lj=;+=!(#& df ef/tsf] u'h/ftsf eujfgnfn OGb|hLn] g]kfnsf @#j6f clen]v k|sfz u/]kl5 j+zfjnLxsf] cfwf/df dfq kl9Fb} u/]sf] g]kfnsf]Oltxf; tfTsflns k|fdfl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/g] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] . tL @# j6f clen]vdf lnR5ljsfnsf !% j6f, dNnsfnsf & j6f / zfxsfnsf] Pp6f clen]v lyP . lj=;+=!(#& df !% j6f clen]v k|sfz eP/ z'? ePsf lnR5ljsfnsf clen]v kl5Nnf] sfnsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 clxn];Dd @@) j6fclen]vsf] k|sfzgdf k'u]sf] 5 . lnR5ljsfnsf tL clen]v / c afo tyf cfGtl/s k|df0fxsf] cfwf/df lnR5ljsfnsf] g]kfn em08}em08} clxn]s} hqf] lyof] eGg] s'/f l;4 eO;s]sf] 5 . lnR5ljsfnkl5 g]kfnsf] ;f] cj:yf /x]g / qmdzM /fHo 6'qmg] qmd z'? eof] . of] qmd a9\b} hfFbf ljqmdsf] afx|f} F ztfAbLlt/ g]kfndf # j6f /fHo v8f x'g k'u] . Pp6f g]kfnvfN8f] s]Gb| ePsf] klZrd ! g+= g'jfsf]6;Dd dfq cfkm\gf] /fHo sfod /xFbf klg :d:t g]kfn gjsf]6e'\tLk|h]+t /fh]s[td\ -;d:t g]kfn g'jfsf]6e'lQm;Dd /fHo u/]_ egL uj{ ug{] s]Gb|sf] /fHo, csf{] g]kfnsf] blIf0fk"j {e]sdf gfGob]jn] v8f u/]sf] l;d/f}gu9/fHo, csf{] g]kfnsf] klZrdf]Q/e]sdf gfu/fhn] v8f u/]sf] l;Fhf/fHo, hf] s'g} j]nf rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAatsf] dfg;/f]j/k|b]z / ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 /fHosf]s'dfpFu9jfnk|b]z;Dd cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k'ofpg ;dy{ ePsf] lyof] . /fHo 6'qmg] qmd qmdzM a9\b} uof] / ljqmdsf] c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf k'Ubf o;e]sdf %@ j6feGbf a9L/fHo v8f eP.

o;} cj:yfdf lj=;+=!&&( kf}if @& ut] uf]/vfsf /fhf g/e"kfn zfxsf h]7f 5f]/fsf] kdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hGd eof] . lj=;+=!^!^ df b|Jo zfxn] uf]/vf/fHo v8f u/]b]lv g} uf]/vfnLxn] k"j{ lt/ a9\g] s'/fdf Wofg lbPsf lyP . o;sf] ;fy} of]Uo+ of]Uofo b ftJod\ -7Ls dflg;nfO{ 7Ls 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{_ eGg] l;4fGtn] klg uf]/vf/fHodf s]xL sfd u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+=!&(( r}q @% ut] afa' g/e"kfn zfxsf] d[To' ePkl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx uf]/vfsf /fhf eP . cfkm" /fhfx'g] lalQs} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] PsLs/0fsf] sfd z'? ul/xfn] / To;sf] husf] kdf lj=;+=!*)! cflZjg !% ut] g'jfsf]6ljhoaf6 Tof] sfd z'? eOxfNof] . cgj/t kl/>dn] cfkm\gf] /fHoeGbf k"j{lt/sf dsjfgk'/, sf7df8f}F, kf6g, eQmk'/, rf}b08L, ljhok'/sf] PsLs/0f ug{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx ;dy{ eP . g]kfnvfN8f]sf] ljhonuQ} klZrdlt/sf] cleofgdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx nfu] / z'?df s]xL ;kmntf xft nfu] klg cGTodf c;kmntf xft nfUof] . To;kl5 k"j{lt/sf] cleofgdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx nfu] / To;df pgn] ;kmntf kfP klg . k"j{lt/sf] cleofg k'/f ePkl5 km]l/ klZrdlt/sf] cleofg ;+rfng ug{ g'jfsf]6 k'u]sf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx cs:dft\ la/fdL k/] / ToxLF lj=;+=!*#! Dff3 ! ut] pgsf] d[To' eof] .

cfkm\gf] d [To' x'g'eGbf s]xL lbgcl3 cfkm\gf efOef/fbf/xnfO{hDdfkf/Lk[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] pkb]z lbP, hf] lbJof]kb]z klg sxlnG5 . To; pkb]zdf ljleGg ljifo 5g\ tfklgTo;nfO{ d"Votof b'O efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 . Pp6f cfkm\gf] hLjgsf pgn] Hofb} dxjk"0f{ 7fg]sf s'/f / csf{]cfkm \gf] gLlt;Fu ;Da4 ljifo . cfkm\gf] hLjg;Fu ;Da4 s'/f atfpFbf klg d"ntM pgn] cfkm\gf] PsLs/0f cleofg;Fu ;Da4 s'/fnfO{ g}hf ]8 lbPsf 5g\ . pkb]zdf pgn] cfk\mgf afa'sf] rr{} u/]sf 5}gg\, t/ cfkm\gf efOxsf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . efOxsf] d2tn] pgn] PsLs/0fsf] sfd a9fpg ;s]sf lyP . dsjfgk'/sL /fhs'df/L OGb|s'df/L;Fu ePsf] ljjfxsf] rrf{ pgn] pkb]zdf u/]sf 5g\ . k[YjLgf/fo0fsf]PsLs/0f ;DaGwL ljrf/nfO{ ;f] c;kmn ljjfxn] dnhn u/]sf] lyof] . uf]vf{j +zfjnLdf o;ljifodfo:tf]elgPsf] 5 >Lgfos k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx kfpnfUg'x'bf] eof]= af6fdf cfkmgf ef/f kfFrl;t x's'd x'+bf] eof]= s:tf] x's'd eof] eGof cab]lvg\ Odsjflgnufot\ O rf}lal; afOl;sf r]lna]6L ljjfx ug'{5}g= Sofcy{n] eGof cfkmgf /flgsf] lalGt uf]r/ ;'Gg}k5{= ;'Gofkl5 gftf;+aGw dfjnL ;;'/fnL eofkl5 dfof df]x x'G5= t;y{ g]kfnnufOt ;sn kxf8sf] d'n's lngfsf] dg;'jf cl3 klg /x]5= d]/f klg Plx dg;'jf 5= lxGb'klt x]ds0f{ ;]g dxf/fhfsf /flgn] dnfO t'R5 jrg af]Nofsf] tf d]/f dg;'jf b[9 u/fpgfnfO kf] /x]5 elg P:t} t/xsf aftlrt x's'd x'b} uf]iff{ cfOk'Ug'x'bf] eof]= o;/L cfkm \gf] PsLs/0f cleofg;Fu of] ljjfx hf]l8Psf]n] k[ YjLgf/fo0fn] o;sf] rrf{ u/]sf x'g\ . sfzLsf /hk"tsL 5f]/L g/]Gb|nIdL;Fu ePsf] bf];|f] ljjfx, h;af6 pgsf] j+z rNof], To;sf] rflxFpgn] pkb]zdf pNn]v u/]sf 5}gg\ . olt s'/f ug'{sf] tfTko{ pgn] h'g pkb]z lbP, To;sf] d"n p2]Zo cfkm"n] PsLs/0f ubf{ p7fPsf] si6sf]]

;+lIfKt cg'ej ;'gfpg' / cfkm"kl5 cfkm"n] cfh{]sf] / eljiodf cfkm\gf ;Gtfgn] cflh{g'kg{] /fHo hf]ufpg rflxg] gLltsf] rrf{ ug'{ g} xf] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . To;} k|;+udf PsLs/0fcleofgsf] d"n c+u ;}GogLltsf] af/]df klg pkb]zdf s]xL s'/f k/]sf] 5= ca To;sf] af/]df s]xL rrf{ tn ul/G5 .

;;'/fnL dsjfgk'/df s'/f gldnL rGb|flul/sf] af6f] u/Luf]/vflt/ kms{]sf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ g]kfnvfN8f]sf tLg /fHo lhTg] OR5f x'G5 / To;sf] nflu d}wLdf pgn] ;}Gogfosxsf] e]nf u/]

r]Kofsf] iffjf lnUnLu\sf] cf8 ul/ /fif]sf d]/f ltg lj/ 5g\= ltgnfO{ af]nfxf6sf] sf n]ifgh}l; eGbf ltgsf] gfp s] s] xf] elg ;'Wofof / /0flht\ a:Goft\ dfgl;+ /f]sfxf lj/eb| kf7s\ d}lwdf /ftlbg ul/ cfOk's elg n]ifL k7f`f / cfO{k'u] / ltg5]p osfGt uof -/_ eg]= lbsaGb ;]gl;t xfs lb cf`f= g]kfn klg b]lif cf`f= xfGgfsf] dg;'jf klg /fifL cf`f= ltldx? Sof eG5f} elg d}n] eGbf xfGg'xj;\ dxf/fhf eg]/ ;Nnfxf lbof / d}n] eg] d h;} csf{sf] 5qe ug{ d hf+5'= d]/f] 5qe+u ug{ csf{] cfof] eGof s;f] xf]nf elg d}n] eGbf xh"/sf xfltxpjf O{ a fO{;\ rf}lal; cfof] eGof r]Kofdf /utsf] glb axfpnf dfxf/fhf eGof / osfGtaf6 pl7 uf]iff{ uop=

/0flht\ a:Goft, dfgl;+x /f]sfxf / jL/eb| kf7s gfdsf # hgf ;}Gogfosx;Fusf] 5nkmndf g]kfnvfN8f] lhTg] OR5f k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx k|s6 u5{g\, pgsf] To; s'/fdf tLg}hgf ;]gfgfosn] pT;fx yK5g\, t/ k[i7zf]wg gu/L cl3 a9\bf klZrdaf6 ndh' cflbaf6 x'g] cfqmd0faf6 s;/Lhf]lug] eGg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] k|Zgdf ;]gfgfosxaf6 pT;fxk"j{ssf] pQ/ t cfpF5, t/ To;af6 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lrQ /fd|f];Fu ga'em]sf] otfaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 .

d}wLaf6 lxF8]kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx uf]/vfdf kms{G5g\ . To;} a]nf tLy{x 3'Db} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf dfdf kfNkfnL o'j/fh pBf]t ;]g uf]/vfdf cfOk'U5g\ / pgsf] k[YjLgf/fo0f;Fu o:tf] s'/f x'G5

k'u]kl5 dfdfHo" klg lgns+07 k;'kltsf] b;{gnfO{ b]p3f6sf] af6f] ul/ hfg'eofsf] /x]5= lgns+07 k;'kltsf] b;{geofkl5 >Luf]/ifgfysf] b;{gnfO{ uf]iff{df cfpg'eof] / b;{g eofkl5 dl;t e]6 eof] / d}n] eGof= dfdfHo" ds'jfgk'/ klg k'lu cf`f= g]kfn klg b] lif cf`f= xfGgfsf] dg';'af klg /flif cf +`f+= slt s'/fn] d]/f] sfh kmTo] xf]nf= clt{ aS;g'eof x'bf] xf] elg d}n] eGbf dnfO{ klg kRr/fqLdf lb|i6fGt eof]= xfdLn] b]if\tf kfrkf08'jfsf] cjtf/ eof h:tf] nfUb5= s'?Ifqsf] d]nf ge} g]kfn km'6\g]5}g= ndh'g\ eGofsf] u?8 xf]= uf]iff{ eGofsf] ;/k xf]= g]kfn eGofsf] Eofu'tf] xf]= c3L u?8sf] cfiff 5n\g'= ta ;k{n] Eofu'tf] iffg kfp5= d]/f ;fydf rf/ hftsf l;kflx 5g\= OGdf s:sf] ;jf/ uof rf8f] sfh kmTo xf]nf elg ;f]Wbf s] s] hft 5g\ elg ;f]Wfg'eof] / afx'g\ if;\ du/ 7s'l/ Ogdfs:sf] ;jf/ uof rf8f] sfh kmToxf]nf elg ;f]Wbf afx'g\sf] ;jf/ eGofsf] ao]n xf]= kfts\ nfU5= 7s'l/sf] ;jf/ eGofsf] l;+3 xf]= k5fl8 buf x'G5= du|sf] ;jf/ eGofsf] 6fug\ 3f]8f xf]= l9nf] x'G5= if;sf] ;jf/ eGofsf] tflh t'ls{ 3f]8f xf]= if;sf] ;jf/ uof rf8f] xf]nf eGof h:tf] nfU5 elg c? w]/} s'/fsf] clt{ lb hfg'eof]Yof]= pg} clt{ ln`f=

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] d]/f ;}Godf afx'g, v;, du/ / 7s'/L 5g\, logdf s;nfO{ ;]gfklt agfpFbf /fd|f] xf]nf egL dfdf;Fu ;Nnfx ubf{ dfdfn] afx'g, du/ / 7s'/Ldf ePsf] bf]ifsf] rrf{ u/L ;aeGbf of]Uo v; x'G5g\ egL eG5g\ / Tof] ;Nnfx / c cg'ejsf] cfwf/df kl5 sfn' kfF8] sfhL agfOG5g\ .

