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\Q\UNI MD LHAW

I{$ C$ K$ \haden

@nlu~{n{,

Enwc{uindu mf N`nlu{mdal| Ndjj$

W$V$W$A$U$ K~ehjcmd$

3

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\ML KC\AL\

;

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\ML KC\AL\

\q|uni)md)c)lhaw m{ |q|uni md lhaw (\mL m{ \ML!{nfn{| um adunj{cuadj c`` lmiwmdndu| mf c lmiw~un{ m{muhn{ n`nlu{mdal |q|uni adum c |adj`n adunj{cune la{l~au(lhaw!$

Au icq lmducad eajauc`, cdc`mj, iaxne)|ajdc`, cde mfund{ceam)f{ns~ndlq f~dluamd| c`` md mdn$

Ial{mlmdu{m``n{| uqwalc``q hcvn ~den{ 377B mf [CI(mfund o~|u c fnz Bkqun|! cde mfund {nc``q c{n |adj`n)

lhaw)|q|uni|2zhn{nc| uhn un{i \mL a| uqwalc``q ~|ne zauh im{n

wmzn{f~` w{mln||m{|, lcwck`n mf {~ddadj |mfuzc{n |~lhc| Zademz| m{ @ad~x, zhalh dnne nxun{dc` inim{qlhaw| (f`c|h, [CI! um kn ~|nf~`, cde zhalh c{n ~|nezauh vc{am~| nxun{dc` wn{awhn{c`|$

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\ML KC\AL\ LMDU

Icdq adun{n|uadj |q|uni| c{n umm lmiw`nx um fau md o~|umdn lhaw k~a`u zauh c w{mln|| mwuaiane fm{ o~|u mdn mfuhn |q|uni*| uc|b|$

Zhnd au a| dmu fnc|ak`n um lmd|u{~lu cd \mL fm{ cwc{ual~`c{ cww`alcuamd, cd c`un{dcuavn a| c |q|uni adwclbcjn (\aW! lmiw{a|adj c d~ikn{ mf lhaw| ad c |adj`nwclbcjn$

Ad `c{jn vm`~in|, \mL a| kn`anvne um kn im{n lm|u

nffnluavn uhcd \aW, knlc~|n au| wclbcjadj a| |aiw`n{$

Uhn \mL lhaw adl`~en| w{mln||m{| cde d~in{m~| eajauc`wn{awhn{c`|, cde lmin| ad c kc`` j{ae wclbcjn zauh `mzn{cde ~wwn{ lmddnluamd|$

5

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CUQWALC@ \ML LMD\A\U\ MF?

Mdn ial{mlmdu{m``n{, ial{mw{mln||m{ m{ E\W lm{n(|!$\min \mL| lc``ne i~`uaw{mln||m{ \q|uni)md)Lhaw(IW\mL! adl`~en im{n uhcd mdn w{mln||m{ lm{n$

Inim{q k`mlb| adl`~eadj c |n`nluamd mf [MI, [CI,

NNW[MI cde F`c|h$

Uaiadj |m~{ln| adl`~eadj m|la``cum{| cde whc|n)`mlbne`mmw|$

Wn{awhn{c`| adl`~eadj lm~dun{)uain{|, {nc`)uain uain{|cde wmzn{)md {n|nu jndn{cum{|$

Nxun{dc` adun{fcln| adl`~eadj ade~|u{q |ucdec{e| |~lhc| ^\K, Fa{nZa{n, Nuhn{dnu, ^\C[U, \WA$

>

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CUQWALC@ \ML LMD\A\U\ MF? LMDU

Cdc`mj adun{fcln| adl`~eadj CEL| cde ECL|$

Vm`ucjn {nj~`cum{| cde wmzn{ icdcjnindula{l~au|$

Uhn|n k`mlb| c{n lmddnlune kq nauhn{ c w{mw{anuc{qm{ ade~|u{q)|ucdec{e k~| |~lh c| uhn CIKC k~|f{mi C[I$

EIC lmdu{m``n{| {m~un ecuc ea{nlu`q knuznndnxun{dc` adun{fcln| cde inim{q, kq)wc||adj uhnw{mln||m{ lm{n cde uhn{nkq adl{nc|adj uhn ecucuh{m~jhw~u mf uhn \mL

6

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ENAJD F@MZ

MF \ML

:

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EN\AJD F@MZ MF \ML?

Cd \mL lmd|a|u|mf kmuh uhnhc{ezc{nen|l{akne ckmvn,cde uhn |mfuzc{nuhcu lmdu{m`| uhn

ial{mlmdu{m``n{,ial{mw{mln||m{ m{E\W lm{n|,wn{awhn{c`| cdeadun{fcln|$

Uhn en|ajd f`mzfm{ cd \mL cai|um envn`mw uha|hc{ezc{n cde|mfuzc{n adwc{c``n`$ 8

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EN\AJD F@MZ MF \ML? LMDU

Im|u \mL| c{n envn`mwne f{mi w{n)s~c`afane hc{ezc{n k`mlb| fm{uhn hc{ezc{n n`nindu| en|l{akne ckmvn, umjnuhn{ zauh uhn|mfuzc{n e{avn{| uhcu lmdu{m` uhna{ mwn{cuamd$

C bnq |unw ad uhn en|ajd f`mz a| ni~`cuamd? uhn hc{ezc{n a|icwwne mdum cd ni~`cuamd w`cufm{i kc|ne md c FWJC uhcu

iaial| uhn knhcvam{ mf uhn \mL, cde uhn |mfuzc{n ime~`n| c{n`mcene adum uhn inim{q mf uhn ni~`cuamd w`cufm{i$ Mdlnw{mj{ciine, uhn ni~`cuamd w`cufm{i ndck`n| uhn hc{ezc{n cde|mfuzc{n mf uhn \mL um kn un|une cde enk~jjne cu l`m|n um au| f~``mwn{cuamdc` |wnne$

Cfun{ ni~`cuamd uhn hc{ezc{n mfuhn \mL fm``mz| uhn w`cln cde

{m~un whc|n mf uhn en|ajd mf cd adunj{cune la{l~au knfm{n au a|fck{alcune$

Lhaw| c{n vn{afane fm{ `mjalc` lm{{nludn|| knfm{n knadj |ndu umfm~de{q$ Uha| w{mln|| a| lc``ne f~dluamdc` vn{afalcuamd$

Vn{a`mj cde VHE@ c{n uqwalc` hc{ezc{n en|l{awuamd `cdj~cjn|~|ne fm{ vn{afalcuamd$

1

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\AIE\ADJ@N AD\U[^LUAMD I^@UAW@N ECUC

37

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\AIE (\ADJ@N AD\U[^LUAMD, I^@UAW@N ECUC!

Ad lmiw~uadj, \AIE (\adj`nAd|u{~luamd, I~`uaw`n Ecuc2+vnlum{ ad|u{~luamd|+! a| cunlhdas~n niw`mqne um clhanvnecuc `nvn` wc{c``n`a|i$

\~wn{lmiw~un{|, wmw~`c{ ad uhn3187| |~lh c| uhn L{cq X)IWzn{n lc``ne +vnlum{ w{mln||m{|$

Uhn fa{|u n{c mf \AIE iclhadn| zc| lhc{clun{ane kq

|~wn{lmiw~un{| |~lh c| uhn Uhadbadj Iclhadn| LI)3 cde LI);$ Uhn|n iclhadn| hce icdq `aiaune f~dluamdc`auq w{mln||m{| uhcu

zm~`e zm{b ad wc{c``n`$

Fm{ nxciw`n? nclh mf 65,777 w{mln||m{| ad c Uhadbadj

Iclhadn| LI); zm~`e nxnl~un uhn |cin ad|u{~luamd cu uhn

|cin uain |m uhcu qm~ lm~`e em 65,777 i~`uaw`an| md 65,777

wca{| mf d~ikn{| cu c uain$

33

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\AIE (\ADJ@N AD\U[^LUAMD, I^@UAW@N ECUC!

