဆြးေႏြးပြမား ႏင စစတမးေကာကယရာတြင ပါဝငသမားက ေျပာၾကပါသည။ သ႔ေသာလညး စစတမးေျဖၾကားသမားအနက မြတစလင ေလးပတစပခန႔၊ ရခငသးပတစပခန႔ ႏင မရမာႀကး တစဝကခန႔တ႔က သတ႔သည အျခားေသာလမးစမား ႏင တရားဝငမဟတေသာ လမႈေရးဆကဆမႈမားျပလပၾကေၾကာငး ေဖာျပၾကပါသည။

အျခားေလလာမႈမား၏ေတြ႕ရခကအရ မြတစလငမားသည စးပြားေရးအကးက ဥးစားေပးစဥးစားလက အမနးခငးရခငမား ႏင ေျပၿငမးလေသာ ဆႏၵရေၾကာငး ေဖာျပၾကပါသည။ မြတစလငတစဝကေကာက လမးစအခငးခငးျပနလညဆကသြယရန အေကာငးျမငၾကၿပး ၉၀-ရာခငႏႈနးေကာက ဆကဆေရး တးတကေစလေၾကာငး ေဖာျပၾကပါသည။ သ႔ေသာလညး ရခငလမးအမားစမာ ေဝခြမရ ျဖစေနၾကပါ ေသးသည။ ရခငလမး သးပတစပခန႔သာ ဆကဆေရးျပနလညေကာငးမြနမႈက ေမာလငၾကပါသည။ ငါးပတစပခန႔သာတးတကမႈက လလားၾကပါသည။ အထးသျဖင ရခငအမးသမး မားသည ဆကဆေရး ေကာငးမြနလာမည အေျခအေနက သသယရၾကပါသည။ ၂၀၁၂ ခႏစပဋပကၡ ကာလကတညးက ပ႕လႊငေနေသာ မြတစလငမား၏ လငပငးဆငရာအၾကမးဖကမႈ သတငးမားအေပၚ အေျခခေနပါသည။ ရခငလမး ဥးတညအပစေဆြးေႏြးပြမားတြငပါဝငသမား၏ ေရးကာလကတညးက ေရာကရေနေသာ မြတစလငမားက အတငးအတာတစရပအထ အသအမတျပလကခေသာလညး ေနာကမဝငေရာကလာ ေသာ ျပငပမ မြတစလငအပစမား၏ ေဘးအႏရာယက အထးေဖာျပၾကသညမာ မတသားဖြယရာ ျဖစပါသည။ အခပအားျဖင လထ၏ ၿမ႕နယအလက အေတြးအျမင ကြာျခားခကမားသည ပစတပင ျဖစပါသည။ ေျမာကဥးၿမ႕နယအတြငးတြင ၿငမးခမးစြာအတေနထင လၾကၿပး ရေသေတာငၿမ႕နယတြငး တြင စးရမေၾကာငၾကမႈ ပမားပါသည။

လမးစအားလး၏လမားစတ႔သည သတ႕၏ ေကးရြာအပစအတြငးရ ေနထငသအားလးအကးရမည စမကနးမားက လမးစမားအၾကားလကတြေဆာငရြကရန ဆႏၵရေၾကာငး ေဖာျပၾကပါသည။ ထစတခစား ခကမးသည ရခငလမးမားအတြငး အားနညးေၾကာငးေတြ႕ရပါသည။ လမးစမားအတြငး အတတကြ ပးေပါငးေဆာငရြကျခငးျဖင ေကာငးမြနေသာ ရလဒျဖစေပၚလာမညဟေသာအျမငထက သသယ အျမငက ပမားေနေၾကာငးေတြ႔ရပါသည။

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

ဤေတြ႔ရခကမားသည ခငမာေသာ ဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးဆငရာ ေရရညအကးရရေရး အတြက အခငးခငးမနးတးမႈ မားက ယာယေမ႔ေပာကထားႏငရန ျဖစႏငေၾကာငး ညႊနျပေနပါသည။

