Saki Yoshida Mio Imada

Suhyun Kim

HumanSecurity

Economic

Food

Health

Environ-mental Personal

Community

Political

Health

Mio Imada

“Health”A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

People-centered, interdisciplinary, universal and focused on early prevention

Haiti: Cholera & HIV/AIDS 2010 earthquake (M7.0) 316,000 dead, 2million

homeless Years of misrule & violence HS concerns related to shelter

& health remain prominent 519,000 Haitians are still living

in tents in displacement camps, and more than half a million cholera cases have been reported

Women after the Disaster In camps, women suffered: lack of access to family planning

+ sexual violence BUT Int’l actors providing ‘basic needs’ =missed specific

vulnerabilities of women. Rather… more directly working with locals provide

valuable knowledge & resources for handling the situation.

Chronic Disease Diabetes, HIV/AIDS They generally cannot be

prevented with vaccination or cured with medication and most are common in older age.

Requires a long-term care

Chronic Disease + Disaster May worsen the pre-existing symptom Cause new stress Unsustainable High blood pressure, HIV/AIDS hard to perform surgery

Often neglected Lack of int’l guidelines

Middle-income countries: China, India, Philippines prone to disaster

Japan On 11 March 2011 a massive earthquake and

tsunami struck the To-hoku region of Japan, leaving 15,880 people dead and another 2,694 missing.

Mental Health Disaster drastic changes in life: social

environment Often forgotten: people who suffered permanent

injuries or disabilities as a result of the disaster. Dementia（認知症） cases among the elderly are

known to increase Many survivors suffer from trauma and survivor

guilt.

Following the 1995 Kobe earthquake: reflected in the ‘dying alone’ problem.

‘Fukushima Fifty’

Gender Issues: for Men Men’s identities as ‘protectors’ dangerous Social expectations: men being ‘brave’ further exposing them to risk.

‘Fukushima Fifty’ ;days after the accident, remaining workers were evacuated except the skeleton crew who remained. Composed solely of men; all women had been ordered to leave the plant.

now suffering from excessively high rates of mental trauma and post-traumatic stress syndrome Forced to conceal the amount of radiation

Conclusion: HealthAcute Chronic Mental

Haiti X X △Japan:

Earthquake + Tsunami

○ △ X

Japan:

Fukushima ○ △ X

Haiti: Aid withdrew + Sexual Violation + CholeraJapan ①: Chronic Diseases (elderly) + Huge StressJapan ②: Trauma + Chronic Diseases + Mental Stress

Not enough prevention method taken.

Saki Yoshida 1M130657-1

Community

survival of traditional cultures and ethnic groups as well

as the physical security of these groups

Political enjoyment of civil and political rights, and freedom

from oppression).

Human Security -Community- ‘Strengthen the protection and empowerment of

individuals and their communities’(UNSG, 2012) Freedom from fear, freedom from want, and

freedom to live in dignity (UNSG, 2012) Dignity, safety and security make their own choices with regard to livelihood to

be in control of their own livelihood in order to have security in their lives (UNDP, 1994)

the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake (1995/01/17)

220,000 displaced residents lived temporary housing

Neglected cases

Basically lower income or working class residents lost their houses

After disaster, housing are not affordable for people lived before

Locations were far from services and communities they lived before

Vulnerable people gathered Lack of social services No connections or interactions → 1,000 cases of Solitary death No choices in housing menu No money aid to rebuild housing privately Processes to build housing took too much time

Improvable points

Location Lottery system Regular visits Variations of housing Modifications to Disaster Victim’s Support Act

Hurricane Katrina (2005/8)

134,000 houses suffered damage, 1500 perished in Louisiana

Neglected cases

No evacuation plan and no urgent effort to rescue for the poor (Black) in New Orleans

The height above sea level is very low Many cases of violent problems Discrimination against internally displaced people

(IDPs)

The Great East Japan Earthquake (2011/3/11)

20,000 people lost their home470,000 people evacuated

Achieved cases

Many values for housing (high-quality wooden temporary housing, using pre-existed apartments,,,)

Locate housing near to the former communities and keep communities.

