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The Big PictureThe Big Picture 1. Do cultural areas, as opposed 1. Do cultural areas, as opposed
to states or empires, better to states or empires, better represent history?represent history?
2. How does change occur 2. How does change occur within societies?within societies?
3. How similar were the 3. How similar were the economic and trading practices economic and trading practices that developed across cultures?that developed across cultures?
Rise of IslamRise of Islam Monotheistic Monotheistic MohammadMohammad Qur’anQur’an Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam Started in Mecca but was forced to Started in Mecca but was forced to
move to Medina – move to Medina – hijrahijra Moved back to Mecca – from there Moved back to Mecca – from there
spread rapidlyspread rapidly
EmpireEmpire Mohammad dies, Abu Bakr takes Mohammad dies, Abu Bakr takes
overover Caliph – emperor/religious leaderCaliph – emperor/religious leader TheocracyTheocracy
Umar, Uthman, AliUmar, Uthman, Ali Ali is assassinated – prominent Ali is assassinated – prominent
Umayyad family takes overUmayyad family takes over Became more like a monarchyBecame more like a monarchy No clear successorNo clear successor
Umayyad DynastyUmayyad Dynasty Moved capital to DamascusMoved capital to Damascus Arabic became official languageArabic became official language Conquered subjects were encouraged Conquered subjects were encouraged
to convert.to convert. Empire grew – Spain and S. Italy, as Empire grew – Spain and S. Italy, as
close to Europe as they would get.close to Europe as they would get. Muslims split Muslims split
Shi’ite - believed the hereditary line of Shi’ite - believed the hereditary line of rulers should come from Ali.rulers should come from Ali.
Sunni - leaders should come from broad Sunni - leaders should come from broad base of people; not just Alibase of people; not just Ali
Abbasid DynastyAbbasid Dynasty Umayyad defeated by Abu al-Abbas – Umayyad defeated by Abu al-Abbas –
supporters of Alisupporters of Ali Moved capital to Baghdad – cultural Moved capital to Baghdad – cultural
centercenter Trade/manufacturing of steelTrade/manufacturing of steel Medical and Math advancementsMedical and Math advancements Preserved Western Culture and Preserved Western Culture and
history – Ancient Greek and Roman history – Ancient Greek and Roman worksworks
Sufis converted many to IslamSufis converted many to Islam
WomenWomen Before the Qur’an, women were seen Before the Qur’an, women were seen
as propertyas property Qur’an – women were equal before Qur’an – women were equal before
Allah – more respected, but still Allah – more respected, but still subservient to mensubservient to men
Men could have more than one wife; Men could have more than one wife; wife could only have one husbandwife could only have one husband
Veiling of womenVeiling of women Primary duty was to be loyal and care Primary duty was to be loyal and care
for husband and familyfor husband and family
Fall of Islamic EmpireFall of Islamic EmpireMongolsMongolsWould not be united again until Would not be united again until
the rise of Ottoman Turksthe rise of Ottoman Turks
EuropeEurope Middle AgesMiddle Ages
After fall of Rome (before the After fall of Rome (before the Renaissance)Renaissance)
West and East Europe had West and East Europe had different forms of Christianity; different forms of Christianity; Catholic and OrthodoxCatholic and Orthodox
E. Europe (Byzantine) was much E. Europe (Byzantine) was much more centralized and organized more centralized and organized than the West.than the West.
Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire Language: GreekLanguage: Greek Persian culture influence (dome buildings)Persian culture influence (dome buildings) Absolute EmperorsAbsolute Emperors
Justinian – Justinian’s Code (preserved Roman Justinian – Justinian’s Code (preserved Roman legal principles); major building projects (Hagia legal principles); major building projects (Hagia Sophia)Sophia)
Considered secular (compared to Rome; Considered secular (compared to Rome; Pope head of church and state)Pope head of church and state)
Distinct differences from Catholic church Distinct differences from Catholic church (priest marriages, communion, icons)(priest marriages, communion, icons)
Orthodox Patriarch and Catholic Pope Orthodox Patriarch and Catholic Pope excommunicated each otherexcommunicated each other
Orthodoxy and RussiaOrthodoxy and RussiaSt. Cyril – converted SE Europe St. Cyril – converted SE Europe
and Russia to Christianity – Slavic and Russia to Christianity – Slavic alphabetalphabet
Vladimir – Kiev Prince – converted Vladimir – Kiev Prince – converted to Orthodoxyto Orthodoxy
Russia becomes culturally Russia becomes culturally different from other powers of different from other powers of Europe because of the cultural ties Europe because of the cultural ties to Russian Christian Orthodoxyto Russian Christian Orthodoxy
Western EuropeWestern Europe FranksFranks – Germanic people; converted to – Germanic people; converted to
ChristianityChristianity United under King Clovis; Kingdom was United under King Clovis; Kingdom was
split among his sons and disintegratedsplit among his sons and disintegrated Charles Martel once again united people Charles Martel once again united people
to defeat the Muslims – Battle of Tours to defeat the Muslims – Battle of Tours (stopped Muslim advance into Europe)(stopped Muslim advance into Europe) Founded Carolingian Dynasty; Pepin (his Founded Carolingian Dynasty; Pepin (his
son) certified his rule with the Popeson) certified his rule with the Pope
CharlemagneCharlemagne (Pepin’s Son) (Pepin’s Son) Revitalized the concept of empire to W. Revitalized the concept of empire to W.