အကာအကြယေပးျခငး

ထြကေျပးေရႊ႕ေျပာငးသြားသမား ျပနလညေရာကရ ေနရာခထားျခငးသည တးတကမႈအတြက ေျခလမး တစရပျဖစေသာလညး ရခငေဒသ ကနဥး ျပညလညထေထာငေရး လပငနးစမခက ေဒသမားတြင အကာအကြယေပးေရး ကစၥသည အေရးပါေသာ အေၾကာငးအရာတစရပ ျဖစေနဆ ျဖစပါသည။ အထးသျဖင မြတစလငေကးရြာမားတြင ၂၀၁၆ ခႏစ ႏစဆနးမစ၍ စမခက ဝနထမးအဖြ႕မားသည အကာအကြယေပးေရးဆငရာ အမႈအခငးေပါငး ၅၀ ေကာမ ကငတြယေျဖရငးေပးေနရပါသည။ ဤအေျခအေနမားက အေျခခလက အေျခခမဥးစစတမးေကာကယျခငးက ရပရြာအေျချပ အျငငးပြားမႈ ေျဖရငးေရး လပငနးစဥ ႏငပတသကေသာ အကာအကြယေပးေရးဆငရာ ကစၥမား၊ အခြငအေရး မား ရရေရး ႏင မမရပရြာျပနလညေရး ကစၥမားက ဥးတညလက ေဆာငရြကခပါသည။

အျငငးပြားမႈ ေျဖရငးေရးလပငနးစဥ သည ေကးရြာအႀကးအက အနညးငယလကထတြင ရေနဆ ျဖစေၾကာငး ႏင ပမနတရာေရး ဆငရာ ယႏရားက ေနာကဆးအဆငအျဖစသာသးေၾကာငး ေတြ႔ရ ပါသည။ ထအေၾကာငးေၾကာင ကားမခြျခားမႈ အေျချပ အၾကမးဖကမႈမား ေျဖရငးရာတြင ထငရားေသာ စးရမပပနမႈမား ျဖစလာေစပါသည။ အၾကမးဖကမႈမ လြနေျမာကလာသမား၏ အခြငအေရး ႏင လအပခကမားက လစလရႈ မေလးစားသကသ႕ျဖစလာပါသည။ ထ႕အျပင ျပနာေျဖရငးရာတြင ေစစပညႏႈငးေရး ႏင တညၿငမးေအးခမးေရးက ေရ႕တနးတငထားသျဖင ကးလြနခရသကာယကရငအား တဖနနစနာမႈ ျဖစေစပါသည။ ထ႔အျပင မြတစလငမားသည ေကးရြာတြငး ႏင အျခားရြာမ အျခားေသာလမးမား ႏင ပမႀကးကယေသာ အျငငးပြားမႈ မားျဖစေပၚေသာအခါ ေကးရြာအပခပေရးမး မား ႏင ရမားအေပၚမခေနရေၾကာငးေတြ႕ရပါသည။ အထးသျဖင ထအာဏာပငမားသည ရခငလမးမား ျဖစေနပါက အၾကပအတညး မညမမႈမား ျဖစေပၚမည အလားအလာမား ရငဆငေလရပါသည။

ဤေလလာဆနးစစမႈသည ေမြးစာရငး ႏင အမေထာငစ စာရငးကသ႔ေသာ အမေထာငစမား၏ အေျခခ မတပတငစာရြကစာတမးမား အလြယတက ရရႏႈငမႈက စစေဆး ဆနးစစပါသည။ အဆပါစာရြကစာတမး မားသည မသားစမားအတြက သတ႕၏ တရားဝငတညရမႈက ႏငငေတာ ႏင ဌာနဆငရာ အဖြ႕အစညး မားသ႕ သကေသခ အျဖစတငျပရာတြငလညးေကာငး တရားဝငအခြငအေရးမားက ေတာငးခရာတြင လညးေကာငး မရမျဖစ အလြနအေရးႀကးပါသည။ စမကနးေဒသအတြငး အဆပါစာရြကစာတမးမား ရရမႈအေျခအေန အလြနဆးဝါးေၾကာငး ေတြ႔ရပါသည။ ရခငမားထက မြတစလငမားက အေျခအေန ပဆးပါသည။ မြတစလငမသားစမား၏ ေလးပသးပ ႏင ရခငမသားစ သးပတစပတ႔သည လြနခေသာ နစအတြငးေမြးဖြားေသာ ကေလးငယမားအတြက ေမြးစာရငးမရေၾကာငး ေတြ႕ရပါသည။ အမေထာငစ စာရငးမားက လြနခေသာငါးႏစတာအတြငး လအပသလ လတး /ေလာ လပေပးထားျခငး မရေၾကာငး မြတစလငမသားစ အားလးနးပါးတ႔တြငေတြ႕ရၿပး ရခငလမးအမေထာငစမားတြင တစဝကေအာက ခန႔သာ ေတြ႕ရပါသည။