\AIE iclhadn nxw`mau| c w{mwn{uq mf uhn ecuc

|u{nci lc``ne ecuc wc{c``n`a|i$3;

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\AIE (\ADJ@N AD\U[^LUAMD, I^@UAW@N ECUC!

C vn{q aiwm{ucdu l`c|| mf c{lhaunlu~{n| ad uhn ha|um{q mflmiw~ucuamd, |adj`n)ad|u{~luamd-i~`uaw`n)ecuc iclhadn| c{n lcwck`n mfcww`qadj uhn nxclu |cin ad|u{~luamd |u{nci um i~`uaw`n |u{nci| mf ecuc|ai~`ucdnm~|`q$

Uha| uqwn mf c{lhaunlu~{n a| wn{fnlu`q |~aune um clhanvadj vn{q hajhw{mln||adj {cun|, c| uhn ecuc lcd kn |w au adum icdq eaffn{ndu

adenwndendu wanln|, cde uhn i~`uaw`n ad|u{~luamd ~dau| lcd c`` mwn{cunmd uhni cu uhn |cin uain$

3

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\AIE (CEVCDUCJN\!

Cd cww`alcuamd zhn{n uhn |cin vc`~n a| knadj ceene (m{|~ku{clune! um c `c{jn d~ikn{ mf ecuc wmadu|, c lmiimdmwn{cuamd ad icdq i~`uaineac cww`alcuamd|$ Mdn nxciw`n zm~`e kn lhcdjadj uhn k{ajhudn|| mf cd aicjn$

Um lhcdjn uhn k{ajhudn||, uhn [ J cde K vc`~n| c{n {ncef{mi inim{q, c vc`~n a| ceene (m{ |~ku{clune! f{mi uhni,

cde uhn {n|~`uadj vc`~n| c{n z{auund kclb m~u um inim{q$

Uhn ecuc a| ~den{|umme um kn ad k`mlb|, cde c d~ikn{ mfvc`~n| lcd kn `mcene c`` cu mdln$ Ad|unce mf c |n{an| mf ad|u{~luamd| |cqadj +jnu uha| waxn`, dmz

jnu uhn dnxu waxn`+, c \AIE w{mln||m{ za`` hcvn c |adj`n

ad|u{~luamd uhcu nffnluavn`q |cq| +jnu `mu| mfwaxn`|$ Uha| lcducbn i~lh `n|| uain uhcd +jnuuadj+ nclh waxn` adeavae~c``q,`abn zauh u{ceauamdc` LW^ en|ajd$

Af uhn \AIE |q|uni zm{b| kq `mceadj ~w najhu ecucwmadu| cu mdln, uhn cee mwn{cuamd knadj cww`ane um uhnecuc za`` hcwwnd um c`` najhu vc`~n| cu uhn |cin uain$

3>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia

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\AIE (EA\CEVCDUCJN\!

Dmu c`` c`jm{auhi| lcd kn vnlum{ane$

Aiw`ninduadj cd c`jm{auhi zauh \AIEad|u{~luamd| ~|~c``q {ns~a{n| h~icd `ckm{2 im|ulmiwa`n{| emd*u jndn{cun \AIE ad|u{~luamd| f{mi c

uqwalc` L w{mj{ci, fm{ ad|ucdln$

W{mj{ciiadj zauh wc{ual~`c{ \AIE ad|u{~luamd|nu| lcd advm`vn d~in{m~| `mz)`nvn` lhc``ndjn|$

Au hc| {n|u{aluamd| md ecuc c`ajdindu$

Jcuhn{adj ecuc adum \AIE {nja|un{| cde |lcuun{adj auum uhn lm{{nlu en|uadcuamd `mlcuamd| a| u{albq cde lcd knadnffalandu$

\wnlafal ad|u{~luamd| `abn {mucuamd| m{ uh{nn)mwn{cdeceeauamd c{nd*u ad |min \AIE ad|u{~luamd |nu|$ 36

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)

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\A\E\ADJ@N AD\U[^LUAMD \ADJ@N ECUC

31

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\A\E (\ADJ@N AD\U[^LUAMD, \ADJ@N ECUC!

Uha| a| uhn m`en|u |uq`n mflmiw~un{ c{lhaunlu~{n, cde|ua`` mdn mf uhn im|uaiwm{ucdu? c`` wn{|mdc`lmiw~un{| fau zauhad uha|lcunjm{q

\adj`n ad|u{~luamd {nfn{| umuhn fclu uhcu uhn{n a| md`q mdnad|u{~luamd |u{nci knadjclune md kq uhn LW^ e~{adjcdq mdn l`mlb ualb2 |adj`n

ecuc incd|, cdc`mjm~|`q,uhcu mdn cde md`q mdn ecuc|u{nci a| knadj niw`mqne c|adw~u e~{adj cdq mdn l`mlbualb$ ;7

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\A\E (\ADJ@N AD\U[^LUAMD, \ADJ@N ECUC!

Ad lmiw~uadj, \A\E (\adj`nAd|u{~luamd, \adj`n Ecuc! a| c un{i{nfn{{adj um c lmiw~un{ c{lhaunlu~{nad zhalh c |adj`n w{mln||m{, c~daw{mln||m{, nxnl~un| c |adj`n

ad|u{~luamd |u{nci, um mwn{cun md ecuc|um{ne ad c |adj`n inim{q$ Uha|lm{{n|wmde| um uhn vmd Dn~icddc{lhaunlu~{n$

Cllm{eadj um Ialhcn` O$ F`qdd, \A\E

lcd hcvn lmdl~{{ndu w{mln||adjlhc{clun{a|ual|$ Ad|u{~luamd fnulhadjcde wawn`adne nxnl~uamd mf ad|u{~luamd| c{n lmiimd nxciw`n|fm~de ad im|u imen{d \A\Elmiw~un{|$

;3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SISD.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Flynnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SISD.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Flynnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Flynnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Flynnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Flynnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Flynnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Flynnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing

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LHC[CLUN[A\UAL\ MF \A\E

\n{ac` Ad|u{~luamd| c{n nxnl~une mdn cfun{ uhnmuhn{, ad `mlb)|unw2 uha| uqwn mf |ns~nduac` nxnl~uamd a|lmiimd`q lc``ne |n{ac`, c| mwwm|ne um wc{c``n`, adzhalh i~`uaw`n ad|u{~luamd| icq kn w{mln||ne|ai~`ucdnm~|`q$

Enun{iada|ual Knlc~|n nclh ad|u{~luamd hc| c

~das~n w`cln ad uhn nxnl~uamd |u{nci, cde uh~| c~das~n uain e~{adj zhalh au cde au c`mdn a| knadjw{mln||ne, uhn ndua{n nxnl~uamd a| |cae umkn enun{iada|ual, incdadj uhcu qm~ (lcd wmunduac``q!bdmz nxclu`q zhcu a| hcwwndadj cu c`` uain|, cde,aenc``q, qm~ lcd nxclu`q {nl{ncun uhn w{mln||, |unw kq

|unw, cu cdq `cun{ uain$ Nxciw`n|?

c`` wn{|mdc` lmiw~un{|,

c`` |adj`n)ad|u{~luamd)~dau)LW^ zm{b|ucuamd|,

iada)lmiw~un{|, cde

icadf{cin|$

;;

