smartdust-091107110900-phpapp02 (2)

8/7/2019 smartdust-091107110900-phpapp02 (2)

1/58

prepared by:-GAURAV JAIN 1

MARWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGEMARWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AND RESEARCH CENTREAND RESEARCH CENTRE


2/58

Smart Dust


3/58

Discussions:

What is Smart Dust ?

Features

ComponentArchitecture

Applications

Future WorkConclusion


4/58

Smart Dustis a hypothetical system of many tinymicro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) suchas sensors, robots, or other devices, that can

detect, for example :- light, temperature,vibration, magnetism or chemicals;are usually networked wirelessly; and aredistributed over some area to perform tasks,

usually sensing.

What is Smart Dust?


5/58


6/58


7/58

A tiny dust size device withextra-ordinary capabilities.

Often called micro electro-

mechanical sensors(MEMS)Combines sensing, computing, wirelesscommunication capabilities andautonomous power supply within

volume of only few millimeters.Useful in monitoring real worldphenomenon without disturbing theoriginal process.

Features


8/58

Cont

so small and light in weight thatthey can remain suspended in theenvironment like an ordinary dustparticle.

the air currents can also movethem in the direction of flow.

It is very hard to detect thepresence of the Smart Dust and itis even harder to get rid of them

once deployed.


9/58

Smart Dust MoteCont

Consists of t iny,wireless sensors ormotes.

Each mote is a t inycomputer with a powersupply, one or m oresensors, and a

communication systemIt explores the lim its on

size and powerconsum pt ion in

autonomous sensor


10/58

ComponentsA single Smart Dust mote contains:

MEMS sensors

a semiconductor laser diode and MEMS beam

steering mirror for active optical transmission a MEMS corner cube retro-reflector for passive

optical transmission

an optical receiver

a signal processing and control circuitry

a power source based on thick-film batteries andsolar cells.


11/58

Prepared by GAURAV JAIN

Components of Smart Dust


12/58

Corner Cube Retro-reflector(CCR)

Comprises of three mutuallyperpendicular mirrors of gold-

coated poly-silicon.Has the property that any incidentray of light is reflected back to the

source provided that it is incidentwithin a certain range of anglescentered about the cubes bodydiagonal.


13/58


14/58

CCR cont

The micro-fabricated CCR includesan electrostatic actuator that can

deflect one of the mirrors atkilohertz rates.

Thus the external light source can

be transmitted back in the form ofmodulated signal at kilobits persecond.


15/58

Note (CCR cont)

CCR-based passive optical links requirean uninterrupted line-of-sight path.

CCR can transmit to the BTS only when

the CCR body diagonal happens to pointdirectly toward the BTS, within a fewtens of degrees.

A passive transmitter can be made more

omni-directional by employing severalCCRs oriented in different directions, atthe expense of increased dust motesize.


16/58

Challenges

It is difficult to fit all these devicesin a small Smart Dust both size

wise and Energy wise.With devices so small, batteriespresent a massive addition of

weight.


17/58

17

Key Features of theseelectronic particles

PowerPowern Survive for extended amount of time

nComputationComputationnProcess Sensor Data and

CommunicatenSensorsSensorsnTo Interface to the env ironment

nCommunicationCommunicationnTo glue the pieces of inform at ion


18/58

18

Architecture

Computation Brain1-MCU2-FPGA

Low PowerCommunicationFrontEnd

1-Acoustic2-RF3-Optical

Sensors1-Magnetometer2- Light3-temperature4-pressure5-Hmidity6-Acceleration

Power1-Bat2-Sollar3-Vibration4-Acoustic Noise


19/58

19

PowerPower: Lithium Battery

n Big Problem

n Low capacity per unit of mass and volume

n Needs support by sleep mechanism andlow power techniques

n Not really so much innovation after Volta!w Solar

wVibration

w Acoustic noise

w Thermal conversion

w Nuclear Reaction

w Fuel Cells


20/58

20

Computation

Computation: ATMEL91M404000

Micro Controller

Core and variety of different functions

Flash , SRAM , E2PROM

GPIO , ADC , PWM ,ComparatorEmbedded serial Buses

Ex: Microcontrollers Atmel , Microchip,Motorola

Microprocessors Intel Strong-

Arms ,Motorola

FPGAFPGA Not Traditional Style Of Programming

Hardware Descriptive

Language(VHDL,Verilog) Faster low ower Reconfi urable


21/58

21

SensorsMotion Sensing

n Magnetometerw Study 3 Element of Earth Magnetic field

(Compass)

n

Accelerometerw To measure Local vertical (tilt switch) or measure

motion vectors

Environmental Sensing(Weather Monitoring)n Pressure

w Barometer

n Temperaturen Light

n Humidity


22/58

CommunicationTechnologies

Acoustic Transmission

Radio Frequency Transmission

Optical transmission technique a) Passive Laser based

Communication

b) Active Laser basedCommunication

c) Fiber Optic Communication


23/58

23

Acoustic Communication

Power Hungry

High Background Noise

Large Size (proportional to harmonics of

sound)

Fast Attenuation Curve

Low communication baud rate

Low power receivern Good for event driven wake up

systems


24/58

Radio FrequencyTransmission

Based on the generation, propagationand detection of electromagnetic waveswith a frequency range from tens of kHz

to hundreds of GHz.Multiplexing techniques: time, frequencyor code-division multiplexing.

Their use leads to modulation, bandpassfiltering, demodulation circuitry, andadditional circuitry, all of which needs tobe considered, based on powerconsumption.


25/58

Problems with RF comm..

Large size of antenna.

RF communication can only be

achieved by using time, frequencyor code division.

TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA have their

own complications.