sfn' kfF8]sf] of]Uotfaf6 k|efljt ePsf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx cfkm\gf] cleofgnfO{ cem a9L k|efjzfnL agfpg To;df a:GoftnfO{ klg hf]8\5g\ / kfF8] / a:Goftsf] j}jflxs;DaGwdf :jo+ ndL aGg k'U5g\

ca kf8] a:Goft\sf] h'u aflwlb+5'= t]l/ 5f]l/ l;j/fd a:Goft\sf] 5f]/f] s]x]l;{+x a:Goft\nfO{ b]p elg dflu lax] klg ul/lb`f / kf8] a:Goft\sf] h'u af lw kf8]sf] 9fn\ a:Goft\sf] t/jf/ ul/ g]kfndf r9fO uofsf] xf] ..

sfn' kfF8]sL 5f]/L lrqfb]jL / lzj/fdl;+x a:Goftsf dflxnf 5f]/f s]x/l;+xsf] j}jflxs ;DaGw o;/L k[YjLgf/fo0f hf]8\5g\ . lj=;+=!*)# df ;fFufrf]ssf]n8fOFdf cfkm\gf] Hofg pT;u{ u/]sf lzj/fdl;+xsf 5f]/f s]x/l;+x lj=;+=!*@* kf}if % ut] ePsf] ;tx'Fsf] n8fOFFdf d[To'j/0f u5{g\ . lj=;+=!*!$ Ho]i7 !( ut] ePsf] sLlt{k'/sf] n8fOFFdf sfn' kfF8] dfl/Psf x'g\ . pkb]zsf] j0f{gaf6 Tof] ljjfx x'Fbf lzj/fdl;+x lalt;s]sf / sfn' kfF8] hLljt /x]sf] efj cfpF5 . o;/L k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] b'O{6f 3/fgfsf] ;DaGw u/fP/ cfkm\gf] PsLs/0fcleofgnfO{ cl3 a9fpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . ToxL pkb]zsf] kl5Nnf] c+zdf lzj/fdl;+x a:Goftsf ;GtfgnfO{ blIf0flt/sf] cyf{t\ ef/tlt/sf] / sfn'

kfF8]sf ;GtfgnfO{ ef]6lt/sf] cyf{t\pQ/lt/sf] ;lGw cflb sfdsf] lhDdf lbg] s'/f u/]/ k[YjLgf/fo0fn] o; ;DaGwnfO{ cem a9L dha"t kf/]sf 5g\ .

lj=;+=!*)! cflZjg !% ut] g'jfsf]6 lht]sf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lj=;+=!*@% cflZjg !# ut] sf7df8f}F, lj=;+=!*@% cflZjg @$ ut] kf6g / lj=;+=!*@^ dfu{ ! ut] eQmk'/ ljho u/L g]kfnvfN8f]df k"0f{ clwsf/ hdfP . pgn] g]kfn vfN8f]jl/kl/sf 8fF8fsf] ;}GodxTjsf] af/]df ljrf/ u/]/ o:tf] af]n]sf 5g\

of] g]kfnsf] tift lsNnf xf]=of] lsNnf kfof] eGof rf/} afb;fxnfO{ jx|fnf nfpg}5= O:j/n] /rgf uofsf] lsNnf /x]5= :jwg'kg{] /x]g5= l;jk'l/ ! km'n\rf]s\ @ rG8f-lul/ # d_dxfb]pkf]ifl/ $kfn'+ % bfKrf ^ sfx'Nof & O{gdf klg lsNnf ksL agfpg'= lsNnflk5] tf]k nd\56\ ul/ /fifLlbg' / hlt eGHofO{ 5g\= eGHofkL5] os os kmnfd]9f]sf agfO{ 9f]sflk5] os os tf]k nd\56\ ul/ /fifLlbg' / kk +f+r l;kflx /fifLlbg' / o:j eofkl5 r]jf uGof{ rrf{ uGof{ euGof gf:Gof 9's"jf km;f lb if'lg o:tfxsf] klg s]xL rNg]5}g= rf/} afb;fxL r9fO{ ul/ cfof] eGof klg s;}sf] s]xL rn\Go /x]g5=

lzjk'/L, km'n\rf]sL, rGb|flul/, dxfb]pkf]v/L, kfn', bfKrf, sfx'n] oL & 7fpFdf /fd|f] lsNnf agfO{ ltgdf ;}lgs /fVg", To;f] eP h:tf] zlQm cfP klg n8\g ;lsG5 egL oxfF n]lvPsf] 5 .

ef/fbf/x ljnf;L ePkl5 7"nf] ;}GozlQm klg o'4df k/flht x'G5 eGg] s'/f ef/tsf] Oltxf;af6 :ki6 x'G5 . of] s'/f k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] /fd |/L a'em]sf lyP . To;}n] ;}lgsxn] cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ rnfpgrflxF ;s"g\, t/ pgLx w]/} wg sdfO{ ljnf;LrflxF gxf]pmg\ eGg] nIo k[YjLgf/fo0fn] lnPsf] b]lvG5

Sof r'gL l;kfO{ eof Sof e}ef/fbf/ eof OgnfO{ bjny sfdfpg glbg'= cfbdL x]l/ x 'd{t\ dfq} /fifLlbg'=sLg egf}nf= bjny\ eofsfn] t/jf/df kl; dg{ dfg{ ;s}gg\ / xl/ksf] rks\ x'G5= l;kflx e}ef/fbf/n] :jif u/]gg\ eGof rf/} if'6\df d]/f] t/jf/ ahGo}5=

ljnf;L ePkl5 ;}lgsx /fd|/L n8\g ;Sb}gg\, b]z k/fwLg x' G5 eGg] efjn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] o:tf] af]n]sf] b]lvG5 .

cfkm\gf ef/fbf/n] v/fk sfd u/] klg p;nfO{ gdfg"{, 7"nf] n8fOFFdf k7fOlbg", lht]/ cfof] eg] /fd|} eof], dof] eg] klg s]xL v/fa ePg egL k[YjLgf/fo0fn] af]n]sf 5g\

kf8] a:Goft\ k+y e}ofb d+u|nfO{ df/ftk\ lbbf cfnf]kfnf] kfnf] ul/ iffg lbg'= O{ d]/f g'g\u'g\sf :jemf ;]js x'g\= O{gLxsf] hLj hfGof la/fd uofsf] eof klg cfkm'n] gdfg'{= a? df/ftk lbo]/ n8f`Ldf emf]l;lbg' / lhj hf]ufO{ cfof] eGof a9Lof eof]= dl/uof] eGof cfkm'n] dfg'{ cs}{af6 dfl/lbofsf] a9Lof x'G5= ta /fhfn] ;]jsnfO{ 3/df gdfg'{=

cfkm\gf] ;}Godf ljb|f]x gxf]cf];\ egL k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] of] gLlt lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

l;kfxLxnfO{ 3/klsf] s'/fdf 9'Ss eP/ n8\g ;Sg] cj:yf NofOlbg'k5{ egLk[YjLgf/fo0fn] o:tf] af]n]sf 5g\

pk|fGt .. h9 s'/f] /fhfnfO{ rfxLGof l;kflxx?sf] 3/ if]t\ ldnfO{lbg' / dn\ hn\ u5{g\ / 8 'jf} af]l6 leq xfNg kfp5g\ / slanfsf] lglkm{ls| x'G5= 9f]sfdf eof klg uf}8fdf eof klg l;kflxxsf] 5flt alnof] /xG5=

;}lgsxnfO{ hflu/sf] kdf 3/ kfos kg{] u/L hUuf lbg", To;f] ePkl5 df]xL / tlN; b'j}sf] efu kfpF5g\ / 3/klaf6 9'Ss eO{ n8\g] sfddf ;}lgsx nfUg ;S5g\ / cfkm\gf] ljho x'G5 egL k[YjLgf/fo0fn] oxfF af]n]sf 5g\ .

;}lgsxnfO{ of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df egf{ u/L sfdsf] cfwf/df kbf]Ggt ug'{k5{ egL k[YjLgf/fo0fn] o:tf] af]n]sf 5g\ .

khlg ubf{df klg ;o] gfnsf s+d\kgL hdfpg' / ;o] gfnsf ;'a ]bf/ rf/ kfr n8f`Ldf h; kfO{ cfofsf o:tf cfkm'n] hflr ;'a]bf/ xfNg'= ;'a]bf/n] klg ;ft kul/ b'O{ rf/ af9 iffofsf o:tf ;ftkul/ xfn\g'= ;ftkul/n]

:jx|x'bf xfNbf cfkm'l;t dg{] dfGo{ hfrL !^ x'bf xfn\g'= !^ x'bfn] klg cfkm'l;t dg{] dfGo{ hfrL l;kflx xfln cfkm\gfcfkm\gfkl egf{ ug'{=

aGb"s af]Sg] ;ohgf l;kflxxaf6 sDkgL v8f ug'{k5{, rf/ kfFrj6f n8fOFFdf ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sfnfO{ /fhfn] ;'a]bf/ agfpg'k5{, ;'a]bf/n] b'O{ rf/j6f n8fOFF n8]sfnfO{ ;ftku/L agfpg'k5{, ;ftku/Ln] n8fOFFdf /fd|f];Fu n8\g ;Sg] ;f]x| x'b\bf egf{ ug'{k5{, ;f]x| x'b\bfn] klg n8fOFFdf /fd |f];Fun8\g ;Sg] l;kfxLx egf{ ug'{k5{ egL oxfF n]lvPsf] 5 .

l;kfxLdf of] of] hftsf dflg; /fVg" egL o;/L n]lvPsf] 5

kL kldf l;kflx klgif;\ du/ u'?+ 7s'l/ O{g} rf/ hft dfq} lifrf]nf ul/xfn\g' / tjf{/ kbf{ ;fx|f] x'G5= n'xf RofkGof klg Og} rf/ hft dfq} x'g\ / t-/_jf/ kbf{ ;fx|f] x'G5 / j}l/ tSof OGb|sf] cf;g\ klg 8ufO{5=

;]gfdf v;, du/, u'?, 7s'/L hftsf dflg; /fVg" / sDkgLhdfpFbf tL ;a} hftsf dflg; /fVg" egLoxfFelgPsf] 5 . klxn] dfdf;Fu ;Nnfx ubf{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfkm\gf] ;}Godf afx'g, v;, du/, 7s'/L 5g\ egL af]n]sfdf kl5Nnf] sfndf To;df ;+zf]wg u/L afx'gsf] 7fpFdf u'? /flvPsf] b]lvG5 .

o'4;fdu|Lsf] kdf wg', aGb"s, v'F8f, tf]ksf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ egL n]lvPsf] 5

xhf/f} wgf xhf/f} kysf{nf xhf/f} if'8f xhf/f} tf]k eof OGb|sf] cf;g klg 8ufO{5 =

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nvgf}af6 tLghgf d';ndfg lemsfO{ ltgLxf/f cfkm\gf] ;}GonfO{ tflnd lbPsf] s'/f oxfF n]lvPsf] 5 .

sDkgL hdfpg] ljifodf pkb]zdf o:tf] n]lvPsf] 5

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Nature and Challenges of Peace Support Operations in 21st Century: A Case of United Nations Mission in

South Sudan (UNMISS)

- Major Ranjit Thapa

More than ever before in human history, we share a common destiny. We can master it only if we face it together. And that, my friends, is why we have the United Nations.

-Kofi Annan1 Abstract

Established immediately after South Sudan became a sovereign state in 2011, UNMISS is mainly mandated to provide support for state building, strengthen governments institutions, and protection of civilian, which varies from the traditional peacekeeping framework. Operating in a new nation, inter-communal violence and activities of non-state armed groups appears limiting its freedom of movement, posing challenges to protection of civilian, and threats to its personnel too. However, there appears multiple challenges, role of UNMISS has been observed instrumental in the transformation of a new nation. Drawing on various literatures and based on own observation, this paper seeks to highlight nature and challenges of peace support operations at present by taking into account the case of UNMISS.

Introduction

1. In Africa, on 9 July 2011, a new nation, South Sudan, was born, when it declared independence following a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) -provided referendum that voted overwhelmingly in favour of secession from Sudan. As a sovereign state, it became 193 member of United Nations, and UNMISS was established on 9 July 2011. This mission is refreshed from United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) established in 2005, when the Government of Sudan and Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement (SPLM) that struggled for almost 25 years for the liberation of Southern Sudan, signed a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in April 2005.

2. UNMISS, unlike traditional peacekeepingblue helmets on ground, is mandated with a range of objectives - state-building to protection of civilian (PoC), which warrants a coordinated, committed, and sustained effort of all components of mission so as contribute in establishing conditions that strengthen governments institutions and support its capability to govern. Furthermore, provide support in establishing infrastructure that enables future development, strengthen the capability for rule of law, and gradually develop South Sudan as a peaceful and democratically stable country by which it can aspire for future prosperity.

