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Concept Test 1 V=0 extreme point V=0 extreme point amplitdue, A equilibrium position F net = 0 V = max equilibrium 去到 extreme point 需時 02 . 0 5 T 4 1 × = , 所以 frequency=2.5 Hz max speed 出現於 equilibrium position, ω A = ( )( ) f 2 15 . 0 π = = 2.36 m s -1 Concept Test 2 θ O θ A θ A 2 1 ω A v = 2 1 A A 2 1 cos = = θ θ = 60° u = vsinθ u = vsin 60° = 2 3 v u 3 u 2 v =

Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

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Page 1: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 1

V=0extreme point

V=0extreme point

amplitdue, A

equilibrium positionFnet = 0V = max

• 由 equilibrium 去到 extreme point 需時 02.05T41 ×= , 所以 frequency=2.5 Hz

• max speed 出現於 equilibrium position, ωA= ( )( )f215.0 π= = 2.36 m s-1

Concept Test 2

θO

θA

θ

A2

1

ωAv =

21

A

A21

cos ==θ

θ = 60° u = vsinθ u = vsin 60°

=

23vu

3u2v =

Page 2: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 3 • 若果 object 仍與 platform remains in contact 的話,即代表 normal reaction 0≥R 。 • 從自由體圖所知,

R

mg

+ve

[ ]

[ ]

cm

.

gA

AgAgmR

mAmgRAmRmg

maFnet

1

2012

10

0

22

2

2

2

2

=

=≤

≥≥−=

−==−

=

πω

ωωωω

Concept Test 4

θθ6 s

2 sB

x’ 0.3 mx

C

A

θcosA

Period, T = (2 + 6) s = 8 s

From x to x’, T41s2t ==

°↔ 360T

θ2T41 ↔ ∴ 2θ = 90°, θ = 45°

CB = A – Acos 45° = 0.3 m

3.0)cos45-A(1 o =

)45cos1(

3.0A o−= = 1.02 m

Page 3: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 6 (1) 在 simple harmonic motion 中,acceleration, a 是會隨著 displacement, x 的大小而改變。

( )xa ∝Q (2) 在 projectile motion 中,物件受到向下的勻加速度(i.e. constant acceleration = g),令其

垂直方向的速度(vertical velocity)改變。

ux=constant

uy resultant velocity

a=g=10 m s-1

(3) 在 uniform circular motion 中,物件的 velocity 方向會隨著時間而改變。而向心加速

度(centripetal acceleration)的數值r

vac

2

= 是維持不變的。

vB

vA

Concept Test 7

2maxmax mv

21KE =

2)r(m21 ω=

)fπ4r(m21 222=

)fπ4025.005.0(21100.3 2223 ×××=× −

Hz2.2f =

Page 4: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 8

• 因為 amplitude=1000

5.0,f = 250 Hz,所以 22 XAv −= ωm

( )22

10004.0

10005.02502

= π = 0.47 m s-1

Concept Test 9

(1)

O

mg

xo

T = kxo

at equilibrium position, mg = kxo

∴ tension ∝ m (2)

mg

xo

T = k(xo+A)

OA

tension = k(xo + A) tension = kA + kxo

y = mx + c ∴ Tension is directly related to A, but it is not proportional to A.

Page 5: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 10

O

X

Y

Z

(1) 因為 point Y 為 equilibrium position, 所以 acceleration 在 point Y 應為零。

(2) 從上圖得知: 物體在 level Y 時彈簧己伸延 xo 長度用於抵銷 mg,所以 strain energy 在 level Y 應

該是 0kx21 2

o ≠

(3) 當物件處於 level Z 時,其 displacement 的數值是最大。(Q xa ∝ ) ∴ displacement = max a = max Fnet = max

Concept Test 11 ∵ a = −ω2x

a1x 2ω−=

y = mx ∴

0 a

x

xokxo

mg

level Y(equilibrium position)

Page 6: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 12 (1) v = Aω

∴ v ∝ A (2) Total energy of the system = KEmax of the system

∴ Total energy, 2mv21E =

vmE2 =

∴ Ev ∝

(3) KEmax of the system = PEmax of the system

∴ max2 PEmv

21 =

mPE2

v max=

∴ maxPEv ∝

Concept Test 13

• total energy = 2kA21

( )

