Shelter Med 201

8/13/2019 Shelter Med 201

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Overview of Diseases Considered

Canine Parvovirus (GI)Feline Panleukopenia (GI)Canine Respiratory Disease Complex (URI)Feline Respiratory Diseases (URI)Dermatophytosis

Eye, limb, skin trauma


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Canine Parvovirus

Closely related to Feline Panleukopenia Virus Affects dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, big cats, bears Some current stains can infect domestic cats**

Fecal-oral transmission (remember puppies are coveredin poop!)

Infected animals can shed virus for 2 weeks, even if notshowing any clinical signs

Can persist in environment for up to 5 months Affects cells of GI tract, bone marrow, growing cardiac

muscle, and lymphoid tissue


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Canine Parvovirus: Risk Profile

Naive (unvaccinated) dogs Young dogs, less than 6 months of age Usually 6 weeks 20 weeks most severe disease No gender predilection Seasonal: July-Sept 3x > than Nov-June


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Canine Parvovirus: Contagious!


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Canine Parvovirus: Symptoms

Lethargy Anorexia

Vomiting Fever Dehydration

Abdominal painDiarrhea occurs 12-48 hours latera lot of it! ( watery, sometimesbloody)


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Canine Parvovirus: Diagnosis

Fecal Snap Test: detects Parvo antigens Can detect as long as patient is shedding virus,

even if clinical signs have resolved Can have false positive results if vaccinated

within the last week

CBC: leukopenia

Early lymphopenia, later neutropenia May not appear until after patient is showing

clinical signs

PCR, virus isolation


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Canine Parvovirus: Risk Assessment

Symptomatic: Test/treat in isolation**Exposed: Isolate/observe--can do titers

against parvo, high titer means lower risk;no titer means high risk

Not-exposed: Keep in location, observe forsymptoms, can adopt but urge vigilancewith adoptors


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Canine Parvovirus: TreatmentThe mainstay is symptomatic, supportive care Fluids: to replace fluids lost in diarrhea and vomit

IV ideal, oral or subQ possible depending on severityof illness

Balanced crystalloid +/- colloid Antibiotics: to prevent sepsis

Ampicillin is a good choice! Antiemetics

Ondansetron good; Maropitant OK only if >16 wks old


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Canine Parvovirus: Treatment

Nutrition once vomiting controlled,encourage to eat!

Oral nutrition keeps intestine healthier

Consider GI protectants--sucralfate


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Canine Parvovirus: Recovered Dogs

Recovered dogs/puppies are okay foradoption after a two week period, butshould be bathed before returning to theshelter (covered in poop, you'll recall).

Immune to parvo, but continue vaccinationseries for other viruses


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Feline Panleukopenia

Virtually identical to Canine Parvovirus, butmore acute deaths seen in kittens (oftenwith no prelude signs).

Because kitten foster is increasing, you willhave occasional breaks with this diseasein your foster network


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Feline Panleukopenia: Spread

As with puppies, any plurality of kitten willbe covered in poop! Fecal oral and "hairborne" disease with cats.


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Feline Panleukopenia: Symptoms

Lethargy Anorexia Vomiting Fever Dehydration Abdominal pain Diarrhea Acute death


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Feline Panleukopenia: Diagnosis

Symptoms in high risk cats/kittensFecal antibodies (Idexx Parvo kits)

Necropsy showing segmental enteritisPCR


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Feline Panleukopenia: Treatment

Fluid support--can be very challenging invery young kittens

Antibiotics to defend against sepsisSerum from vaccinated cat in exposed,

naive kittens may be helpful


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Canine Respiratory Disease

CIRDConstellation of agents

Route of InfectionIncubation Periods"rolling infection"

Role of VaccinationDiagnosticsTreatments


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Primary Causative Agents:

Canine Distemper

Canine Influenza

Canine Respiratory Corona Virus

Canine AdenovirusCanine Herpes Virus

Canine Parainfluenza Virus

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Mycoplasma

Streptococcus zooepidemicus


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Route of Infection: Aerosol, Fomite


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Incubation Period

Short: Canine Influenza 1 day

Medium: Bordetella 2-4 days

Long: Distemper 7-21 days


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"Rolling Infection" in a kennel population


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Role of Vaccination:

Crucial protective barrier for community, forfoster/rescue cohabitant dogs, for limitingextent of spread in shelter dog population.

All dogs should be vaccinated on intake forDistemper combination and Bordetella.


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Feline Respiratory Disease

URIConstellation of agents

Route of Infection: New vs. RecrudescentRole of StressIncubation Periods

Role of VaccinationDiagnosticsTreatments


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Route of Infection

FomiteDirect ContactHair Borne (special sort of fomite)


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New Infection vs. Recrudescent Infection

It is likely that many of the cats breaking with symptomsare recrudescent herpes or calici cats. Once sheddingagain, spread to other cats depends onhousing/movement/cleaning/disinfection protocols inshelter.


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Role of StressLack of hiding spacesInability to stretch, assume normal cat postures

Noise stressSmell stressVibration stressDog stressHandling/cleaning stressGroup Housing stress (!)


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Incubation period: 2-6 days

Recovered herpes cats remain infected for life

8 % of house cats and 25% or more of cats inmulti-cat households/catteries are chronic

carriers/shedders of calici virus


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Vaccination does not produce sterile immunity,but lessens the severity of disease. Topicalnasal vaccination may produce better

immunity against respiratory agents, but it isnot an effective way to vaccinate againstpanleukopenia.


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Diagnostics

Respiratory panels for feline URI agents arecommercially available and will be helpful tounderstand the range of pathogens in yourshelter and cat community


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Treatment

General supportive care, including fluids,humidification, "de-crusting", ophthalmicointments (I especially like erythromycin forcat eyes)

Antibiotics for secondary infectionsThere is no benefit to L-lysine in the treatment

of shelter cats


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Dermatophytosis

Environmental containmentReduce clutterSporicidal disinfection

Mechanical cleaning

Treatment of Positive CatsSystemic

Topical with Lyme Sulfur DipTreat until two consecutive negative weekly fungalcultures


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Dermatophytosis

Itraconazole suspension

Dosed variously:

5-10 mg/kg daily for 21 days or 2 consecutive negativecultures

5 mg/kg daily "pulsed": one week on, one week off, 3"pulses" of drug


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Eye, Limb, Skin Trauma

Editorial Comments:

We no longer teach practical, commonsense care at veterinary teachinghospitals. Dont be surprised when recentgrads want to refer every fracture forplating or every eye problem to theophthalmologist.


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Overarching treatment goals shouldinclude:

Pain management (eyes hurt, too) Behavioral assessment/screening for placement (dogs) Realistic assessment of appropriate

repair/correction/treatment Impact of condition on adoptability Budgeting for immediate and follow up care (dollars,

space, foster, other human resources)


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Eyes

Cats: severe conjunctivitis, lid abnormalities, cornealperforations, congenetally deformed/small eyes

Dogs: entropion, lid tumors, cherry eye, proptosed

eyes, perforating ulcers, glaucoma


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Limb Trauma

Long bone fractures can be repaired, but after care isbest done in foster (or educated adoptive home) ratherthan shelter environment

Some fractures--especially those through a joint--cannotbe returned to normal function; joint fusion likely, orsevere DJD


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Though we teach vet students exclusivelyreferral level fracture repair, many longbone fractures can be managed withexternal splinting/casting, pins/cerclagewire, or external fixation.


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Shelter Med 201