1BBC News, BBC Home Page, New Millennium, New Challenges , http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report / millennium/584374.stm (accessed 22 October 13)

3. Furthermore, it is also necessary to monitor situation that the two countries, recently separated, gradually move towards resolving underlying issues, especially border demarcation, which appears important in maintaining security of the region in general and the transition of South Sudan in particular. Drawing on various literatures and based on own observation this paper attempts to highlight nature and challenges of peace support operations at present day taking into account the case of UNMISS.

South Sudan: A Country in General

4. South Sudan with an area of 644, 329 square kilometers2 and estimated population of 9.6 million3 is bordered by Ethiopia to East, Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo to South, Central African Republic to West and Sudan to North (see figure 1). It has 10 states. English is the official language. Ethnic groups mainly comprises, though there exists more than twenty, of Dinka, Lou Nuer, Kakwa, Bari, Shilluk, Murle, Anuak, Jie, and Acholi.4 Literacy rate is 20% and 50.6% of people live below poverty line.5

Figure-1 South Sudan and Bordering Countries

Source: CIA, The World Fact Book, South Sudan, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html (accessed 23 October 13).

5. Its major historical development can be traced on from 1870s, when Egypt attempted to colonize the region of Southern Sudan by establishing the province of Equatoria. However, in 1898 a British force was able to overthrow the Islamic Mahdist regime, who overran the region in 1885. With Equatoria being the southernmost of its eight provinces, an Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established and Equatoria remained an isolated region over the following decades.6

6. Sudan gained its independence from the British rule in 1956. During that time, it was with an understanding that the Southerners would be able to participate fully in the political system of Sudan. When the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on its promises, a mutiny began that led to two conflicts, 1955-1972 and 1983-2005, in which perhaps 2.5 million people died due to starvation and drought. 7 The difference between the North and the South was reinforced, when Islam Sharia law was introduced in September 1983.8 The recent conflict,

2 UNMISS Home Page, ht tp:/ /unmiss.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=5083&language=en-US (accessed 20 October 13). 3 LeRiche and Arnold, 4. 4 Ibid 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Prolonged Wars, http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/97-0588.pdf (accessed 26 October 13).

1983-2005, for liberation of South from Sudan by SPLM, with its armed wing Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA), ended with a CPA signed on 9 January 2005.

7. Following a six-year mandatory interim period provided by CPA for South, a referendum was held on 9 January 2011 as a part of the agreement. The result was a vote of 98.8%9 in favor of secession and it attained independence on 9 July 2011. The new country comprises 10 of Sudans 25 states. The former head of the SPLM, Dr. John Garang, was killed in a helicopter crash on 30 July 2005.10 The current president, Salva Kiir Mayardit, took over after Garangs death and was re-elected with 93% of the vote in 2010.11

8. The economic conditions have deteriorated since January 2012, when the government decided to shut down oil production following bilateral disagreements with Sudan. Moreover, a boundary demarcation issue in Abyei region, which resulted in clashes in the recent past between Sudan and South Sudan, remains unresolved. Since 27 June 2012, United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) is established, deploying Ethiopian troops, to demilitarize Abyei and to monitor the flashpoint border between north and south. 12 Since independence, South Sudan has struggled with good governance and nation building and has attempted to control various non-state armed groups operating in its territory.

UNMISS: A Brief Background and the Mandate

9. After the CPA signed on 9 January 2005, UNMIS was established in Khartoum, which ended its interim period on 8 July 2011.13 When the Security Council passed resolution 1996 on 8 July 2011, a refreshed UNMISS was established in Juba on 9 July 2011. Established under chapter VII of UN charter,14 UNMISS is mandated initially for a period of one year with the intention to renew the mandate and period as may be required. In July 2013, Security Council renewed its mandate until 15 July 2014.15

10. According to the mandate, up to 7,000 military personnel, including military liaison officers and staff officers, up to 900 civilian police personnel, including as appropriate formed units, and an appropriate civilian component, including technical human rights investigation expertise forms the component of UNMISS. Key parts of the mandate are:16

(a) Support for peace consolidation and thereby fostering longer-term state-building and economic development;

(b) Support the Government in exercising its responsibilities for conflict prevention, mitigation, and resolution and protect civilians;

(c) Support the Government in developing its capacity to provide security, to establish rule of law, and to strengthen the security and justice sectors.

9 LeRiche and Arnold, 131. 10 Ibid.,115. 11 Aljazeera, Country Profile: South Sudan, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/southsudanindependence/2011/06/ 2011630102213823618.html (accessed 23 October 13). 12 UNISFA, http: //www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unisfa/ (accessed 28 October 2013). 13 UNMISS Mandate , http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmiss/mandate.shtml (accessed 22 August 2013). 14 Ibid. 15 Security Council, SC/11058, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc11058.doc.htm (accessed 12 September 2013). 16UNMISS Mandate.

Mission Structure and Operating Modalities in General

11. Mission has various components providing uniqueness to its nature and function. It mainly comprises of civilian and military components. Human Rights and Women Protection, Civil Affairs, Child Protection, Recovery, Reintegration and Peace Building, PoC, Rule of Law, and Public Information are the major focal units, besides Mission Support Division, Military, and Police. UNMISS is headed by Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG). The highest level of coordination and mission support is from UNMISS FHQ, Juba. Deputy SRSG, Force Commander, and Director of Mission Support work directly under SRSG.

12. In each state, UNMISS has State Support Bases (SSBs) headed by State Coordinator; a senior most civilian leadership to coordinate mission activities in the state. In each SSB, there are normally 3 to 5 County Support Bases (CSBs). Based on criticality of the situation to support mission requirement, Temporary Operating Bases (TOBs) are established by troops for few months to an extended duration. All components; civilian, military, police, and mission support staffs, similar to FHQ, represents in all SSBs and CSBs too. At each SSB, Military Liaison Team consisting of 14 to 22 Military Liaison Officers (MLOs), mostly Majors and headed by Colonel, conducts liaison with SPLA and contribute in planning of integrated missions.

13. In order to implement mission mandate, FHQ and SSBs regularly engage in planning of various programmes. Most of the activities, situation analysis and risk assessment, investigation, monitoring and reporting, information gathering and developing early warning capability for PoC, strengthening capacity of host governments security forces are planned and executed by an Integrated Team (IT) composed of various units, and lead role by civilian leadership.

Jonglei State: Mission Focus

14. Jonglei is one of 10 states of South Sudan with an area of 122,479 square kilometers (See figure 2). It has 11 Counties with its state capital at Bor. Besides, various ethnic groups; Dinka and Lou Nuer are considered as major groups. Murle tribe, in majority, remains mostly in eastern Jonglie. UNMISS has SSB at Bor, CSB [TOB] in Pibor and Akobo, and TOBs in Gumuruk and Yuai. This state has remained the focus of the mission, and international community too, due to increasing threats to civilian population as well as attack on UNMISS personnel, which appears to have provided limited freedom of movement mainly orchestrated by armed group activities and inter-communal violence.

Figure-2 Jonglei State of South Sudan

Source: STILLSUDAN, 29 June 2010, http://stillsudan.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html (accessed 28 October 13). Few places updated by author.

15. The situation in Jonglei state has remained volatile, uncertain, and complex, since the spike in inter-communal violence in late 2011. David Yau Yau, a civilian Murle tribesman in his thirties, launched his first revolt against state authority in May 2010 from Pibor after his defeat as an independent candidate in April 2010 parliamentary election, representing that County, in the State Assembly.17 It is estimated that 4,0006,000 largely Murle youths have joined Yau Yaus ranks receiving arms and ammunition from him.18 In the early months of 2013, an offensive launched by South Sudans national army, SPLA, against armed groups in eastern Jonglei appear to have culminated without significant result.

16. It is observed that direct threats to UNMISS have increased manifold. On 21 December 2012, UNMISS MI-8 helicopter on a reconnaissance flight, at around 10 a.m. local time, has been shot down by SPLA in Likuangole area north of Pibor, killing all four crew members.19 Keeping in view the potential threats, mission adopted mitigation measures in which UNMISS aircrafts flying within Jonglei must obtain flight safety assurance from SPLA GHQ, and subsequently SPLA formation of Jonglei, and in those areas specified as high risk, mostly in eastern Jonglei, SPLA deployed on ground too. Besides, one SPLA officer and one MLO have to be on board on those flights going to high-risk areas as a mitigation measures.

17. On 12 March 2013, at around 1030 hours local time, a regular vehicle patrol of INDBATT2 moving from Gumuruk to Pibor area was fired upon by armed group in which the patrol leader, received a gunshot wound and was later evacuated for treatment.20 In April 2013, five soldiers from INDBATT2, including convoy commander Lieutenant Colonel, and two UNMISS civilian staffs were killed in an attack by armed group21 along Pibor-Bor road axis close to Gumuruk, while in a humanitarian convoy protection task. Regarding perpetrators, BBC news details, South Sudans military spokesman blamed on militants led David Yau Yau, who South Sudan says is being armed by Sudan.22 A safety measure is established; prior notification of all UNMISS road movement within Jonglei State has to be provided to SPLA.

18. A most deadly incident occurred in Jonglei on 8 February 2013 causing the greatest loss of life since the violence erupted. A group of Lou Nuer pastoralists were attacked by a large group of allegedly Murle armed men in Northern Jonglei, Walgak, which local authorities reported 118 people were killed. The UNMISS and also investigation by Human Rights verified 69 people killed, including four SPLA soldiers and 19 children, and also received information about a further 37 people injured and 34 unaccounted for.23

19. Inter-communal violence characterized by mobilization of youths, and armed group activities has exacerbated the security situation in Jonglei. Recently, an attack in an early daylight of 20 October 2013 in Twic East County also resulted in almost 70 dead and 80 people injured.24 The local authorities and people in that area accused the neighbouring Murle armed 17David YauYaus Rebellion, Human Security Baseline Assessment (HSBA) for Sudan and South Sudan, Small Arms Survey, http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/south-sudan/armed-groups/ southern-dissident-militias/HSBA-Armed-Groups-Yau-Yau.pdf (accessed 18 October). 18Ibid. 19Security Council, SC/10873 AFR/2494, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10873.doc.htm and UN News Centre, South Sudan: UN peacekeeping missions helicopter shot down, kil ling all crew members, http:// www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43832 (accessed 22 February 2013). 20NDTV, Indian Army officer on United Nations mission injured in Sudan attack, http://www.ndtv.com/article/ india/indian-army-officer-on-united-nations-mission-injured-in-sudan-attack-342034 (accessed 21 July 2013). 21BBC News, Five Indian UN troops killed in South Sudan, ht tp:/ /www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22080224 (accessed 22 October2013). 22Ibid. 23 UNMISS; Report on the 8 February 2013 attack on Lou Nuer pastoralists in Akobo West Sub-County, Jonglei State, April 2013, 3, http://unmiss.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fi leticket=4BAr3GgtyY4%3D&tabid=5434&language=en-US (accessed 3 September 2013). 24Sudan tribune, Jonglei: UN condemns Twic attack after 70 killed, http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48525 (accessed 24 Oct 2013).

group of carrying out the raid.25 A cattle-raiding feud between rival ethnic groups have resulted into increased threats to innocent civilian and has led to insecurity in the state, which has left hundreds of people dead and some 100,000 displaced since independence.26

Nepalese Force Reserve Battalion in UNMISS

20. A battalion from Nepalese Army is working under UNMISS since early 2012, and is deployed in Rumbek, Lakes state of South Sudan. It is tasked as Air Mobile Force Reserve Battalion (FRB). Besides primary taskforce reserve, it has supported UNMISS by providing troops in other two statesa company in Malakal of Upper Nile and Bor of Jonglei State. Within Jonglei, troops are deployed in Pibor, and earlier in Manyobal, considered as high-risk areas, and Yuai too, where mission felt urgent to establish UN footprints in order to provide early warning for the protection of civilian from emerging violence.

21. NEPFRB1, Narayandal Battalion, deployed troops to various locations and supported mission directed tasks besides establishing camp. NEPFRB2, Bhairab Prasad Battalion, greatly embraced new deployments in high-risk areas in Jonglei as an immediate response to missions critical requirement to provide force protection and conduct military operations as part of PoC. NEPFRBs quick response and active involvement in directed tasks provided an overriding significance to support missions force reconfiguration plan, which was highly appreciative.

22. Furthermore, the ability of the Battalion in building and maintaining good relationship with local authorities and civilian population, and promptness in undertaking heavier responsibility with flexible approach, when asked by FHQ, was observed instrumental to maintain missions operational tempo given the volatile situation of Jonglei. It was further reinforced by Battalion leaderships collaborative skills, adaptability, creative and critical thinking capability as well as forward-looking approach to engage with missions key leadership and local authorities in those areas where troops were deployed.

Challenges and Recommendations

23. Unlike traditional peacekeeping, in most cases observing, monitoring, and keeping peace by force, UNMISS is mandated with various tasks mostly within the political framework. Ward and Lekson details, Peace operations in the early days, outside intervention in conflicts were matters for soldiers and UN officials, and during the current generation, however, the cast of characters has become more diverse.27 Working under such dimension, to support government institution and contribute in strengthening capability of a new nation necessitates resilient, informed, and committed human capacity, who works in complete harmony with a greater realization of respect for diversity and professional integrity.