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IAIEI^@UAW@N AD\U[^LUAMD I^@UAW@N ECUC

;

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IAIE (I^@UAW@N AD\U[^LUAMD, I^@UAW@N ECUC ! Uhn im|u jndn{c` mf c`` mf uhn icom{ lcunjm{an|, c IAIE iclhadn

a| lcwck`n mf knadj w{mj{ciine um mwn{cun c| af au zn{n ad fclu cdqmf uhn fm~{$

\qdlh{mdm~| m{ c|qdlh{mdm~| IAIE ad|u{~luamd |u{nci| lcdwmunduac``q kn nxnl~une nauhn{ |qdlh{mdm~|`q m{ c|qdlh{mdm~|`q, a$n$,nauhn{ ad uajhu`q lmdu{m``ne `mlb)|unw m{ ad c im{n `mm|n`q km~de em qm~{mzd uhadj imen$

Enun{iada|ual m{ dmd)enun{iada|ual IAIE |q|uni| c{n wmunduac``qlcwck`n mf enun{iada|ual knhcvam{, uhcu a|, mf {nw{me~ladj uhn nxclu |cin|nu mf w{mln||adj |unw| nvn{q uain c w{mj{ci a| {~d md uhn |cin ecuc$

Zn``)|~aune um k`mlb, `mmw, m{ |~k{m~uadn `nvn` wc{c``n`a|i$ Uhn im{nlmen nclh w{mln||m{ ad cd IAIE c||nik`q a| javnd emicad mvn{, uhn

im{n nffalandu`q uhn ndua{n |q|uni za`` mwn{cun, ad jndn{c`$ I~`uaw`n Ad|u{~luamd m{ \adj`n W{mj{ci IAIE)|uq`n |q|uni| c{n

lcwck`n mf {~ddadj ad u{~n i~`uaw`n)ad|u{~luamd imen, zauh nvn{qw{mln||m{ emadj |minuhadj eaffn{ndu, m{ nvn{q w{mln||m{ lcd kn javnduhn |cin lmen2 uha| `cuun{ lc|n a| lc``ne \WIE, \adj`n W{mj{ci I~`uaw`nEcuc, cde a| c jndn{c`acuamd mf\AIE)|uq`n wc{c``n`a|i$

;:

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IAIE ? \HC[NE INIM[Q IMEN@

Uhn w{mln||m{| c{n c`` lmddnlune um c +j`mkc``q cvca`ck`n+

inim{q, vac nauhn{ c |mfuzc{n m{ hc{ezc{n incd|$ Uhnmwn{cuadj |q|uni ~|~c``q icaducad| au| inim{q lmhn{ndln$

K~|)kc|ne? IAIE iclhadn| zauh |hc{ne inim{q hcvn w{mln||m{| zhalh

|hc{n c lmiimd, lndu{c` inim{q$

Hn{n c`` w{mln||m{| c{n cuuclhne um c k~| zhalh lmddnlu| uhni uminim{q$

Uha| |nu~w a| lc``ne k~|)kc|n wmadu zhn{n uhn{n a| umm i~lhlmdunduamd md uhn k~|$

Han{c{lhalc`? IAIE iclhadn| zauh han{c{lhalc` |hc{ne inim{q ~|n c

han{c{lhq mf k~|n| um javn w{mln||m{| clln|| um nclh muhn{*|inim{q$

W{mln||m{| md eaffn{ndu kmc{e| icq lmii~dalcun uh{m~jh adun{)dmec` k~|n|$

K~|n| |~wwm{u lmii~dalcuamd knuznnd kmc{e|$

Zauh uha| uqwn mf c{lhaunlu~{n, uhn iclhadn icq |~wwm{u mvn{ c

uhm~|cde w{mln||m{|$

;8

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IAIE ? EA\U[AK^UNE INIM[Q IMEN@

Ad ea|u{ak~une inim{q IAIE iclhadn|, nclh w{mln||m{

hc| au| mzd adeavae~c` inim{q `mlcuamd$ Nclh w{mln||m{hc| dm ea{nlu bdmz`nejn ckm~u muhn{ w{mln||m{*|inim{q$

Fm{ ecuc um kn |hc{ne, au i~|u kn wc||ne f{mi mdnw{mln||m{ um cdmuhn{ c| c in||cjn$ \adln uhn{n a| dm|hc{ne inim{q, lmdunduamd a| dmu c| j{ncu c w{mk`nizauh uhn|n iclhadn|$

Au a| dmu nlmdmialc``q fnc|ak`n um lmddnlu c `c{jn d~ikn{mf w{mln||m{| ea{nlu`q um nclh muhn{$ C zcq um cvmae uha|i~`uau~en mf ea{nlu lmddnluamd| a| um lmddnlu nclhw{mln||m{ um o~|u c fnz muhn{|$

Uhn cim~du mf uain {ns~a{ne fm{ w{mln||m{| um wn{fm{i|aiw`n in||cjn {m~uadj lcd kn |~k|ucduac`$

\q|uni| zn{n en|ajdne um {ne~ln uha| uain `m|| cdehqwn{l~kn cde in|h c{n cimdj uzm mf uhn wmw~`c{adun{lmddnluamd |lhnin|$ ;1

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IAIE ? EA\U[AK^UNE INIM[Q IMEN@ Adun{lmddnluamd |lhnin|?

Hqwn{l~kn adun{lmddnluamd dnuzm{b? Ad cd IAIE ea|u{ak~une inim{q iclhadn zauh c hqwn{l~kn |q|uni

adun{lmddnluamd dnuzm{b lmducadadj fm~{ w{mln||m{|, c w{mln||m{cde c inim{q ime~`n c{n w`clne cu nclh vn{unx mf c |s~c{n$

Uhn eacinun{ mf uhn |q|uni a| uhn iadai~i d~ikn{ mf |unw| auucbn| fm{ mdn w{mln||m{ um |nde c in||cjn um uhn w{mln||m{ uhcu a|uhn fc{uhn|u czcq$

\m, fm{ nxciw`n, Ad c hqwn{l~kn |q|uni zauh najhu w{mln||m{| cdenclh w{mln||m{ cde inim{q ime~`n knadj w`clne ad uhn vn{unx mf cl~kn, uhn eacinun{ a|

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IA\EI^@UAW@N AD\U[^LUAMD\ \ADJ@N ECUC

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IA\E (I^@UAW@N AD\U[^LUAMD\, \ADJ@N ECUC!

Ad lmiw~uadj, IA\E (I~`uaw`nAd|u{~luamd, \adj`n Ecuc! a| c uqwn mfwc{c``n` lmiw~uadj c{lhaunlu~{nzhn{n icdq f~dluamdc` ~dau| wn{fm{ieaffn{ndu mwn{cuamd| md uhn |cin ecuc$

Wawn`adn c{lhaunlu~{n| kn`mdj um uha|uqwn$

Fc~`u)um`n{cdu lmiw~un{| nxnl~uadjuhn |cin ad|u{~luamd| {ne~decdu`q adm{en{ um enunlu cde ic|b n{{m{|, ad cicddn{ bdmzd c| uc|b {nw`alcuamd,

icq kn lmd|aen{ne um kn`mdj um uha|uqwn$

Dmu icdq ad|ucdln| mf uha|c{lhaunlu~{n nxa|u, c| IAIE cde\AIE c{n mfund im{n cww{mw{acun fm{lmiimd ecuc wc{c``n` unlhdas~n|$

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IA\E (I^@UAW@N AD\U[^LUAMD\, \ADJ@N ECUC!

