REPORT Raf Somers - Từ RÁC đến TÀI NGUYÊN

8/4/2019 REPORT Raf Somers - T RC n TI NGUYN

1/71

BO CO CUI CNG ca Cng ty Gii php chn nui SOMERS

Nghin cu kh thi

Ti chrc thi hu c ti tnh Bnh nh

TRC n TI NGUYN


2/71


3/71

BO CO CUI CNG Nghin cu kh thi d n VIE0703511-ValOrgW

CNG TY GII PHP CHN NUI SOMERS

3

CHNG 4. T QU NGHIN CU TH TRNG CC SN PHM TI CH T RC HU C ..... 55

4.1. Gii thiu ....................................................................................................................... 55

4.2 Kt qu ........................................................................................................................... 56

4.2.1 Tng quan v thtrng ......................................................................................... 56

4.2.2 Kt qu phng vn vi khch hng ca hai trng hp nghin cu ..................60

4.2.3. Phng vn vi nng dn s dng nhiu loi sn phm ci to t/phn bn huc ...................................................................................................................................... 61

4.2.4. Phng vn mt vi khch hng ln s dng compost v phn hu c............. 65

4.3 Phn tch thtrng ...................................................................................................... 65

4.3.1. Phn tch cc yu tnh hng n gi thnh .................................................... 65

4.3.2. Tip cn thtrng tim nng cho cc nh sn xut compost ca Bnh nh ...68

4.4. Kt lun v khuyn co ................................................................................................69

CHNG 5. BO CO HI THO .........................................................................................................70


4/71



4

MC LC BNG

Bng 1.1. Cc c s sn xut Compost x l cht thi h gia nh: M hnh Phn loi ti cs ............................................................................................................................................. 11

Bng 1.2. M hnh Phn loi ti ngun ................................................................................ 13

Bng 1.3. M hnh Compost rc rau ..................................................................................... 14

Bng 1.4. Ti cho n rc bp ..................................................................................................... 15

Bng 1.5. Nui trn qu t cht thi ng vt ....................................................................... 16

Bng 1.6. So snh vic phn loi x l rc tp trung v ti a phng ........................... 18

Bng 2.1. Tng rc pht sinh ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy) .............................................................. 19

Bng 2.2. Tng lng rc thu gom (hoc x l ti ngun) ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy) v khilng v % ................................................................................................................................ 20

Bng 2.3. Thnh phn hu c ca rc ch v hgia nh ..................................................... 20

Bng 2.4. Tng rc hu c thu gom (hoc x l ti ngun) ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy) ........... 20

Bng 2.5. Tng rc hu c pht sinh v thu gom/x l tng huyn*. ............................... 21

Bng 3.1. u im v nhc im ca phn loi ti ngun v ti c s.............................. 26

Bng 3.2. Loi cht thi hu c, thnh phn ca chng v cch ti chph hp. .............. 30

Bng 4.1. Tng quan v khu vc v slng phng vn ...................................................... 55

Bng 4.2. Gi thnh ca cc sn phm phn bn khc nhau trn thtrng ...................... 58

Bng 4.3. L do nng dn s dng phn hu c ................................................................... 62

Bng 4.4. Yu tngi mua thch nht khi dng phn hu c............................................ 62

Bng 4.5. S hi lng ca khch hng v sn phm hin ti. ................................................ 63

Bng 4.6. kin khch hng v gi c sn phm hin ti .....................................................64

Bng 4.7. Khnng nng dn sn sng tr nhiu tin hn cho sn phm tt hn.............64

Bng 4.8. Mong i ca khch hng v gi sn phm tim nng ........................................64

Bng 4.9.Tc ng ca chi ph vn chuyn ln gi bn l ..................................................... 67

MC LC HNHHnh 3.1.S quyt nh vic hu cn thc hin v qun l cht thi. ............................... 28

Hnh 3.2. S trnh by cc cch khc nhau ti chcht thi hu c. ......................... 28

Hnh 4.1. Chui gi tr ca phn bn hu c hin ti Vit Nam .......................................... 59

Hnh 4.2. Mc gi ca cc loi phn bn khc nhau: .............................................................66


5/71



5

LI NI U

Nghin cu ny c thc hin bi Cng ty TNHH MTV Gii php chn nui SOMERSdi slnh o ca ng Raf Somers. Nhm lm vic bao gm: b Hunh Th Thanh Thy,b Bi Lan Hng, b Phm Phng H, b Nguyn Th Thy Duyn v ng Gert JanMonteny.

Nhm tc gi xin chn thnh cm n tt c nhng ng gp cho nghin cu v bo cov mt thng tin, cm n cc c nhn cho php chng ti thm quan c s v a ranhng li nhn xt xc ng.

Chng ti xin c bit cm n ng Paul Olivier, l ngi chia s rt nhiu tng sngto v gip chng ti pht trin cc m hnh ti chrc thi.

Nhm lm vic cng xin cm n cc c nhn, c quan v t chc n nhn khuyn coca chng ti v ang trin khai th nghim cc m hnh ti tnh Bnh nh.

Chng ti cng cm n Ban qun l Chng trnh Cp nc v V sinh tnh Bnh nh v shp tc.


6/71



6

TM TT

D n Cp nc v V sinh tnh Bnh nh (WSSP) tin hnh nghin cu khthi Khnngpht trin cc cng trnh ti chrc hu c ti tnh Bnh nh xc nh v phn tchcc la chn c th thc hn ti chv ti gi tr cho rc hu c ti 4 huyn. Mcch cui cng l gim lng rc phi chn, gp phn bo v mi trng v to nhhng tt cho kinh tv x hi.

Nghin cu kh thi ny bao gm mt nh gi v cc trng hp x l rc hu c thct hin ang c trin khai ti Vit Nam, mt iu tra v dng cht thi ti 4 huynnghin cu v mt tm hiu thtrng cho cc sn phm rc hu c. Da trn kt quca 3 nghin cu, chng ti pht trin cc m hnh kh thi cho ti chrc ti Bnh nh.

Chng ti bt u bng vic tm hiu cc ng c kinh tx hi nh hng n qu trnhphn loi v x l rc hu c. Ni cch khc, cn n v t r dnh thu l yu ttrng tm.

Cn ni l trng tm ca qun l rc thi. Con ngi to ra rc v nu khng c s hptc v tham gia ca h th khng th trin khai cc h thng qun l rc thi tng thbnvng.

Qun l rc thi cn c tip cn nh mt hot ng to ra doanh thu cho cc doanhnghip ln v nh, cng nh hng nghn ngi thu gom rc, c h i kim sng t thugom, ti s dng, ti ch, x l v loi b rc thi.

Cc trng hp nghin cu a ra ci nhn c gi tr trong cc hot ng v sng kinkhc nhau ti Vit Nam. iu tra bao gm: (1 cc nh my qun l rc thi quy m lnni m rc c phn loi ti nh my, (2) cc sng kin phn loi rc ti ngun, (3) ccm hnh compost v nui trn qucng nh (4) cc h thng trang tri tng hp.

iu tra thc tti Bnh nh cho thy c 377 tn rc pht sinh hng ngy ti 4 huyn,trong 101 tn (26,7% c thu gom. Phn tch cc mu rc ca hgia nh v ch chothy ln lt 55,2% v 78,7% l rc hu c. T lrc hu c t rc hn n trung bnh l58,4%.

iu tra thtrng cho thy rng rt nhiu cc sn phm phn bn v phn compost hinc trn th trng Vit Nam. Trong , phn hu c nhp khu v phn trn qugi caonht, sau l cc loi phn hu c hon chnh c thnh phn NPK, v cui cng l phnng vt. Gi phn compost sn xut t rc hgia nh thp nht, gi xut xng t 50n 800/kg. Yu tchnh tc ng n gi c l cht lng, khong cch tngi bnn ngi mua v h thng phn phi.

Khi tip th cc sn phm compost, cn hiu rng compost t rc hgia nh thng cdinh dng (NPK) thp, nhng n cng mang li nhiu li ch cho t: tng khnng trnc, ci thin cu trc v cung cp dinh dng cho t mt cch t t.

Chng ti ni n iu ny v khi sn xut compost c cht lng n nh ti Bnh nh thc thbn cho ngi mua slng ln hoc cc trang tri gn.


7/71



7

Ngnh kinh doanh cc thnh phn rc c th ti ch Vit Nam hin ang pht trin tt vhot ng ny c th kim li. Ti chrc hu c cn hc t ngnh ny v p dng ccquy tc tng t. Nghin cu ny a ra mt vi m hnh bin rc hu c thnh tin.

Tuy nhin, nghin cu cng ch r nu p dng cng ngh tt cc khu vc hay quy mkhng ph hp th n d dng tr thnh mt hot ng thua l.

Mt tranh ci quan trng trong qun l rc thi l nn phn loi rc hu c ti ngun hayti cc c s qun l rc tp trung. Mc d phng n th hai c nhng u im hn vthun tin cho dn c (ngi lm cng, bo co ny vn a ra mt thc tin r rng lgii ti sao v lu di, cc c sny nn lu n vic phn loi ti ngun. L do quantrng nht nm vn ct li ca x l rc hu c l ti cung cp cht dinh dng chochui thc n. V vy, trn ln rc hu c v v c (cht c hay cht gy nhim) s gynguy hi cho cng nhn, ngi tiu dng v mi trng. L do quan trng th hai l vlu di, phn loi ti ngun mang li hiu qu kinh tcao hn.

M hnh u tin trong nghin cu ny khng ch cp n vic phn loi m cn c kthut x l ti ngun. compost nhit trung bnh (mesophillic) trong thng cthit kc bit x l rc ti ngun ca mt hoc mt vi hgia nh.u im quantrng nht ca m hnh ny l mi loi rc thi c x l ti ngun u gip tit kim chiph vn chuyn v x l cho chnh quyn.

M hnh th hai cho thy c hi ln nht ti gi tr kinh tcho rc hu c. M hnh nykhuyn khch ti cho ln n thnh phn thc n hoc rc hu c, mt phng php kh ph bin Vit Nam. Bo co cng a ra hng dn gip cho vic trin khai mhnh ny mt cch an ton v ph hp.

M hnh th ba da trn khnng kinh doanh ca ngi thu gom rc, l nhng ngibit cch kim tin t rc. M hnh ny khuyn khch h hc cch kim tin t rc. Cnhiu khnng thc hin nh nui nhng rui lnh en, phn trn quv compost nhit cao (thermophillic.

M hnh th t v l m hnh cui cng c cho l phng php x l rc hu c phbin nht: compost. Nghin cu hin nay khuyn co lip dng tm ph. Chng tinhn thy phng php ny mang li hiu qu kinh tkm hn so vi cc m hnh cn li.Cc tnh ton cho thy cn phi c tr cp khuyn khch compost.

Tm li, chng ti khuyn khch ti chrc hu c. S tham gia ca ngi dn l yu t

bt buc. Rc khng nn coi l mi lo ca chnh quyn m l trch nhim chung ca mingi. Thm vo , chng ti tin tng rng, rc khng phi l mi lo ngi m l ngunti nguyn v l c hi sinh li.

R rng l c rt nhiu gii php. Mt khoch qun l rc tng th cn c nhiu bncng hnh ng. V r rng l khng ch c mt bn c li m mi ngi u c li tvic qun l rc thi tt hn!

S rt tt nu nghin cu ny c th thuyt phc c cng ng a phng, cc doanhnghip v tim nng ca ti ch rc v nu n c th khuyn khch cc ch dn v itc h trmt cch thch ng cho cc doanh nghip ny.


8/71



8

GII THIU

Chn trnh d n Cp Nc v V Sinh (WSSP)Chng trnh d n Cp Nc v V Sinh (WSSP l chng trnh hp tc song phnggia chnh ph Vit Nam v chnh ph B. Mc ch chng trnh nhm ci thin chtlng cuc sng v cht lng mi trng ca c dn 06 huyn ti tnh Bnh nh thngqua:

- Tn cn nn lc ca chnh quyn a phng- Nng cao nhn thc v cch s dng nc v bo vmi trng- Xy dng h thng cung cp nc sinh hot- Trin khai thc hin mt s hnh l cht thi rn

Vo thng 8/2010, chng trnh gii thiu nghin cu kh thi kh nng pht trin cccng trnh ti chsinh hc rc hu c t cng nghip, kinh doanh, ch v hgia nh ti 4huyn ca tnh Bnh nh.

Nghin cu kh thi bao gm: nh gi v cc trng hp x l rc hu c thc t hinang c trin khai ti Vit Nam, iu tra v dng cht thi ti 4 huyn nghin cu vtm hiu thtrng cho cc sn phm rc hu c. Da trn kt qu ca 3 nghin cu, mhnh kh thi cho ti chrc ti Bnh nh c a ra.

Ti nn ln cho vic gim kh lng cht thi ph t, chn hay th r trng

Li sng hin i ca con ngi to ra khi lng rc thi v cng ln. Nhng cu hi chyu y l bao nhiu cht tht s l cht thi trong tng s cht b bi? Lun lun cmt t l cht thi cn phi chn hay t. Nhng cng c mt t l ln cht thi c thc ti s dng hay chuyn dng thnh ti nguyn gi tr khc!


9/71



9

Vic ti s dng cht thi khng phi hu c hin ang c thc hin kh tt ti VitNam, nhng v cht thi hu c th vn duy tr mc thp.

li ch trong vic x l cht thi hu c t cch ph hp

Hp phn cht thi hu c c tim nng v cng ln cho vic ti ch(ti s dng vi trgi cao hn. X l cht thi hu c khng ch tt cho vic bo vmi trng m cn tonhiu li ch kinh t.