24. Given the integrated nature of mission, where mission playerscivilian pillars, are important to provide firm support and commitment in materializing missions mandatedevise ways and means to achieve the end state, should have an adequate intellectual reach, not only to run missions bureaucracy, to support new nation as per mandate. Furthermore, equipped with informed human resources, there is an increasing need to coordinate the effort of various units

25Ibid. 26Ibid. 27George F. Ward Jr. and J. Michael Lekson, Dealing with Conflict: The Contribution of Training, in Peacemaking in International Conflict, ed. I. William Zartman (The United States Institute of Peace, Washington D.C: 2007), 368.

within mission. It should not appear as if every unit wants to coordinate, however, none wants to be coordinated. Hence, a visible and sustained coordination at all level and cooperation with a clear intent displaying ways and means appears critical.

25. Given the nature of the mandate, there is a need to operate with a highly professional approach, display informed behavior with high moral standard, and enhanced teamwork by taking confidence of various components that underpins the effective implementation of the mandate. Most of the mission activities revolve around the actions by Integrated Teammostly Civilian Pillars and their lead role. There is a need to greatly realize and manifest the importance of a common approach to any situation, and that should appear more as a natural process than as a requirement while performing tasks in a more credible manner.

26. As UNMISS is continuously engaged and committed to support transformation of a new nation, its freedom of movement appears limited and its activities that are mostly underpinned by the concept of PoC appears challenged mainly brought by the volatile situation of Jonglei. While threats to civilians and suffering continue and concern authorities of the government are not able to ensure adequate protection measures and preserve basic rights, there arises a need to strengthen PoC mandate and adopt a robust mechanism within the framework of the concept of responsibility to protect, R2P, in order to protect innocent civilians from violence. Patrice Sartre details, In practice, the first objective of robustness should be the freedom of action, the pre-condition for the success of its missions: protecting itself, protecting the populations, and retaining control of the crisis area so that political progress is possible.28

27. The concept of R2P was unanimously ratified by UN at the 2005 World Summit, which was developed by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) set up by the government of Canada in 2001.29 Woodward and Morrison details, It hinges on the belief that sovereignty grants the privilege to nations to govern independently, but it also comes with a responsibility to the people who are governed. The responsibility is for governments to protect their people but that when they are unwilling or unable to do so, that responsibility must be borne by the broader community of states.30

28. Paul Collier, a professor of economics at Oxford University, details, R2P is a full-frontal assault on the concept of national sovereignty.31 While, Woodward and Morrison posit, This concept is a victory for democracy because it pledges to support sovereign rule only when it protects the populace it governs.32 In places of violence or under imminent threats, which is highly likely for humanitarian crises, necessity of humanitarian intervention by the International Community and UN appears urgent. Under such dynamics, mainly within the PoC mandate, mission leaderships effective diplomacy and an enhanced engagement, within a broader strategic framework, with host government, partners, regional players, and other stakeholders assumes an overwhelming significance towards materializing the mandate.

28Patrice Sarte, Making UN Peacekeeping More Robust: Protecting the Mission, Persuading the Actors, International Peace Inst itute, 15, August 2011, http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/331-making-un-peacekeeping-more-robust-protecting-the-mission-persuading-the-actors.html (accessed Apri l 2012). 29Margaret H. Woodward and Philip G. Morrison, The Responsibility to Protect: The Libya Test Case, 21, Joint Force Quarterly, Issue 71, 4th Quarter 2013, NDU Press. http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jfq/jfq-71.pdf (accessed 11 September 2013). 30Ibid., 21. 31Paul Collier, Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places (Harper Collins: New York, 2010), 218. 32Margaret H. Woodward and Philip G. Morrison, 24.

29. Another prerequisite that appear essential for PoC is to establish condition that supports conflict prevention. South Sudan, a home of 9.6 million people, has an estimated 50% of the population less than 20 and close to 70% under 35 years of age.33 Collier argues, The social structure that seems to affect the risk of violence is the proportion of young men in the population, as those between 15 and 29, is dangerous. A doubling in the proportion increases the risk of conflict from around 5% over a five-year period to around 20%.34 Given the mobilization of inter-communal youths and the current situation of South Sudan, it is consequential to provide support for establishing infrastructure for education and training, and to generate employment opportunities that contribute in utilizing those human resources towards positive outcome.

30. UNMISS military component are categorized as military unitsTroops Contributing Countries (TCC), experts in the mission as Military Liaison Officersunarmed, and staff officers. In an integrated mission like UNMISS, the role of military component is equally important. TCCs are mainly involved in providing protection to IT missions, conducting patrols, staffing installations and facilities, and escorting humanitarian convoys. Experts in the mission are extensively engaged in assisting other components to function effectively by carrying out liaison with SPLA and placing military liaison teams at places with TCC to assess security situation and to work as interlocutor to support missions early warning capability, while military staff officer support mission staff functions.

31. At present, host of characters and components flanks peacekeeping operations. Each group possesses a unique organizational culture and tends to apply its own peculiar vocabulary to peace and humanitarian operations.35 Ward and Lekson elaborates, Soldier and UN officials remain central players, but they have been joined by many others, including representatives of hundreds of international and single-country NGOs, other intergovernmental agencies, regional organizations, and police from dozens of countries. 36 Military Components are deployed, guided by national caveats too, normally for a shorter duration, whereas, civilian components serve in the mission as per their contract. Though all mission components work under UN and missions mandate framework, military component should realize that they are representing their countryas ambassadors, and their actions and behavior reflect their professionalism and capability to operate in a diverse and multinational environment.

32. It is essential that military component understand the necessity to work in complete harmony, display professionalism, and understand characteristics, roles and responsibility, and limitation of various civilian components within the mission. Similarly, the civilian components should also take into account the nature and culture of military units and understand their operating mechanism as well as respect viewpoints from diverse background. Furthermore, understanding socio-cultural dynamics of host country and respect sentiments of people on which the foundation of their values rests needs a closer look.

33. As the situation in South Sudan, particularly due to the violence in Jonglei, deteriorated and posed increasing threats to civilian population, force posture was reviewedNEPFRB troops reinforced Jonglei, primary area of responsibility of INDBATT. Military Operationsfoot and vehicle patrol were enhanced in Pibor and Gumuruk, however, inaccessible road conditions and weather challenges are observed restricting mobility and effectiveness. It appears imperative to 33LeRiche, Matthew and Matthew Arnold. 34Collier, 130. 35Ward and Lekson, 366. 36Ibid.

cater more air assets in place to effectively conduct PoC tasks, enhance missions capability as part of early warning and monitoring mechanism, and deter violence. A dedicated Military Aviation Unit with required type and number of aircrafts and surveillance assetsmainly Helicopters and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles appears crucial to strengthen the current inventory; as Rwandans Military Aviation Unit of UNMISS are also committed for sustainment functions.

34. Given the political situation of South Sudana new nation in transition, and ongoing challenges, an immediate focus on strengthening capability of its security forces appears critical to shape their behavior with a better understanding and of a more professional nature. It can greatly contribute in supporting the democratic effort of the Government and maintaining an environment conducive for international community to operate effectively and continue their commitment for the betterment of South Sudan. Furthermore, it also helps in developing a benign approach to provide support towards preserving basic rights of people.

Conclusion

35. Given the nature of mission by looking into its mandated tasks in general vis--vis ongoing situation of South Sudan in particular; a new country in a phase of transformation and instability created by ongoing inter-communal violence and activities of non state armed group, there appear challenges ahead of UNMISS. However, it has gained considerable success in the transition of a new country. Moreover, its role has remained instrumental in supporting peace-building efforts, strengthening various institutions, and above all protection of civilians.

36. Peacekeeping operations at present day, where peacekeepers freedom of movement appears hindered and even threats to peacekeepers are increasing; there arises a need to have a robust mandate with adequate ways and means, and strengthen R2P concept by implementing strong mechanism. Moreover, mission leaderships enhanced engagementcoercive diplomacy if needed, timely positioning of required resources, and effective role of mission support division are critical to such missions to deal with emerging challenges.

37. In an integrated mission like UNMISS, operating in a framework to support building a new nation, its centre of gravity is its human resources. It appears that role of civilian pillars will be the key to determine the success of mission. A more closer and continuous consideration in equipping the mission with informed and highly professional human capital is pressing. Furthermore, common approach, focused and sustained coordination, shared responsibility and diligent accountability, and above all a wider recognition and greater realization of core UN valuesrespect for diversity and integrity, and professionalism, would strongly contribute to overcome underlying challenges and could provide enduring momentum to UN peace support operations in the days to come.

Bibliography Books

Collier, Paul, Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places, HarperCollins: New York, 2010.

LeRiche, Matthew and Matthew Arnold, South Sudan: From Revolution to Independence, Hurst & Company: London, 2012.

Malone, david M., The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century, Viva Books: New Delhi, 2006.

Zartman I. William, ed. Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., 2007.

Web-based Documents

Aljazeera, Country Profile: South Sudan, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/southsudani ndependence/2011/06/2011630102213823618.html (accessed 23 Oct 13).

BBC News, Five Indian UN troops killed in South Sudan, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22080224 (accessed 22 October 2013).

Da Costa Diana Felix, We are one, but we are different: Murle identity and local peacebuilding in Jonglei State, South Sudan, NOREF, http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/ application/a73e03e2f938e2da71374bafc2981250.pdf (accessed 27 Nov 2013)

David YauYaus Rebellion, Human Security Baseline Assessment (HSBA) for Sudan and South Sudan, Small Arms Survey, 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202Geneva,Switzerland, http://www.smallarmssurveysudan. org/filead

min/docs/facts-figures/south-sudan/armed-groups/southern-dissident-militias/HSBA-Armed-Groups-Yau-Yau.pdf (accessed 11 October 13).

Jongleis Tribal Conflicts: Countering Insecurity in South Sudan, Africa Report No. 154, 23 Dec 2009, http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/horn-of-africa/sudan/Jongleis%20Tribal%20Conflicts%20

Countering%20Insecurity%20in%20South%20Sudan.pdf (accessed 06 Dec 2013).

NDTV, Indian Army officer on United Nations mission injured in Sudan attack, http://www.ndtv. com/article/india/indian-army-officer-on-united-nations-mission-injured-in-sudan-attack-342034accessed 21 July 2013).

Prolonged Wars: The War in Sudan, http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/97-0588.pdf (accessed 26 Oct 13).

Patrice Sarte, Making UN Peacekeeping More Robust: Protecting the Mission, Persuading the Actors, International Peace Institute, 15, August 2011, http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/331-making-un-peacekeeping-more-robust-protecting-the-mission-persuading-the-actors.html (accessed April 2012).

Security Council SC/10873 AFR/2494 http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10873.doc.htm (accessed 22 Feb 2013).

Sudan tribune, Jonglei: UN condemns Twic attack after 70 killed, http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php ?article48525 (accessed 24 Oct 2013).

STILLSUDAN, 29 June 2010, http://stillsudan.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html (accessed 28 October 13).

The United Nations Mission in South Sudan, UNMISS Mandate, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/ missions/unmiss/mandate.shtml (accessed 22 October 2013).

UN News Centre, South Sudan: UN peacekeeping missions helicopter shot down, killing all crew members, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43832 (accessed 22 Feb 2013).

UNISFA http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unisfa/ (accessed 28 October 2013).

UNMISS, Report on the 8 February 2013 attack on Lou Nuer pastoralists in Akobo West Sub-County, Jonglei State, APRIL 2013, 3, http://unmiss.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=4BAr3G gtyY4% 3D&

tabid=5434&language=en-US (accessed 03 September 2013).

(Conceptual Proposal)

;fwf/0f

!= /fli6o ;'/Iff eGgfn] cltqmd0f Iflt / eojf6 d'Qm /fi6sf] cl:tTj / ljsf;sf] cj:yfnfO{ a'em\g' kb{5 . /fli6o :jfy{ /Iffsf] nflu /fli6o zlQm, >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dof]lrt ;b'kof]ujf6 g} /fli6o ;'/Iff xfl;n x'G5 . /fli6o ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f /fi6sf] cfGtl/s / afo kl/l:ylt tyf /fli6o ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt /fi6sf] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;}lgs, ef}uf]lns, hflto, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts cj:yfdf lge{/ /xG5 . @= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt To:tf] pkfo / sbdx?sf] ;+of]hg xf], h;n] cfGtl/s Pj+ afo vt/fnfO{ ;dod} /f]Sb5 / lgd"{n ub{5 . g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffsf] df}lns l;4fGt eg]sf] JolQmsf] ;'/Iff, JolQmut tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff, /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, /fli6o cv08tf / /fli6o lxtsf] /Iff ug'{ g} xf] . g]kfnsf] /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt /fli6o zlQmsf ;+oGqx? -Instruments of National Power_ h:t} /fhgLlts zlQm, s'6g}lts zlQm, cfly{s zlQm, ;"rgf zlQm / ;'/Iff zlQm ;fwgx?sf] ;dfof]lht :j?k xf] . #= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] jt{dfg / eljio b'j} kIf;u 3lgi6td\ ;DaGw /xG5 . o;n] /fHosf] lxt / rf;f]nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ljBdfg vt/f Pj+ cj;/ b'a}nfO{ ;dfof]hg u/]/ cufl8 a9\g lbzf lgb]{z ub{5 . /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt /fHosf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL d"n gLlt xf] . p2]Zo

$= o; n]vn] g]kfnsf] /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] k|:tfljt cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+lIfKt ?kdf j0f{g ub}{ /fli6o ;'/Iff ;DaGwL /fo ;'emfjx? k]z ug]{ 5 .

dflgPsf s'/fx? (Assumtions)

%= xfn;Dd xfd|f] /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] 5}g, t/ klg cGt/f{li6o, If]qLo / cfGtl/s ;'/Iff jftfj/0fx?sf] k[i7e"lddf /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, /fli6o cv08tf, /fli6o lxt tyf /fli6o PstfnfO{ rL/sfn;Dd sfod /fVg /fli6o zlQm ;+oGqsf ;a} ;fwgx?nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+of]hg / ;b'kof]u ub}{ /fli6o ;'/Iff xfl;n ug{ xfdL ;Ifd eO/x]sf 5f} . o; n]vdf g]kfnsf] /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt ;DaGwL ljljw ljifox?df k|:t't ljj/0fx? n]vssf] JolQmut wf/0ff / a'emfO{sf] cfwf/df ;+lIfKt ?kdf k|:tfj ul/Psf 5g\ .