A uhm~jhu mf cdmuhn{ nxciw`nmf c IA\E w{mln|| uhcu a|

lc{{ane m~u {m~uadn`q cu RuhnY

^daune Dcuamd|$ Zhnd c

en`njcun |wncb| ad c `cdj~cjn

mf ha|-hn{ lhmaln, ha| |wnnlh a||ai~`ucdnm~|`q u{cd|`cune

adum c d~ikn{ mf muhn{

`cdj~cjn| fm{ uhn kndnfau mf

muhn{ en`njcun| w{n|ndu$ Uh~|

uhn en`njcun| |wnnlh (c |adj`n

ecuc! a| knadj w{mln||ne kq c

d~ikn{ mf u{cd|`cum{|

(w{mln||m{|! qan`eadj eaffn{ndu

{n|~`u|$

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IA\E (I^@UAW@N AD\U[^LUAMD\, \ADJ@N ECUC!

Uha| lcunjm{q zc| adl`~ene im{n fm{ uhn |cbn mflmiw`nundn|| uhcd um aenduafq c zm{badj j{m~w mf

clu~c` lmiw~un{ |q|uni|$

IA\E Nxciw`n|? I~`uaw`n f{ns~ndlq fa`un{| mwn{cuadj md c |adj`n |ajdc`

|u{nci$

I~`uaw`n l{qwumj{cwhq c`jm{auhi| cuuniwuadj um l{clb

c |adj`n lmene in||cjn$

Kmuh mf uhn|n c{n nxciw`n| mf uha| uqwn mf w{mln||adj

zhn{n i~`uaw`n, adenwndendu ad|u{~luamd |u{nci| c{n

cww`ane |ai~`ucdnm~|`q um c |adj`n ecuc |u{nci$

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WAWN@ADADJ

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WAWN@ADADJ (LMDLNWU CDE IMUAVCUAMD!

Lmd|aen{ uhn c||nik`q mf c lc{?C||~in uhcu ln{ucad |unw| ad uhn c||nik`q `adn c{n um

ad|uc`` uhn ndjadn, ad|uc`` uhn hmme, cde ad|uc`` uhn zhnn`|$

C lc{ md uhn c||nik`q `adn lcd hcvn md`q mdn mf uhnuh{nn |unw| emdn cu mdln$ Cfun{ uhn lc{ hc| au| ndjadnad|uc``ne, au imvn| md um hcvadj au| hmme ad|uc``ne, `ncvadj uhn

ndjadn ad|uc``cuamd fcla`auan| cvca`ck`n fm{ uhn dnxu lc{$Uhn fa{|u lc{ uhnd imvn| md um zhnn` ad|uc``cuamd, uhn

|nlmde lc{ um hmme ad|uc``cuamd, cde c uha{e lc{ knjad| um hcvnau| ndjadn ad|uc``ne$

Af ndjadn ad|uc``cuamd ucbn| ;7 iad~un|, hmmead|uc``cuamd ucbn| > iad~un|, cde zhnn` ad|uc``cuamd ucbn| 37

iad~un|, uhnd fada|hadj c`` uh{nn lc{| zhnd md`q mdn lc{ lcdkn mwn{cune cu mdln zm~`e ucbn 37> iad~un|$

Md uhn muhn{ hcde, ~|adj uhn c||nik`q `adn, uhn umuc`uain um lmiw`nun c`` uh{nn a| :> iad~un|$ Cu uha| wmadu,ceeauamdc` lc{| za`` lmin mff uhn c||nik`q `adn$

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WAWN@ADADJ (LM\U\, E[CZKCLB\,CDE KNDNFAU\!

C| uhn c||nik`q `adn nxciw`n |hmz|, wawn`adadj emn|d*uenl{nc|n uhn uain fm{ c |adj`n ecu~i um kn w{mln||ne2 au

md`q adl{nc|n| uhn uh{m~jhw~u mf uhn |q|uni zhnd

w{mln||adj c |u{nci mf ecuc$

Hajh wawn`adadj `nce| um adl{nc|n mf `cundlq ) uhn uain{ns~a{ne fm{ c |ajdc` um w{mwcjcun uh{m~jh c f~`` wawn$

C wawn`adne |q|uni uqwalc``q {ns~a{n| im{n {n|m~{ln|

(la{l~au n`nindu|, w{mln||adj ~dau|, lmiw~un{ inim{q,

nul$! uhcd mdn uhcu nxnl~un| mdn kculh cu c uain,

knlc~|n au| |ucjn| lcddmu {n~|n uhn {n|m~{ln| mf c

w{nvam~| |ucjn$ Im{nmvn{, wawn`adadj icq adl{nc|n uhn

uain au ucbn| fm{ cd ad|u{~luamd um fada|h$

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WAWN@ADADJ (AIW@NINDUCUAMD\!

K~ffn{ne, \qdlh{mdm~| wawn`adn|?

Lmdvnduamdc` ial{mw{mln||m{| c{n |qdlh{mdm~| la{l~au| uhcu ~|nk~ffn{ne, |qdlh{mdm~| wawn`adn|$ Ad uhn|n wawn`adn|, +wawn`adn {nja|un{|+ c{nad|n{une ad)knuznnd wawn`adn |ucjn|, cde c{n l`mlbne |qdlh{mdm~|`q$

K~ffn{ne, C|qdlh{mdm~| wawn`adn|?

C|qdlh{mdm~| wawn`adn| c{n ~|ne ad c|qdlh{mdm~| la{l~au|, cde hcvnuhna{ wawn`adn {nja|un{| l`mlbne c|qdlh{mdm~|`q$ Jndn{c``q |wncbadj, uhnq

~|n c {ns~n|u-clbdmz`nejn |q|uni, zhn{nad nclh |ucjn lcd enunlu zhnd au*|+fada|hne$

Zhnd c |ucjn a| fada|hne cde uhn dnxu |ucjn hc| |ndu au c +{ns~n|u+|ajdc`, uhn |ucjn |nde| cd +clbdmz`nejn+ |ajdc` um uhn dnxu |ucjn, cde c+{ns~n|u+ |ajdc` um uhn w{nvam~| |ucjn$ Zhnd c |ucjn {nlnavn| cd+clbdmz`nejn+ |ajdc`, au l`mlb| au| adw~u {nja|un{|, uh~| {nceadj ad uhn ecuc

f{mi uhn w{nvam~| |ucjn$ ^dk~ffn{ne wawn`adn|?

^dk~ffn{ne wawn`adn|, lc``ne +zcvn wawn`adn|+, em dmu hcvn {nja|un{|ad)knuznnd wawn`adn |ucjn|$

Ad|unce, uhn en`cq| ad uhn wawn`adn c{n +kc`cdlne+ |m uhcu, fm{ nclh|ucjn, uhn eaffn{ndln knuznnd uhn fa{|u |ucka`ane m~uw~u ecuc cde uhn `c|u a|

iadaiane$

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WAWN@ADADJ (LMIW^UN[)[N@CUNE!