Social services Revision in Disaster Victim’s Support Act

Problems to be solved

Discrimination against internally displaced people (IDPs)

Keep community connections To know actual needs for public housing To secure vulnerable people not only after the

disaster but during evacuating

Conclusion

Though it become able to achieve dignity, safety, and security to some extent, it is not enough.

People should reflect more on the behavior against vulnerable people and IDPs.

Community will make one’s future

Political Security

Suhyun KIM

What is Political Security?-misconception

-Human Insecurity=Physical Harm? →

->through oversight or inaction on Human rights

Political Insecurity, business of only authoritarian govts?->

->all regime, even U.S. and Japan

No

No

What is Political Security?

Political Security=enjoyment of civil and political rights, and freedom from oppression(UNDP, 1994)

Political Insecurity in disaster=Basic Human Rights(Civil and political rights including Multi-Party Election, Freedom) are threatened or overlooked in prevention, response, and recovery of disaster.

What is Political Security?

‘natural disasters are not simply scientific dilemmas in need of atechnical solution. They are instead the product of particular social and political environments.’ (Steinberg, 2000)

Not only disaster creates political insecurity, but also the pre-existing political insecurity worsen the disaster situation, affecting other areas of human security

What is Political Security?

Political Insecurit

yDisaster

Pre-existing condition=prevent, respond, and recover

Creates or exacerbate it

What is Political Security?

Govts` priority Human Security<Military Strength? =ex.Pakistan Human Security<Political Stability? =ex.Myanmar, U.S. Human Security<Economy =ex.Japan Human Security<International Regime, ideology =ex.Somalia-U.S.

From Book1-Burma2008,Cyclone Nargis attacked Burma

140,000 lives were lost and the livelihoods of the country’s poorest people were destroyed.

From Book1-Burma

In 2008, Burma government= -Corrupt, Authoritarian. -Military Regime -Brutally oppressed oppositions and protests -Severe Human Rights abuse, Mass displacement -Freedom in the world 2008:7.0/7.0=>Worst of the Worst

(Freedom House, 2008)

->Political Insecurity: Pre-existing vulnerability

From Book1-Burma

The govt rejected external aid to protect its ruling power from destabilization.

Later, it accepted foreign aid and cooperated with international humanitarian agencies. This also became an opportunity to settle longstanding assistance and cooperation.

From Book1-Burma

However, the non-external aid policy had lasted for about a month.

=>Immediate response and recovery(important!!!) X

=>Due to the lack of aid for such a long time, many people who would have been saved lost their lives, human security was threatened.

From Book2-Fukushima Japan-democratic, liberal, multi-party election (Freedom in the World 2014 by Freedom House-1.0/7.0 “Free”-PR:1 CL:1) Political

Insecurity?

Ha! Kidding!?

From Book2-Fukushima2011/3/11EarthquakeTsunamiNuclear Plant Explosion

TRIPLE

DISASTER!!!

From Book2-Fukushima

Why?Human

Security<Economy

From Book2-Fukushima

Transparency- No accurate information provided from Govt and TEPCO after the triple disaster

response-what is happening recovery-what is going to happen, how to survive from the danger, if the remaining plants safe enough to operate Moreover, oblique and wide-ranging secrecy law ->Trust ↓, the Right to Know is threatened, Politically Insecure.

From Book2-Fukushima

Priority: Human Security<EconomicsAbe’s LDP

Economy↑(Abenomics)

Pro-Nuclear

From Book2-Fukushima

LDP took power bcs..-as a punishment for DPJ, the former govt-Economy issue is more important than other policies.Therefore, the democratically but apathetically

elected govt now goes against electorates’ will of reducing Nuclear dependency on energy.

->Threat to Democracy(Political Security), further to other human security areas.

of the people, by the people, for the people.

Electoral Democracy

Conclusion

Even Japan which is considered as one of the most liberal and democratic countries face the political insecurity after disaster.

The govt does not clearly inform people even if it is closely related to their human security.

The govt acts oppositely to people on Nuclear Plant issue (Prioritize economy)

Conclusion

->Govt needs to communicate with its people (Sharing the information, Listening to their

opinion)

Does it deserve this?

The govt is democratically elected –Safe to say it is Electoral Democracy.But,Information control and ignoring people’s will=Characteristics of Authoritarian govts