;fdl/s ;'/Iff jftfj/0fsf] ljZn]if0f

^= ;'/Iff gLltsf] cjwf/0ff af/] k|:tfj ug'{ k"j { g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdf k|efj kfg]{ ;fdl/s ;'/Iff jftfj/0fsf] af/]df k|sfz kfg{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . oL ;fdl/s ;'/Iff jftfj/0fnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .

-s_ cGt/f{li6o ;'/Iff jftfj/0f

-v_ If]qLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0f

-u_ cfGtl/s ;'/Iff jftfj/0f

cGt/f{li6o ;'/Iff jftfj/0f

&= lgDgfg';f/ laZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5M

-s_ ljZjdf Globalization / Economic Liberalization sf] k|efjn] x/]s /fi6x? Ps cfk;df s'g} g s'g} dfWodaf6 Interdependent 5g\, h:n] ubf{ /fi6x? larsf] Geographic Boundry x?sf] dxj sd x'b} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . -v_ Globalization n] cy{tGq, ;~rf/, dfgj clwsf/, ul/jL, vfB, O{Gwg, phf{ tyf kfgLsf] ;6, hnjfo'kl/jt{g(Climate Change)/Global Warming, cftjfb cflb ljifo cGt/f{li6os/0f eO ;'/Iff hl6ntf lgDTofPsf] 5 .

-u_ Ps /fi6df 36]sf] 36gfn] pQm /fi6df dfq} k|efj gkf/L Trans-national x'g k'Ub5g\ .

-3_ Gdf ;+nUg /fi6x?n]] e"efu lj:tf/ ug'{eGbf World Order df Political and Economic Domiance / Security Assuarance k|fKt ug{ k|of; ub{5g\ . -_ k/Dk/fut ?kdf /fi6/fi6 lar o'4eGbf /fi6 leq} War within State x'g] ub{5 . o:tf o'4x? u[x o'4sf]?kdf b]vf kb{5g\, h:nfO{ Vested Interests ePsf /fi6, Non State Actors (NSA) jf cftsf/L ;d"xaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . o'4x?sf] t'ngfdf /fi6leq} (Intra-state)x'g] ;+3if{x? ;fk]lIfs ?kdf a9L/x]sf 5g\ .

-r_ o'4/t kIfx? Intra-national k|s[ltsf x'b} uO/x]sf sf/0f k/Dk/fut kmf}hx? ck/Dk/fut sfo{x?df s]Gb|Lt eO/x]sf 5g\ .

-5_ ljZj Bi-polar af6 Uni-polar x'b} Multi-polar aGb} uO/x]sf]n] World Order a9L hl6n aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .

-h_ (;]K6]Da/ ;g\@))! -(!! - Nine Eleven_df cd]l/sfsf] Twin Tower tyf k]G6fugdf ePsf] cftjfbL xdnf;u}War on Global Terrrosim sf] o'43f]if ePsf] 5 . cftjfb s'g} Ps /fi6sf] dfq} ;d:of geP/ ljZjJofkL ;d:of x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

-em_ nfu" kbfy{, dfgj t:s/L,cGt/f{li6o hf;';L , Political Extremism, Religious and Ethnic Fundamentalism, cftjfb, ul/jL, a]/f]huf/L cflbn] ubf{ Gsf] a0f{k6 (Spectrum) ablnPsf] 5 .

-`_ zflGtk"0f{ k|of]usf] gfddf /fi6x?aLr cf0fljs zlQm k|fKt ug{ k|ltikwf{ eO/x]sf] 5 . -6_ cftafbL ;d"xx?af6 cf0fljs, h}ljs tyf /f;folgs xltof/x? (NBC, Weapon of Mass Destruction) hGo sRrf kbfy{x? k|fKt u/L cftsf/L ultljlwdf k|of]u ug{ k|of; eO/x]sf]n] ;'/Iff ;+j]bgzLntf a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 .

If]qLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0f

*= If]qLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0f vf;u/L l5d]sL /fi6 ef/t / kfls:tfgaLrsf] ;DaGwdf lge{/ /x]sf] 5, h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ laZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5M

-s_ o; If]qdf Extra-regional Power /fi6x?sf] If]qLo :jfy{ -Regional Interests) n] ubf{ -h:t} ckmuflg:tfg_ If]qLo ;'/Iffl:ylt hl6n aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .

-v_ blIf0f Pl;of rLg, ef/t / kfls:tfg ;lxtsf] Nuclear Traid aLr cjl:yt 5, h;cGtu{t rLg / kfls:tfg tyf ef/t / kfls:tfgsf] 5'6[f5'6[} Nuclear Diods /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cltl/Qm pQ/ sf]l/of / O/fgsf] cf0fljs Aspirations n] blIf0f Pl;ofsf] Nuclear Dynamics nfO{ yk hl6n agfO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-u_ ef/t / kfls:tfg Newest and Youngest cf0fljs zlQm x'g\ . ljjfbf:kb\ sflZd/ ;d:ofsf] jftfj/0fdf ef/t / kfls:tfg;Fu cf0fljs zlQm ljBdfg x'gfn]] blIf0f Pl;ofNuclear Flash Point sf] ?kdf ljsl;tx'b} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n]] Global Nuclear Order nfO{ ;d]t k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

-3_ ef/t / kfls:tfgsf] ;DaGw cem} klg Cold War Era sf] h:tf] /x]sf]n] If]qLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0f cl:y/ aGb} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;d:ofx? zflGtk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;dfwfg gx'bf cfk;L cljZjf; a9\b} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-_ b'O{ b]zx?aLr Nuclear and Missile Restraints df cljZjf; / Conventional Arms Race h:tf ;+j]bgzLn ljifox?df ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf If]qLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0f cl:y/ aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

-r_ b'O{ b]zx?aLrsf] Confidence Building Measures klg kmnbfoL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

-5_ b'O{ b]zx?;u cf0fljs zlQm ljBdfg x'gfn] blIf0f Pl;ofdf Prolonged Conventional War sf] ;+efjgf Go"g b]lvG5, t/ Limited War sf] jftfj/0f eg] ljsf; x'b} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-h_ ef/tsf] l5d]sL /fi6x?;u s'g} g s'g} ?kdf ljjfb x'gfn] Regional Relation df lr;f]kg b]lvG5 . h:t} v'Nnf ;Ldfgf, ;Ldf ljjfb, hn>f]tsf] af8kmf6df ljjfb cflb .

-em_ ef/tsf] Hegemonic Attitude n] ubf{ ;fgf l5d]sL /fi6x?n] c;'/lIft dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ .

-`_ Over Popupation, Poverty, Underdevelopment, Migration, Political Extremism, Religious and Ethnic Fundamentalism, nfu" kbfy{ tyf dfgj t:s/L, a]/f]huf/L, vfBfGg, phf{, O{Gwg, :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:of, k|b'if0f cflbn] ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tf cl:y/ aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .

-6_ ljb|f]xL tyf ck/flws ;d"xx?n] v'Nnf ;Ldfgfsf] kmfO{bf p7fO{ l5d]sL /fi6x?sf] lxt ljkl/t sfo{ ul//x]sfn] ;'/Iff jftfj/0f hl6n aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

-7_ If]qLo cftjfbL ;+u7gx?sf] cGt/f{li6o cftjfb;Fu ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf]n] Regional Security Dynamics hl6n aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

cfGtl/s ;'/Iff jftfj/0f

(= cfGtl/s b[li6sf]0faf6 g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffdf b]xfosf sf/0fx?af6 vt/f pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . -s_ g]kfn Ps cNkljsl;t e"kl/j]li7t b]z xf] . xfd|f] cy{tGq w]/} xb;Dd k/lge{/ /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, /fhg}lts ;fdGh:otfsf] cefj, nlDabf] ;+qmd0fsfn, e|i6frf/, vfB, O{Gwg tyf phf{ ;6, a9\bf] hg;+Vof, ul/jL, j]/f]huf/L, Youth Bulge, clzIff, wfld{shflto ljjfb, ;fDk|bflostf, c;Gt'lnt cfly{s ljsf;, Socio-economic-political Fault Lines h:tf ;d:ofx?n] g]kfnL ;dfh cl:y/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-v_ xfn g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] /fhg}lts ;+/rgf ablnO{;s]sf] t/ gofF ;+/rgf k"0f{?kdf :yflkt eO g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . csf]{tkm{ cGt/f{li6o tyf If]qLo ?kdf ljsl;t Globalization, IT sf] ljsf;, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6o k|lt:kwf{, pmhf{ / pkef]Uoa:t'sf] sdL, a9\bf] cfoft tyf d"Noj[l4 cflb sf/0fx?n] cfGtl/s r'gf}tLnfO{ Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-u_ v'Nnf (Open and Porous) / cJojl:yt ;Ldfgf tyf sdhf]/ cfGtl/s sfg'gn] ubf{ Trans-border ck/fwx?, gSsnL d'b|fsf] sf/f]af/, dfgj cf];f/k;f/, Drug Trafficking / Smugling, Fifth Coloumnist ultljlw, z/0ffyL{ tyf cfk|jf;Lsf] cfjfudg cflbdf lj:tf/ eO ;'/Iff Joa:Yff r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

-3_ cy{tGqnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ u/L ;~rfng ul/g] aGb x8\tfn, c/fhs ultljlw tyf pmhf{ ;6 h:tf sf/0fx?n] cy{tGqnfO{ b"/ufdL c;/ k/]sf] / cGt/f{li6o hutdf g]kfnsf] gsf/fTds 5lj k|bz{geO ko{6g pBf]unfO{ ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kfl//x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-_ Free Tibet Movement (Anti-China Movement), wd{sf] gfddf af}4 u'Dafx?sf] clgolGqt lj:tf/, Christianity tyf db/;f h:tf k|ToIfck|ToIf ?kdf ;~rflnt ljljw ultljlwx?af6 g]kfnsf] c;n l5d]sL /fi6x?;usf] ;DaGw / cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

-r_ hflto tyf If]qLo :jfoQtf / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] cfj/0fdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf laleGg k|sf/sf ultljlwx?n] b]zsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdf k|lts"n c;/ k'ofO /x]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] ultljlwx?af6 b]z ljv08gtkm{ pGd'v x'g afB ePsf] / o:tf ljv08g zlQmnfO{ lgd{"n kfg{ b]znfO{ 7"nf] r'gf}tL x'g] b]lvG5 .

-5_ e"ldut ;d"xx?af6 x'g] u/]sf ljleGg ljWj+;fTds ultljlw / ;/sf/;u jftf{sf] nflu cdfGo dfu /fvL afWofTds l:yltsf] >[hgf u/L ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx? lbg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

-h_ cGt/f{li6o tyf If]qLo cftjfbL ;d"x / Vested Interests ePsf cGt/f{li6o tyf If]qLo hf;';L ;~hfnsf] rnv]nn] ubf{ ;'/Iff r'gf}tL a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

/fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt

/fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] ckl/xfo{tf

!)= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt To:tf] pkfo / sbdx?sf] ;+of]hg xf], h:n] cfGtl/s Pj+ afo vt/fnfO{ ;dod} /f]Sb5 / lgd"{n ub{5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt /fli6o zlQmsf ;+oGqx? h:t} /fhgLlts, cfly{s, s'6g}lts, ;"rgf / ;'/Iff ;fwgx?sf] ;dfof]lht :j?k xf] . /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt lgDg sf/0faf6 cfjZos kb{5 M

-s_ j[xt\ ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffdfkm{t ablnbf] cGt/f{li6o, If]qLo tyf /fli6o ;'/Iff jftfj/0f, e"/fhgLlts cj:yf, r'gf}tL tyf ;DefjgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L dxjk"0f{ /fli6o lxtx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / k|j4{g ub}{ /fli6o p2]Zo / nIo xfl;n ug{ .

-v_ gful/snfO{ /fHon] ;a} k|s[ltsf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 elg ljZj:t t'Nofpg .