( )( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

2T

42.005.0

008.0T2

2.005.0008.0

05.0m21004.0

mk(05.0k

21004.0

2

22

22

2

π

π

ω

ω

ω

=

=

=

=

=

== Q

Page 7: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 14 同學須知當 mass 在 forced oscillation(強迫振盪)時,該物件會跟從 driving force 的頻率振

動。 Concept Test 15

X

A

0

Period Period

time, t

(1) 在阻尼諧動中週期是維持不變的(i.e. constant)。

(2) 在 damped oscillation 中,該系統的 energy 會隨著時間而減少。

Q 2amplitudeenergy ∝ energy ↓ , amplitude ↓

(3) ∵ 振幅(Amplitude, A)↓, 2kA21E ↓=↓

∴ 機械能(Mechanical energy) ↓.

Page 8: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 16 (1) 題目中說明小球經數次反彈後最終靜止於彈簧上端,從而得知此振動並非簡諧運

動(S.H.M.),應為阻尼運動(damped oscillation)。 由於小球靜止在 equilibrium position, 即 FNet = 0

kx = mg x ∝ m.

(2) 正如敘述句(1)以上所解釋,小球經數次反彈後最終靜止於彈簧上。因此彈簧的壓

縮量與高度 h 無關。 (3) 正如敘述句(1)以上所說明,該運動為阻尼運動(damped oscillation),固此小球所捐

失的重力勢能是用於扺銷摩力所作的功。 Concept Test 17

• 1201.0

12mk ===ωQ

• 在 equilibrium position, v = max = 0.5 m s-1, 所以 max acceleration, ωva =

= ( )( )1205.0

= 5.5 m s-2

Concept Test 18

• ( )ωω

=→=

2Av,2

AAif,Av newmaxQ

maxv21=

• 2AAif,kA

21.E.Pmax 2 →=Q

2

new 2Ak

21.E.P

=

4Ak

21 2

=

max.E.P41=

• 因為 Period,Km2T π= ,所以週期不受 amplitude 的大小影響。

Page 9: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 19 (1) ∵ LB = LHeavy bob

∴ fB = fdriving (resonance) 當 driving frequency = natural frequency 時,其振幅 amplitude, A = max

(2) 所有紙單擺的振盪頻率皆為相同。 (3) Out of syllabus

Concept Test 20

x

equilibriumposition

restoring force, kx

(1) 因為 restoring force 與 displacement 成正比(i.e. F = k x),所以 max displacement 等於

max restoring force。

(2) ∵ Elastic P.E. = 2kx21

∴ Elastic P.E.↑ , as x↑ (3) 當物件處於 max displacement 時(i.e. extreme point),其所受的速率為零。

Concept Test 21

ωAv* max =Q 1 = (0.5)(ω ) ω = 2 rad s-1

* 當物件距離 equilibrium position 0.3 m 時,速度 22 xAv −= ω

= ( ) ( )22 3.05.02 −

= 0.8 m s-1

Page 10: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 22 * 同學可由右圖了解:

tension

mgsinθmgcosθ

mg

(1) (2) (3) 物件只受到兩個力,一是 weight(地心吸力),二是 tension 張力。

同學們切記誤以為有第三個力叫 θsinmg ,其實此力是由 mg 分拆出來而成的。 Concept Test 33 在 equilibrium positions 時,K.E. = max = E = 2kA

21

Let the displacement of the object from the equilibrium position be x 22 kx

21kA

21E

43 −=

222 kx21kA

21kA

21

43 −=

2Ax =

Page 11: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 34 A

若變數 y 為位移(displacement)、變數 x 為加速度(acceleration)時, Q a = –ω2x

x = – 21ω

a

應該為直線(straight line) B

aFnet ∝Q 若變數 y 為力(force)、變數 x 為位移(displacement)時,可將變數 y 視作為加速度

(acceleration) Q a = –ω2x

固此亦應為直線(straight line) C

若變數 y 為動能(kinetic energy)、變數 x 為位移(displacement)時,

Q v = 22 xA −ωm

KE =21 mv2

=21 mω2(A2 – x2)