ရခငျပညနယအတြငး ဝနေဆာငမႈမား ကြာဟမႈမားရျခငးမာ ကယကယျပန႔ျပန႔တညရေနေသာလညး အေျခခဝနေဆာငမႈမား လကလမးမ ရရမႈအေျခအေနႏငပတသက၍ မြတစလငမားသည အမနးခငး ရခငမားထက ကနးမာေရး ႏင ပညာေရး ဝနေဆာငမႈမား ေလာနညးရရေၾကာငး သတငးပ႔ၾကပါသည။ ကနးမာေရး ဝနေဆာငမႈမားႏငပတသက၍ ကနးမာေရး ေစာငေရာကမႈမား မရေၾကာငး စစတမးေျဖၾကား သ မြတစလင တစဝကနးပါးရေသာလညး ရခငလမးမာ တစဆယပတစပသာ ရပါသည။ ပထဝ အေနအထားအရလညး ကြာျခားမႈရပါသည။ မငးျပား ႏင ရေသေတာငၿမ႕နယမားတြင ေျမာကဥး ၿမ႕နယထက ပ၍ အခကအခရေၾကာငး ေျဖၾကပါသည။ မြတစလငမားအတြက ၿမ႕နယျပညသ႔ေဆးရ

Page 13: RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY - · PDF file1 RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016 Executive Summary Four years after inter-communal conflict broke out

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

မားသ႔တကေရာကကသရန အခကအခရေနဆျဖစၿပး အေရးေပၚ လအပေသာအခါမားတြင စစေတြၿမ႕သ႔ တကရကတကေရာကေနၾကရပါသည။ ကနးမာေရး က႑ႏင ဆန႔ကငလက မလတနးပညာေရးက လမးစတငး လြယကစြာ လကလမးမရရေနၾကပါသည။ ေကာငေနရြယကေလးမား မလတနးပညာ သငၾကားေနမႈတြင ရခငကေလးငယမားသည မြတစလငကေလးငယမားထက အနညးငယမား ေသာလညး ေနရာေဒသ အေျခအေနသည အဓကကြာျခားခက ျဖစေနပါသည။ ရေသေတာငၿမ႕နယသည ေျမာကဥး သ႔မဟတ မငးျပား ၿမ႕နယထက အခကအခပမားပါသည။

ဝနေဆာငမႈမား လကလမးမျခငး မမျခငးသည လြတလပစြာ လႈပရားသြားလာခြင ႏင ဆကစပေနပါသည။ မြတစလငမား ခရးသြားလာရန ကန႔သတမႈမား အတငးအတာ တစရပအထ ရေနေသးေသာလညး ၎တ႔ေနထငရာ ေကးရြာအပစအတြငးတြငမ သြားလာ လႈပရားခြင ရေၾကာငး သရပါသည။ ရခငမားအတြက လြတလပစြာ ခရးသြားလာခြငကန႔သတထားေၾကာငး ၾကားသရျခငး မရပါ။ မြတစလင တစဝကခန႔က ၎တ႔၏ ေကးရြာအပစအတြငး လြတလပစြာသြားလာႏငေၾကာငး ေျပာၾကားေသာလညး မငးျမားျမ႕နယအတြငး တငးၾကပစြာ ကန႔သတထားဆျဖစေၾကာငး ႏင ေျမာကဥးၿမ႕နယတြင အကန႔ အသတ အနညးငယသာရေၾကာငးသရပါသည။ ေကးရြာအပစအျပငသ႔ ခရးသြားလာမႈမားသည မြတစလငမားအတြက ခကခေနဆ ျဖစပါသည။ တစဆယပတစပခန႔သာ ရပေဝးေဒသသ႔ခရးသြား ႏငေၾကာငး ႏင ထသအားလးမာ ေျမာကဥးၿမ႕နယအတြငးမ ျဖစေၾကာငး ေတြ႕ရပါသည။ ဥးတညအပစ ေဆြးေႏြးပြရလဒမားအရ မြတစလငမား ခရးသြားလင ရမား ႏင အျခားအပခပေရး အာဏာပငမားက အတငးအကပ ေငြအေျမာကအမား တရားမဝင ေတာငးခေလရေၾကာငး သရပါသည။