Biu di y th hin mt s li ch kinh t, sinh thi v x hi ca vic qun l chtthi hu c hp l.

Thch thc ca vic x l cht thi hu c

Cht thi hu c cn phi c phn tch hon ton ra khi cht thi khng hu c.Nhng vt nh nh pin, vn kim loi hoc nha c th nh hng khng tt n snphm cui cng. Thi im tt nht phn tch cht thi hu c v khng hu c l bc u ca chui cht thi. L tng nht l cc hgia nh v cc c quan x nghipphn loi cht thi hu c ra khi cc cht thi khc. Trong trng hp cht thi hu ckhng c phn loi ngay lp tc, qu trnh phn loi s tr nn kh khn hn theo thigian. V d nh cht thi hu c s b phn hy v tr thnh m hn n nu lu cutheo thi gian.

Gi thit c nhn cu h th

Gi thit v phng php tip cn ca nghin cu khthi c trnh by trong bng diy:

Gi thit Tip cn ca nghin cu kh thi

Cng ngh, kin thc v kinhnghim l hin c Vit Nam

Khng nh iu ny bng cch nh gi cc kh nng x l chtthi hu c hin ti.

Kh phn loi cht thi huc tbc u ca chui

iu tra ton chui cht thi v xc nh mt s gii php c ththc hin nh:


10/71



10

- S tham gia tch cc ca cng ng, c th khuyn khchcc h gia nh bng cch cho h dng phn compostmin ph.

- Tm ra cc cch thc ngi thu gom rc c th thamgia vo vic x l rc hu c.

- Cng tc Cng/T trong u t c th vtng trnghp x l rc thi.

- To mi lin kt trc tip gia cc cng ty/x nghip/chv nhng ngi s dng tim nng (nng dn chnnui) nhm trnh vic ti nguyn ba vo chui chtthi.

Gi thtrng ca phn hu

c qu thp trang tri chodoanh nghip x l cht thihu c.

T chc thc hin nghin cu thtrng v a ra phng n

nng cao gi tr thng qua:- B sung cc cht bsung c bit- Ci tin vic ng gi v tip th- Tip cn thtrng mi- Sn xut nhiu sn phm a dng trong cng mt iu

kin


11/71



11

1 CHNG 1. NH GI CC PHNG N X L RC THI VIT NM

1.1. Nhn cu t bnNghin cu ti bn cho thy 65 c s x l rc thi hu c, trong c mt vi c s khng cn hot ng do rt nhiu l do. Tdanh sch ny, chng chn ra 21 trnghp nghin cu su hn. Cc trng hp ny c la chn da trn nm yu t (quym, loi, sinh thi hc, tnh kh thi v tnh nhn rng) ph hp vi mc tiu ca d nqun l ti chcht thi ti Bnh nh. Nghin cu ti bn ch ra mc ph hp ca tngtrng hp nghin cu, tuy nhin c mt vi kin c thcha c hon ton chnhxc. Bo co y ca nghin cu ti bn, trong c ton b danh sch cc c s xl cht thi hu c c nu trong Ph lc 1. Kt hp vi dn WSSP, chng ti chnra 14 trng hp thm quan thc t. Bo co y ca chuyn thm quan ny cnu trong Ph lc 2.

1.2. Phn l t c sNghin cu thc a cho thy 4 nh my phn loi rc ti c s. Tnh cht ca tng nic nu trong bng 1.1.

Bng 1.1. Cc c s sn xut Compost x l cht thi h gia nh: M hnh Phn loi ti c s

Tn & Thn tn t tt M t t tt Ghi ch

1 Cng ty X l vChbin chtthi Ph Th, TPVit Tr, tnh PhTh

URENCO xy dng t nm1998

120 tn rc tp/ngy

Tr cp: 100.000/tn

Sn xut 30 tncompost/ngy, bn vi gi80.000/tn n300.000/tn

80 nhn cng

10% rc ra bi rc

Rc ti c phnloi bng tay, m/nhit v thnggi cng bc ckim sot bi nhit bn trong cacompost, h thngsng my v b sungch phm E.M (visinh vt hu hiu

Thng kh cngbc, o trn u

Nh my c xydng vi cng sut60 tn nhng hinang x l 120-150tn/ngy

Compost cht lngthp

Gi thp

2 Nh my x l rcthi Gia Lm, xKiu K, HuynGia Lm, H Ni

URENCO xy dng nhmy compost vo nm2007.

14ha t, 7ha cho nh myv 7ha l bi rc

8-10 tn rc hu c c phn loi, 4 ln/tun

+ 70 tn rc tp/ngy

Vic thu gom chtthi hu c cthc hin 4 ln/tun(tng cng 32-40tn/tun

70 tn rc tp khcc phn loi bngtay.

Thng kh cng

gim khi lngcng vic, rc tpc v nhngthnh phn khngphn hy sinh hcc s c sngvo giai on cui.

Compost cht lng

thp.


12/71



12

22 b dung tch200m3/b

>50% ra bi rc

bc, o trn u

100% cng nghtrong nc

3 Nh my x l rc th v sn xutphn compostThy Phng,Cng ty Tm SinhNgha.

Hu

Cng ty t nhn, nng cpvo nm 2006

200 tn rc tp/ngy,trong c 60-65% rchu c

180 nhn cng

15 b 270m3

1.000.000/tn compost

sn phm khng nnh. B ngm tnqu nhiu din tch.

Qu nhiu nhncng.

4 HTX Nng nghipNhn Ph, TPQuy Nhn, tnhBnh nh5t

Xy dng nm 2005

1,5 tn rc tp/ngy

8 b 10m3

700.000/tn compost

C s nh, x l rch gia nh, phnloi bng tay

tnh thng gi,thng gi t nhin.

Nn bm nh rctrc khi .

Bi hc t m hnh Phn loi ti c s

Rc hu c l thnh phn ln nht trong tng rc ti mi c s iu tra. Vic phn loimt cch hiu qu rc hu c s gip gim ng k lng rc b ra bi. Tuy nhin, mtkhi cc loi rc b trn ln th vic phn loi tng th s khng th thc hin c, vngay c vic phn loi mt phn cng l mt kh khn. Ti HTX Nhn Ph, vic phn loic thc hin bng tay 100% trong khi 3 c s cn li kt hp c phng php phn loibng tay v my mc. Trong trng hp ca Gia Lm, vic phn loi ch thc hin s bv rc tp (rc hu c v v c. Phn v c c sng lc ra giai on cui ca qutrnh . Trong mi trng hp, s hn ch ca vic phn loi gy ra nh hng tiu ccn cht lng compost. Phn loi bng my mc tiu tn nhiu nng lng v khngphn tch hon ton c phn v c v hu c. Mi trng hp phn loi bng tay c

th gy nguy him cho sc khe ca cng nhn (knh, kim, kim loi,. Mt vi c s gpvn v mi v nhim mi trng (nc v khng kh .

Mi c gng trong vic phn loi rc hu c, gm c phn loi bng tay v phn loi bngmy vi cng ngh trong nc v nhp khu, u c hoan nghnh v iu gipgim lng rc b ra bi rc. Tuy nhin, vi nhng nhc im ca h thng phn loiti c s, khng c m hnh no ccoi l gii php hon ton bn vng. Cc nh chctrch qun l rc thi nn c tm nhn di hn hng n vic phn loi ti ngun.


13/71



13

1.3. Phn l t nunNghin cu thc a a ra ba m hnh phn loi rc ti ngun. Tnh cht ca tng m

hnh c nu trong bng 1.2.Bng 1.2. M hnh Phn loiti ngun

Tn & M t nn n Ghi ch

5 HTX Nng nghip vDch vMi trng xC Bi, huyn Gia Lm,H Ni.

1200 h dn

10 ngi thu gom rc

0,6 tn rc/ngy

Thu gom rc hu c (4 ln/tun vrc v c (3 ln/tun

Vic phn loi do ngi dn thchin nhng cng c s tham giatch cc ca ngi thu gom.

Rc hu c c HTX sdng hoc chuyn n URENCO.

Vic phn loi khng ctt v ngi thu gom rckhng ch trng vo victng cng nhn thc.

Dng nh ch ch tm vovic phn loi ch khng phi

sn xut compost.

6 TP Hi An

o Tn Hip

D n th nghim ti t lin phnloi rc ti nh ca 30 h gianh thnh cng.

Hin ang m rng cho 400 h.

Mi h c 3 thng .

D n o Tn Hip thtbi v din tch t hn ch, tthng v nhn thc km.

7 X Xun Th, Lt

Lm ng

Phn loi v s dng thng tingun, rui lnh en, trn vqu trnh t nhin.

Giai on th nghim vi 30 hdn.

Kt qun ban u kh quan.Hot ng ca rui lnh engip gim phn ln khilng v trng lng rc.

Bi hc t m hnh Phn loi ti ngun

c mt vi c gng trong vic phn loi rc hu c ti ngun Vit Nam nhng rt tm hnh thnh cng. Mt vi m hnh th nghim phn loi thu gom rc hu c v v c(xe ti khc nhau vo nhng ngy khc nhau, trong khi mt vi m hnh khc th nghim ti ch. T nghin cu hin ti, c th kt lun rng cha c mt m hnh phn loi thugom no thnh cng, trong khi , cc m hnh ti ngun Lt v Hi An cho thycc kt qu y ha hn. Thng qua cc m hnh, chng ta thy r rng tng cng nhnthc v c s tham gia ca cng ng l yu t ch o ca thnh cng . Hn na, mtln tp hun s khng th mang li hiu qu, m nht thit phi c mt chin dch tngcng nhn thc lu di v theo di st xao . Mt iu quan trng l cng ng cn nmchu qu ca vic khng phn loi rc v hiu su sc cc li ch mi trng v kinht x hi trong vicx l cht thi bn vng. Phn loi khng ch l mc tiu duy nht mn l bc khi u quan trng trong gi i php rc thi tng th.


14/71



14

Tng cng nhn thc v theo di cn c cc hot ng sau:

- Hp mt cng ng: cc cuc hp mang tnh thng tin v nhiu li ch.- V d thc t v vic cho rc vo thng no.- Chng trnh hc ng gio dc v khch l gii tr.- Ngi kim sot rc: nhng tnh nguyn vin hay nhng nh chuyn mn kim

sot thnh phn ca thng rc. iu ny c th lin quan n h thng thng pht.

Mt lu quan trng khc l cn c s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan: cng ng, tchc truyn thng, chnh quyn a phng, doanh nghip a phng, nh chc trchqun l rc, t chc phi chnh ph,

Khi thit k mt chng trnh, cn tnh n vic tham gia t nguyn hay p buc l thchhp. Cn lu rng s kh thuyt phc mi ngi phn loi rc mt cch chnh xc nunh h khng hiu c vn v khng tin tng va vn . Mt khc, nu ch c slng t h gia nh tham gia th cng s khng to nn s khc bit. S l mt cch tipcn kh thi nu bt u bng mt giai on th nghim t nguyn v nhn rng bng giaion p buc.

Chng ti khuyn co thc hin theo m hnh ca Lt.

1.4. Rc rau

Nghin cu thc a a ra hai m hnh rc rau. Tnh cht ca tng m hnh c nu bng 1.3.

Bng 1.3. M hnh Compost rc rau


8 Nng tri Organik tix Xun Th, Lt,Lm ng

rc rau s dng tmph Toptex

Qu trnh nhanh

Qu trnh n gin, hiu qu,thn thinvi mi trng

D p dng cho mi quy m

Compost cht lng cao

9 Ch Nng sn, TriMt, Lt, Lmng

C s compost ngayti ch

M hnh c th n gin ha

tng compost ti ch l ph hp

Compost cht lng cao

Bi hc t m hnh rc hu c thun ty

C rt nhiu bi hc tch cc thy c t hai m hnh:

-t c s compost ti ngun gip tit kim chi ph vn chuyn.


15/71



15

- u vo thun ty (thun hu c cho compost cht lng cao v an ton 100%,ph hp vi 100% trang tri hu c (do khng bao gi tip xcvi rc v c

- Mt vi loi rc rau c th dng cho gia sc n, mang li hiu qu kinh t cao hnl compost.

- M hnh bng tm Toptex l m hnh tim nng nht i vi mi quy m.- Mc ch ca c hai m hnh l sn xut compost cht lng cao, r rng l c yu

t kinh t ng sau nhng m hnh. Rc thc s c coi l ngun ti nguyn.Vic gim rc thi ra bi rc l mt li ch tng thm.

1.5. Rc bpNghin cu thc a a ra hai m hnh ti s dng rc bp. Tnh cht ca tng m hnhc nu bng 1.4.

Bng 1.4. Ti cho n rc bp


10 Phng Tn To, Q.Bnh Tn, TP H ChMinh

Rc bp c thu gom, nu liv cho ln n. Cho n bng rcbp c cho l r hn cho nbng thc n tinh.

Phn ln c s dng lm

biogas. Cht thi biogas dngcho c n.

Hnh thc ti ch rc hu c ngin nhng rt hiu qu.

V d hp dn ca vic ti sdng rc hu c ca trang tri

11 Nui trng thy sn,Hip hi nng dnBnh Tn, TP H ChMinh

Rc bp c thu gom v choc n

R rng l li nhun hn c choln n, nhng kh nng p dnghn ch.