26/58

26

Optical Communication

Activen High power laser source

n Transmission of modulated laserbeam

Passiven

MEMS Corner Cube Reflectorn Emit modulated ambient light

n Extremely low power

i b d


27/58

Passive Laser basedcomm..

Downlink communication (BST to dust)- the base station points a modulated laser beam at a node. Dust uses a simple optical receiver to decode the incoming

messageUplink communication (dust to BST)- thebase station points an un-modulated laserbeam at a node, which in turn modulates

and reflects back the beam to the BST


28/58

Advantages

Optical transceivers require only simplebaseband analog and digital circuitry;no modulators, active bandpass filtersor demodulators are needed.

The short wavelength of visible or near-infrared light (of the order of 1 micron)

makes it possible for a millimeter-scaledevice to emit a narrow beam (i.e. highantenna gain can be achieved).


29/58

Advantages cont

A base-station transceiver (BTS)equipped with a compact imagingreceiver can decode the simultaneous

transmissions from a large number ofdust motes at different locations withinthe receiver field of view, which is aform of space-division multiplexing.

The CCR makes make it possible for dustmotes to use passive opticaltransmission techniques, i.e., totransmit modulated optical signals

without supplying any optical power.


30/58

Limitations

Is a single-hop network topology,where dust nodes cannot directly

communicate with each other, butonly with a base station.

Communication may suffer from

variable delays if the laser beam isnot already pointing at a node thatis subject to communication withthe BST.

A ti L B d


31/58

Active Laser Basedcomm..

Has a semiconductor laser, a collimating lens and a beam-steering micro-mirror.

Uses an active-steered laser-diodebased transmitter to send a

collimated laser beam to a basestation .

Suitable for peer-to-peer comm..,provided there exist a line of sightpath between the motes.


32/58

Advantages

One can form multi-hop networksusing active laser based comm..

Burst-mode communicationprovides the most energy-efficientway to schedule the multi-hopnetwork.

The active laser-diode transmitteroperates at up to several tens ofmegabits per second for a fewmilliseconds


33/58

Disadvantages

Relatively high powerconsumption .

Thus can be used only for a shortduration burst-modecommunication.

Components like active beam-steering mechanism makes thedesign of the dust mote morecomplicated.


34/58

Fiber Optic comm..

Employs semiconductor laser, fibercable and diode receiver togenerate, transfer and detect the

optical signal.Similar to passive optical comm..

Relatively small size of the optical

transceiver is employed with low-power operation.

CCR employed on each Dust moteto modulate uplink data to base

station.


35/58

Fiber Optic comm. setup


36/58

Advantages

Does not require unbroken line-of-sightand the link directionality.

Each dust mote does not need to employ

more than one CCR.Comm.. between dust motes and a basestation can be guaranteed.

It has a longer range of communicationlink than that of a free space passiveoptical comm..


37/58

Limitations

Optical fiber cables restrict themobility of dust mote.

Since a base station should employseveral optical components forfiber connection to each dustmote, it may complicate basestation design.


38/58

38

Applications

It is a special class of sensor network

Fine sensing granularity

Applications :n Forest fire warningn Enemy troop monitoringn Large scale Biology or Geologyn Smart office spacesn Defense-related sensor networksn Inventory Control


39/58

Applications cont Security and Tracking Health and Wellness Monitoring

(enter human bodies and check

for physiological problems). Factory and Process Automation.

Seismic and Structural Monitoring.

Monitor traffic and redirecting it.

Environmental protection(identification and monitoring ofpollution).

Habitat monitoring (observing the

behavior of the animals in there


40/58


41/58

Cont


42/58

Cont


43/58

FOREST FIRE DETECTIONSCont


44/58


STREET LIGHT MAINTANCE

Cont


45/58

SPOTTING PIPE COROSION

Cont


46/58

Crawling microbot

Flying microbot

The crawling microbot consume onlytens of micro watts of power;the motors can lift more than 130times the robots own weight. Theflying microbot have a wing spanof 10-25 mm and will sustainautonomous flight. Developers folded50 micron thick stainless steel intodesired shape to create the wingsand exoskeleton. Piezoelectricmotors attached to the exoskeleton

actuate the wings. These leggedand winged microbots will consumea total power of less than 10milliwatts, provided by onboard solarCells to not only sense but interact toPhysical environment.

Cont


47/58

47

Future Work

Design of multi hop network

Autonomous network configuration

Data Fusion

Network Decision making

Large Scale Distributed

Processing


48/58


49/58

Corpora Generat ions

The Pioneers In Smart Dust

Technology


50/58

Group of sensorsinside the body

Circulatory Net Health andWellness Monitoring(enter hum anbodies and check

for physiologicaland biologicalproblems).

Help to detectdiseases.

Cont

Secur ity and Tracking


51/58


Secur ity and Tracking

Seismic andStructural

Monitoring


52/58

Super Eye(Dust Eye)

Cont


53/58


54/58

Conclusion

Smart Dust technology provideswireless, remote monitoringsolutions.

Is available today in sizes rangingfrom a few m m to a few cm.

Ult imate goal is to reach m icro

meter scale.

Due to growing research interest ,sizes and cost are fast dim inishing.


55/58

References1.Yunbin Song: Opt ical Communicat ion

System s for Smart Dust2. J. M. Kahn, R. H. Kat z, K. S. J. Pister: Nex t

Century Challenges:Mobile Networking for Smart Dust3. An Int roduction to

Microelectromechancal SystemEngineering: Nadim Maluf, Kirt William

4. B.A. Warneke, M.D. Scot t , B.S. Leibowitz:Dist ributed Wireless Sensor Network

5. ht tp://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes


56/58

Thank You!

This is not the END

It is merely the BEGINNING ofa glorious, wireless future!

So, stay connected!!


57/58


58/58

Documents

smartdust-091107110900-phpapp02 (2)