EuropeEurope Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Monasteries – center of art and Monasteries – center of art and
educationeducation Feudalism societyFeudalism society After his death, empire was divided After his death, empire was divided
among 3 grandsonsamong 3 grandsons Viking and Magyar invasionsViking and Magyar invasions Catholic church became most Catholic church became most
powerful institution in W. Europepowerful institution in W. Europe
FeudalismFeudalism – Europe’s social, – Europe’s social, economic, and political system in economic, and political system in the Middle Agesthe Middle AgesKingKingNoblesNoblesVassalsVassalsPeasants (serfs)Peasants (serfs)
Manor systemManor system 3 field system – produced food 3 field system – produced food
surplussurplus
Code of ChivalryCode of Chivalry Females had few rightsFemales had few rights Serfs – eventually became highly Serfs – eventually became highly
skilled workers – would help bring skilled workers – would help bring Europe back into trading with the Europe back into trading with the worldworld
High Middle AgesHigh Middle AgesTowns grewTowns grewBurghers – middle class merchantsBurghers – middle class merchantsHanseatic League – alliance of Hanseatic League – alliance of
towns and dominated trade in towns and dominated trade in EuropeEurope
Gothic ChurchesGothic Churches
Church conflict:Church conflict: Scholasticism – relied on reason rather Scholasticism – relied on reason rather
than faiththan faith People questioned organized religionPeople questioned organized religion Heresies – religious beliefs or practices Heresies – religious beliefs or practices
that do not conform to the traditional that do not conform to the traditional church doctrinechurch doctrine
Pope Innocent III – strict church Pope Innocent III – strict church doctrines; persecution of Jews and doctrines; persecution of Jews and hereticsheretics
InquisitionInquisition Thomas Aquinas – Christian realist that Thomas Aquinas – Christian realist that
faith and reason do not have to conflictfaith and reason do not have to conflict
Emergence of Nation-StatesEmergence of Nation-States W. Europe was not organized into W. Europe was not organized into
countries but was broken up into feudal countries but was broken up into feudal kingdomskingdoms
Europe will begin to organize Europe will begin to organize themselves into cultural and language themselves into cultural and language groups groups
Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy – decentralized; – decentralized; strong group of independent strong group of independent kingdoms (like city-states)kingdoms (like city-states)
EnglandEngland – unified quickly – unified quickly William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror King John – signed Magna Carta (laid King John – signed Magna Carta (laid
foundation for Parliament)foundation for Parliament) Parliament – House of Lords and House of Parliament – House of Lords and House of
CommonsCommons FranceFrance – King Hugh Capet ruled small – King Hugh Capet ruled small
area around Parisarea around Paris Conflict with England (England taking land Conflict with England (England taking land
in France)in France) 100 Years War united France; led to 100 Years War united France; led to
England’s withdrawal of France (Joan of England’s withdrawal of France (Joan of Arc)Arc)
Bourbons become French monarchBourbons become French monarch
SpainSpain – united by Queen Isabella by – united by Queen Isabella by marrying Ferdinand.marrying Ferdinand. Used Catholic church as their allyUsed Catholic church as their ally Spanish Inquisition – forced non-Christians Spanish Inquisition – forced non-Christians
out of Spainout of Spain Led to Spanish culture and Christianity to Led to Spanish culture and Christianity to
the New Worldthe New World RussiaRussia – Fell to the Tatars (Mongols) – Fell to the Tatars (Mongols)
As Mongol power declined Russian princes As Mongol power declined Russian princes grew in power grew in power
Ivan III declared himself CzarIvan III declared himself Czar Ivan the Terrible - centralized powerIvan the Terrible - centralized power
Tang DynastyTang Dynasty Empire spreadEmpire spread Became too large it collapsed (local Became too large it collapsed (local
warlords)warlords) Song DynastySong Dynasty
Reunified ChinaReunified China Eventually fell to the Jurchens and the Eventually fell to the Jurchens and the
MongolsMongols Ming DynastyMing Dynasty
Drove out Mongols; restored traditional Drove out Mongols; restored traditional Chinese RuleChinese Rule
ChinaChina
Strong bureaucratic system (civil Strong bureaucratic system (civil service exam)service exam)
Built canals, roads, paper moneyBuilt canals, roads, paper money Song Dynasty – Gunpowder, Song Dynasty – Gunpowder,
compass, ship technologies, compass, ship technologies, production of steelproduction of steel
Champa rice – from Vietnam led Champa rice – from Vietnam led to population explosion in China to population explosion in China (also the rise of urban centers)(also the rise of urban centers)
WomenWomen Wu Zhao – only Empress of ChinaWu Zhao – only Empress of China Foot bindingFoot binding Subservient to menSubservient to men
ReligionReligion Buddhism – Mahayana – focused on Buddhism – Mahayana – focused on
peaceful, quiet lives and Zen – peaceful, quiet lives and Zen – attracted educated classes who attracted educated classes who followed Confucianismfollowed Confucianism
Daoists and Confucians tried to stop Daoists and Confucians tried to stop spread of Buddhismspread of Buddhism
Influenced by Korea and ChinaInfluenced by Korea and China Yamato clan – first and only dynastyYamato clan – first and only dynasty Religion – Shinto “the way of the gods” Religion – Shinto “the way of the gods”
– worshipped – worshipped kamikami Chinese influence grew in JapanChinese influence grew in Japan - -
Buddhism; bureaucratic and legal Buddhism; bureaucratic and legal reforms; however rejected reforms; however rejected Confucianism and Civil Service Exam; Confucianism and Civil Service Exam; nobility was hereditary not earned.nobility was hereditary not earned.
