SeminarPresentetion

8/6/2019 SeminarPresentetion

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A SEMINARON

COGNITIVE ROBOTICS

Submitted by:

Gaurav Jain

7CS-044


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INTRODUCTION

What is cognition?

Cognition is the scientific term for "the process of

thought".

It refers to an information processing view of an

individual's psychological functions.

Other interpretations of the meaning ofcognition link it to

the development ofconcepts; individual minds, groups,organizations, and even larger coalitions of entities

Truly cognitive phenomena are those that involve off-line

reasoning, vicarious environmental exploration, and the like.


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Cognition is used to refer to the mental functions,

mental processes (thoughts) and states of

intelligent entities (humans, human organizations,

highly autonomous machines).

This field focuses toward the study of specific

mental processes such as comprehension,inference, decision-making, planning and learning.


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What is Robotics?

Robotics is the engineering science and technology

of robots, and their design, manufacture, and

application.

Robotics is related to electronics, mechanics, andsoftware.

Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly,

and packing; transport; earth and space exploration;

surgery; weaponry; laboratory research; safety; andmass production of consumer and industrial goods.


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Cognitive robotics

Cognitive robotics (CR) is concerned with endowingrobots with mammalian and human-like cognitive capabilities

to enable the achievement of complex goals in complex

environments.

It is focused on using animal cognition as a starting pointfor the development of robotic computational algorithms, as

opposed to more traditional Artificial Intelligence techniques,

which may or may not draw upon mammalian and human

cognition as an inspiration for algorithm development.

Robotic cognition embodies the behaviour of intelligent

agents in the physical world. This implies that the robot must

also be able to actin this real world.


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A cognitive robot should exhibit:

Knowledge

Beliefs

Preferences

Goals

Informational attitudes

Motivational attitudes (observing, communicating,revising beliefs, planning)

Capabilities to move in the physical world, and to interact

safely with objects in that world, including manipulation of

these objects

Perception processing

Attention allocation

Anticipation, planning

Reasoning about other agents

Reasoning about their own mental states.


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Cognitive robotics involves the application and

integration of various artificial intelligence disciplines.

It is primarily inspired by psychology and brain science

research.

The robot capabilities will be limited by the current state

of the art in robotics: the mechanics and electronics of

robots are still very inferior to what humans have available,

especially in the areas of tactile and visual sensing, the

smoothness and energy efficiency of motion (including

walking and object manipulation with fingers), and thetask-directed planning of actions.


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METHODOLOGIES USEDVarious methodologies can be adopted within cognitive

robotics.

The approach of classical symbolic AI

This approach emphasizes symbolic reasoning and

representation

Biologically-inspired approach

This approach use noisy and distributed representations of

knowledge.

SS-RICS approachIt attempts to merge a symbolic approach with a

connectionist approach. More purely connectionist and

dynamic systems approaches for instance include

ContinuousT

ime Recurrent Neural Networks (CT

RNNs).


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LEARNING TECHNIQUES

Learning techniques that are used for robots are:

Learning by imitation:

The robot, provided with all the sensors and physical

hardware needed to perform a human task, is monitoring the

human performing a task, and then the robot tries to imitatethe same movements that the human performed in order to

achieve the task. Using its sensors, the robot should be able

to create a three-dimensional image of the environment, and

to recognize the objects in that image.


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Autonomous knowledge acquisition:

The robot now uses its sensors and its knowledge about

the physical properties of the world, and is then left toexplore the environment on its own. One of the

terminologies of this behaviour is called motor babbling.

Basically the whole idea of this approach is to let the

robot discover its capabilities on its own.


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CONCLUSIONCognition requires not only real-time interaction with the

real world, it also requires the ability to internally improveones interaction with the environment without it actually

being present.

So, the cognitive agent must be able internally simulate in

some way its interactions with the world, and be able to

learn from this process.

The first part of this is a pervasive element of autonomous

robotics design the ability to interact in real time with itsenvironment, and also the ability to learn from this

interaction.


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A central element of a genuinely cognitive agent would

be the real time interaction with the real world: not only is

the planning of a behaviour necessary, but also the actualexecution of that behaviour.

Robotics is thus a very apt choice for the implementation

of these ideas - all variables are controllable, affording

good scientific practices, and relatively easy measurement

of both behaviours and internal functioning (which is

obviously not possible with biological agents).


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BIBLIOGRAPHYW

ebsiteswww.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

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