Bi hc v vic ti s dng rc bp

Ti s dng rc bp cho gia sc n l cch lm truyn thng khp ni Vit Nam. Cc

trng hp iu tra ca nghin cu ny c cc n v hi nng dn a phng ng hcao. H ch ng qung b m hnh v tc ng tm h tr t cc c quan qun l linquan (v d nh cho php vn chuyn rc

M hnh ln v c r rng l cch thc bin rc thi thnh ti chuyn. Bng chng r rngnht v li ch kinh t ca hai m hnh l nng dn tr tin cho rc bp. Yu t thc yl yu t kinh t. Trong khu vc iu tra, c 5000 con ln c cho n vi trung bnh6,5kg rc bp/ngy, v 46 tri nui c s dng 400kg/ngy, tc l ti gi tr hn 50 tnrc/ngy. iu ny cho thy tim nng rt ln ca cc m hnh ny trong vic gim thiurc thi.


16/71



16

1.6. Cht th n vtNghin cu thc a a ra ba m hnh nui trn qu. Tnh cht ca tng m hnh c

nu bng 1.5.Bng 1.5. Nui trn qu t cht thi ng vt


12 C s trn quHngTrung v HTX chnnui ln Tin Phong

Tri nui trn qu quy m lnbng hn hp phn b v ln.Trn c thu hoch, chit xutv sn xut phn bn dng lng.

Phn trn c trn vi nmtrichoderma v khong vi sinh

tng gi tr v bn nh compost.

C s khng th bn ht tonb trn ti. l l do ti saoh hin ang sn xut phnbn lng.

13 Trang tri b saHng K, Sc Sn, HNi, Vit Nam

Trang tri tng hp, trong ,phn b v phn ln c dng sn xut biogas v cho trnn. Trn dng cho ch n,cht thi biogas v b trn dnglm phn bn.

M hnh quy m nh ny chothy trong mt h thng tnghp c th sn xut cnhiu loi sn phm khc nhau.

14 Tri trn quPHT, ScSn, H Ni

Trang tri nui trn thng mimua phn b cho trn n. H sn

xut rt nhiu dng sn phm ttrn.

Mt m hnh kinh doanh nhnhngli nhun rt cao.

Bi hc v m hnh cht thi ng vt

Gi tr ca cht thi ng vt dng lm phn bn l r rng. Tuy nhin, mt lng lnphn ng vt vn ang b ra mi trng Vit Nam. Rt t c s nui ng vt n lctrong vic phn, v h khng hiu rng phn qua tt hn l phn ti. ng tic l sdng phn ti chnh l lm mt i dinh dng.

Cc m hnh ti ch phn ng vt bao gm sn xut biogas, compost v nui trn qu.Biogas l cng ngh tin tin x l cht thi lng, trong khi compost v nui trn qul cng ngh ph hp x l phn cht thi rn ca phn.

Nhn thy cht lng cao ca trn qu v gi tr gia tng ca trn, mt s doanh nghip mua phn gia sc sn xut trn v phn trn qu (b trn.

Mc d nghin cu kh thi ch tp trung tm kim cc gii php thc tin cho rc h gianh v rc ch, vn c th thy mt vi bi hc t m hnh phn ng vt:

- Phn c th dng tng gi tr cho compost t rc h gia nh (xem Chng 3 - Trn c th l sn phm u ra trong m hnh x l rc h gia nh (xem M hnh

rui lnh en vtrn

- Mi m hnh thm quan p dng cng ngh sn xut ra sn phm ph hpvi th trng.


17/71



17

1.7. B hc t cc hnh cpst hc nhu Cc m hnh compost sau nn xem xt:

- ng thng gi cng bc (Vit Tr, Hu, Gia Lm - b thng gi tnh (Bnh nhng hoc hng ph tm Toptex ( Lt - lip ( Lt- thng ( Lt, Hi An

Ni chung, tt c cc phng php ny u kh thi v mt k thut. Tuy nhin, cphng php c tnh kinh t cao hn cc phng pho khc. Chi ph chnh cho vic compost bao gm:

- Xy dng, bao gm nn, b , thng v mi- t s dng- Chi ph in cho thng gi cng bc- Chi ph nhn cng- Trang thit b

M hnh phi thng mi quy m nh

L nhng m hnh r v thc tin. Chng ti khuyn co hai m hnh: 1. Thng compost

v 2. ng nh ph tm toptex.Nh vo s n tp t nhin ca nhng rui lnh en, k thut bng thng gim clng ln sn phm cn x l c v khi lng v trng lng . y l m hnh in hnhnu mc tiu t ra l gim lng rc thi.

ng nh ph tm toptex l m hnh ph hp nu sn xut compost s dng ti aphng.

M hnh thng mi quy m trung bnh v ln

i vi hot ng quy m ln hn, ng thng gi tnh hay thng gi cng bc, hay lip u c th xem xt. Toptex c khuyn co v cc l do sau:

- Tt c cc phng n khc u cn xy mi trnh ngmnc ma vo ng .Xy dng mi tn km v d b bo ph hy.

- Toptex thn thin vi mi trng hn v gip gim kh nh knh. - compost bng tm toptex nhanh hn lip. - Khng tn chi ph in cho thng gi cng bc.

im yu duy nht l phi o trn nhiu hn l m hnh thng gi cng bc. Thit bo trn t nhng v chi ph nhn cng r nn chng ti khuyn co nn o trnthcng.


18/71



18

1.8. t lun chun ch chuyn th qun thc T cc chuyn thm quan thc a, c th kt lunrng c nhiu v d gi tr v phc hi,

x l, ti s dng cht thi hu c ti Vit Nam. Khng m hnh no lm hnh honho cho Bnh nh. Tuy nhin, mt vi m hnhcu thnh mt m hnh ph hp pdng ti Bnh nh. Thch thc t ra l kt hp c cc mt c ch to ra mt hngi ph hp cho chin lcti ch rc thi hu c Bnh nh. Hng i ny s l mtphn trong quy hoch tng th ca tnh trong qun l rc thi hu c.

T cc nghin cu thc a chng ti kt lunrng gii php ph thuc nhiu vo s kthp thc t ng n hn l mt cng ngh cao qun l tp trung. S kt hp ny cnc:

- S tham gia nhit tnhca cng ng-

Qung b ca cc doanh nghip nh- Trnh vic vn chuyn rc khng cn thit- H tr cao nhng khng cn thit c s tham gia qu su ca cc cp chnh quyn.

Tm li, Bng 1.6 so snh cc mtkhc nhau lin quan n vic phn loi v x l rc huc tp trung v ti a phng.

Bng 1.6. So snh vic phn loi & x l rc tp trung v ti a phng

Phn l v l tp trun Phn l t nun v l t phn

Tp trung ha qun l rc X hi ha qun l rcChi ph u t cao Chi ph u t thp

Chi ph hot ng cao (nhn cng, in, x lnc r

Chi ph hot ng thp

Vn chuyn xa Khng vn chuyn hoc vn chuyn gn

Vn v mi v nc r... Gim nguy c ly lan bnh

Cng vic khng d chu v nguy him To c hi cho cc doanh nghip nh


19/71



19

2 CHNG 2 M T V LP S DNG CHT THI X L SINH HC

xc nh tc ng tim nng ca vic ti chrc thi hu c, cn phi bit c bao nhiurc pht sinh v c thu gom, v bao nhiu phn trm trong l hu c. Bo co chitit ca nghin cu c thc hin vo thng 10/2010 nu trong Ph lc 3. Di y ltm tt v cc kt qutm c.

PHNG PHP

Slng rc pht snh v c thu gom hin ti

iu tra c th c thc hin xc nh lng rc pht sinh ti 4 huyn nghin cu.iu tra ny bao gm cc cuc phng vn vi cc bn c lin quan, cng nh nghin cuti bn.

Db ln rc trn tn l pht snh v c thu gom v/hoc c x l

Vic dbo lng rc thi trong tng lai c thc hin da trn t ltng trng dns c tnh 1,16%/nm, mc th ha c tnh v lng rc trung bnh phtsinh/ngi c tnh (0,5kg/ngy cp x v 0,8kg/ngy cp thnh th).

Vic dbo lng rc sc thu gom hoc phn loi ti ngun c thc hin da trnmc tng c tnh ca rc thu gom/phn loi.

t tnh rc

xc nh phn rc hu c trong tng lng rc thi, chng ti ly mu rc t h gianh v ch ca 4 huyn, phn loi bng tay la ra cc thnh phn khc nhau. Tngthnh phn c cn v tnh ra t l hu c.

KT QU

Lng rc hin t v tn l pht snh v thu / l

Tng lng rc pht sinh ti 4 huyn nm 2010, 2015 v 2020 c nu trong bng 2.1 v2.2. Hin ti, chc 26,7% rc c thu gom. Don n nm 2020, con s ny stng

ln 76,8%.Bng 2.1. Tng rc pht sinh ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy)

Huyn 2010 2015 2020

Ph M 91 107 113

Ty Sn 72 81 86

An Nhn 101 107 124

Hoi Nhn 113 122 129

Tng 377 417 452


20/71



20

Bng 2.2. Tng lng rc thu gom (hoc xl ti ngun) ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy) v khi lng v %

Huyn 2010 2015 2020

Ph M 13 (14%) 54 (51%) 85 (75%)Ty Sn 22 (31%) 47 (58%) 66 (77%)

An Nhn 28 (28%) 66 (62%) 100 (81%)

Hoi Nhn 38 (34%) 69 (57%) 96 (74%)

Tng 101 (27%) 236 (57%) 347 (77%)

c tnh rc

Bng 2.3 cho thy kt quc tnh ca cc mu ly t hgia nh v ch ca 4 huyn. Cc

kt qu ny l s liu bnh qun gia quyn ca mu ly t cc khu vc. Tng trung bnhc tnh da trn tng lng rc pht sinh thc t cc huyn nghin cu v t ltrung bnh rc hu c vng (bnh qun gia quyn). Thnh phn hu c trung bnhca rc ch(78,7% cao hn rc hgia nh (55,2%. Trung bnh l 58,4%1.

Bng 2.3. Thnh phn hu c ca rc chv hgia nh

Huyn Rc ch Rc h nh Tng rc

Tn/ngy % hu c Tn/ngy % hu c Tn/ngy % hu c

Ty Sn 1 68.9 21 59.9 22 60.3

Ph M 3 70.2 10 62.5 13 64.3An Nhn 5 74.8 23 52.2 28 56.2

Hoi Nhn 5 89.7 23 52 28 57

Tng 14 78.7 87 55.2 101 58.4

Db lng rc pht sinh v thu gom/xl trn tn l.

Tng lng rc hu c c x l ti ngun hay thu gom v x l th hin trong bng 2.4

Bng 2.4. Tng rc hu c thu gom (hoc xl ti ngun) ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy)

Huyn 2010 2015 2020

Ph M 8.4 34.7 54.7

Ty Sn 13.3 28.2 40

An Nhn 16 36 56

Hoi Nhn 22 39 55

Tng 59.7 137.9 205.7

1Phn trm tnh da trn c tnh ca mu rc thu gom tkhu dn c m khng kn rc nng nghip v rc thi c cc hgia nh xl ti ngun bng cch cho hoc bn cho nhng ngi nht rc, v dnh thc n cho ln


21/71



21

Tm tt tnh hnh hin ti (2010) v dbo (2015, 2020 tng trng dn s, tng rc huc pht sinh v thu gom/x l tng huyn th hin trong bng 2.5.

Bng 2.5. Tng rc hu c pht sinh v thu gom/xl tng huyn*.

Huyn N n v 2010 2015 2020

Ph M Dn s Ngi 171.613 181.800 192.592

Tng rc Tn/ngy 91 107 113

T l thu gom % 14,5 50,2 75

Khi lng thu gom/x l Tn/ngy 13 54 85

% hu c % 64.3 64.3 64.3

Lng rc hu c pht sinh Tn/ngy 59 69 73

Lng rc hu c thu gom/x l Tn/ngy 8.4 34.7 54.7Ty Sn Dn s Ngi 124.770 132.176 140.022

Tng rc Tn/ngy 72 81 86

T l thu gom % 30,7 57,6 77


% hu c % 60,3 60,3 60,3


Lng rc hu c thu gom/x l Tn/ngy 13,3 28,2 40

An Nhn Dn s Ngi 180.797 191.530 202.899Tng rc Tn/ngy 101 107 124

T l thu gom % 28,1 55,4 80,8


% hu c % 56,2 56,2 56,2


Lng rc hu c thu gom/x l Tn/ngy 16 36 56

Hoi Nhn Dn s Ngi 209.089 221.500 234.649

Tng rc Tn/ngy 113 122 129T l thu gom % 33,6 56,8 74,4


% hu c % 57,0 57,0 57,0


Lng rc hu c thu gom/x l Tn/ngy 22 39 55

*:Khi lng rc hu c nh bng trn khng bao gm rc nng nghip.


22/71



22

Khung php l

i vi cc nh my x l rc tng hp, tiu chun Vit Nam BXD QCVN 07/2010 c nurng khi lng cht thi rn c x l bng cc cng ngh ti ch, ti s dng, snxut phn bn hu c, sn xut cht t, phi t 85% v t l cht rn cn li khngqu 15%.

Cc sn phm vi sinh khi dng trong nng nghip phi c c quan c thm quyn thmnh v cp php lu hnh trn thtrng theo Thng t s 36/2010-TT BNNPTNT ca BNng nghip v pht trin nng thn ngy 24/6/2010, qui nh v sn xut kinh doanh vs dng phn bn; v cho ca Vn phng Chnh ph s 5367/VPCP-KTN ngy 4/8/2010v gii php tng cng qun l sn xut v cht lng phn bn.