-u_ ;a} ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, eflifs tyf ef}uf]lns ;d'bfosfaLrdf ;xcl:tTj, ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efj k|j4{g ug{ .

-3_ ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] ;Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ ;'/Iff If]qsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg .

-_ /fHof/f k|ltkflbt gLltx?sf] sfof{GjognfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{ .

-r _ If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6o ljZjf; / ;xof]u clej[l4 ug{ .

bL3{sfnLg ;f]r

!!= ;fj{ef}d, :jtGq, ;'/lIft, Gofok"0f{, nf]stflGqs / ;d[4 g]kfn sf] ;[hgf u/L o;nfO{ rL/sfn;Dd lg/Gt/tf lbg' /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]Fr x'g]5 .

/fli6o lxtsf ljifox? (National Interests)

!@= kl/efiff /fi6n] k|fKt ug{ rfxg] j[xt\ / lg/Gt/ kl/0ffd nfO{ /fli6o lxtsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . csf]{ cy{df, National interests are the interpretation of the national purpose by those at the helm of affairs in the context of prevailing conditions and their assessment of future propose. These may be defined "as the general and continuing ends for which a state acts" sf] ?kdf a'em\g ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6o lxtnfO{ # efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

ljlzi6 /fli6o lxtx? -Vital Interests_

!#= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] nflu ljlzi6 /fli6o lxtsf ljifox? lgDgfg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g pko'Qm b]lvG5 M

-s_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jtGqtf, /fli6o Pstf, ef}uf]lnsIf]qLo cv08tfsf] /Iff ug]{ .

-v_ dha't, ;Gt'lnt tyf lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ .

/0fgLlts /fli6o lxtx? -Strategic National Interests_ !$= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] nflu /0fgLlts /fli6o lxtsf ljifox? lgDgfg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g pko'Qm b]lvG5 M

-s_ ljlzi6 /fli6o lxtx?sf] /Iff tyf k|j4{g .

-v_ :yfoL zflGt ;'/Iff, ;'zf;g / l:y/tf .

-u_ nf]stGqsf] /Iff .

-3_ lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; . cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nflu lgl{j {jfb ?kdf glhssf] ;fd 'lb|s aGb/ufx ;Dd kx'r .

-_ hflto tyf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf .

-r_ df}lns dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff .

-5_ If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6o ;xof]udf clej[l4 .

-h_ zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTj . cGo /fli6o lxtx? -Other National Interests_ !%= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] nflu cGo /fli6o lxtsf ljifox? lgDgfg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g pko'Qm b]lvG5 M

-s_ ljlzi6 / /0fgLlts /fli6o lxtx?sf] ;+/If0f .

-v_ k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g .

-u_ cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;Gt'ng .

-3_ lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f .

-_ k|ljlw ljsf; .

-r_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg .

-5_ ;~rf/ hutsf] ;Gt'lnt lgoGq0f / :jtGqtf . d"ne"t p2]Zox? (National Objectives) !^= d"ne"t p2]Zox?nfO{ o; cg';f/ kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5M National objectives are broad goals based on certain principles designed to support national interests. !&= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf d"ne"t p2]Zox? lgDg cg';f/ x'g pko'Qm b]lvG5 M

-s_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, cv08tf, klxrfg / /fli6o lxtsf] /Iff ug]{ .

-v_ hgtfnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug]{ .

-u_ /fi6nfO{ If]qLoljZjJofkL k|ltikwf{df ;Ifd agfpg] .

-3_ lbuf] tyf ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug]{ .

-_ /fi6sf] e"ld, hn, cfsfz, j[xt cfly{s If]q, k|fs[lts >f]t / ;+/rgfsf] /Iff ug]{ .

-r_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{ .

-5_ ljZj zflGt tyf If]qLocGt/f{li6o k|of;x?df k|efjsf/L of]ubfg / ;fem]bf/L ug]{ . d"n nIo(National Goals) !*= /fi6sf] d "n nIonfO{ o;cg';f/ kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5M A national goal is a future state of affairs considered desirable by the nation, promoted by the national government and calling forth the efforts of the population in order to achieve it.

!(= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] d"n nIon] lgDg efjgfnfO{ ;d]6\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 M

;+ljwfgf/f k|Tofe"t cj;/ / :jtGqtfsf] cg'e"lt x'g] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] d"n nIo x'g]5 .

gLltx?(National Policies) @)= /fi6sf] d"n gLltnfO{ o; cg';f/ kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5M National policies are specific courses of action designed to achieve national objectives. Policies can be considered as the means to accomplis h ends i.e. objectives. @!= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf d"ne"t p2]Zox? / nIosf] k|flKtsf lgldQ d"ntM b]xfosf gLltx? cjnDjg ul/g' pko'Qm b]lvG5 M

-s_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug]{ .

-v_ ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs, hflto / ;fDk|bflos ;b\efjsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf

ub}{ /fli6o klxrfgnfO{ sfod /fVg] .

-u_ /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ j}b]lzs gLlt nfu' ug]{ .

-3_ ;'zf;g, zlQm ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / hjfkmb]lxtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ .

-_ cy{tGq / nufgLstf{sf] ljZjf; clej[l4sf nflu of]ubfg ug]{ .

-r_ ljleGg cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;Demf}tf / k|fjwfgx?sf dfWodjf6 /fli6o lxtsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{ .

-5_ ljZj zflGt k|of;sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf clej[l4 ug]{ .

-h_ /fi6nfO{ If]qLoljZjJofkL k|ltikwf{df ;Ifd agfpg] .

-em_ National Security Culture sf] ljsf; ug]{ . -`_ g]kfnsf] ;fdl/s >f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .

-6_ PsLs[t tyf lbuf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|j4{g ug]{ .

-7_ ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgdf hgtfsf] ;fem]bf/L clej[l4 ug]{ .

-8_ cftjfb tyf ck/fwhGo ultljlwx?nfO{ lgd"{n kfg]{ .

-9_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'b[9 agfpg] . /fli6o ;'/Iffdf c;/ kfg]{ ljifox? -Factors_ @@= /fli6o ;'/Iffdf c;/ kfg]{ ljifox? d"Votof lgDg adf]lhd x'g ;Sg]5g\ M

-s_ ljlzi6, ;fdl/s tyf cGo /fli6o lxtsf ljifox? .

-v_ ef}uf]lns, wfld{s, hflto tyf ;fDk|bflos ljifox? .

-u_ d"n'sleq ;'/IffnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ cfGtl/s ljifox? .

-3_ ;'/IffnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ Global, Regional and Sub-regional ljifox? . /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ cfwf/x? @#= /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ cfwf/x? lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Sg]5g\ M

-s_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / ef}uf]lns cv08tf .

-v_ ;+ljwfgaf6 k|Tofe"t /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt / d"ngLltx? .

-u_ /fli6o :jfy{ / lxtx? .

-3_ /fli6o klxrfg / uf}/jsf] lg/Gt/tf .

-_ ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tf / ;fd~h:otfsf] clej[l4 .

-r_ dha'b, ;Gt'lnt tyf lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; .

-5_ sfg'gL zf;g, kf/bzL{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf .

-h_ k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff Joj:yf .

-em_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|a4{g . /fli6o ;'/Iffsf r'gf }tLx? (National Security Challenges) @$= g]kfnsf] /fli6o ;'/Iffsf r'gf}tLx? lgDg adf]lhd x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 M

-s_ /fhg}lts r'gf}tLx?

-!_ nlDabf] ;+qmd0fsfn / /fhg}lts cl:y/tf .

-@_ b[9 /fhg}lts O{R5f zlQm / g]t[Tjsf] cefj .

-#_ g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] /fhg}lts ;+/rgf ablnO{;s]sf] t/ gof ;+/rgf k"0f{?kdf :yflkt eO g;s]sf]n] b]z cem} klg Transitional Period df /x]sf] . -$_ cem} klg cfd gful/s /fhg}lts ?kn] ;lqmo eO g;Sg' .

-v_ ;fdflhs r'gf}tLx?

-!_ ljleGg If]q, ju{, wd{, efiff, hfthfltaLr a9\bf] G / ;fdflhs ;b\efjdf sdL .

-@_ gful/stf ;DaGwL ;d:of .

-#_ If]qLotf tyf ;fDk|bflostf ;DaGwL ;d:of .

-$_ hg;+Vof j[l4, ul/jL, j]/f]huf/L, z/0ffyL{, clzIff, a;fO{+;/fO{+ tyf Ifdtfjfg dfgj ;+;fwgsf] knfog (Brain Drain), Youth Bulge cflb .

-%_ lj:yflkt tyf z/0ffyL{ ;d:of .

-^_ n}+ls e]befj tyf ck/fwx? .

-&_ lk5l8Psf, c;xfo tyf lgDgjlu{o ;d'bfosf] kx'Frdf Go"gtf .

-*_ ;fdflhs / g}lts d"Nodf eO/x]sf] x|f; .

-(_ dxfdf/L, Pr=cfO=eL= P8\;, a8{km\n" / cGo ;+qmldt /f]ux? .

-u_ cfly{s r'gf}tLx?

-!_ ljBdfg >f]t ;fwgaf6 clwstd kmfO{bf lng g;Sg' .

-@_ /fli6o >f]t ;fwgsf] c;Gt'lnt afF8kmfF8 tyf pkef]u .

-#_ cfly{s c;dfgtf tyf ck/fw, gSsnL d'b|f, e|i6frf/, /fhZj r'xfj6 / 5nL .

-$_ vfB c;'/Iffs[lif k/lge{/tf / j}1flgs s[lif k|ljlwsf] cefj .

-%_ ko{6g Joj;fodf Jofkstfsf] cefj .

-^_ nufgLd}qL ;'/Iff jftfj/0fsf] cefj .

-&_ cfly{s cfh{gsf] nflu Joj;flos lzIffsf] Jofkstfdf sdL .

-*_ ljBdfg cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgfdf cl:y/tf .

-(_ ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] knfog .

-!)_ s]xL xb;Dd k/lge{/ -Donor Driven) cy{gLlt . -!!_ NGO/INGO sf] cfkmg} :jfy{ / kf/blz{tfsf] cefj .

-!@_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ tyf pTkfbgdf a9\bf] lge{/tf .

-!#_ pmhf{df k/lg/e{tf;+s6 .

-!$_ cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ g} k|efljt ug]{ u/L ul/g] aGb, x8\tfn, ljikmf]6, cfuhgL, ckx/0f h:tf c/fhs ultljlwx? .

-3_ ck/fw ;DaGwL r'gf}tLx?

-!_ sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;+:s[ltdf /fhg}lts x:tIf]k .

-@_ a9\bf] e|i6frf/ tyf b08 k'/:sf/ / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] sdL .

-#_ ;d'bfodf lx+;fsf] dgf]lj1fgdf j[l4n'6kf6, Joj;flos ckx/0f, ;+ul7t tyf ;z:q ck/fw tyf Contract Killer h:tf ;+:s[ltdf j[l4 .

-$_ ljljw xltof/ / ljikmf]6s kbfy{sf] cj}w k}7f/L .

-%_ ;Ldf jf/kf/ ck/fwx?df j[l4 .

-^_ ;fOa/ ck/fw .

-&_ nfu" kbfy{ tyf dfgj a]rlavg .

-*_ ;~rf/ dfWodx?sf] b'?kof]u .

-_ cftjfb ;DaGwL r'gf}tLx?

-!_ If]qLocGt/f{li6o cftjfbL ;d"x, e"ldut ck/flws ;d"x / Trans-border ck/flws ;d"xaf6 x'g] cftjfbL lqmofsnfkx? .

-@_ cftjfbsf] p2]Zo k'/f ug{ ;dfhdf cl:y/tf / c;'/Iff a9fO{ 8/ / qf; ;[hgf ug]{ ljljw lqmofsnfkx? .

-#_ cftjfbLx?af6 nfu" kbfy{, xftxltof/ / ljikmf]6s kbfy{sf] cf];f/k;f/ .

-$_ ko{6g, nufgL / j}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{gsf If]qdf ePsf] k|ultaf6 ;[hgf x'g] vt/fx? .

-%_ 3';k}7 / a9\bf] rnv]n .

-r_ k|fs[lts ;fwg >f]t tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL r'gf}tLx?

-!_ ;'/IffnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ u/L lgdf{0f ul/g] clgof]lht / cj}1flgs ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? .

-@_ kof{j/0fLo k|efjnfO{ Wofg glbO{sg ;~rflnt ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{x? .

-#_ eljiosf] (Next Generation) nflu ;f]r g/fvL ;fwg >f]tsf] zf]if0f / x|f; . -$_ /fHoaf6 k|efjsf/L r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmddf sdL .

-%_ dfgj lgld{t ljkb\ .

-^_ k|fs[lts ljkb\ .

-&_ Global Warming /Climate Change (ljZj tfkqmddf j[l4_ .

-5_ ljljw r'gf}tLx?

-!_ cGt/f{li6o ;'/Iff jftfj/0f -Political, Diplomatic, Information, Economic,Military cflb;Fu ;DalGwt :jfy{ / lxtx?larsf] ;dfof]hg, cGt/;+3if{ / ;fdl/s k|lt:kwf{_ .