Ad|u{~luamd wawn`adn|, |~lh c| uhn l`c||al [A\L wawn`adn, zhalh

c{n ~|ne ad w{mln||m{| um c``mz mvn{`cwwadj nxnl~uamd mf

i~`uaw`n ad|u{~luamd| zauh uhn |cin la{l~au{q$ Uhn la{l~au{q a|

~|~c``q eavaene ~w adum |ucjn|, adl`~eadj ad|u{~luamd enlmeadj,

c{auhinual, cde {nja|un{ fnulhadj |ucjn|, zhn{nad nclh |ucjn

w{mln||n| mdn ad|u{~luamd cu c uain$

J{cwhal| wawn`adn|, fm~de ad im|u j{cwhal| lc{e|, zhalh lmd|a|u

mf i~`uaw`n c{auhinual ~dau|, m{ lmiw`nun LW^|, uhcu aiw`nindu

uhn vc{am~| |ucjn| mf lmiimd {nden{adj mwn{cuamd|$

\mfuzc{n wawn`adn|, lmd|a|uadj mf i~`uaw`n w{mln||n| c{{cdjne

|m uhcu uhn m~uw~u |u{nci mf mdn w{mln|| a| c~umicualc``q cde

w{miwu`q fne c| uhn adw~u |u{nci mf uhn dnxu mdn$ ^dax

wawn`adn| c{n uhn l`c||alc` aiw`ninducuamd mf uha| lmdlnwu$ 57

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AD\U[^LUAMD WAWN@ADN

Cd ad|u{~luamd wawn`adn a| c unlhdas~n

~|ne ad uhn en|ajd mf lmiw~un{| cdemuhn{ eajauc` n`nlu{mdal envaln| umadl{nc|n uhna{ ad|u{~luamd uh{m~jhw~u(uhn d~ikn{ mf ad|u{~luamd| uhcu lcd knnxnl~une ad c ~dau mf uain!$

Uhn f~decinduc` aenc a| um |w`au uhnw{mln||adj mf c lmiw~un{ ad|u{~luamd adum

c |n{an| mf adenwndendu |unw|, zauh|um{cjn cu uhn nde mf nclh |unw$ Uha|c``mz| uhn lmiw~un{*| lmdu{m` la{l~au{q uma||~n ad|u{~luamd| cu uhn w{mln||adj {cunmf uhn |`mzn|u |unw, zhalh a| i~lh fc|un{uhcd uhn uain dnnene um wn{fm{i c`|unw| cu mdln$

Fm{ nxciw`n, uhn l`c||al [A\L wawn`adn a|k{mbnd adum favn |ucjn| zauh c |nu mf f`awf`mw| knuznnd nclh |ucjn$ Ad|u{~luamd fnulh

Ad|u{~luamd enlmen cde {nja|un{ fnulh

Nxnl~un

Inim{q clln||

[nja|un{ z{aun kclb

53

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WAWN@ADADJ (CEVCDUCJN\ CDE EA\CEVCDUCJN\!

Wawn`adadj emn| dmu hn`w ad c`` lc|n|$ Cd ad|u{~luamd wawn`adn a| |cae um knf~``q wawn`adne af au lcd cllnwu c dnz ad|u{~luamd nvn{q l`mlb lql`n$ Cwawn`adn uhcu a| dmu f~``q wawn`adne hc| zcau lql`n| uhcu en`cq uhn w{mj{n||mf uhn wawn`adn$

Cevcducjn| mf Wawn`adadj? Uhn lql`n uain mf uhn w{mln||m{ a| {ne~lne, uh~| adl{nc|adj ad|u{~luamd a||~n)

{cun ad im|u lc|n|$

\min lmikadcuamdc` la{l~au| |~lh c| ceen{| m{ i~`uaw`an{| lcd kn icen fc|un{kq ceeadj im{n la{l~au{q$ Af wawn`adadj a| ~|ne ad|unce, au lcd |cvn la{l~au{q$

Ea|cevcducjn| mf Wawn`adadj? C dmd)wawn`adne w{mln||m{ nxnl~un| md`q c |adj`n ad|u{~luamd cu c

uain$ Uha| w{nvndu| k{cdlh en`cq| cde w{mk`ni| zauh |n{ac`ad|u{~luamd| knadj nxnl~une lmdl~{{ndu`q$ Lmd|ns~ndu`q uhn en|ajd

a| |aiw`n{ cde lhncwn{ um icd~fclu~{n$ Uhn ad|u{~luamd `cundlq ad c dmd)wawn`adne w{mln||m{ a| |`ajhu`q

`mzn{ uhcd ad c wawn`adne ns~avc`ndu$ Uha| a| e~n um uhn fclu uhcunxu{c f`aw f`mw| i~|u kn ceene um uhn ecuc wcuh mf c wawn`adnew{mln||m{$

C dmd)wawn`adne w{mln||m{ za`` hcvn c |uck`n ad|u{~luamd kcdezaeuh$Uhn wn{fm{icdln mf c wawn`adne w{mln||m{ a| i~lh hc{en{ um w{nealu

cde icq vc{q im{n zaen`q knuznnd eaffn{ndu w{mj{ci|$

5;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_cycle

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WC[C@@N@ LMIW^UADJ

U{ceauamdc``q, lmiw~un{ |mfuzc{n hc| knnd z{auund fm{ |n{ac`lmiw~ucuamd$ Um |m`vn c w{mk`ni, cd c`jm{auhi a| lmd|u{~lunecde aiw`nindune c| c |n{ac` |u{nci mf ad|u{~luamd|$ Uhn|nad|u{~luamd| c{n nxnl~une md c lndu{c` w{mln||adj ~dau md mdnlmiw~un{$ Md`q mdn ad|u{~luamd icq nxnl~un cu c uaincfun{uhcu ad|u{~luamd a| fada|hne, uhn dnxu a| nxnl~une$

Wc{c``n` lmiw~uadj, md uhn muhn{ hcde, ~|n| i~`uaw`nw{mln||adj n`nindu| |ai~`ucdnm~|`q um |m`vn c w{mk`ni$

Uha| a| cllmiw`a|hne kq k{ncbadj uhn w{mk`ni adumadenwndendu wc{u| |m uhcu nclh w{mln||adj n`nindu lcdnxnl~un au| wc{u mf uhn c`jm{auhi |ai~`ucdnm~|`q zauh uhnmuhn{|$

Uhn w{mln||adj n`nindu| lcd kn eavn{|n cde adl`~en {n|m~{ln||~lh c| c |adj`n lmiw~un{ zauh i~`uaw`n w{mln||m{|, |nvn{c`dnuzm{bne lmiw~un{|, |wnlac`ane hc{ezc{n, m{ cdqlmikadcuamd mf uhn ckmvn$

5>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm

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UQWN\ MF WC[C@@N@A\I Kau)`nvn` wc{c``n`a|i?

F{mi uhn cevndu mf V@\A ad uhn 31:7| ~dua` ckm~u 3186, |wnne)~w adlmiw~un{ c{lhaunlu~{n zc| e{avnd kq em~k`adj lmiw~un{ zm{e |anuhn cim~du mf adfm{icuamd uhn w{mln||m{ lcd icdaw~`cun wn{ lql`n$Adl{nc|adj uhn zm{e |an {ne~ln| uhn d~ikn{ mf ad|u{~luamd| uhnw{mln||m{ i~|u nxnl~un um wn{fm{i cd mwn{cuamd md vc{ack`n| zhm|n|an| c{n j{ncun{ uhcd uhn `ndjuh mf uhn zm{e$

Ad|u{~luamd)`nvn` wc{c``n`a|i? C lmiw~un{ w{mj{ci a|, c |u{nci mf ad|u{~luamd| nxnl~une kq c

w{mln||m{$ Uhn|n ad|u{~luamd| lcd kn {n)m{en{ne cde lmikadne adumj{m~w| zhalh c{n uhnd nxnl~une ad wc{c``n` zauhm~u lhcdjadj uhn{n|~`u mf uhn w{mj{ci$ Uha| a| bdmzd c| ad|u{~luamd)`nvn` wc{c``n`a|i$

Ecuc wc{c``n`a|i? Ecuc wc{c``n`a|i a| wc{c``n`a|i adhn{ndu ad w{mj{ci `mmw|, zhalh

fml~|n| md ea|u{ak~uadj uhn ecuc cl{m|| eaffn{ndu lmiw~uadj dmen| umkn w{mln||ne ad wc{c``n`$