JapanJapan
Heian Era – lost a little Chinese Heian Era – lost a little Chinese influenceinfluence
Fujiwara – powerful aristocratic familyFujiwara – powerful aristocratic family Literature flourishedLiterature flourished Feudal systemFeudal system
Feudal Japan – developed about the Feudal Japan – developed about the same time as Europe’s feudal systemsame time as Europe’s feudal system
Shogun (like King)Shogun (like King) Daimyo (land owners; like lords)Daimyo (land owners; like lords)
Samurai (knights) – Code of BushidoSamurai (knights) – Code of Bushido Lesser SamuraiLesser Samurai Peasants and artisansPeasants and artisans Women were demeaned (not adored)Women were demeaned (not adored)
Islam vs. HinduismIslam vs. Hinduism Islamic Empire spread to N. India.Islamic Empire spread to N. India. Islamic Sultan made much Islamic Sultan made much
progress in Indiaprogress in India Much of N. India converted, and Much of N. India converted, and
S. India held on to Hinduism = S. India held on to Hinduism = conflictconflict
Mongols swept in with destruction Mongols swept in with destruction and leftand left
IndiaIndia
Rivalries between clans kept them Rivalries between clans kept them from unitingfrom uniting
Genghis Khan unified the clans and Genghis Khan unified the clans and led them to the largest empire ever!led them to the largest empire ever!
Did not establish a cultureDid not establish a culture 2 major consequences of Mongols2 major consequences of Mongols
1. Russia didn’t unify and develop as 1. Russia didn’t unify and develop as quickly as W. Europequickly as W. Europe
2. globally world trade, cultural 2. globally world trade, cultural diffusion and awareness grewdiffusion and awareness grew
MongolsMongols
KushKush Developed around same time as Developed around same time as
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt Conquer Egypt then retreat back Conquer Egypt then retreat back
to Meroe - Iron manufacturing cityto Meroe - Iron manufacturing city AxumAxum – had much contact with – had much contact with
Mediterranean worldMediterranean world Converted to ChristianityConverted to Christianity
AfricaAfrica
West African KingdomsWest African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali and Songhai – Ghana, Mali and Songhai –
trade gold and salt with Islamic trade gold and salt with Islamic traderstraders
The kingdoms ended up The kingdoms ended up converting to Islamconverting to Islam
Timbuktu – W. Africa cultural Timbuktu – W. Africa cultural centercenter
MayaMaya S. Mexico and Central AmericaS. Mexico and Central America Collection of city-states; pyramid Collection of city-states; pyramid
builders, hieroglyphicsbuilders, hieroglyphics Tikal – important political cityTikal – important political city Kings, priests, nobles, merchants, Kings, priests, nobles, merchants,
peasants, slavespeasants, slaves Not sure what caused the Mayan Not sure what caused the Mayan
civilization to declinecivilization to decline
AmericasAmericas
AztecsAztecs Central Mexico; Tenochtitlan Central Mexico; Tenochtitlan
(Mexico City)(Mexico City) Professional army dominated Professional army dominated
neighbors – demanded heavy neighbors – demanded heavy taxestaxes
Not bureaucratic – conquered Not bureaucratic – conquered areas were allowed to govern areas were allowed to govern themselvesthemselves
Religion was tied to military – Religion was tied to military – human sacrificeshuman sacrifices
IncasIncas Andes Mts. in PeruAndes Mts. in Peru Human was main source of laborHuman was main source of labor Women worked in fields, took care of Women worked in fields, took care of
household, had property, played a role in household, had property, played a role in religionreligion
Polytheistic – sun god was most importantPolytheistic – sun god was most important Ruler descended from sun and therefore Ruler descended from sun and therefore
ruled all of the earthruled all of the earth Bureaucracy – noblesBureaucracy – nobles Machu Picchu – templesMachu Picchu – temples Never developed writing; used quipu – Never developed writing; used quipu –
knotted strings to keep recordsknotted strings to keep records