Tiu ch xy dng nh my sn xut phn vi sinh c xy dng da trn Quy chun kthut quc gia cc cng trnh h tng k thut th Vit nam 07/2010-BXD c ban

hnh km theo thng t 02/2010/TT-BXD ca B Xy dng ngy 05/02/2010.


23/71



23

3 CHNG 3 NHN DIN DCH V, T CHC KINH DOANH V SN PHMTIM NNG

3.1. G thuMc tiu ca giai on ny l xy dng m hnh kh thi ti chcht thi hu c cho 4huyn mc tiu ca tnh Bnh nh. Tt c cc yu t ca m hnh (x hi, k thut, mitrng v kinh t u c tnh n. Quan trng phi nhn thy rng khng ch c mtgii php! Thnh cng thc s ph thuc vo s kt hp linh hot ca nhiu cch tip cnc hng ng v thc hin bi nhiu i tng khc nhau. Mt si tng c thdo chnh cng ng to ra, ch yu hng n mc tiu x hi v mi trng. Mt sitng khc l cc nh kinh doanh, hng n mc tiu kinh t. Nhn chung, yu t quan

trng chnh l vic cc m hnh c trin khai bi cc c nhn nhiu hn l cc c quan,t chc! Kinh nghim cho thy rng hu ht cc m hnh c cho t trn xung utht bi bi v n khng c l do thuyt phc c bn mi ngi tham gia. ng lct di ln s c kh nng thnh cng hn nhiu, bi v nhng ngi thc hin nhnthc r c l do ti sao h lm vic .

Mt mt quan trng na l tt c cc m hnh ti chc trin vng u bt u vi vicphn loi cht thi ti ngun. V n i hi mt c cu trgip thng xuyn, tn ty vquyt tm ca nhng ngi thc hin v c th c s khuyn khch cp c bn (gianh, ch, doanh nghip). Ti chhon ton cht thi hu c (v c c th rt phc tpv lin quan n nhiu i tng. D g i na th ta nn cho y l mt c hi n vi

nhau v cng c cc lin kt x hi vi mc tiu to dng nn hng lot cc li ch cho xhi, kinh tv mi trng. Cc li ch c th l:

- Cc i tng hin nay (nng dn, ngi thu gom rc, cc nh kinh doanh c thtng thu nhp.

- To thm cng n vic lm.- t cht thi hn phi thu gom, vn chuyn v ra bi. - t nhim mi trng hn.- Cc tng lp x hi c c hi quan tm n tng lai ca h v ci thin cuc sng

ca mi ngi bng cch to dng mt cuc sng khe mnh v sch s hn.Ni tm li, ti chcht thi r rng l kh thi. Nn coi nghin cu ny l ch dn u tinvphng thc tip cn cc m hnh v chin lc. Nhng khng nn coi y l ch dnt A ti Z cho Bnh nh. Sng kin thc s phi c xy dng v th im bi cc nh xut v thc hin Bnh nh. Nhm chuyn gia tin tng rng mi mt m hnh ara trong bo co ny th hin kh nng i ti bc tip theo, sau qu trnh hcbng hnh ng m hnh nh.


24/71



24

3.2. nh dnh tn thMt trong nhng yu t ca giai on ny l tng quan kinh doanh tng th. hp di,

Kinh doanh tng th(IB c gii thch r rng hn. Quan im ca chng ti b thcy mnh m bi mc tiu 3P: hnh tinh (Planet), li nhun (Profit, con ngi (People).Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti ly nguyn l IB nh l khi im, c ngha l gi tr giatng cho cc doanh nghip, ngi ngho v chnh quyn (ch yu l li nhun v conngi l ct li c bn ca m hnh ti chcht thi. Hn na, ct li mi trng (hnhtinh l mt iu kin gn kt quan trng, ngha l mc tiu 3P s c tip tc binhng khnng ktip. Kt qu ca phn phn tch v nghin cu ny c th hin nhng mc tip theo, chng ti skhng cp su hn y.

Hp 3.1: Kinh doanh tng th2

Gii php kinh doanh tng th l mt sng kin mang tnh li nhun v bn vng,gip gim ngho bng cch a cng ng c thu nhp thp tham gia vo chuigi tr doanh nghip nh l nhn cng, nh cung cp, ngi tiu dng hay nhphn phi, vi bi cnh cc bn cng c li1.

Gii php kinh doanh ton din to ra gi tr cho tt c:

C hi cho doanh nghip: Tng li nhun, pht trin th trng mi,i mi, tng nhn cng v tng cngchui gi tr bng cch kt hp vi ngingho.

C hi cho ngi ngho: Ci thin nng sut, tng thu nhp, tip cnvi k thut v thng tin, tng khnng laong c cuc sng chng hn.

C hi cho chnh ph: Qung b chnh sch hng n tng thxa i khong cch v khuyn khch ccdoanh nghip nh nc v t nhn.

3.3. Tnqun v cc yu t cn cn nhc trn t ch cht th hu c3.3.1. Ba P

M tv nh gi cc trng hp thc ttt nht ti Vit Nam v trn Thgii (Chng1) cho thy nhng ha hn c bn v tim nng ca dng ti chcht thi ti Bnh nh.Tnh kh thi ca vic ti chbt k ngun cht thi hu c no ph thuc vo iu kin xhi, kinh t, hu cn v k thut.

iu kin x hi quan trng nht l nhn thc ca cng ng v chnh quyn (chnhquyn trung ng, chnh quyn a phng, cc t chc phi chnh ph, cng ng a

2 T SNV Inclusive Business Solutions (Gii php kinh doanh tng th ca SNV: Connection Peoples Capacities (Lin ktkhnng con ngi). C th tm hiu thm www.inclusivebusiness.org
http://www.inclusivebusiness.org/http://www.inclusivebusiness.org/http://www.inclusivebusiness.org/http://www.inclusivebusiness.org/


25/71



25

phng v s cn thit ca 3R (reduce, recycle and recover: gim, ti chv thu hi thc hin c tiu chun bn vng chung ca 3P (Planet, Profit, People: hnh tinh, linhun v nhn loi). Khng c nhn thc th s khng c thc tc bn cho cng vic

ny.Nu nhn thc c pht trin, ti chcht thi hu c s tr thnh mt hot ng kinht. Mt khc, ng lc s b thiu hoc mt i. Vc bn, chi ph (chi ph u t, chi phkhu hao v cc chi ph vn hnh) phi c chi tr bng chnh li nhun, bao gm c li,c ngha l hot ng phi c li trong di hn.

3.3.2. Phn loi ti ngun

Chng ti nhn thy rng phn loi ti ngun cht thi hu c v khng hu c l cn

thit cho bt k m hnh ti ch cht thi hu c v li ch g k c v li ch kinh t.Ngc vi cc vt liu c th ti chc th duy tr hnh dng v gi tr ca chng trongthi gian di hoc mi mi (nh l nha), cht thi hu c li b hng rt nhanh. iu nyc 2 hu qu quan trng:

- Thc n tha s b hng v khng th s dng c na, k c cho gia sc n. - Phn loi cht thi hu c t cc loi cht thi khc s tr nn kh khn hoc

khng th thc hin c khi chng phn hy.

Tuy nhin, mt vi c s qun l cht thi hn hp Vit nam ch phn loi cht thi huc ra khi n b trn ln vi cht thi v c. Cn phi hiu rng lm nh vy c nhng

hn chquan trng. Phn loi bng tay tn thi gian, bn thu, nguy him v khng dchu, trong khi phn loi bn cng nghip (ch yu bng my mc) th phc tp, tn nnglng v vn cn thc hin mt vi cng on bng tay. Chng ta cng nn bit rngchin lc ti u nht l ngn chn khng cho (phn ln) cc thnh ph n v c kchthc nh b ln vo phn hu c, c bit l pin v thuc c nh hng khng tt ncht lng ti chcht thi, v vy vic phn loi k v hon chnh ti ngun l ct yu.

nh 1-3: Cht thi v c vn cn b ln trong cht thi hu sau hi phn loi

Mc ch chnh ca x l cht thi hu c l ti cung cp cc cht dinh dng cho chuithc n. V vy nu cht thi hu c tip xc vi cc cht thi v c (c v nhim) cth gy nguy him cho ngi lao ng, ngi tiu dng v mi trng. Tm li chng ta


26/71



26

c th kt lun rng phn loi ti ni tp trung khng nhng khng kinh tm cn khngan ton v v vy cn trnh.

thc s ti chcht thi hu c, phn loi ti ngun l vic phi lm. Cn c s kthp gia nhn thc cao v hu cn tt th cng vic ny mi din ra tri chy c. Phnloi ti ngun thng c coi l cng vic gn nh l khng th lm c. D vy, ving lc v quyt tm cao, kt hp vi vic c th thu li nhun cao t cht thi hu c,phn loi ti ngun s kh thi. C th l do chnh m nhiu d n phn loi ti ngun thtbi l v vic phn loi l mc ch ca n. Kinh nghim ttrng hp ti TP H Ch Minhcho thy ch c hu cn (c s thu gom rc phn loi l khng , dn n vic rc phn loi li b trn chung trong qu trnh thu gom. Thc tny r rng l c tc ngtiu cc ln ng lc ca nhng ngi tham gia vo vic khuyn khch phn loi. Chngti khuyn co cng ng tham gia phn loi cn phi hiu su sc tc ng ca tngthnh phn rc khc nhau. Hcng nn nhn thc c i tng hng li t phn loirc: cng ng, chnh quyn v doanh nghip.

- Li ch cho cng ng lin quan n vic gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ca bi rcln mi trng v sc khe. Bng vic gim khilng rc ra bi rc, tc ngtiu cc s gim i.

- Li ch cho chnh quyn lin quan n vic tit kim c tin thu gom v x lrc. Khon ngn sch tit kim ny c th dng vo cc hot ng khc mang nli ch cho cng ng.

- Li ch cho doanh nghip l phn thu nhp tng thm v/hoc s lng lao ngc to ra.

Bng 3.1. u im v nhc im ca phn loi ti ngun v ti c s3

Phn loi ti ngun Phn loi t c s

u im Gim tp cht gip ci thin cht lngcompost.

Tit kim chi ph v thi gian vn hnh vphn loi ti c s

Mang n li ch gio dc cho ngi dnv c th khuyn khch gim thi rc vgim vt rc ba bi.

C hi khen thng cng dn c trchnhim

To cng n vic lm cho doanh nghipnh

Thng thu gom bng cc cngc v ngun lao ng c sn

Thun tin cho dn c v khngphi phn loi rc

Khng cn c s tham gia cacng ng

Trin khai v qun l trn mthoc nhiu a im

C th thc hin nhanh chng

Nhc im Tng cng nhn thc l im mu cht(qung b v theo di)

Chi ph vn hnh v my mcln

3 Xem thm ti: Hng dn Qun l cht thi rn cho nh chc trch, s II, Bng 7.1 (Decision Makers Guide to SolidWaste Management, Volume II, Table 7.1) http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/dmg2/chapter7.pdf


27/71



27

Km thun tin cho ngi dnCn u t ban u (ch yu l thng )

Cn c chin lc di hn (cn c thigian)

Tiu tn nhiu nng lng vgy nhim mi trng

Sn phm cui cng khng anton do tip xc vi cht c

Ngnh kinh doanh cc sn phm c th ti chtn tic l v h kim c tin. Tichcht thi hu c cn phi hc hi t ngnh ny v p dng cc nguyn tc .

Trong khun kh d n hin nay, nhm chuyn gia cho rng v pht hin rng chnhquyn v x hi nhn thc c mc quan trng ca vic x l/ti chcht thi,thay v cht thi (hgia nh ra bi rc. V vy nh hng chin lc bi rc khngc cp n v i su trong bo co ny.

3.3.3. Ti a phng hay tp trung?

Mt kinh t quan trng khc c lin quan n vn hu cn. Thu gom, vn chuyn vchbin rt tn km. Bt km hnh no hng ng gii php ti ch u mang n lich kinh ttim nng khng lcho a phng v n tit kim c chi ph thu gom, vnchuyn v chbin.

Khi gii php ti ch khng hp l ti mt vng c bit no , v d nh trung tmthnh ph, gii php ti a phng nn c u tin hn gii php tp trung. C mt vil do chnh:

- Tit kim c nhiu chi ph bng cch gim thiu chi ph vn chuyn. - Gii php ti a phng to thm nhiu nhn thc hn v thc y cng ng

tham gia.

- M hnh nh thng d qun l hn, i hi chi ph k thut t hn v sn phmcui cng (phn compost, nhng, trn d dng quay li cng ng a phnghn (min ph hay bn

Da vo kinh nghim ca d n, chng ti tm thy 3 loi hu cn chnh (xem hnh 3.1):

- Ngun cht thi ph bin (ch yu nng thn: thng theo kg.- Ngun theo nhm (cc xm lng ngoi : s lng ngun cht thi thng c

nh theo tng vng nht nh, thng theo kg/tn.

- im nng (cc cng ng v thnh ph: s lng ngun cht thi ln ti mtvng nh, thng theo tn.

Ni chung, x l cht thi t ngun ph bin cn c thc hin trc tin vi cc kthut ti ch. Thu gom v x l tp trung ni chung l khng kh thi, ch yu l do tnhkinh t (chi ph thu gom v vn chuyn cao). Cht thi t cc im nng tt nht nnc x l tp trung ti a phng v tnh sn c cao v hu cn ti u. D g chng na,c thu gom v x l ti a phng u kh thi.

i vi ngun theo nhm, theo nguyn tc, cc phng php u c th p dng (tich, thu gom + x l ti a phng, thu gom + x l tp trung). Chn la phng thc


28/71



28

ti u phn ln ph thuc vo iu kin a phng, chnh sch v tm nhn...