KE = –21 mω2x2 +

21 mω2 + A2

y = –ax2 + bx + c i.e. concave downward

D 若變數 y 為速率(speed)、變數 x 為位移(displacement)時,

v = 22 xA −ωm v2 = ω2A2 – ω2x2

1Ax

)A(v

2

2

2

2=+

ω (ellipse)

Page 12: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 36 當方塊離牆壁的位移最大時(i.e. extreme point),在其上輕放一塊膠泥

A 1° Amplitude = constant (∵ Amplitude depends on initial condition)

2° Max. PE =21 kA2 = constant

∵ Max PE = Max KE = constant

∴ 21 mv2 = constant

∴ when mass, m↑, velocity, v↓.

3° T = 2πkm

∴ m↑, T↑

4° amax = vω = v⋅Tπ2

∵ v↓ and T↑ ∴ amax↓. ∴ mass↑ ⇒ v↓, T↑, amax↓.

Concept Test 37

(1) At steady state, driving force = damping force, Energy input = Energy loss The system would oscillate with driving freq.

(2) The amplitude of oscillation would become infinite if there are no damping force and driving freq. = natural freq.

(3) out of syllabus.

Page 13: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 38 設每段彈簧的 spring constant 為 k.

k

k

m串聯彈簧(connected in series)

兩條彈簧的等效力常數(effective force constant) = 2k

在 equilibrium position : (2k )(e) = mg 1

kk

xo

2m並聯彈簧(connected in parallel)

兩條彈簧的等效力常數(effective force constant) = 2k 在 equilibrium position: 2kxo = 2mg 2

∴ From 2, xo =k

mg

From 1, k

mg =2e

∴ xo = 2e

Concept Test 39 Force - displacement graph 可視作為 acceleration - displacement graph. a = –ω2x y = mx i.e.

F

x

Page 14: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 41

P Q

Q’P’

Q’’

0.2 s

0.1 s

0.3 s

0.2 s

180° - 2θ

θ θ

θO

∵ The object passes points P and Q with the same speed, ∴ ∠P’OP =∠Q’OQ = θ, (∵ v = Aωsinθ)

∠P’OQ’’ = θ + θ + 180° – 2θ = 180° ∴ 180° ↔ 0.3 s

T ↔ 0.6 s Concept Test 42

(1) T = 2πkm , ∴ m↑, T↑.

(2) 由於連接兩方塊 P 及 Q 的兩條彈簧相同(i.e. same tension)與及由靜止釋放(i.e. released from rest),因此兩方塊 P 及 Q 的振幅應該相同。

再者,amplitude(振幅) 受制於初始情況(i.e. initial condition)。 (3) Max KE = Max PE

Max PE = 21 kA 2

∵ same A, ∴ same Max PE and Max KE.

Page 15: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 43

xUF∆∆−=Q

x

U

0

當物體相對某固定點移離時,其勢能 U↑

when x > 0, 0xU >∆∆

,F < 0

when x < 0, 0xU <∆∆

,F > 0

因此,物體上的力指向該固定點。 Concept Test 46 同學可參考 Lecture Notes Page 18。 Concept Test 48

P QO XX'

2 s

2 s

3 s

3 s3 s

3 s 3 s

1st

2nd

3rd

Page 16: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 49 (1) 簡諧運動的振幅可為任何數值(any magnitude)。 (2) 加速度總是指向一個固定點稱為 equilibrium position。 (3) 其振盪頻率與振幅無關(i.e. isochronous oscillation)。

Concept Test 51

k

k

k k

( )12

k2m2

2km2

TT

parallel

series =

π

Concept Test 52

450 mm 475 mm 500 mm 525 mm 550 mm

A

A/2

60o

30o

Period, T = 1.5 s

°↔ 360s5.1

o30t ↔ ∴ t = s81

Page 17: Simple Harmonic Motion by Ken Chan

Concept Test 53

T = 2πkm

, A 2A

A

由以上方程得知週期與振幅無關(i.e. period is independent of amplitude)。 B

最大動量(maximum momentum) = MVmax = M( ωA )

A 2A M( ωA ) M( ωA2 )

C D

2max kA

21PE =

2max APE ∝

A 2A ↑maxPE 4 maxPE