School of Communication and Information Engineering 迎接数字化通信时代的挑战一、世界是数字化的二、数字处理的主要技术三、 “ 蓝牙 ” 技术中的数字通信

School of Communication and Information Engineering

迎接数字化通信时代的挑战

一、世界是数字化的

二、数字处理的主要技术

三、“蓝牙”技术中的数字通信

郑国莘



人类基因密码


无处不在的数字化的技术 -计算机



数字化的通信

Data/Voice Access Points

Every Thing. Over IP

IP Over Every Thing

PSTNCATVINTERNET


迎接数字化通信时代的挑战一、世界是数字化的




知识构架

数学计算机基础物理数据结构电路、信号与系统通信原理数字电子模拟电子计算机网络计算机接口高频电子

通信系统移动通信

微波通信光纤通信

综合课程

工程实践课程

理论课程


数字通信系统

CoderCoder

modulation

Demodulation

Decoder


模拟信号的数字化6

8

54

3

2

1

01

2

3456

7

89

时间

幅度

0001001000110100010110000110二进制：1234586数字序列：

Coder

Coder


数字信号处理

F

F-1

微积分

富氏变换

拉氏变换

Z 变换

数字信号处理


信源编码核心→信源编码→有效性编码减少份量以降低成本

语音编码： PCM △M LD-CELP MBELP

Hi,how are you!

图像编码： JPEG MPEG-1

MPEG-2 MPEG-4

浊音

清音

喉形∑


MPEG-4 视频编码原理

MPEG-4 的视频编码就是针对运动信息、形状信息和纹理信息等 3 种信息的编码技术


H.261 视频编码原理

H.261 所针对的可视电话信号最初考虑是在一般电话网中传输的，带宽和码率是其考虑的核心问题。


MC 帧差编码原理

DPCM 编码主要是利用同一帧图像中各像素之间的相关性来对当前值进行预测


MPEG － 2 音频压缩编码标准

MPEG － 2 则针对数字电视的视音频压缩编码，对数字电视各种等级的压缩编码方案及图像编码中划分的层次作了详细的规定，其编码码率可从3Mbps 到 100Mbps 。


信道编码

包装→信道编码→可靠性编码增加冗余量以确保安全

奇偶校验 1001000→10010001发现 1 位错误

重复码 1→111 0→000

纠正 1 位错误，发现 2 位错误

GSM→CRC 编码


信道编码 1

000

111

许用码组禁用码组

010

100

001

110

101

011

通过增加编码的位数，以牺牲信息传输速率为代价换取通信的可靠性。

0 ： come 1: not come


信道编码 2

纠错码（ 6 ）信息位（ 9 ）GSM 编码 15 位 CRC 码

码间距

000 111


数字电子技术—计算机大厦的砖瓦

1+1=10

A+B=CD 00

01

01

10

0 0

01

10

11

C DA B

D

A B C

加法器电路

向下为 1 向上为 0

世界万物

微分→除法减法→减法积分→加法乘法→加法

A

B

C

D


空中的数字无线电波

1001000

1001111

1010111

1000001

……….

ASK

FSK

PSK

10001001


数字信道的多路复用TDM 时分复用

FDM 频分复用

CDMA 码分多址

光纤


无线电频谱

LIGHTSHFUHFVHFHFMFLF

F3*10

3*10

3*1044

5

6

TV

FM GSM

Bluetooth

Satellite

Visible light

(Hz)


高频电子线路 ---- 数字通信的实现振荡器

放大器

合成器

天线

微波

IC 化

信号电路电磁场基础


迎接数字化通信时代的挑战一、世界是数字化的




Bluetooth Introduction

Guoxin ZhengSchool of Communicationand Information EngineeringShanghai University


Architecture Overview

•Overview•Technically•Topology•Radio/Baseband•Protocol stack•Modules&Silicon•Development Kits•Qualification


World Penetration

50100150200250300350400

1998

2000

2002

2004

Phones Smart Phones

4228 21 16

2237

21 2324 17 16 20

36 3658 61 67

82 73 75 70

9 7 10 9 1011

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

April-M

ay 9

6

Aug-Sep

t 96

Dec-J

an 9

6/97

April-M

ay 9

7

Aug-Sep

t 97

Dec-J

an 9

7/98

Feb-M

arch

98

April-M

ay 9

8

June-

July

98

EntryMidHigh

*70% of total sales volume Source: GFK retailer panelSource: Ericsson official forecast

Replacement

2003

400

100

Market Penetration 1997 & 1998

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Add. 98

1997

(est.)