Uc|b wc{c``n`a|i? Uc|b wc{c``n`a|i a| uhn lhc{clun{a|ual mf c wc{c``n` w{mj{ci uhcu

+ndua{n`q eaffn{ndu lc`l~`cuamd| lcd kn wn{fm{ine md nauhn{ uhn |cinm{ eaffn{ndu |nu| mfecuc Uha| lmdu{c|u| zauh ecuc wc{c``n`a|i, zhn{nuhn |cin lc`l~`cuamd a| wn{fm{ine md uhn |cin m{ eaffn{ndu |nu| mf

ecuc$

56

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_executionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_executionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_executionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_executionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_executionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computing)

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KAU)@NVN@ WC[C@@N@A\I

Kau)`nvn` wc{c``n`a|i a| c fm{i mf wc{c``n` lmiw~uadj kc|ne md

adl{nc|adj w{mln||m{ zm{e |an$ Adl{nc|adj uhn zm{e |an {ne~ln| uhn d~ikn{ mf ad|u{~luamd| uhn

w{mln||m{ i~|u nxnl~un ad m{en{ um wn{fm{i cd mwn{cuamd mdvc{ack`n| zhm|n |an| c{n j{ncun{ uhcd uhn `ndjuh mf uhn zm{e$

Fm{ nxciw`n?

Lmd|aen{ c lc|n zhn{n cd 8)kau w{mln||m{ i~|u cee uzm 36)kauadunjn{|$ Uhn w{mln||m{ i~|u fa{|u cee uhn 8 `mzn{)m{en{ kau| f{minclh adunjn{, uhnd cee uhn 8 hajhn{)m{en{ kau|, {ns~a{adj uzmad|u{~luamd| um lmiw`nun c |adj`n mwn{cuamd$ C 36)kau w{mln||m{ zm~`ekn ck`n um lmiw`nun uhn mwn{cuamd zauh |adj`n ad|u{~luamd

Ha|um{alc``q, 5)kau ial{mw{mln||m{| zn{n {nw`clne zauh 8)kau, uhnd36)kau, uhnd

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AD\U[^LUAMD @NVN@ WC[C@@N@A\I

Ad|u{~luamd)`nvn` wc{c``n`a|i (A@W! a| c inc|~{n mf

hmz icdq mf uhn mwn{cuamd| ad c lmiw~un{ w{mj{ci lcdkn wn{fm{ine |ai~`ucdnm~|`q$ Lmd|aen{ uhn fm` mzadjw{mj{ci?

Fm{ Nxciw`n?

3$ n 9 c " k;$ f 9 l " e

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AD\U[^LUAMD @NVN@ WC[C@@N@A\I? LMDU

C jmc` mf lmiwa`n{ cde w{mln||m{ en|ajdn{| a| umaenduafq cde ucbn cevcducjn mf c| i~lh A@W c|wm||ak`n$

M{eadc{q w{mj{ci| c{n uqwalc``q z{auund ~den{ c|ns~nduac` nxnl~uamd imen` zhn{n ad|u{~luamd|

nxnl~un mdn cfun{ uhn muhn{ cde ad uhn m{en{ |wnlafanekq uhn w{mj{ciin{$ A@W c``mz| uhn lmiwa`n{ cde uhnw{mln||m{ um mvn{`cw uhn nxnl~uamd mf i~`uaw`nad|u{~luamd| m{ nvnd um lhcdjn uhn m{en{ ad zhalhad|u{~luamd| c{n nxnl~une$

Hmz i~lh A@W nxa|u| ad w{mj{ci| a| vn{q cww`alcuamd|wnlafal$ Ad ln{ucad fan`e|, |~lh c| j{cwhal| cde|landuafal lmiw~uadj uhn cim~du lcd kn vn{q `c{jn$Hmznvn{, zm{b`mce| |~lh c| l{qwumj{cwhq nxhakaui~lh `n|| wc{c``n`a|i$ 51

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler

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ECUC WC[C@@N@A\I

Ecuc wc{c``n`a|i (c`|m bdmzd c| `mmw)`nvn`

wc{c``n`a|i! a| c fm{i mf wc{c``n`acuamd mf

lmiw~uadj cl{m|| i~`uaw`n w{mln||m{| ad wc{c``n`

lmiw~uadj ndva{mdindu|$

Ecuc wc{c``n`a|i fml~|n| md ea|u{ak~uadj uhn ecuc

cl{m|| eaffn{ndu wc{c``n` lmiw~uadj dmen|$

Ad c i~`uaw{mln||m{ |q|uni nxnl~uadj c |adj`n |nu mf

ad|u{~luamd| (\AIE!, ecuc wc{c``n`a|i a| clhanvne

zhnd nclh w{mln||m{ wn{fm{i| uhn |cin uc|b md

eaffn{ndu wanln| mf ea|u{ak~une ecuc$ Ad |min

|au~cuamd|, c |adj`n nxnl~uamd uh{nce lmdu{m`|

mwn{cuamd| md c`` wanln| mf ecuc$>7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit

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ECUC WC[C@@N@A\I

Fm{ ad|ucdln, lmd|aen{ c ;)w{mln||m{ |q|uni (LW^| Ccde K! ad c wc{c``n` ndva{mdindu, cde zn za|h um em cuc|b md |min ecuc e$ Au a| wm||ak`n um un`` LW^ C um emuhcu uc|b md mdn wc{u mf e cde LW^ K md cdmuhn{ wc{u|ai~`ucdnm~|`q, uhn{nkq {ne~ladj uhn e~{cuamd mf uhnnxnl~uamd$

Uhn ecuc lcd kn c||ajdne ~|adj lmdeauamdc` |ucunindu|

C| c |wnlafal nxciw`n, lmd|aen{ ceeadj uzm icu{aln|$ Adc ecuc wc{c``n` aiw`ninducuamd, LW^ C lm~`e cee c``n`nindu| f{mi uhn umw hc`f mf uhn icu{aln|, zha`n LW^K lm~`e cee c`` n`nindu| f{mi uhn kmuumi hc`f mf uhn

icu{aln|$\adln uhn uzm w{mln||m{| zm{b ad wc{c``n`, uhn omk

mf wn{fm{iadj icu{ax ceeauamd zm~`e ucbn mdn hc`f uhnuain mf wn{fm{iadj uhn |cin mwn{cuamd ad |n{ac` ~|adjmdn LW^ c`mdn$

>3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_statement

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UC\B WC[C@@N@A\I

Uc|b wc{c``n`a|i (c`|m bdmzd c| f~dluamd

wc{c``n`a|i cde lmdu{m` wc{c``n`a|i! a| c fm{i mfwc{c``n`acuamd mf lmiw~un{ lmen cl{m|| i~`uaw`nw{mln||m{| ad wc{c``n` lmiw~uadj ndva{mdindu|$

Uc|b wc{c``n`a|i fml~|n| md ea|u{ak~uadj nxnl~uamdw{mln||n| (uh{nce|! cl{m|| eaffn{ndu wc{c``n` lmiw~uadjdmen|$

Ad c i~`uaw{mln||m{ |q|uni, uc|b wc{c``n`a|i a| clhanvnezhnd nclh w{mln||m{ nxnl~un| c eaffn{ndu uh{nce (m{w{mln||! md uhn |cin m{ eaffn{ndu ecuc$

Uhn uh{nce| icq nxnl~un uhn |cin m{ eaffn{ndu lmen$ Aduhn jndn{c` lc|n, eaffn{ndu nxnl~uamd uh{nce|lmii~dalcun zauh mdn cdmuhn{ c| uhnq zm{b$Lmii~dalcuamd ucbn| w`cln ~|~c``q um wc|| ecuc f{mimdn uh{nce um uhn dnxu c| wc{u mf c zm{bf`mz$