-@_ If]qLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0f (Regional/Sub-regional Security Environment) . -#_ cfGtl/s ;'/Iff jftfj/0f (Domestic Security Environment) .

-$_ /fhgLlts cl:y/tf (Political Instability) . -%_ v'nf cGt/f{li6o ;Ldfgf (Open International Border) .

-^_ cf0fljs, h}ljs tyf /f;folgs xltof/x?sf] vt/f -of] ;DefjgfnfO{ klg gsfg{ ;lsFb}g_ .

g]kfnsf] /fli6o ;'/IffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ pkfodfWodx? @%= g]kfnsf] /fli6o ;'/IffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ pkfodfWodx? lgDg cg';f/ x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 M

-s_ /fli6o ;'/Iff ;'lglZrttfsf] dfWod g]kfnL hgtf / g]kfn g} /x]sf] .

-v_ /fHo zlQmsf ;+oGqx?sf] b"/bzL{ k|of]uf/f cfkm}n] of cGt/f{li6o ;xof]uaf6 ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt .

-u_ ljZj;gLo ;"rgfsf] ;xL d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df ljsf; x'g nfu]sf] kl/l:ylt af/] klxnf g} cg'dfg u/L cfjZos Courses of Action sf] ljsf; .

-3_ /fli6o ;'/IffnfO{ ;'/lIft tyf ;'b[9 kfg]{ PskIfLo, lkIfLo / ax'kIfLo pkfox?sf] cjnDag, h:t} ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3 tyf cGtu{tsf lgsfox?, ldq /fi6x?, cGt/{fli6o ;lGw ;Demf}tf cflbsf ljljw ljifox?df ;lqmo / g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ . b]zsf] :jledfgaf6 ljrlnt geO cfgf] /fli6o lxt / :jfy{ k|fKt ug{df sl6a4 /xg] .

g]kfnsf] /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt ;DaGwL ;'emfjx? @^= /fli6o ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ;'emfjx? lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/G5 M

-s_ g]kfndf xfn;Dd lnlvt /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt lgdf{0f eOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\, ;DalGwt dGqfnox?, ;'/Iff lgsfox?, ;'/Iff lj1 / cGo cfjZos lgsfosf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df ePkl5 dfq ;'/Iff ;DaGwL cGo gLltx? lgdf{0fsf] nflu dfu{bz{g k|fKt x'G5 .

-v_ g]kfnsf] /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] k|d'v c\u eg]sf] dha't / kl/kSs s'6g}lts IfdtfnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . s'6gLlt / ;'/Iff gLlt Ps csf{sf] kl/k'/s x'g] u/L sfd ug'{ kb{5 . xfd|f] c;+nUg k//fi6 gLlt tyf k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt k|ltsf] ljZjf; / cEof; cem} klg ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .

-u_ /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltn] /fi6sf] ;a} s'6g}lts k|of;af6 o'4 x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;Sg' kb{5 cyf{t, Policy ofAvoidance of War/Conflict nfO{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . -3_ ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3 nufot ljleGg If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6o ;+u7gx? tyf ;lGw ;Demf}tf / International Affairs df ;lqmo ?kdf cfj4 /xL cg's"n ;'/Iff jftfj/0f (Favorable Security Environment) ;[hgf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . -_ xfd|f] Geo-strategic l:yltn] ubf{ ljljw ljifox?df l5d]sL /fi6x?;Fu lge{/ x'g' kg]{ afWotf 5 . To;}n] d'n'ssf] /fli6o :jfy{af6 ljrlnt gx'g] u/L l5d]sL /fi6x?;Fu :j:y k|lt:kwf{ ub}{ a'l4dfgL s'6gLlt (Wise, Balanced and Tactful Diplomacy) dfkm{t clwstd kmfO{bf lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . -r_ /fhg}lts l:y/tf, cfGtl/s zflGt ;'/Iff, cfly{sef}uf]lns ljsf;, ;'zf;g/ k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 ul/jL lgjf/0f / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ cg's"n ;'/Iff jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . nlDabf] ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{ hlt ;Sbf] l56f] cGTo ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-5_ ;a} If]q, ;d'bfo, hfthflt, efiff, wd{, ju{, j0f{, lnnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg u/L ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tf tyf ;fdGh:otf (Social Harmony) sfod ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5, cyf{t Socio-politico-economic Fault Lines ;do d} klxrfg u/L lg?k0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-h_ ;fdl/s dxjsf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{, ljBdfg k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u tyf ko{6g Joj;fodfkm{t cfly{s ;DkGgtf xfl;n u/L cfd gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] . b]z leq /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf ;[hgf u/L ul/jL x6fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;af6 k/lge{/tf Go"g kfg{ pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .

-em_ /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o k|of;af6 zL3| phf{ ;6sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ . To;}u/L Human Capital, vfB, kfgL, :jf:Yo, lzIff, O{Gwg, jftfj/0f cflbsf] ;'/Iff Plsg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-`_ ;Gt'lnt ljsf;dfkm{t cfdgful/snfO{ ;dfg Goflos cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-6_ ;'/Iff lgsfox?sf] Capacity Building df Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . -7_ /fli6o Intelligence ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . /fli6o ;'/IffnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ afo tyf cfGtl/s ck/flws, e"ldut / cftsf/L ultljlwx?nfO{ lgd"{n kfg{ k|efjsf/L Intelligence ;+oGq tof/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-8_ cGt/f{li6o cftjfb, Climate Change/Global Warming, NBC/WMD eo h:tf cGt/f{li6o r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ cGt/f{li6o k|of;x?df ;lqmo ;fem]bf/L ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-9_ k|efjsf/L ljkb Joj:yfkgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . cfjZostfcg';f/ cGt/f{li6o / If]qLo Partners ;u ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g' kg]{ b] lvG5 .

@&= /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ ;DaGwL cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] efu @) sf] wf/f !$% adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng, ;~rfng, / k|of]u ug{sf] nflu dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{g]kfndf Ps /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ g]kfnsf]] Apex Security Institution sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o; lgsfonfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-s_ ljBdfg Joj:yfcg';f/ /fli6o;'/Iff kl/ifb\df k|wfgdGqL cWoIf /xg]u/L /IffdGqL / u[xdGqLx? kb]g ;b:o /xg] tyf dGqLkl/ifb\df /x]sf /fhg}lts bnx? dWo] km/skm/s bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf tLg hgf dGqLx?nfO{ ;b:osf] ?kdf /fVg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . b]zdf afo x:tIf]k / o'4 x'gaf6 /f]Sg, afo hutdf b]zsf] cfly{s gLlt Project ug{ tyf cGt/f{ li6o ;lGw ;Demf}tf / k|of;x?df k//fi6 dGqfnon] ;lqmo tyf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ x'bf k//fi6 dGqLnfO{ ;d]t /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\df kb]g ;b:osf] ?kdf ;dfj]; ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

-v_ ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgfdf k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cfdlGqt ;b:osf] ?kdf dfq /flvPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] ljljw lhDd]jf/L dWo] /fi6df ;+s6 kbf{ ;/sf/n] ;]gf kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf ;]gf ;DaGwL ljj]szLn / b"/bzL{ ;Nnfx lbg;Sg] JolQm g]kfnsf] k|wfg ;]gfklt dfq ePsf]n] pxfFnfO{ cfdlGqtsf] ?kdf geO{ kl/ifb\sf] kb]g ;b:odf /fVg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ldq /fi6x?sf] o; k|sf/sf] lgsfodf k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ ;b:odf /flvPsf] a]xf]/f pNn]v ug{ ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .

-u_ /Iff dGqfnosf ;lrjnfO{ kl/ifb\sf] ;+of]hssf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPtfklg pxfF dGqfnos} sfo{df Jo:t eO/xg'kg]{ x'bf eljiodf 5'6[} :jfoQ / k"0f{sfnLg sfo{ ug]{ /fli6o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ -;'/Iff lj1_ h:tf] lgo'lQm ;[hgf u/L kl/ifb\nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-3_ ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / jfXo k|lt/Iff ;DaGwL ljZn]if0f / d"Nofg ug{ Think Tank sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-_ ablnFbf] cGt/f{li6o, If]qLo / cfGtl/s jftfj/0fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Dof08]6nfO{ g} k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-r_ ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L g]kfnsf] ;a} ;'/Iff lgsfox?sf] ;"rgf ;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo ;"rgf ;dGjo s]Gb| (High Level Intelligence Co-ordination Center) :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-5_ g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff gLlt ;'/Iffsf] cljefHo l;4fGt -Principle of Indivisibility of Security_ df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .

;+If]k @*= /fli6o ;'/Iff x/]s b]zsf] Survivability ;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt x'G5 . /fli6o ;'/Iffsf] k|d 'v nIo /fli6o lxtx?sf] hu]{gf, ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{tkm{ s]Gb|Lt x'g' kb{5 . @(= b]zsf] cfGtl/s, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6o jftfj/0f, /fli6o zlQmsf ;+oGqx?sf] cj:yf (Potential of Instruments of National Power) , Geo-strategic Location, /fHosf >f]t ;fwgx? (National Strategic Assets), /fHosf] s'6gLlts Ifdtf (Diplomacy), l5d]sL b]zx?;Fusf] ;DaGw, b]zsf] cfbz{, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts Aspirations nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L b]z tyf cfdgful/ssf] ;'/IffnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ cg's"n ;'/Iff jftfj/0fsf] k[i6e"lddf /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltsf] th'{df / cEof; ug'{ kb{5 . b]zsf] cfGtl/s, If]qLo / cGt/f{li6o jftfj/0fn] /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/ k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . t;y{, /fli6o lxt / :jfy{af6 larlnt gx'g] u/L ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ ;d;fdlos ?kdf cBfjlws ;d]t ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'g ;S5 . pk/f]Qm cfjZostfnfO{ dWo]gh/df /fvL ca lgdf{0f x'g] /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltaf6 /fli6o lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g eO Pp6f ;'/lIft, ;Ifd, ljsl;t, cfTdlge{/ / ;d[4zfnL g]kfn lgdf{0fdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'Ug] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .

ljifo k|j]z != ljZjsf] s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;]gfdf sfo{sf/L ;+/rgf leq sfod ul/Psf bhf{x? afx]s klg s]xL dfgfy{ -Houorary_ kbx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf / p;sf] ;]gfk|ltsf] of]ubfg / nfdf] ;]jfsf] sb/:j?k o:tf] dfgfy{ kb -bhf{_ k|bfg ug]{ k|rng /xL cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg /fi6sf ;]gfdf k|bfg ul/g] dfgfy{ bhf{x?dWo] Colonel in Chief, Colonel of the Regiment, Colonel Commandant cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oL dfgfy{ bhf{x? k|bfg ug{ ljleGg d'n'sx?n] cfcfk \mg} dfkb08 / zt{x?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf x'G5g\ . @= g]kfnL ;]gfdf klg ljutdf ;jf]{Rr dxf;]gfgL, clt/yL h:tf dfgfy{ kbx? sfod /x]sf] kfOPtfklg xfn ;f] Joj:yf xl6;s]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/f/f @)^( ;fn df3 !) ut] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;}lgs lgodfjnL, @)^( sf] bkmf $@ sf] v08 -!_ cg';f/ g]kfnL ;]gfdf k|z+;gLo sfd u/]sf t/ a9'jfsf] cj;/ gkfO{ cjsfz lng] pk;]gfgLb]lv ;xfos /yL bhf{;Ddsf ;}lgs JolQmnfO{ a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; ;lxt dfgfy{ a9'jfsf nflu k|wfg ;]gfkltn] g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug{ ;Sg] / g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ a9'jf ug{;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] pklgod adf]lhd dfgfy{ a9'jf x'g] ;}lgs JolQmsf] bHof{gL lrGx k|of]u ug{ kfpg] afx]s cGo ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g eGg] ;d]t pQm bkmfdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . t/ dfgfy{ pk;]gfgLn] eg] kbn] kfpg] ;a} ;'ljwf kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL ;}lgs lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL$ df dfgfy{ pk;]gfgL / dfgfy{ ;x;]gfgLsf] 5'} k|sf/sf] bHof{gL lrGxsf] ;d]t Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;]gfdf k|bfg ul/g] dfgfy{ kbx? dWo] Colonel Commandant kb klg Ps dxjk"0f{{{ kb xf] . g]kfnL ;]gfdf klg of] dfgfy{ kb k|rngdf /x]sf] 5, h;nfO{ ljz]if clws[t eGg] ul/G5 . p2]Zo #= of] n]vsf] p2]Zo ;]gfdf s0f{]n sdf08f06 -ljz]if clws[t_ sf] k|rngsf] k|f/De, e"ldsf / g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;f] kbsf] ljleGg kIfx?sf] ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfg'{ /x]sf] 5 . ;]gfdf s0f]{n sdf08f06 kbsf ] k|rngsf] Oltxf; $= ;]gfdf s0f]{n sdf08f06 kbsf] k|rngsf] Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfpFbf a]nfotL ;]gfaf6} of] kb k|rngdf cfPsf] kfO{ G5 . cd]l/sL :jtGqtf o'4eGbf klxn]b]lv g} of] kb a]nfotL ;]gfdf sfod /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;a]nf of] kb dfgfy{ lyPg, Pp6f sfo{sf/L kb lyof] . o;} kbsf] lj:tf/:j?k s0f]{n sdf08f06 kb k|rngdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(@! df a]nfotL ;]gfdf ;xfos /yL -Brigadier General_ bhf{ x6fP/ Colonel Commandant bhf{ k|rngdf NofOPsf] lyof] . of] Ps sfo{sf/L kb lyof], of] kb k|fKt ug]{ JolQmn] jflxgL, l8kf], tflnd s]Gb| cflbsf] g]t[Tj ub{Yof] . ;g\ !(@* df ;f] s0f]{n sdf08f06 bhf{nfO{ Brigadier bhf{n] k'gM:yf{kg ul/Psf] lyof] . a]nfotdf g} ;g\ !&%% tfsf %) j6f Royal Marines u'Ndx? v8f u/L To;nfO{ # j6f k[tgf -Division_ df ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] k[tgfx?sf] g]t[Tj ug{ Colonel Commandant x? lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] klg Ps sfo{sf/L kb g} lyof] . ;g\ !(%& df Royal Marines af6 s0f]{n sdf08f06 eGg] sfo{sf/L kb k"0f{?kdf x6]sf] lyof] . clxn] a]nfotL ;]gfdf Colonel Commandant eGg] kb Ps dfgfy{ kbdf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . Toxf ;xfos /yL / ;f]eGbf dflysf bhf{sf axfnjfnf jf k"j { /yLj[Gb -General Officers_ x?nfO{ xfn ljleGg Corps -bn_ x?sf] lglDt of] dfgfy{ kb k|bfg ul/G5 . %= Sofg]l8og ;z:q ;]gfdf hgj/L !(@% / l8;]Da/ !($& df b'O{hgf ;}lgs clws[tnfO{ Colonel Commandant dfgfy{ kbsf] ?kdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . of] kbsf] cjlw ;fdfGotM tLg jif{sf] x'G5 / cfjZostfg';f/ yk ug{ klg ldNb5 . ;g\ @))! af6 Sofg]l8og ;z:q ;]gfsf] Medical Branch df klg s0f]{n