Hnh 3.1.S quyt nh vic hu cn thc hin v qun l cht thi.

Tt nhin l la chn cng ngh ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin hu cn. Gii php ti chnn dng cng ngh c chi ph thp, d thc hin, ngc li phng thc tp trung cth dng cng ngh hin i v phc tp hn. Cng nn lu rng, cng ngh cng hini th cng mt nhiu thi gian v chi ph cho vic o to nhn vin s dng v bodng cng ngh, chc chn rng k thut c th hot ng n nh.

V vy, nguyn tc chung l nu nh gii php ti ch kh thi th n lun lun l gii php

kinh tnht.

3.3.4. Nguyn l ca vic mang dinh dng trli chui thc n

Mt trit l ca x l cht thi hu c l gim thiu vic mt i cc cht dinh dng (N: nit, P: pht pho, K: Ka li) v cc cht hu c ra mi trng.

Tr l chu thc n

Hnh 3.2. S trnh by cc cch hc nhau ti chcht thi hu c.


29/71



29

Mc d chin lc x l cht thi hu c nn tp trung vo vic gn gidinh dng choh thng (thc vt, ng vt, con ngi: xem Hnh 3.2. Nhng cng nn lu rng, xl s b s lm mt i mt phn dinh dng. V vy, ti s dng phn tha l cch hiu

qu nht v trnh xy ra hao tn.Cho ln hoc c n trc tip l cch tt th nh. Cht thi c mc dinh dng va vcao c th thay thmt phn hay ton b nhu cu dinh dng trong khu phn ca convt. Cch x l hiu qu na l nui nhng rui lnh en v trn qu. Cc cng ngh ny ct l quay vng cht thi hu c kh cao, trong khi phn compost v trn/nhng c ths dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau (chn nui, phn bn. Cui cng, cc cht huc c th thc hin c. Phn c th s dng dinh dng ca n cho pht trin cytrng (rau, cy trng. Thm vo , cc cht hu c c thgip tng ph nhiu t,tng khnng ginc v qu trnh thoi ha din ra chm hn. Theo l thuyt ny, chon li cht thi hu c (nh l nui c, nui ln) l c gi tr nht, k c vi mc ch kinht.

3.3.5. Loi cht thi lin quan n cng ngh

Loi cht thi lin quan nhiu n la chn k thut v kinh t. Qua iu tra, vng d nc cc loi cht thi sau:

- Cht thi gia nh (tp hoc tch ring cht thi hu c v cht thi khc).- Cht thi ch (tp hoc tch ring cht thi thc vt v cht thi ng vt)-

Cht thi nh hng (thc n b i)- Phn ng vt (ch yu l ln)

Cc loi cht thi ny c cc thnh phn vt cht kh v dinh dng khc nhau. Thnhphn vt cht kh c bn xc nh chin lc x l. Rc c thnh phn vt cht kh thp(cha nhiu nc) ch c th compost hoc t bng cch cho thm ph gia c vt chtkh cao. V loi cht thi ny ph hp cho vic ym kh ( biogas) bi v k thut nycn c cc cht sn st.

Khoch xl cng ph thuc nhiu vo thnh phn dinh dng ca cht thi. Ti cho ncht thi c thnh phn dinh dng thp s khng hoc t to ra gi tr cho chui sn xut

(v d nh thy sn), trong khi cht thi c thnh phn vt cht kh v dinh dngtrung bnh/cao th rt ph phm.

Di y (bng 3.2) l danh sch cc loi rc thng gp v c th gp Bnh nh, thnhphn vt cht kh, dinh dng ca chng, cch x l c th thc hin hoc ph hp chomi loi cht thi.


30/71



30

Bng 3.2. Loi cht thi hu c, thnh phn ca chng v cch ti chph hp.

N un V t cht kh Dnh dn Chin l c

H nhThc n tha Va Va Ti cho n/Rui lnh en

Rc vn Thp Thp compost

Hn hp hu c Thp Va Rui lnh en/ compost

Ch

Cht thi ng vt Va Cao Ti cho n

Hn hp thc n tha Va Va Ti cho n /Rui lnh en

Rc thc vt 1 Thp Thp compostRc thc vt 2 Thp Va / Cao Ti cho n

Rc hu c hn hp Va / Thp Va / Thp compost

Nh hng

Rc bp Va Va Ti cho n /Rui lnh en

Chn nu

Phn rn Va Va compost / Rui lnh en

Cht lng Thp Cao biogas

Ch : Rui lnh en (c kt hp vi nui trn ; phn trn qu)

Hp 3.2. M ts b v cng ngh

Ti cho n:

Theo nguyn l, tt c cht thi hu c u c thdng cho gia sc n. Hu ht gi trtng ln

t c khi ta cho n li cht thi c thnh phn dinh dng (m v/hay nng lng (bo, tinhbt cao. tng trng tm ca vic cho n li l ti to phn nng lng v m c nguy c bmt vo sn phm ng vt (tht, sa). Ngnh chn nui ln v thy sn l hai ngnh chn nui cthti cho n hp l nht. i vi ln, vic khtrng (nh bng cch nu k) cht thi hu c lcn thit m bo an ton v sinh thc phm, trong khi nui thy sn li c th thc hin ticho n trc tip.

Nui nhng rui lnh en:

Rui lnh en c th s dng phn hy cht thi hu c thnh cht hu c n nh. Khi nhngrui lnh en n ra, n tr thnh mt ngun m v bo di do, v vy n rt bdng khi dnglm thc n cho ng vt: m (42%) v bo (34%) cao. Nhng rui lnh en l mt trong nhng

loi phm n nht ca thgii t nhin. Chng c th phn hy ti 20 feet thc n tha trongkhong thi gian t hn 24 gi. Trong mt din tch ch 1m2, chng c th tiu th 40kg thc n


31/71



31

ti tha hoc mc mt ngy. Nhng rui lnh en c thn bt k loi cht thi ti no, ctht v cc sn phm sa. Rui lnh enng vai tr quan trng trong h thng gim thiu v boqun mi trng c nhit v m trung bnh (trung nhit - mesophillic, chng cng c th

sinh ra c bit t thng sinh hc. Nui nhng rui lnh en c th kt hp vi nui trn (xemphn nui trn)

Nui trn:

Trn quhay nui trn l c trng ca quy trnh compost khng thc th, do s thoi ha cathnh phn hu c nh trn (nhiu chng loi). Nui trn ch yu ti chphn, v hn chtrong x l cht thi gia nh v ch. Khng cn n iu kin hiu kh. Trong qu trnh nui trn,kh c to ra t cc hot ng ca trn. Trn dng cc cht hu c sn sinh ra mn (phn).Sn phm cui cng rt tt cho vic ci to t, khi m dnh dng c bo tn phn no. Phnln dinh dng c gi li qua vic tng trng ca trn. Trn v phn trn (mn) c th thuhoch ring v dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau.

nh 4 - 6: Cht thi hu c ri rc (vn, nng tri) c cht ng gn gng compost bngcch nui trn (Hyderabad, India)

compost:

V nguyn tc, tt c rc hu c u dng compost c. D vy, mt t l Cc bon:Ni t(C:N no (khong hoc trn 20-25), v cht nn xp l cn thit cho qu trnh bt u . compost l khi nim v l mt qu trnh kh, ni m cc cht hu c khng n nh (cc bon v nit dng hp cht) b phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt di s c mt v tiu hao xy. Thng qua qutrnh s dng xy ca vi sinh vt, nhit , CO2 v H2O c sn sinh. Ph thuc vo cht tngca qu trnh compost, c kh CH4, N2O v mi c th c sn sinh. Kh ga bc ra t ngcompost lm kh (thng th vt cht kh khong 20-50% hoc cao hn v mt th tch ca ngcompost.

nh 7 v 8: ng rc hu c (vn) c thu gom v compost (Rumania).

Ct li ca qu trnh compost tt l s c mt ca xy, l mt sn phm compost cht lngcao v ti thiu ha vic sinh kh v bc hi gy nhim mi trng. Qun l ti u l o khicompost thng xuyn, ng thng kh hot ng tt. Qu trnh compost ti u khi nhit khong 700C hoc hn, thnh qu l mt sn phm ti v v trng tuyt i. Sn phm compostcht lng cao l sn phm thm, khng c mm bnh, ht c, l cht ci to t n nh (cht


32/71



32

hu c n nh) cng vi gi trdinh dng tt cho thc vt (phn bn).

Ln men ym kh:

Ln men ym kh, hay tiu ha ym kh, l s kt hp gia vi sinh vt ha cht chuyn hacc cht hu c d phn hy thnh CH4 (v CO2, trong iu kin ym kh tuyt i (khng c xy). N bao gm 3 bc: (1) Thy phn: do hn hp cc vi khun ln men (gi l dng a xt) tora. (2) A x tn ha: cc sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn c chuyn ha thnh dng a xt bo.(3) Dng kh m tan: dng m tan c phn thnh dng lnh (< 20 oC), dng va (20-40 oC), vdng nng (> 40 oC). Ni chung, nhit cng cao, sn sinh m tan cng tt. Nhng nu cn hmnng c nhit cao th cui cng cn bng nng lng c th b m.

nh 9 v 10. Thp sng v nu n bng biogas (Vit nam).

u vo ca qu trnh ln men ym kh cn mt mc vt cht kh nht nh, tt nht l dngsn st (nh l cht thi lng ca ln, tha ca nh bp, c th trn v vo thng lnmen.

T l thoi ha ca thnh phn hu c chnh, sn sinh kh m tan (CH4, tng theo th t sau:

- Cht x (g v dng g)- Cht bn x (dng thc vt, rm, phn i gia sc)- m ( tha nh bp)- Bo ( tha nh bp, phn ln)- Tinh bt (ng, bt)

Kh ha:

Kh ha l phng php tch nng lng t nhiu loi cht hu c khc nhau. Trong qu trnh khha, cc cht Cc bon nh l than, xng, cht t sinh hc hay khi sinh hc c bin i thnh

kh cc bon hay kh hy r thng qua phn ng ca nguyn liu th nhit cao vi mc xy v/hoc hi khng ch. Hn hp kh ga to ra gi l kh tng hp v bn thn n l mt chtt. Hn hp kh c thc dng to nhit hay to in, lm hay thm ch cn lm du dieselsinh hc. Hu ht cc cht hu c c th dng lm nguyn liu th Kh ha, nh l g, khi sinhhc v thm ch nha. Kh ha da vo qu trnh ha hc to ra nhit >700C, n khc bit vicc qu trnh sinh vt hc khc, nh l ln men ym kh, sn sinh ra kh sinh hc. Kh ha l qutrnh thn thin vi mi trng. Ngoi tr dng cht t cui cng, bn thn kh ha v cc qutrnh tip theo khng gy v cng khng to tin cho hiu ng nh knh nh l carbon dioxide.Mt u ra gi tr na ca kh ha l tro sinh hc, l mt loi phn bn c gi tr.


33/71



33

3.4. Xy dn hnh thc t ch Bnh nh3.4.1. Kim tin t cht thi nh no?

Rc hn n khng c gi tr, v vy c coi l th bi. Hn na, trong ngnh ti ch,c th kim rt nhiu tin t nhng thnh phn c thkhi c tch ra t phn rc cnli. Nu phn tch ra cng tinh khit theo c tnh ca chng, gi tr ti chtr ln cngcao. Khch l kinh tthc y ngnh ti chton cu. Gi trny c bit n bi nhngngi nht rc sng bng ngh nht rc ti bi rc, nhng nh qun l ng u nhngdoanh nghip phn loi rc thi quy m ln v hin i.

Khi ti chrc hu c mt cch nghim tc, ngha l bin rc thnh ngun v tin, n trnn rt tng t vi ngnh ti ch rc v c. Hu ht tin c lm ra khi cc thnh phnkhc nhau ca cht thi hu c c phn loi v x l ring bit, theo cc cch khcnhau. Cht thi gia nh v ch c 3 thnh phn cn quan tm:

- Thc n thao Thc n tha, bao gm phn cha n n v phn bi khi chun b nu ti

bp, nh hng, qun c ph. Thc n tha bao gm c phn nu chn vphn ti.

- Cht thi khng phi l thc no Bao gm cc cht thi hu c xanh khc tgia nh v ch, nh l thc

vt, cnh cy, ph n d tha ca ngnh nng nghip v cc ngnh khc,cht thi tvn...

- Rc ho L cc thnh phn cht thi khng phi l thc n, cha nhiu x v hm

lng vt cht kh cao. Thnh phn ny c th dng lm kh ha.

Thc n tha

Thc n tha trn ln c thnh phn vt cht kh v dinh dng trung bnh. Cch kinh tnhtl dng tha ny cho gia sc n cng sm cng tt. Tt nht l khi vn cn ti.Khi chng bt u phn hy, khng nn dng n cho gia sc n ( trnh ly bnh, thcn tha nn nu trc khi cho ln n. Trong mt vi trng hp, thc n tha nn trc khi cho n. Qu trnh ln men ym kh lm gim phn no c cht v mm bnh, vcho php c th bo qun thc n n mt vi thng. Thc n chua khng cn nutrc khi cho n.