ေနရပမ စြန႔ခြာေရႊ႕ေျပာငးမႈမား အဆးသတေရးအတြက ေနရငးေဒသသ႔ျပနျခငး သ႔မဟတ ေဒသတြငး စစညးသတမတ ေနရာမားသ႔ျပနျခငးႏင ပတသကေသာ အခကအလက အနညးငယသာရရပါသည။ စစတမးတြင ေျဖဆသအားလးအနက ၄၃ ဥးသညသာ ယခငေနရငးေဒသရ အမေထာငစမားမ ျဖစၾကပါသည။ ဆကလကစးစမးေလလာရန လအပေၾကာငးေတြ႕ရပါသည။ အလားအလာေကာငးေသာ အရာမာ ေဒသတြငးမထြကေျပးတမးေရာငသြားၿပး ျပနေရာကလာသမား အမားစက ျပနလည ေနရာခ ထားေရး လပငနးစဥသည အားရေကနပဖြယေကာငးေၾကာငး ေျဖၾကားၾကပါသည။ အခ႕ေသာ ဥးတညအပစ ေဆြးေႏြးပြမားတြင ေနရငးျပနသမားအတြငးခမတေပးေသာ ရပေငြမားက ေကးရြာ ေခါငးေဆာငမားက အလြသးစား ျပလပထားသညဟေသာ ေျပာၾကားခကမားလညးရပါသည။ ေနရပျပန လပငနးစဥမား အေၾကာငးက ရပရြာလထအား ျပညစစြာရငးလငးေျပာျပရန ပကကြကျခငး မားလညး ရေၾကာငးသရပါသည။ ျပနလည ေရာကရလာသမား၏ အမနးခငး ေကးရြာလထ၏ သးပတစပ သညသာ ႏႈတအားျဖင ေျပာျပေသာေၾကာင သရရေၾကာငးေဖာျပၾကပါသည။ ဤသ႕ျဖစရျခငးသည ျပနလည ေရာကရသမားေၾကာင ရပရြာတြငး ရကခတမႈမား ႏင ေရရညၿငမးခမးေရးအတြက ေမးခြနးထတစရာမား ေပၚေပါကလာပါသည။

ေယဘယအားျဖင ဤေလလာဆနးစစမႈမ ေတြ႕ရခကအမားစသည လကရေဆာငရြကေနေသာ သေတသနလပငနးမား ႏင ကကညမႈရၿပး စမခကတြင စနေခၚမႈမားေတြ႕ရသကသ႔ အခြငအလမး မားစြာကလညး ေဖာထတရရပါသည။ အႀကျပခကမားတြင စားနပရကၡာ အခကအခရေသာ အလပသမားမားအား ေရရညခငၿမမည ထကတနေသာ လပခေပးႏငမည အလပအကငမား ေဖာထတ ပပးေပးရန၊ စစတမးပါဝငေျဖဆသမား အႀကျပထားသညအတငး ေဒသတြငး ဆးျဖတခကခမတေရး လပငနးစဥမား ႏင စးပြားေရး လပငနးဆငရာ ဆးျဖတခကမား ခမတရာတြင ေမေပာကခ လတနးစားမား အထးသျဖင အမးသမးမားအား ကယကယျပန႔ျပန႔ ပါဝငခြငျပရန၊ လကရဆကဆေရး အေျခအေနမားက မထခကေစဘ ရပရ႔ြာအဆင အပခပေရး စနစတြင ျပညသမား ပါဝငအႀကျပႏငသည စနစမးက ဥးစားေပး ေဖာထတရန စသညတ႔ပါဝငပါသည။ အကာအကြယေပးေရး လပငနးစဥမားက ဆကလက ေဆာငရြကေရး ႏင လကရ ရပရြာအတြငး မေျပလညမႈမားက ထညသြငး စဥးစားလက ေစာငၾကည ထနးသမးေရး လပငနးမားက

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RAKHINE EARLY RECOVERY ACTIVITY | Baseline Assessment, July 2016

ဆကလကေဆာငရြကရန ႏင ရပရြာအတြငးရ လမးစမားအၾကား ယၾကညမႈက တစစတစစတညေဆာကေပးႏငမည အေသးစား အေျခခ အေဆာက အဥမား တညေဆာကေရး စမကနးမားက ပးတြ အေကာငအထညေဖာေပးမည အစအစဥက ဆကလက ေဆာငရြကသြားရန ျဖစပါသည။