Industry Forecast in million phones

Source;Ericsson

All (SP,GER, UK, FRA, ITA) - % Distribution by Price segment of Total Sales Volume*(units)

1995


Forecast Worldwide Sales 2005

Mill

ion

units

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

mobile phones

mobile accessories

portable computers and PDA’s

desktop PCs

desktop accessories

printers

cordless phones

telephone answering devices

TV/VCR/DVD

CD-player

Mobile devices Desktop devices Consumer electronics

Source: IDC, Strategy Analytics, Ericsson, Silver Institute

Internet connection device

cameras & misc.Remote control


The Future?• Mobile phones is by far the largest segment within Mobile Devices

– 250 million mobile phones will be sold year 2000

– 630 million mobile phones will be sold year 2005

• Desktop PCs is the largest segment in Desktop Devices

– 80 million desktop PCs will be sold year 2000

– 140 million desktop PCs will be sold year 2005

• Cordless phones is the largest segment in Consumer Electronics Devices

– 150 million cordless phones will be sold year 2000

– 350 million cordless phones will be sold year 2005


Personal Ad-hoc Networks

Cable Replacement

Landline

Data/Voice Access Points

What does Bluetooth do for you?

“Usage Models”


“Design a radio to replace the cable and its connectors…”

• Design Goals– Small implementation size– Low implementation cost – Low power consumption– Secure and robust for open ISM band

• Challenges– Fast frequency hopping– Single chip integration


Global Operation

Industrial - Scientific - Medical

80 MHz at 2.45 GHz

Globally available

Unlicensed and free to use


Unprecedented Cross Industry Commitment

• Special Interest Group

– Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba

• And today there are more than 2000 Bluetooth adopters...


Technically Speaking . . .

Bluetooth Module

• Small Size– 0.5 square inches in production

– Eventually moving to a single chip solution

• Low power– 2.7V (1.62 - 2.75V)

– 300 A standby, 30 A in sleep, 60 A hold/park

– 3 - 30 mA when transmitting

– 1 or 100 mW active power

• Low Price– $25 projected to come down to around $5 OE

M integration cost• Designed for CMOS single chip solution

Bluetooth Radio

BluetoothBluetooth

Bluetooth Link Controller


Technical Features• 2.4 GHz ISM Open band

– Globally free available frequency, 89 MHz of spectrum available– FFH/DS Hybrid Radio

• 10 -100 m range, personal bubble – 8 active devices per piconet (share datarate)– Up to 10 piconets in bubble (full datarate)

• 1 Mbps gross rate – Future version: 2 Mbps

• Simultaneous voice/data capable– 432 Kbps (full duplex), 721/56 Kbps (asymmetric)– or– 3 simultaneous full duplex voice per piconet (CVSD@64 Kbps).– or a combination of data and voice


Battery Life Time• Estimates calculated with 600 mAh battery and internal amplifier,

power will vary with implementation and application

• Low power consumption– Standby current 0.3 mA

• > 3 months

– Voice mode 10 mA (one voice channel)• > 60 hours

– Data mode average 6 mA (20% utilization) • > 100 hours

• Low Power Architecture– Programmable data length (else radio sleeps)– Hold and Park modes 60 µA

• Devices connected but not participating

• Device can participate within 2 ms


Robust Data and Voice Transfer

• Bluetooth is designed to be robust

• Open band interference is negotiated by:– 1600 frequency hops/s

– Short and flexible data packets

– Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)

– Forward Error Correction (FEC)

– 16 bit Cyclic Redundancy Check

– Speech coding:• Continuos Variable Slope Delta modulation (CVSD)


Bluetooth Scalable Security• Provides link layer security between any two Bluetooth radios

• Authentication (E1 algorithm)

– Challenge/Response system

• Encryption (privacy)

– Encrypts data between two devices

– Stream cipher with E0 algorithm

• Key management and usage

– Configurable Encryption key length (0-16 bytes)

• Government export regulations

• Radio negotiate key size

– Key generation with E2-E3 algorithms• Authentication and Encryption keys


Topology

• Radio range has two varieties

• Short range (10 meters or less)– 0 dBm radio, 1mW

– Optimized for short range devices• Headset, Mouse, Keyboard, etc. ...