Cch kinh tth2 l dng thc n tha nui nhng rui lnh en trong thng sinh hc.y l cch tt nht khi thc n bt u phn hy. Ngun dinh dng trong thc n sbin thnh m v bo c gi tr thng qua vic tng trng ca nhng rui lnh en.

Trng hp kh thi th3, mc d km kinh t, l biogas t thc n tha.

Nu khng cch no trn thc hin c, thc n tha c thcompost. Hn na,bn thn thc n tha qu lng nn trn vi rc vn c khuyn co.

Cc cch c th ti s dng v ti chthc n tha c th hin s sau:


34/71



34

(BSF: Rui lnh enCht thi khng phi l thc n

Chin lc tt nht qun l cht thi hu c khng phi thc n tha l dng lmphn xanh trc tip cho cy trng (pht). Qu trnh phn hy din ra trong t, cccht hu c v dinh dng s nui cy. Mc ph hp ph thuc vo t c ti ch haygn y. Mt vi phn c th ca cht thi khng phi l thc n c th dng cho gia scn (ln, tru, b). D sao, cch ny ph thuc vo gia sc c gn y hay khng v/hockhnng thu gom, vn chuyn c hiu qu hay khng.

Cht thi cng c th l mt ch th cho chin lc ti ch, nh l compost (qu trnh

n nh cht hu c trc khi bn cho t), pht trin sn phm mi (v d cho xydng), hay ngun cht t thay th. Cc cch p dng ny i hi vic u t vo cngngh. Tng tnh cc cng ngh hin c cho ti to nng lng v ph nhiu t, v dnh phn hy ym kh. Nn lu rng nng lng sinh hc trc xanh thng rt thp.Nn hu htcc trng hp, compost l cch kh thi nht cho thnh phn ny.

Cht thi kh

Phn cht thi khng phi l thc n c thnh phn x cao (g, cnh cy, v tru...) nndng lm kh ha. Hai sn phm kh ha quan trng l nhit tt kh v tro sinh hc, lphn bn rt c gi tr.


35/71



35

3.4.2. Bn m hnh thc tin huyn co cho Bnh nh

Theo nh cc phn trn, s c bn m hnh c xy dng. Hai vn trng tm cxem xt trong cc m hnh: (1) Con ngi v (2 To thu nhp. Con ngi l tm im cavic qun l rc thi tng hp. Con ngi to ra rc v chnh con ngi ang chu nhhng bi vic qun l rc thi cha hp l. Nh vy, tt c mi ngi cn phi nhnthc c vn ny v cn tham gia gii quyt vn . V vy, cc m hnh chng tia ra u da trn s hiu bit v khnng tham gia ca con ngi. Ba trong s bn mhnh sau y c coi l m hnh thng mi, trong , ng lc l to ra thu nhp.Cc m hnh ny cng da trn stham gia nhit tnh ca cng ng v tinh thn kinhdoanh ca ngi Vit Nam:

1. Thng cha v tiu hy rc hgia nh v/hoc cng cng2. Ti s dng thc n cho ln3. Sn xut nhng rui lnh en quy m nh4. compost quy m trung bnh

M HNH 1: THNG CHA V TIU H RC HGI NH V/HOC CNG CNG

Tm tt

a im: Ti ch (hgia nh, ch hoc khu dn c

Thc hin bi: Hgia nh, cng ng

Khuyn khch bi: Chnh quyn, T chc phi chnh ph

Sn phm thng mi: C th l phn tn ng trong thng*

u t: Thng (240.000/thng

Li ch cho chnh quyn: Khng phi chi ph cho thu gom, vn chuyn v x l

* Phn tn ng trong cc thng thc ra l mt sn phm thng mi gi tr. Ngigom rc c th gom chng v dng chng ci thin cht lng compost v nui trnca h.

M t ngn gn

Rc c trong cc thng bng b tng hoc gch, khi lng v trng lng rc huc u gim i mt cch t nhin (nhvo s pht trin v sinh sn ca vi khun, nm,nhng, trn). Thng ban u c thit kcho hgia nh, vi thit kny n c thtip nhn rc trong qu trnh khong mt nm v rc s phn hy mt t nhin (trxng v v s s mt nhiu thi gian phn hy hn). Th nghim thc hin Lttrong vng 8 thng cho thy rng, sau khi phn hy sinh hc theo kiu ny, trng lngrc gim 92% v khi lng rc gim 79%4.

4 Olivier P v cng s (2011) Bin rc thi thnh mt nghin cu th v.http://www.esrla.com/pdf/composting.pdf
http://www.esrla.com/pdf/composting.pdfhttp://www.esrla.com/pdf/composting.pdfhttp://www.esrla.com/pdf/composting.pdfhttp://www.esrla.com/pdf/composting.pdf


36/71



36

Thng khng y c tht sn nh v trng cy xung quanh. Thng c y c tht trn cc tng, nc r chy ra mt ci x nhdi thng v c thdng ti nn thng cung cp N v m trong qu trnh . Miu t chi tit cho nguyn l

ny c nu c th trong bo co ca ng Paul Olivier v cng s5.

Cc yu tto nn s thnh cng ca m hnh ny

M hnh ny i hi mt s nhn thc rng ri. Cn phi c y thng tin, tp hun vtheo di m bo cho vic thng c s dng mt cch chnh xc. Mt vi T chcphi chnh ph th hin squan tm tham gia vo cc chng trnh nh thny.

Vt rc

Cc thnh phn sau c th cho vo thng :

- Thc n cha qua ch bin nh ht, v c qu, rau tha, phn d tha ca tht giacm, tht ln, c (gm lng, vy, da, xng....

- Thc n qua ch bin cn d li t bt, a, xoong, ni v c xng, vy, v.- Hoa ho- Rc vn khi lng nh. Cn rc vn khi lng ln dng compost (xem

m hnh 4)

Cc vt liu sau khng nn cho vo thng :

- Cc vt liu khng th phn hy nh knh, kim loi, nha, cao su, mt, cht sp,ct, si, , bng khong (len , bt bin, gch, gm, s v cc loi vt liu bnkhc.

G nh hc nhm h

Mi gia nh hoc mt nhm nh h gia nh c th dng chung mt thng . Trongphng nu tin, mi h s c mt thng, trong khi phng n th hai, mt nhmh c th dng chung mt vi thng . Nhm h c th l trong cng mt ta nh, mtcon ph hoc nhiu nh gn nhau. Chng ti khuyn co cng ng t chn phng ntt nht cho mnh. Trong mt vi trng hp, c bit l cc khu vc thnh th, cc hgia nh khng c cht thng . Khi , cn phi tm mt khu vc gn t



37/71



37

nhiu thng v tin li c mi gia nh mang rc n. Nu khng c khu vc no ln cnth cn c h thng thu gom v vn chuyn rc hu c.

D n cn ng

S thnh cng ca m hnh ny ph thuc phn ln vo hiu bit v li ch ca chngtrnh v vo s sn sng lm nn thnh cng ca cng ng. C ngha l nn c s thamgia ca cng ng t khu lp khoch n trin khai ca d n qun l rc thi tnghp.

Cc d n c s tham gia ca cng ng ngay t khu lp khoch sthnh cng hn dn c ln khoch chi tit bi ch nhim d n. Chng ti xut tho lun m hnhqun l rc thi vi cng ng v h tham gia vo la chn cc hot ng ph hp.

Mt khoch qun l rc thi tng hp thnh cng bao gm skt hp ca nhiu hnhng khc nhau. Nu bn thn cng ng la chn phng php bng thng l mtphng n tt th c hi thnh cng scao hn rt nhiu nu p buc cc hgia nhthc hin. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, mt nhm ngi tr v c trch nhim chngminh h l nhng ngi thc y phn loi rc ti ngun v a ra li khuyn cho vic xl. c bit l giai on u, rt nhiu dn lng st cu hi ci g c th hay khng thcho vo thng . Tri qung b c th c hiu qu nhng nhiu ngi s cn t vntrc tip.

Lu rng v d trn l hiu nhit. N khng ph hp vi thng trung nhit,

nhng chng ti a ra thy mt v d v tri hu hiu.Nhng tr l h tr tr tui ny c th gip cc h gia nh s dng thng mt cchng n. Hcng khuyn khch v hp tc vi nhng ngi nht rc gip pht trin chi kim tin t phn trn qu, phn compost bng tm Toptex hoc rui lnh en (xemm hnh 3&4)

Mt v din hnh l T chc Children for Green New Nepal - Tr em v mt Nepal xanhmi, ni m, tr em l nhng i tng chm lo cho tng lai.


38/71



38

Hot ng & Duy tr

Thng ti hgia nh c th tip nhn 3kg rc mi ngy. Trn ming c mt np nhc mra rc vo.

Cc vi khun v nm trong thng cn thng xuyn c cung cp oxy. l l do tisao thnh thng c cc l thong kh. Hn na o trn thng kh ch ng. Khuynco nn o rc mi tun mt ln. Khi o nh vy s trnh c hin tng hi thi.

Thng cn c no vt v lm sch mi nm/ln. y l ln duy nht trong nm np

chnh ln c m. Rc trong thng c thu gom, nghin nhv a vo qu trnh hiu nhit s dng tm ph toptex (xem m hnh 4). Phn tn ngvt ra t thng cngs dng nui trn qu c.

o trn hng tun cng nh thu gom phn tn ng trongthng cng to ra mt c hikinh doanh cho ngi nht rc hay bt c ai quan tm.

Ru lnh en

Thng sc phn hy t nhin bi rui lnh en. Tuy nhin, hot ng phn hy iu kin trung nhit ca thng khng thc hin c nu khng c nhng rui lnhen. Phn hy trung nhit l do vi khun, nm, actinomycetes, protozoa v rotifers tt

cu hot ng nhit trung bnh. Nhng khi c nhng rui lnh en, mt thng c sc cha thng thng 3kg rc/ngy s c th tip nhn c 30kg/ngy. Tuy nhin,kch thc v th tch ca thng c n c thit k c th dng c khi khng cnhng rui lnh en.

Tc ng ti nn

M hnh ny c th c trin khai thc t ti 4 huyn nghin cu. N c bit ckhuyn co p dng cho vng no cha c h thng thu gom rc nhng vn c th pdng cho vng c h thng thu gom rc. Vn cn rt nhiu nh c sn trc hoc saunh, c tht thng ti y. Hoc t nhiu thng cc khu vc gn v ph hp. Vi

vic trin khai thnh cng k thut ny, mt lng ln rc s khng cn l ni lo cangnh qun l v thu gom rc.

ng rc vo tng lai chng ti

Nghi toan cu,n ng


39/71



39

M HNH 2: TI S DNG THC N CHO LN

c ma im: Nng h

Thc hin bi: Ch nng h

Khuyn khch bi: Chnh quyn, T chc phichnh ph, Hip hi nng dn

Sn phm thng mi: Tht ln

u t: Dng cun nu (c th tn dng thng cha nc hoc du)

Li ch cho chnh quyn: Khng chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v x l

M t ngn gn

Cc nng h nui li thu gom rc bp t cc nh hng, ch v hgia nh v cho ln n. trnh b nhim bnh nh l mm long mng, cc loi thc n tha ny cn phi unsi trong khong 1 ting6. Khuyn co nu bng kh sinh hc biogas hoc khha gasifiers.

Cc yu tquyt nh s thnh cng ca m hnh ny

M hnh ny c p dng thnh cng ti nhiu ni Vit Nam. Yu t quyt nh cam hnh ny l khnng kinh t cao. Cc cp chnh quyn a phng nn h tr hotng ny v s tit kim c rt nhiu tin thu gom v x l rc.

La chn rcCh c thc n tha c s dng nu cho ln7. Chng ti khuyn khch cc h nuiln tm nh cung cp thc n tha c gi tr cho mnh. H c th c nhng tha thunchnh thc hoc khng chnh thc v vic phn loi v thu gom rc.

un nu

Nu hnng dn c biogas th chng ti khuyn co s dng h thng ny nu. Hnng dn c ththit kmt thit b nu r tin bng cch ti s dng thng cha nchoc thng cha du. Trong trng hp ny khng mt tin cho vic un nu. Cn nukhng c biogas, nng dn c th chn lp t h thng biogas hoc mua bp un kh

ha. Khi , h s phi mua v tru hoc nhin liu u vo khc cho bp. Ngoi ra,khuyn khch cc h nng dn s dng phn ln nui nhng rui lnh en trong thngsinh hc. C thnu nhng vcng vi thc n tha v nhng l mt ngun protein dido. C hai m hnh (kh sinh hc v kh ha + nhng rui lnh en u tt cho m hnhnui ln tng hp. Nng dn s t chn m hnh no ph hp nht vi iu kin ca h.Chng ti tin rng s dng biogas s ddng hn nhiu v li ch ca n c minh

6 Vic cho ln n rc bp b cm nhiu quc gia trnh vic ly lan bnh tt. Tuy nhin, mt s quc giakhc nh New Zealand vn cho php vic ny nhng h ban hnh lut yu cu nng dn phi nu rc nhit 100C trong t nht l 1 gi. Hin ti Vit Nam cha c quy nh g v vn ny.7 C mt vi thnh phn khng phi l thc n tha vn c th s dng lm thc n cho tru b, nhngkhng c cp n y.


40/71



40

chng rng ri Vit Nam. Chng ti khng khuyn khch s dng bp un kh ha nukhng c gii php x l hoc s dng phn ln.