sdf08f06 lgo'lQm ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . To;}ul/ ci6]lnog ;]gfsf] Corps / Regiment x?df klg dfgfy{ Colonel Commandant lgo'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . Toxf cjsfz k|fKt ;}lgs clws[tx?nfO{ of] kbdf lgo'lQm ul/G5 . ;g\ !**@ ;Dd ci6]lnog ;]gfsf] 50th Regiment df William Acland Douglas s0f]{n sdf08f06 lgo'Qm ePsf lyP . t/ Tof] sfo{sf/L kbsf] ?kdf lyof] . ^= To:t}, a+unfb]z ;]gfsf] Corps jf Regiment x?df klg ;fdfGotM pk/yLeGbf dflysf /yLj[Gbx?nfO{ Colonel Commandant kbdf dfgfy{ lgo'lQm ul/g] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . oxfsf] k|foM ;a} Corps / Regiments x?df s0f]{n sdf08f06sf] lgo'lQm ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;}ul/ ef/tdf klg pk/yL jf /yL bhf{sf /yLj[GbnfO{ /]lhd]06x?sf] nflu dfgfy{ s0f]{n sdf08f06sf] lgo'lQm lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . Toxf ;f] dfgfy{ kbsf] nflu bHof{gL lrGxdf klg 5'} klxrfg /fVg] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . ef/tsf] ljZj ljBfnox?;u ;DalGwt National Cadet Corps -/fli6o ;]jf bnNCC_ sf] dfgfy{ Colonel Commandant kbdf ;DalGwt ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt -Vice-chancellors_ x?nfO{ tf]lsg] ul/G5 . o;/L tf]lsg] pks'nkltx?n] NCC sf] vfuL kf]zfs tyf lrGx nufpg kfp5g\ . oBlk pgLx? ;}lgs k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf x'b}gg\ . &= >Ln+sfnL ;]gfdf klg ljleGg Corps, Mechanized Infantry Regiment / Srilanka National Guard x?df ;]jf/t ;xfos /yL / ;f]eGbf dflysf /yLj[GbnfO{ dfgfy{ Colonel Commandant kbdf lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldnfO{ cWoog ubf{ ;g\ !&&( df Michael Kovats nfO{ Continental Army sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ Colonel Commandant lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof], tTsfnLg la|l6z;usf] o'4df pgsf] d [To' ePsf] lyof] . To;a]nf US Marines Corps sf] pRrtd bhf{nfO{ Colonel Commandant elgGYof] . ltgtfs of] bhf{ Pp6f sfo{sf/L ;}lgs kbsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . t/ clxn] US Army df of] kb k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOGb}g . Go"lhNof08sf] Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery df klg dxf;]gfgL -Colonel_ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf k"j{ Artillery Officer x?nfO{ Colonel Commandant df lgo'Qm ug]{ k|rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . Toxf ! clk|n !&@& df Colonel Albert Bargard nfO{ klxnf] k6s Royal Regimentof Artillery sf] Colonel Commandant lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfnL ;]gfdf s0f]{n sdf08f06 -ljz]if clws[t_ sf] k|rng k[i7e"ld *= xfn;Dd k|sflzt ;}lgs Oltxf;x?df s0f]{n sdf08f06 -ljz]if clws[t_ sf] ;DaGwdf s'g} pNn]v ePsf] kfOGb}g . ;fy}, ;}lgs P]g@)^# / ;}lgs lgodfjnL@)^( df klg s0f]{n sdf08f06 kbsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} pNn]v ePsf] b]lvGb}g . of] kb Ps dfgfy{ / lglZqmo kb ePsf] sf/0fn] klg o;sf] vf;} rrf{ gePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljz]if clws[t;DaGwL clen]vsf] vf]hntf; tyf cWoog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf @)@^ ;fn df3df g]kfnL ;]gff/f k|sflzt ;}lgs cfb]z g+= @(^@^ df ljz]if clws[t -s0f]{n sdf08f06_ sf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;f] ;}lgs cfb]zdf ljz]if clws[tn] kfpg] ;'ljwf, ljz]if clws[t agfpg] lgod, xbDofb, ljz]if clws[tsf] sfdx? tyf gof ljz]if clws[t lgo'lQm ug]{ af/]df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm cfb]zdf gof ljz]if clws[t lgo'Qm ug{sf] nflu k|wfg ;]gfkltn] >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/sf] h'gfkmdf /Iff dGqfnodfk{mt gof ljz]if clws[tsf] gfdfjnL :jLs[ltsf] nflu ! dlxgf cufl8 r9fpg] 5g\ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljz]if clws[tsf] ;DaGwdf pQm ;}lgs cfb]zdf pNn]lvt lgodx?nfO{ ;do;fk]If ?kdf kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wg ub}{ nu]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . (= g]kfnL ;]gfdf s0f]{n sdf08f06 -ljz]if clws[t_ lgo'Qm ug]{ ;DaGwdf @)@^ df3sf] pQm ;}lgs cfb]zdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOPtfklg s]xL u0fx?sf] Oltxf; cWoog ubf{ @)@% ;fndf g} ljz]if clws[tx? lgo'lQm ePsf] kfOG5 . ldlt @)@% ;fn kmfu'g @* ut] >L >Lgfy u0f / >L ab{axfb'/ u0fdf qmdzM k"j{ sdf08/O{grLkm >L tf]/0f zDz]/ /f0ff / c=k|f=;=/=>L lbndfg l;+x yf=d= s0f]{n sdf08f06 lgo'lQm x'g'ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;y{, ;DejtM pxfx? g} g]kfnL ;]gfsf] klxnf] s0f]{n sdf08f06sf] k+lQmdf kg'{x'G5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] klbs u0f / ;kf] {l6 cfD;{ -d4lt kmf}h_ nufotsf u0f;/x dfGotf k|fKt cGo u0fx?df ljz]if clws[t lgo'lQm ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] 5 . axfnjfnf ;xfos /yL jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] bhf{sf /yLj[GbnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u0fx?df ljz]if clws[t lgo'lQm ug]{ ul/G5 . ljz]if cj:yfdf cjsfz k|fKt /yLj[GbnfO{ klg ljz]if clws[tdf lgo'lQm ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;/L lgo'lQm x'g' x'g] ljz]if clws[tx?sf] cjlw ^! jif{ pd]/;Dd jf lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] !) jif{ dWo] h'g l56f] x'g cfp5 ;f]xL ldltaf6 cjsfz x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

s0f]{n sdf08f06 lgo'lQm ug]{ cfwf/x? !)= g]kfnL ;]gfdf /yLj[Gbx?nfO{ s0f]{n sdf08f06 -ljz]if clws[t_ df lgo'lQm ug{sf] nflu lgDg cfwf/x? lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 M

-s_ klxnf] k|fyldstf cfk\mgf] Kof/]G6 o'lg6 -clws[t eO klxnf] lgo'lQm ePsf] o'lg6_ df .

-v_ To;kl5 sdf08 u/]sf] o'lg6sf] nflu k|fyldstf lbOg] .

-u_ ;kf]{l6 cfD;{ nufot o'lg6x?df ;f]xL cfD;{df /xL ;s]sfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ .

-3_ gof u0fx?sf] xsdf u'Nd x'bf sdf08 u/]sf] jf ;f] u'Nddf ;?jf eO{;s]sfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] .

-_ dfly pNn]lvt k|fyldstf leq kg{ g;Sg] /yLj[GbnfO{ h]i7tfsf cfwf/df a9L ;do sfo{/t /x]sf] o'lg6 jf ;+o'Qm /fi6;+l3o zflGt ;]gfdf sdf08 u/]sf] o' lg6 jf To:t} cGo o'lg6x?df lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] .

-r_ pNn]lvt cfwf/x? cg';f/ ljz]if clws[t lgo'lQm ug{ kb vfnL gePdf h]i7tfdf /x]sf /yLj[Gbx?nfO{ gof :yfkgf ePsf u0fx?df qmdzM lgo'lQm ul/g] .

s0f]{n sdf08f06sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ !!= g]kfnL ;]gfdf s0f]{n sdf08f06df lgo'lQm x'g'x'g] /yLj[Gbsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ lgDg adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 M

-s_ u0fsf] cleefjssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .

-v_ u0fsf] lxt x'g] sfo{df plrt ;Nnfx jf dfu{bz{g k|bfg ug]{ .

-u_ u0fklt Pj+ u0fsf ;snbhf{sf] xf};nf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{df /fo;Nnfx lbg] .

-3_ u0fkltnfO{ tflnd, j]nk]mo/ -sNof0fsf/L sfo{_ h:tf ljifox?df ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ .

-_ hL c8\8fn] dfu]df plrt /fo;Nnfx lbg] .

-r_ u0fsf] Oltxf;, rfnrng, k/Dk/f, /\u, dfgkbjL / o:t} tYox?sf] ;+sng u/L k':ts cflb k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{df cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ .

-5_ u0fsf k"j { clws[t, klbs tyf cGobhf{nfO{ ljleGg ;df/f]x jf pT;jx?df ;xefuL u/fpg] h:tf sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

-h_ u0fsf] ljleGg pT;j tyf k"hfx?df ul/g] lgdGq0ffdf cleefjssf] ?kdf pkl:yt x'g] .

-em_ sNof0fsf/L sfo{df o'lg6 km08 vr{ ug'{ k/]df sf=/=lj=-a]=a[=_ sf] gLlt cg';f/ u0fkltnfO{ cfjZos ;Nnfx lbg] .

-`_ ljz]if clws[t lgo'lQm ePkl5 u0fsf ;snbhf{nfO{ e]6L kl/rofTds sfo{qmd u/L ;Daf]wg ;d]t ug]{ .

-6_ cjsfz k|fKt /yLj[Gb ljz]if clws[tsf] x}l;otn] o'lg6df hfbf ;nfdLsf] xsbf/ x'g]5g\ . ;fy} plrt kf]zfs -/fli6o kf]zfs_ df Sjf6{/ uf8{ lg/LIf0f ;d]t ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

-7_ ljz]if clws[tdf lgo'lQm eO;s]kl5 u0fsf] lg/LIf0f tyf lgdGq0ffdf hfbf cfjZos kg]{ aGbf]j:tL ;DaGwL Joj:yfx? hL c8\8f / ;DalGwt u0fn] ;dGjo u/L ldnfpg] 5g\ .

s0f]{n sdf08f06 / u0faLrsf] kf/Dkl/s ;DaGw !@= g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u0fx?df lgo'lQm x'g'x'g] s0f]{n sdf08f06 / u0fsf]lardf pRr :t/sf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw sfod /x]sf] x'g' kb{5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf s]xL o'lg6 klt -u0fklt_ / ljz]if clws[taLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGwsf] cefj v6 \lsPsf] klg obfsbf ;'lggdf cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . u0fkltn] ;do;dodf s0f]{n sdf08f06;u ;Dks{ tyf ;dGjo u/L u0fsf] j:t'l:yltaf/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] / cfjZos k/]df pxf;u ;/-;Nnfx dfu]df klg s'g} xfgL xF'b}g . ;fy}, s0f]{n sdf08f06n] klg ;do;