• Longer range (100 meters or less)– 20 dBm radio, 100 mW

– Module has a power amplifier built-in

– Optimized for devices changing environments• Notebooks, cellphones, access points, etc. …


Topology• Radio/Baseband

– Master/Slave medium access

– Radio/Baseband is symmetric

– Connected devices can be master or slave

– Could be master and slave concurrently


• Piconet

– All devices in a piconet hop together

– Frequency hopping sequence is determined by the masters ID

– Phase of the frequency hopping sequence is determined by the masters clock

Topology


• Piconet

– Point to Point

– Point to Multipoint

– No base station is needed

– 8 concurrent devices

– More than 200 active devices

– 1 Mb/s gross rate

Topology


• Scatternet

– Devices can share piconets

– Interpiconet communication

– Instant Ad-hoc connections

– 10 Piconets

– Aggregated 10 Mb/s

Topology


• Mobile Topology

– All device are mobile

– Walknet:

– The whole piconet cell is mobile

– Make and Brake Connections

Topology


Topology, Scatternet

master

slave 1

slave 2

slave 3

master

slave 4

slave 5


Frequency HoppingMaster MasterMaster MasterMaster

0

1

2

3

4

5

78

73

74

75

76

77

6

A1

A2

A4

B1

B2

2402

B3

2403

2404

2405

2406

2407

2408

2480

2479

2478

2477

2476

2475

A3

MHz

7 4

5

16 2

2400 Mz 2483.5 M z

3

Frequency Density


Inquiry Page

C onnectedAMA

T ransm itdataAMA

T typ ica l=0.6s

T typ ica l=2s

H O LDAMA

PAR KPMA

T typ ica l=2 m s T typ ica l=2 m s

R e leasesA M A

A ddress

Low Pow erStates

ActiveStates

Standby

ConnectingStates

UnconnectedStandby

Det

ach

Connection Procedure• Standby

– Waiting to join a piconet

• Inquire– Finding devices

• Page– Connect to a known device

• Connected– Actively on a piconet (master

or slave)

• Park/Hold– Low Power connected states


Page and Inquire Scans

• A radio must be enabled to accept pages or inquires (also in connected state)

InquireScan

Page Scan

T typ ica l=1.25Sleep

T typ ica l=11 m s18 s lo ts


Standby

InquireScan

Page Scan

T typ ica l=1.25C onnected



Connected


Bluetooth Protocol Stack

Con

trol

RF

Com

m

HID

TC

P/I

P

Still Image Obex

vCard

WAP

vCal

Basic

Provided

Adapted

Ap

plic

atio

n F

ram

ew

ork

RadioBaseband

Link Man.

L2CAP

Aud

io

HCIHCI


Ericsson Bluetooth CoreFunctional Partitioning

SRAMSRAM

FlashFlash

BASEBAND

Link Control

BASEBAND

Link Control

RADIO

RF Section

RADIO

RF Section

CPU

Link Manager

CPU

Link ManagerHost

Interface


TX-balun

RX-balun

SwitchRF IC Antenna

Filter

VCO-tank

LPfilter

PASwitch

Control &data

Filters and baluns integrated into LTCC substrate RF IC flip chip mounted Laser trimming used to optimize performance 100mW optional version with PA and Optional Gain Control (- 30 to +20 dBm) Small outline BGA type package

– 1mW: 10.2 x 14 x 1.6 mm – 100mW: 10.2 x 16 x 1.6 mm

Radio Module


First Complete Module

RadioRadioLinkController

LinkController (Optional)

FlashFlashHost interface USBUART/PCM

PAPA

Antenna


First Complete Module

Key Features

• FCC type approved

• Interface through USB, UART or PCM

• Bluetooth 1.0 pre-certified

• USB 1.1 compliant (Voice and Data)

• Small size, 33x17x3.36 mm

• Generic SW (HCI, L2CAP, RFCOMM)


Complete Module SW-stack

L2CAP

Radio

BaseBand

Link Manager

HCI

HCI

Higher Layers

Bluetooth host

Bluetooth completemodule

Ericsson Bluetooth Core


What is the Developer’s Kit?

Blu e to o th Radio Bas eband Firmw are

Blu e to o th Radio Bas eband Firmw are

Win 98 PC SerialInterface

Bluetooth Developer KitHardware

• Demonstrator of Bluetooth technology

• Starter kit for product development

• Application software development platform

• Increase integration with option to do embedded SW


Global Market

Qualification Program Regulatory Type Approval

Bluetooth Devices

&Bluetooth Identity 'License to sell'

Qualification and Type Approval


Manufacturer

Blue-tooth Quali-

fication Body

AuthorizedTest houses

Qualification Program - Concept

Bluetooth Administrative

Instance

Product including documentation and declaration (ICS)

Feedback

Logo approval

Test results

Authorize

Accreditation

Preliminary!


Bluetooth Moves Fast...

Web sites for latest news

• www.bluetooth.com

• www.ericsson.se/bluetooth

• WWW.bluetoothinchina.com

ENDEND

Documents

School of Communication and Information Engineering 迎接数字化通信时代的挑战 一、世界是数字化的 二、数字处理的主要技术 三、 “ 蓝牙 ” 技术中的数字通信

School of Communication and Information Engineering 迎接数字化通信时代的挑战一、世界是数字化的二、数字处理的主要技术三、 “ 蓝牙 ” 技术中的数字通信