Li ch kinh tcho nng dn

Thc n chim phn ln chi ph trong chn nui ln (khong 70%. Cho n bng rc bpc cho l r hn cho n bng thc n tinh nhng tc tng trng n s chmhn: qu trnh v bo (t25 n 90-100kg) mt 5 thng thay v 4 thng. Mi con ln nkhong 6kg rc/ngy. Bng di y so snh chi ph thc n cho ln.

Ch n bng thc n tnh Ch n bng rc bp

- T25 n 90kg trong vng 4 thng

- Cho n 2kg thc n/con ln/ngy (T l vtcht kh l 90%)

- Khi lng tng trng hng ngy t 500-600g

- 122 ngy * 2kg = 244kg thc n tinh

- Chi ph thc n: 244kg * 8.000/kg =1.952.000

T25 n 90kg trong vng 5 thng

- Khong 6kg rc bp/ngy (T l vt cht kh l30%)

- Khi lng tng trng hng ngy t 400-500g

- 153 ngy * 6kg = 918kg rc bp

- Chi ph thc n: 918kg * 600/kg = 550.000(10.000 cho 20kg + 100/kg ph vn chuyn vun nu)

Chi ph thc n (v bo) nu cho n bng thc n tinh l 1.952.000 c th gim i 72%,xung cn 550.000 khi cho n bng rc bp. Nh vy nng h s c thm phn li l

1.402.000/con ln.Gi ln xut chung l 3.700.000/con. Vi h c trung bnh 20 con ln s c thm phnthu nhp tng thm l 5.600.000/thng (4 con xut chung mi thng).

Mt iu quan trng cn lu i vi cc hcho n bng thc n tinh l chn nui khngphi lc no cng c li v gi thc n cao v gi ln xut chung khng n nh. Tuynhin, chn nui bng rc bp lun mang li li nhun!

Phn nhn cng cn thm cho vic thu gom rc s cn c th tit kim c hn nu nhc tha thun tt vi ngi cung cp. Trong lc nu li thc n gom c th ngi nngdn c th thc hin cc cng vic hng ngy khc trong nh.

Mt cch l tng, tri ln p dng m hnh chn nui tng hp nh bng di y.


41/71



41

Lu : au mungch yu dng x l nc thi cc vi sinh vt n bo sng cng sinhr ca cy rau mungv sdng lng ni t d tha trongnc, c bit l nc bnhim b mt. Nu trng cy rau mung ti khu vc nui thy sn, loi cy ny s gi licht dinh dng v oxy cn thit cho c. C thtrng trn mt din tch gii hn, thng

th nng dn sdng khung tre bao quanh din tch trng cy rau mung hay cy bonc khnglan rngthm c.

Tc ng ti nn

Vi tim nng lhng trm nng dn c th p dng m hnh ny, hng ngn tn rc cth chuyn ha thnh ti nguyn. M hnh ny hin nay c p dng kh rng ri nhngcch thc hin vn cha c tnh t chc nh miu tchng 1 bo co ny.

M HINH 3: SN XUT NHNG RUI LNH EN QU M NH

c m

a im: Nh ca ngi thu gom rc

Thc hin bi: Ngi thu gom rc

Khuyn khch bi: Chnh quyn, t chc Phi chnh ph, Hip hi thu gom rc

Sn phm thng mi: Nhng rui lnh en, trn, b trn

u t: Thng sinh hc

Li ch cho chnh quyn: Khng chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc

1

2

12

Vnchuyn

Cho lnn

L m

Bbiogas Ao c

Nc

Tht ln

Rau mungKh Biogas

Cht thi t ln

im thu gomrc bp

Nu(1-2h)

Ln

Thc n tinh

CNc thi


42/71



42

M t ngn gn

i vi m hnh ny, ngi thu gom rc c khuyn khch phn tch rc hu c nuinhng rui lnh en n, nhng s chuyn ha rc thnh m v bo. i vi ngi thugom rc, chng ti mun ni n nhng ngi, ch yu l ph n, i tnh ny n nhkia thu gom rc v a n khu vc thu gom ca xe ti. H thng dng xe y.Chng ti cng ni n nhng ngi thu gom rc khng tham gia vo qu trnh thu gomthng thng m chi gom phn rc c th ti ch.

Vic nui rui lnh en c th thc hin ti nh hoc mt khu vc ti a phng mnhiu ngi thu gom rc cng hot ng. Nhng c bn lm thc n chn nui chog, ch, ra, c v ln. Phn rc nhng rui lnh en khng n sc trn tiu th.Ngi thu gom rc thu nht nhng phn rc c th ti ch bn ly thm tin, v th,rt l gic rng nhng ngi thu gom ny cng s thu nht nhng loi rc c th nui

rui lnh en v bn nhng. Mong rng c nhng hgia nh gip ngi thu gom rc v ring cc loi rc ph hp nui nhng rui lnh en.


M hnh ny i hi nhn thc cao. C cc hgia nh v ngi thu gom rc u cn co to v hun lun trong tng bc ca qu trnh x l.

La chn rc

Nhng rui lnh en l mt trong nhng loi phm n nht trong thgii t nhin. Loinhng ny c thn bt c loi rc ti hay ung ho no, ngay c tht, phn v sn phmt sa. Nhng rui lnh en c kh nng n c mi loi thc n b i v mt sloi rckhng phi l thc n. Trn v nhng rui lnh en khng thch n lng ln thc n tha b phn hy ym kh.

Hc bng hnh ng s nhanh chng cho thy loi rc no chng n v loi no chngkhng n. Chu sinh hc cng c th nui c trn v chng n cc loi thc n m ruilnh en khng n.

Li ch kinh tch ni thu gom rc

Nghin cu ca ng Paul Olivier v cng s Vit Nam cho thy nhng rui lnh en cthn c 40kg rc hu c trn din tch 1m2 trong vng 24 ting trong mt ci thngsinh hc 4 feet8. Trong tnh ton sau y, gi s mi ngi thu gom rc thu gom c80kg rc cho rui lnh en. Vy tng u t l 2 thng sinh hc vi gi 1.100.000/thng.



43/71



43

Thu nhp tn th hn thn

40kg rc bp/ngy trong 1 thng sinh hc 4 feet

2 thng sinh hc cho 80kg rc/ngy

80kg rc cho 5 n 20kg nhng rui lnh en (150-600kg/thng)

Gi bn nhng rui lnh en ti c tnh l 3.000/kg9

Tnh ton trn cho thy khon thu nhp tng thm hng thngl 450.000 1.800.000 ch t vic thu gom nhng rui lnhen. Thm vo l thu nhp thm t vic bn trn v b trn.

Tip cn thtrng cho sn phm nhng rui lnh en

Trn hay nhng rui lnh en c thbn sau khi chbin (nh nghin, xay hay sy kh)hoc khng qua chbin. Khi chbin, mt khi lng nh hn nhng m c hn sc thu hoch, ng gi v bn... lm thc n cho g, c (nui trng thy sn v ln.

Vic ny cng gip cho sn phm c th bo qun trc khi bn i. c tnh dinh dngca nhng rui lnh en sy kh c thc so snh vi bt c hin ang c bn vigi l 1.200 USD/tn. Vy nu c cng ngh sy nhng rui lnh en, gi tr ca n s rtcao. C 2 tn nhng ti s cho ra 1 tn nhng sy kh, tc l 1kg nhng ti s c gi t0,6usd hay 12.000. Tuy nhin, vi cc m hnh nh, x l nhng s khng kh thi, bnnhng ti s khthi hn. dng cha chbin, vic thu hoch, ng gi v bn cnthc hin tht nhanh trnh h hng. Gi trdinh dng ca nhng rt cao (42% m,34% bo da trn vt cht kh)

Xem xt

Mc d th nghim s dng thng sinh hc nui rui lnh en thnh cng Vit Namthng qua m hnh s dng rc bp Lt v phn ln ng bng Sng Mekong,nhng y vn ch l th nghim. M hnh ny c trin vng do tnh kinh tcao. Rui lnhen kh ph bin Vit Nam nn s khng c l do g m m hnh ny khng th thchin c Bnh nh. Hn na, chng ti cng khuyn co nn tin hnh th nghimthm ti a phng trc khi khuyn khch p dng m hnh trn din rng.

9 Nhng rui lnh en kh c dinh dng tng ng vi bt c, hin ang c bn vi gi 24.000/kg. iu ny

c ngha l rui lnh en ti c gi 12.000/kg (50% vt cht kh). Tuy nhin, chng ti ly con sc tnh l 3.000/kg ph hp vi thc t. Gi thnh thc s ph thuc vo vic nng dn sn sng tr bao nhiu tin mua nhng ruilnh en ti.


44/71



44

Tc ng ti nn

Cc m hnh c thnh cng hay khng l do yu t kinh t. Thu nhp tng thm d l mttriu hay hn u s khuyn khch ngi thu gom rc tch cc trong vic gom nhiu rchu c hn cho nhng. iu c ngha l sc t rc hn bra bi rc! V cng rrng l nu ngi thu gom rc c gng cho y cc chu sinh hc mi ngy, th tc ngtim nng s l rt ln.

Mt yu t rt quan trng cho thnh cng ca m hnh ny l s h tr v quyn cangi thu gom rc.

Cc cch kt hp khc nhau ca m hnh

RL + compost Ngoi vic nui rui lnh en n thc n b i, ngi thu gom cngc th phn rc hu c khng phi thc n bng tm ph toptex

(xem m hnh 4). Tuy nhin, cn lu rng hiu nhit quy m nhkhng d thc hin. Bt c sai st no, bt ciu kin khng tuytino cng c th ph v qu trnh quy m nh. quy m lnhn s tt hn. V vy, y c coi l m hnh ph hp vi mtnhm ngi thu gom hn l c th.

Nui trn qu Trong m hnh ny, ngi thu gom rc cn chn rc ph hp vi vicnui trn . Cht nn ph hp nui trn l ph n d tha cathng nhit trung bnh (xem m hnh 1) v thng sinh hc ruilnh en. Nui trn quc th kt hp vi thng sinh hc rui lnhen hoc nui ring bit.

RL+Trn qu+Toptex Trong m hnh ny, ngi thu gom rc hoc ngi kinh doanhkhc c th kt hp ba quy trnh khc nhau ti chrc hu c.Trc tin, cho rui lnh en n thc n b i, phn d tha ca ruilnh en em cho trn n. Phn rc khng phi thc n dng bng tm toptex. H c th bn nhng rui lnh en, trn, b trn vphn compost. Thch thc i vi ngi thu gom rc a phng ltm thtrng ph hp cho sn phm u ra. i vi m hnh phttrin hn, mt ngi kinh doanh (n ng hay ph n) c thhng dn ngi thu gom rc cc hot ng ny v mua li snphm u ra. Sau , h s pht trin h thng phn phi v thc

hin cc bc tip th cn thit.H trni thu gom rc!

Ngi thu gom rc r rng l mt ngun lc c lc ca x hi trong vic qun l rc.Ngay lc ny, hl ngi hiu gi tr ca ti chhn ai khc. Nu h nhn thy ti chrchu c to ra tin th y l mt c hi to ra thu nhp mi. Nhng nhng ngi thugom cn sgip ca chnh quyn v ca cc t chc tham gia vo qun l rc thi. Vtr chnh yu ca h trong vic ti chrc cn c tha nhn. C th c nhng h trkhc nh:

- Khuyn khch h thnh lp HTX v cng nhau lm vic - H tr dng c thu gom (xe hay dng c phng h (gng tay, khu trang,


45/71



45

- M rng phm vi hot ng ca h, c bit l ti ch rc hu c. KInh doanh h tr ti nn

Chng ta nn cn nhc n phng n x l nhng tp trung thay cho m hnh m mingi gom rc bn rng rui lnh en ring r. Trong trng hp ny, mt doanh nghipc th kt hp vi nhng ngi thu gom rc nui rui lnh en, sau chnh doanhnghip s thu gom, chbin v bn thnh phm.

M HNH 4: COMPOST QUY M TRUNG BNH

c m

a im: Ti a phng/Tp trungThc hin bi: Cng ng/C quan qun l rc thi

Khuyn khch bi: Chnh quyn/T chc phi chnh ph

Sn phm thng mi: Phn Compost

u t: t, tm ph Toptex, mt vi my mc

Li ch cho chnh quyn: t rc thi ra bi rc hn

M t ngn gn

M hnh c bn ny tp trung vo vic thu gom v rc hu c tp trung, l mt m hnhph bin trn thgii. Cht nn c th l nhiu loi, t rc hu c c phn loit cc h gia nh n rc hu c t ch v thm chc phn cht rn ca phn ng vt.l phng php tt nht cho mi loi rc khng phi l thc n. Khi cc loi rc hu c( phn loi c s dng lm cht nn, cn nghin nhrc y nhanh qu trnh .Hn na, c th dng thm cc cht ph gia hu c (nh rm m bo xp, t lvt cht kh v t l C:N cn thit.


Cht lng sn phm compost cui cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo thun khit ca uvo. V vy phn loi ti ngun v tng cng nhn thc l hai vic rt quan trng. Nhng

tri vi cc m hnh kinh tnh, ni m c thc hin bi tnh kinh tln v nhn thccao, th m hnh ny cn c s h trhn na c th thu ht v mt kinh t.

Mt nh kinh doanh thc th skhng u t vo mt nh my compost, v vy, chnhquyn nn khuyn khch cc c quan qun l rc xy dng mt khu . Cn phi phi xemxt n vic cung cp t min ph, li sut ngn hng thp v h trban u.

Ai bt u vi vic compost cng s cn t vn k thut, tp hun v t vn.