>;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelization

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UC\B WC[C@@N@A\I? LMDU

C| c |aiw`n nxciw`n, af zn c{n {~ddadj lmen md c ;)

w{mln||m{ |q|uni (LW^| +c+ & +k+! ad c wc{c``n`

ndva{mdindu cde zn za|h um em uc|b| +C+ cde +K+ ,

au a| wm||ak`n um un`` LW^ +c+ um em uc|b +C+ cde LW^

+k+ um em uc|b *K+ |ai~`ucdnm~|`q, uhn{nkq {ne~ladj

uhn {~duain mf uhn nxnl~uamd$

Uhn uc|b| lcd kn c||ajdne ~|adj lmdeauamdc`

|ucunindu|$

Uc|b wc{c``n`a|i niwhc|an| uhn ea|u{ak~une

(wc{c``n`ane! dcu~{n mf uhn w{mln||adj (a$n$ uh{nce|!,

c| mwwm|ne um uhn ecuc (ecuc wc{c``n`a|i!$>5

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NIKNEENE \Q\UNI

>6

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NIKNEENE \Q\UNI Cd nikneene |q|uni a| c

|wnlac`)w~{wm|n lmiw~un{

|q|uni en|ajdne um wn{fm{imdn m{ c fnz enealcunef~dluamd|, mfund zauh {nc`)uain lmiw~uadj lmd|u{cadu|$

Au a| ~|~c``q nikneene c|

wc{u mf c lmiw`nun envalnadl`~eadj hc{ezc{n cdeinlhcdalc` wc{u|$ Adlmdu{c|u, c jndn{c`)w~{wm|nlmiw~un{, |~lh c| c wn{|mdc`lmiw~un{, lcd em icdq

eaffn{ndu uc|b| enwndeadj mdw{mj{ciiadj$

Nikneene |q|uni| lmdu{m`icdq mf uhn lmiimd envaln|ad ~|n umecq$ >:

Uhn adun{dc`| mf c Dnujnc{ CE\@

imeni-{m~un{$ C imen{d nxciw`n

mf cd nikneene |q|uni$ @ckn``ne

wc{u| adl`~en c ial{mw{mln||m{ (5!,

[CI (6!, cde f`c|h inim{q (:!$

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netgearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netgearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

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NIKNEENE \Q\UNI? LMDU

Whq|alc``q, nikneene |q|uni| {cdjn f{mi wm{uck`n

envaln| |~lh c| eajauc` zculhn| cde IW5 w`cqn{|, um`c{jn |ucuamdc{q ad|uc``cuamd| `abn u{cffal `ajhu|, fclum{qlmdu{m``n{|, m{ uhn |q|uni| lmdu{m``adj d~l`nc{ wmzn{w`cdu|$

Lmiw`nxauq vc{an| f{mi `mz, zauh c |adj`nial{mlmdu{m``n{ lhaw, um vn{q hajh zauh i~`uaw`n ~dau|,wn{awhn{c`| cde dnuzm{b| im~dune ad|aen c `c{jnlhc||a| m{ ndl`m|~{n$

Ad jndn{c`, +nikneene |q|uni+ a| dmu cd nxclu`q enfadneun{i, c| icdq |q|uni| hcvn |min n`nindu mf

w{mj{ciicka`auq$ Fm{ nxciw`n, Hcdehn`e lmiw~un{| |hc{n |min n`nindu|

zauh nikneene |q|uni| |~lh c| uhn mwn{cuadj|q|uni| cde ial{mw{mln||m{| zhalh wmzn{ uhni k~uc{n dmu u{~`q nikneene |q|uni|, knlc~|n uhnq c``mzeaffn{ndu cww`alcuamd| um kn `mcene cde wn{awhn{c`| um knlmddnlune$

>8

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP4_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP4_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP4_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP4_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP4_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP4_player

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ADU[M UM

NIKNEENE \Q\UNI EN\AJD

>1

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IAL[MLMDU[M@@N[\

C Ial{mlmdu{m``n{ a| n||nduac``q c |ic`` cde |n`f |~ffalandulmiw~un{ md c lhaw, ~|ne um lmdu{m` envaln|

Au hc| c`` uhn inim{q cde A-M au dnne| md kmc{e

A| dmu nxwcdeck`n dm nxun{dc` k~| adun{fcln

Lhc{clun{a|ual| mf c Ial{mlmdu{m``n{

@mz lm|u, md uhn m{en{ mf %3

@mz |wnne, md uhn m{en{ mf 37 BH ;7 IH

@mz Wmzn{, nxu{nin`q `mz wmzn{ ad |`nnw imen

\ic`` c{lhaunlu~{n, ~|~c``q cd 8)kau c{lhaunlu~{n \ic`` inim{q |an, k~u ~|~c``q ndm~jh fm{ uhn uqwn mf

cww`alcuamd au a| adundene fm{$ Mdkmc{e F`c|h$

@aiaune A-M, k~u cjcad, ndm~jh fm{ uhn uqwn mfcww`alcuamd adundene fm{

67

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IAL[MW[MLN\\M[\

C Ial{mw{mln||m{ a| f~decinduc``q c lm``nluamd mf md-mff|zaulhn| `cae m~u mvn{ |a`almd ad m{en{ um wn{fm{ilmiw~ucuamd|

Lhc{clun{a|ual| mf c Ial{mw{mln||m{

Hajh lm|u, cdqzhn{n knuznnd %;7 ) %;77 m{ im{n# Hajh |wnne, md uhn m{en{ mf 377 IH 5 JH

Hajh Wmzn{ lmd|~iwuamd, `mu| mf hncu

@c{jn c{lhaunlu~{n,

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VMD)DN^ICDD ICLHADN

C Vmd)Dn~icdd Iclhadn, ad lmdu{c|u um uhn Hc{vc{eC{lhaunlu~{n w{mvaen| mdn ecuc wcuh (k~|! fm{ kmuhad|u{~luamd cde ecuc

C| c {n|~`u, uhn LW^ lcd nauhn{ kn fnulhadj cdad|u{~luamd f{mi inim{q, m{ {nce-z{auadj ecuc um au

Muhn{ uhcd `n|| lmiw`nxauq mf hc{ezc{n, au c``mz| fm{~|adj c |adj`n, |ns~nduac` inim{q$

Umecq| w{mln||adj |wnne| vc|u`q m~uwcln inim{q clln||

uain|, cde zn niw`mq c vn{q fc|u k~u |ic`` cim~du mfinim{q (lclhn! `mlc` um uhn w{mln||m{

Imen{d w{mln||m{| niw`mq c Hc{vc{e C{lhaunlu~{n um{nce f{mi uzm ad|u{~luamd cde ecuc lclhn|, zhnd cu uhn|cin uain ~|adj c Vmd)Dn~icdd C{lhaunlu~{n um clln||nxun{dc` inim{q

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W[MJ[CI LM^DUN[ (WL!

Uhn W{mj{ci Lm~dun{ a| c 36 m{

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[N\NU VNLUM[

Uhn |ajdafalcdln mf uhn {n|nu vnlum{ a| uhcu au wmadu| uhnw{mln||m{ um uhn inim{q cee{n|| zhalh lmducad| uhnfa{izc{n| fa{|u ad|u{~luamd

Zauhm~u uhn [n|nu Vnlum{, uhn w{mln||m{ zm~`e dmu bdmzzhn{n um knjad nxnl~uamd

^wmd {n|nu, uhn w{mln||m{ `mce| uhn W{mj{ci Lm~dun{(WL! zauh uhn {n|nu vnlum{ vc`~n f{mi c w{n)enfadneinim{q mlcuamd

Md LW^78 c{lhaunlu~{n, uha| a| cu `mlcuamd

%FFFN?%FFFF C lmiimd ia|ucbn zhalh mll~{| e~{adj uhn enk~j

whc|n zhnd {n|nu vnlum{ a| dmu dnln||c{q uhnenvn`mwn{ ucbn| au fm{ j{cdune cde emn|du w{mj{ci adumuhn fadc` aicjn$ C| c {n|~`u, uhn w{mln||m{ emn|du |uc{u~w md uhn fadc` w{me~lu$

6:

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\UCLBWMADUN[ (\W!