Ph hp vi ch

Lng ln rc hu c c gom t cc cht. M hnh tt nht ti chrc ny l

phn loi rc thc n v khng phi thc n. Rc thc n c thdng cho gia sc hocrui lnh en n, cn rc khng phi l thc n th dng . Nhng khu ny c th


46/71



46

dng x l thm c cc loi rc khng phi thc n t hgia nh.

Ngoi ch ra, a im ph hp khc c th p dng cng ngh qun l rc ny l nhngkhu phn cm(nh ngoi thnh ph, lng xm, khu dn c. cc vng ny, khongcch vn chuyn t ngun n khu vc khng xa. Hn na, cc khu vc ny thngthi ralng rc tp trung mt cch kinh t.

Cng ngh compost

Da trn nhng m t tng th vkinh nghim thc t, vic composttp trung s dng tm ph Totex ltt nht. Cht liu ny cho php hinc (v kh) c th thot ra tngcompost nhng nc ma khng

ngm vo trong c. Do t thi rakh(toptex ngn chn thi kh nn y c coi l cng nghcompost thn thin vi mi trng nht.

Quy trnh kh n gin nhng cn c kinh nghim mi c thsn xut c compost cht lng cao. Ni tm li, rc hu cc nghin nh, cht ng v ph bng tm Toptex. tokh cho ng th cn phi o trn, c th bng tay hoc my.Qu trnh mt 45 ngy, sau c thsng v ng gi.

o trn thng xuynCc sinh vt hiu kh cn khng kh sng. Lu thng khcn thit cho qu trnh phnhy nhanh khng mi. Lu thng khcng cn thit cho vic gim m trong compost.

Ngoi lu thng kh, iu quan trng nht cn lu khi o trn compost l cn m bophn nguyn liu bn ngoi ng c o trn vi phn nguyn liu gia ng ,ni c nhit cao . Dng co o trn bng tay c th thc hin iu ny mt cch ddng.

Mc thng xuyn hay s ln o trn cn thit ch yu c quyt nh bi mv dng nguyn liu. m l yu t quan trng nht. m cng cao th cn phi otrn cng thng xuyn hn. Nguyn liu c t l C:N cao c th khng cn o trnnhiu nh cc loi nguyn liu phn hy chm (t l C:N thp. Yu t d bo tt nht chovic o trn l nhit : nhit gim sau thi k nhit tng nhanh u (o nhit ng l lc cn phi o.

Nu m ban u thp hn 70% th cn o trn sau 3 ngy. Sau , o trn nh saucho n ngy th 10 hay 12:

- m 60-70%: o khong cch 2 ngy, o khong 4-5 ln- m 40-60%: o khong cch 3 ngy, o khong 3-4 ln- m di 40%: cho thm nc

Nu m ban u cao hn 70% th cn phi o trn hng ngy cho n khi m gim


47/71



47

xung di 70%. Sau p dng cng thc o trn nh trn.10

Nhng ngi iu hnh c kinh nghim c thc lng lng o trn v nc cnthit.

Cng ngh thay th

Mt m hnh khc cng ph hp l bng phngphp tnh thng gi. Rc hu c c vo cc bxy bng gch thong v c cc ng tnh thng gi. Mhnh ny cn c mi trnh nc ma lm nh hngn qu trnh . Ni chung, khi so snh 2 phng php bng tm toptex v tnh thng gi th chi ph ut v bo tr cho h thng my o trn cho phngphp toptexcao hn chi ph u t chophng php

tnh thng gi, nhng nu thc hin o trn bng tay th chi ph u t bng phngphp Toptex li thp hn phng php cn li.

Thnh phn rc

u vo ca qu trnh compost c th l bt k rc thi hu c thc vt (phn loi trc hgia nh, rc vn, rc ch: cht liu xen-lu-lo hoc hemi-xen-lu-lo) hoc phn chtrn ca phn ng vt. Cn trnh cc loi rc thc n hoc bn thc n c ngun gcng vt (nh rc bp, rc hgia nh hoc nu khng th ch ln mt phn nh. Loirc ny thng c thnh phn hu c v vt cht kh thp, snh hng khng tt nqu trnh . Hn na, loi rc ny gy mi (kh chu, thu ht ng vt c hi (nh chut),

v c nh hng tiu cc n cht lng compost ni chung.Mt mt quan trng l t l C/N, cn phi t khong 30/1. Rc vn ch yu l C, trongkhi rc bp ch yu l N. V th, lng rc bp c th compost ph thuc vo t l C/N.Nu khng c N th cho thm rc bp. Nu c qu nhiu N th cn trnh rc bp.

S dng cht ph gia

Trong khi mt vi ng c lu thng khng kh gip cho cc vi sinh vt hotng th mt vi ng khc c th cn thm hn hp vi sinh vt c bit lm chtph gia. Hn hp ph gia vi sinh vt dng ch yu l nm (Trichoderma sp vPleurotus sp) v vi sinh vt hu hiu (EM). EM cha cc vi sinh vt ym kh v hiu kh c

th ln men thc n hay thng thng : vi khun quang hp, lactobacillus, streptomyces,actinomycetes, men,11

Mc d ph bin Vit Nam, EM khng phi thc s cn thit trong cc nh my sn xutcompost qun l tt. Lng tn ng trong thng nhit trung bnh c trn lnvi compost nhit cao th chc chn sc lng vi khun. EM th c th muatrong nc v cn tun thhng dn s dng ca nh sn xut.

CaCO3 (vi) c dng cn bng pH cho ph hp vi vi sinh vt v trn. pH tt

10 http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/compost/fundamentals/needs_aeration.htm11Quy trnh v k thut compost. n phm ca FAO. ttp://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5104e/y5104e05.htm


48/71



48

nht nn t t6 n 8. C thdng than biochar tng pH.

Cht phgia nh t hay bentonit c th dng t c iu kin ti a hn, ch yudng cho th nghim v khi c sai st.

Nhit 12

Mc d qu trnh compost xy ra mt khong nhit , nhng nn c khong nhit ti u nht (32-600C) cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin nhit cao hot ng, do hai ldo sau: (1) gip cho qu trnh nhanh hn v (2) dit mm bnh v ht c di. ngln gi nhit tt hn l ng nh, v vy gip cho qu trnh compost ti u hn.

Vic tiu dit mm bnh din ra khi nhit t cao hn 550C trong t nht 3 ngy. iuquan trng l tt c cc phn ca compost cn t c mc nhit th mi c th ditkhun tng th.

13

Sn phm cui cng: phn compost

rc hu c mang li mt sn phm cui cng c hm lng hu c cao v n nhnhng thnh phn dinh dng thp do gi trdinh dng ca sn phm u vo thp.

Phn Compost c dng ci to t ( mn, cu trc v khnng ginc hn lphn bn. Thay vo , khi phn c ca phn ng vt th c thnh phn hu c vthnh phn dinh dng tng ln, iu ny cn lu khi bn v dng sn phm . Trong qutrnh , mt phn Nit (N c th b mt (v dnh NH3 nhng cc chtdinh dng thcvt khc nh Pht pho (P) hay Kali (K) th vn c gi nguyn.

Gi tr kinh tca thnh phn hu c trong compost thng kh xc nh v cc yu t

12Hng dn Qun l cht thi rn cho nh chc trch, sII, Chng 7 compost (Decision Makers Guide to SolidWaste Management, Volume II, chapter 7 Composting)

http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/dmg2/chapter7.pdf

13 Ngun: tri thng tin sn phm Toptex


49/71



49

tch cc gip ci to t (nh ci thin nng sut v cht lng cy trng thng chthy c sau vi nm s dng. Gi tr kinh tca dinh dng cy trng (N, P, K cnhn thy t vic gim chi ph s dng phn ha hc. Thng tin y v sn phm

compost khi bn hng v hng dn s dng sn phm (cho tng loi cy trng c thlm tng gi tr kinh t ca n.

V m hnh ny c xy dng da trn vic thu gom cht nn (phn hu c t nhiungun (nh hgia nh, ch), nn cn lu n cht lng ca cht nn ti mi ngunthu gom. Tp cht ca cht nn, v dnh thnh phn v c, stc ng trc tip ncht lng compost v lm gim gi tr kinh t ca n.

Cn b nhu l ng cho quy sn ut 5 tn/ngy?

M hnh ny bt u vi rc c phn loi chuyn n nh my. Rc skhng ckim tra hay phn loi li v n tn qu nhiu cng sc v lm cho hot ng ca nh my

km hiu qu. Vic phn loi cn phi thc hin ti ngun. M hnh ny xy dng da trnhin trng c mt lng rc nht nh c phn loi , v d nh ch.

Nu m hnh p dng cho rc hgia nh, vic vn chuyn rc t cc hgia nh n nhmy smt thm chi ph.

Lao ng ca nh my s nghin nh v trn rc, o trn compost, sng lc, ng gisn phm cui cng.

Nghin, trn & cht ng Vi 5 tn rc/ngy, c tnh cn 2 ngi nghin, trnv cht ng, 1 tn/gi. Vy 5 tn rc cn lm trong 10gi.

o trn Mt c s x l 5 tn rc/ngy c n o trn 20 tnrc/ngy14. c tnh 2 cng nhn c tho trn c3 tn rc/gi, tng ng vi 25kg/pht/ngi.Tngthi gian c n o trn 20 tn rc l 13,3 gi lmvic.

Sng lc v ng gi Mi ngy sn xut c 1,5 tn compost. Sn phmcompost cui cng c n c sng lc v ng gi.c tnh 2 cng nhn c th sng v ng bao750kg/gi. Tng thi gian cn cho 1,5 tn l 4 gi.

Tng thi gian cn nghin, trn, ng, o trn, sng lc v ng gi c tnh l27,3 gi lm vic. Gi s mi cng nhn lm vic mt cch hiu qu trong 6 gi/ngy thcn 4,6 cng nhn thc hin khi lng cng vic cn thit.

Cn my mc ?

C s ny cn mt my nghin v my trn. Ch cn my p nu rc u vo c hmlng nc cao (nh rau Lt). C thdng thm my sng. Vic o trn bng tayhay bng my l do ngi thc hin quyt nh. Chng ti a ra mt vi l do cho haicch lm ny.

14 Con sny c tnh t vic o trn vo cc ngy 3, 6, 9, 12, 22 v 32 vi khi lng rc gim dn t 5 xung 2 tn.


50/71



50

L do khuyn khch o trn bng tay:

- Nhn cng c sn v c th lm c. To cng n vic lm.- X l 5 tn rc/ngy hay t hn khng trang tri vic mua my o trn.- o trn tng ng nh cho php trn phn ngoi ca ng c vo trong ca

ng mi.

- Lc lng lao ng ch c th gim t 5 xung 4 ngi.L do khuyn khch o trn bng my:

- Nhn cng s khng phi lc no cng r- o trn compost l mt cng vic nguy him cho cng nhn (ht bi vn h

hp)

- My mc sn xut trong nc r- Nu khng c my mc, cng nhn c th o trn khng thng xuyn.

My mc chuyn dng cho vic o trn compost t, nhng c th dng cc thit bnh l my ko v my cy cho vic ny.

Gim trng lng v khi lng

Lng cc bon, nng lng ha hc, m v nc trong sn phm compost cui cng thn trong nguyn liu u vo (cht nn. Sn phm compost cui cng c nhiu mnhn. Trng lng v khi lng ca compost cng thp hn trng lng v khi lng

ca nguyn liu th. Nghin cu ca Renkow v Ruben (1998)15

cho thy khi lng vtrng lng ca rc th gim t25 n 70% sau khi compost. Phn ln cc c s nhnthy gim 50%. Khng c nhiu s liu Vit Nam. Ch duy nht c nh my Thy Phng,Hucho bit lng gim l 75-80%. Rc hu c Vit Nam c nhn thy l c mcao, y l l do ti sao t l gim cao. Trong m hnh kinh tca chng ti, chng ti sdng t l gim trung bnh l 70%.

Tnh kinh tca m hnh bng tm Toptex

Chi ph u t

- t - Chun bt- My mc (nghin, trn, sng- Nh kho ct gi sn phm compost ng gi, dng c,- Tm Toptex- Dng c cho cng nhn- Kim sot cht lng (kim tra gi trdinh dng, nhn mc,

15M. Renkow v A. R. Rubin (1998) Liu compost rc th c hiu qu kinh t? Bo qun l Mi trng (1998) 53,339347, http://mie.esab.upc.es/ms/informacio/economia_tractament_residus/economic_sense_composting.pdf


51/71



51

Chi ph hot ng

- Nhn cng nghin, cht ng, o trn, sng v ng bao- Chi ph qun l- Chi ph khc nh nhin liu, in,

Chi ph ti chnh

- Li sut cho khon vayThu nhp

- Bn compost- H tr t chnh quyn?

Hp 3.3. c tnh ln nhun ca nh my sn xut compost 5 tn/ngy bn phn phpToptex

tnh ton c li nhun tmt nh my compost nh vy, mi chi ph v thu nhp cn ctnh. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng tng trng hp khc nhau s khc nhau. Trong tnh ton diy, chng ti gi st c sn.

u t Ch ph c tnh

t C sn

Chun bt 60.000.000

My mc (trmy o trn) 40.000.000

Nh kho lu gi sn phm v dng c chonhn cng

50.000.000

Dng c 8.000.000

Toptex 22.000.000

Dng c thu gom 0

Khc 20.000.000

Tng 200.000.000

c kinh ph u t, cn phi vay 200.000.000 vi li sut 1,7%/thng16trong

Documents

REPORT Raf Somers - Từ RÁC đến TÀI NGUYÊN