Uhn \uclb Wmadun{ (\W!, i~lh `abn uhn {n|nu vnlum{, a|{ns~a{ne cu kmmu uain fm{ icdq w{mln||m{|

\min w{mln||m{|, ad wc{ual~`c{ uhn 8)kau ial{mlmdu{m` n{|c~umicualc``q w{mvaen uhn |uclb wmadun{ kq {n|nuuadj au umc w{nenfadne vc`~n

Md c hajhn{ nde w{mln||m{, uhn |uclb wmadun{ a| ~|~c``q{nce f{mi c dmd)vm`cua`n inim{q `mlcuamd, i~lh `abnuhn{n|nu vnlum{

Fm{ nxciw`n md c Lm`eFa{n ial{mw{mln||m{, uhn fa{|u|axunnd kqun| mf inim{q `mlcuamd i~|u kn w{mj{ciinec| fm``mz|?

7x77777777? [n|nu Vnlum{

7x77777778? \uclb Wmadun{68

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LMW ZCULHEMJ UAIN[

Uhn Lmiw~un{ Mwn{cuadj W{mwn{`q (LMW! ime~`n a| clmiwmdndu mf imen{d w{mln||m{| zhalh w{mvaen| cinlhcda|i um hn`w |mfuzc{n {nlmvn{ f{mi {~dczcq lmen

Uhn LMW, c`|m bdmzd c| uhn Zculhemj Uain{, a| c f{nn{~ddadj lm~dun{ uhcu jndn{cun| c {n|nu af au {~d| ~w um c

w{n)enfadne vc`~n cde mvn{f`mz|

Ad m{en{ um w{nvndu c zculhemj {n|nu, uhn ~|n{ lmeni~|u l`nc{ uhn LMW lm~dun{ wn{amealc``q$

LMW lcd kn ea|ck`ne uh{m~jh {nja|un{ |nuuadj|, cdenvnd uhm~jh uha| a| dmu jmme w{clualn fm{ fadc` fa{izc{n{n`nc|n, au a| c w{~endu |u{cunjq uh{m~jh uhn lm~{|n mfenk~j

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UHN ADFADAUN @MMW

Nikneene \q|uni|, ~d`abn c WL, dnvn{ nxau cdcww`alcuamd

Uhnq ae`n uh{m~jh cd Adfadaun @mmw zcauadj fm{ cd

nvndu um hcwwnd ad uhn fm{i mf cd adun{{~wu, m{ cw{n)|lhne~`ne uc|b

Ad m{en{ um |cvn wmzn{, |min w{mln||m{| ndun{

|wnlac` |`nnw m{ zcau imen| ad|unce mf ae`adjuh{m~jh cd Adfadaun @mmw, k~u uhnq za`` lmin m~u mf

uha| imen ~wmd nauhn{ c uain{ m{ cd Nxun{dc`

Adun{{~wu :7

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ADUN[[^WU\

Adun{{~wu| c{n im|u`q hc{ezc{n inlhcda|i|zhalh un`` uhn w{mj{ci cd nvndu hc| mll~{{ne

Uhnq hcwwnd cu cdq uain, cde c{n uhn{nfm{nc|qdlh{mdm~| um w{mj{ci f`mz

Uhnq {ns~a{n |wnlac` hcde`adj kq uhn w{mln||m{,cde c{n ~`uaicun`q hcde`ne kq c lm{{n|wmdeadjAdun{{~wu \n{valn [m~uadn (A\[!

Dnne um kn hcde`ne s~alb`q$ Ucbn umm i~lh uain|n{valadj cd adun{{~wu, cde qm~ icq ia|| cdmuhn{adun{{~wu$ :3

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EN\AJDADJ CD NIKNEENE \Q\UNI

W{mwm|c`

Enfadauamd

Unlhdm`mjq \n`nluamd

K~ejnuadj (Uain, H~icd, Fadcdlac`!

Icun{ac` cde Envn`mwindu umm` w~{lhc|n

\lhnicual Lcwu~{n & WLK kmc{e en|ajd

Fa{izc{n Envn`mwindu & Enk~j

Hc{ezc{n Icd~fclu~{adj

Un|uadj? Ad)\au~, Ndva{mdinduc`

Ln{uafalcuamd? LN Fa{izc{n [n`nc|n

Eml~inducuamd

Mdjmadj \~wwm{u:;

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\Q\UNI EN\AJD LQL@N

Uhn w~{wm|n mf uhn en|ajd lql`n a| um {niade cdej~aen uhn envn`mwn{ um |unw zauhad c f{cinzm{b

w{mvnd um bnnw qm~ md u{clb cde md k~ejnu$

Uhn{n c{n d~in{m~| en|ajd lql`n inuhmem`mjan|, mfzhalh uhn fm``mzadj c{n im|u wmw~`c{

Uhn \wcjhnuua Imen`

Uhn Zcun{fc`` Imen`

Umw)emzd vn{|~| Kmuumi)~w\wa{c` Imen`

JCDUU lhc{u|:

\Q\UNI EN\AJD LQL@N?

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\Q\UNI EN\AJD LQL@N?UHN \WA[C@ IMEN@

Imen{d |mfuzc{n en|ajd w{clualn| |~lh c| uhn\wa{c` Imen` niw`mq kmuh umw)emzd cde kmuumi)~w unlhdas~n|

Zaen`q ~|ne ad uhn ade~|u{q umecq

Fm{ c J^A cww`alcuamd, fm{ nxciw`n, uhn \wa{c`Imen` zm~`e lmdunde uhcu

Qm~ fa{|u |uc{u mff zauh c {m~jh)|bnulh mf ~|n{adun{fcln (|aiw`n k~uumd| & almd|!

Icbn uhn ~den{`qadj cww`alcuamd zm{b

Md`q uhnd |uc{u ceeadj fncu~{n| cde ad c fadc` |ucjn|w{~ln ~w uhn k~uumd| & almd| :6

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EN\AJD INU[AL\

Inu{al| um lmd|aen{ ad en|ajdadj cd Nikneene\q|uni

^dau Lm|u? Lcd kn c lmikadcuamd mf lm|u um

icd~fclu~{n hc{ezc{n " `alnd|adj fnn|

D[N Lm|u|? Dmd [nl~{{adj Ndjadnn{adj lm|u| \an? Uhn whq|alc` eaind|amd| mf uhn |q|uni

Wmzn{ Lmd|~iwuamd? Kcuun{q, wmzn{ |~ww`q, zcuucjn,

l~{{ndu lmd|~iwuamd, nul$

Wn{fm{icdln? Uhn uh{m~jhw~u mf uhn |q|uni, au|

{n|wmd|n uain, cde lmiw~ucuamd wmzn{

\cfnuq, fc~`u)um`n{cdln, fan`e)~wj{cencka`auq,

{~jjnedn||, icadundcdln, nc|n mf ~|n, nc|n mf

ad|uc``cuamd, nul$ nul$:8

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WLK @CQM^U

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CDQ

|haden|a{$wvwGjica`$lmi

8;